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11128t2019

The Skeletal System

adult humao skeleton consist 260 named bnes, most ofwhich are
paired on the left and right sides of the body.

-children and inhnt skeleton have more than 206 bones because some
Post-lab bonr fue in later lifu. Eg. Hip bone and bones ofthe backbone
Activity No. 12 - 14

The Skeletal System The Axial Skeleton

Division of the Skeletal System Structure:

1.The Axial Skeleton (80 bone) Skull (Craniun, Face)= I bons, 14 bones
2.The Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Hyoid= 1 bone
AuditoryO$icles= 6 bones
Vertebnl Column- 26 bon6
Thonx (Sternum, Ribsi= 1 bone, 24 bon$

The Appendicula r Skeleton The Appendicula r Skeleton

Structurei Structurei (cont.)

P.dtoall5houlder\cirdle {Clavicle, Scapula)= 2
Upper Limbs (extr€m,tEs)
Humerus.2 bones
Ulna= 2 bones
Radius= 2 bones
Carpals- 16 bones
Metacarpals= 10 bones
Phalanges= 28 bones
6on*, , *no Pelvic (Hip) Girdle {Hip, Pelvic, or Coxal bone}: 2 Bones
Lower Limbs (Extremities)
Femur= 2 bones
Fibula= 2 bones
Tibia= 2 bones
Patella= 2 bones
Ta.$ls= 14 bones
Metatarsals= 10 bones
Phalanges= 28 bones

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1112812019

Types of Bone Types of Bone

fong Bone- have a greater length than width and consist of a shaft and long Bone- have a Breate. length than width and consist of a shaft and
a vaaiable number of extremities, a variable number of extremities.
Eg.
Femur ithigh) Long
Tibia and Fibula {leg} Bone Sporlsy

Hume.us (arm)
Ulna and Radius (fore.rm)
Phalanges (FingeB and Tos)

Types of Bone Types of Bone

Short Bone. somewhat cuhe{hape because they are nea.ly equal in Flat Bone- generally thin and compeed of two parallel lines of
length and width, Consist mostl./ of spongy bone except frr the @mpact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue.
Eg.
Eg,
Cranial bones
Carpal bones (wrist) except psform Sternum {brea5t bone)
Tarsal bones (ankle) exceptlor colconeus Ribs

Scapula {Shoulder blad*}

Types of Bone Types of Bone

lrregular Bone- complex shapes and ennot be grouped into the Seasmoid Bone- {shaped like seasame reed) developed liom certaio
previous .ategories. They vary on the amount of spongy and compact tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical
bone present, strs,
!8. Eg.
Vertebral Bone Patella {Knee capi
Some Facial Bones

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Bone Surface Markings

= Depressions and Opening-sites that allow the passage of soft tissues

(nerue, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons)

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Bone Surface Markings Bone Surface Markings

Fjssure- narrow slit betlveen adjacent parts of bones through which FoEmen- opening (holel tirough which blood v*sels, nerues and
neryes and blood vessels pass, ligament5 pa$,
Eg. Superior arbit l fissure of the sphenoid bone, Eg. Optic focmen of the sphenoid bone

The Sphenoid Bone

The Sphenoid Bone

Bone Surface lVla rki ngs Bone Surface Markings

Fossa' shallow depress;on itrenchi Sulcus- Furrow {groovei alon8 a bone suriace that accomodates nerve,
Eg- Coronoid fossa ol the humerus. blod vessels and tendons.
EB. lntertubercular Sulcus of the Humerus.

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Bone Surface Markings Bone Surface Markings

Meatus- tube Iike openin8 {passageway) = Prcce$es projections or outgrowths on bones thatform ioints or
fg, External auditory meatus of the temporal bone. attechment points Ior connective tissue, such as liEaments and
tendons.

Bone Surface Markings Bone Surface Markings

{Pr66es thot form joints) (Prxffi thdt tqm jcifits\

Condyle- large, round protuberance (knuckle) at the end of the bone, Faet- sm@t'n ffat articulaa surface.
Eg, Lateral condyle ofthe fumur, Eg. Superior artcular fucet of a vertebra.

Bone Surface lr4a rkings Bone Surface Markings

lPt6esses that form jointsl lPtEses that f dm aftdchmefit points fo. conrectlve tisuesl
Head- rounded articular projection supported on the neck (.onstrictsd Crst- promineot ridge or elongated projections,
po.tion) of a bone
Eg. lliac crest ofthe hip bone.
EB. Head of Femur
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Bone Surface Markings Bone Surface [,4a rkings

tPt6#es that lqm qftqchmeit points Jor cdredive tisu6} lPtx6*s thqt form attachment points lq .qfredive tisues)
Epicondyle- proFction above a condyle, Ljne- long nar.ow ridge or troarder {less prominent then crert).
Eg. IVledial epicondyle offumuL Eg. Linea aspera of the fumur

Dirul frmur
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Bone Surface lvla rkings Bone Surface Markings

{Pt&M thdt lorn dtlochnefrt points lor contedivetisues\ lPrases thot form oltochment poittts lot connedive ti$u6)
Sprnous Pro(-55. sharp slender proje( tion. Tr€hanter- very large proiection.
EB, Spinous prdess of the vertebaa Eg. Greater tr@hanter of the IEmur

Bone Surface N,4a rkings Bone Surface Markings

{Pru6sq that form aa'tachment poittts fq .onne.tivE tisy6} lPr&M that ldm qtlo.hment points lot connedive tissu6l|
Tubercle small, rounded projection. Tuberosity- large, rounded, usually roughened prcjections,
EE. Greater tubercle ofthe humerus Eg. lschial tuberosit-v of the hip bone

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The Skull The Skull

-sntains 22 bones, rests at the superior end of the vertebral column, The Sutures
The Cranium- form the cranial cavity. -an immovable.i{rint in adult that is i}und only between skull and bones and
Frontal Bone 2 Parietal Bones that holds most skull bones to8ether
2 Temporal Bones Occipital Bon€ Coronal suture- unites the frontal bone and both parietal
Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone bones.
Facial Bones- consists of 14 bones. Sagittal suture- unites 2 parietal bones on the superior midline
of the skull.
2 Nasal Bones 2 Maxillae
2 Zygomatic Bones Mandible Lambdoid suture- unites 2 parietal banes to the occipital
bone.
2 Lacrimal Bone 2 Palatine Bones
2 lnferior Nasl Chonhae Vomer Squamous suture- unile the parietal and temporal bones
on tlre lateral aspects of the skull-
Other Cavities

The Skull Answer 1- 19 Act no. 12

The tontanels
embryonic cartilaEei and fibrous connective tissue membrane structures
shaped bones upon maturity unde.go ossification.
Anterior {ontanel- midline between 2 parietal bones and iontal
bone
Posterior iontanel- midline betlveen 2 parietal bone and occipitsl
bone
Anterolateral ibntanel- Iateral between parietal, frontal,
temporal and sphenoid bones. 9. Tempo6l Sone 17. Vomer

10. kipftal Bone 18. hiatine Bone

19. FoBmen Mignum

Answer 38 - 40 Act. No. 12 The Hyoid Bone

-U shaped, a unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not
Known as Auditory Ossicle5 articulate with other booe, it is suspended from the styloid processes of
the temporai bone and ligaments and muscles.

ffi
39. lncus/Anvil
40. Staps/Stlrrup

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The Vertebral Column The Vertebral Column

also called spine or backbone, makes27'5 of the total body height and Distribution of Vertebrae in the spinal .oiumni
coffposed of a seri6 of bons called the vertebrae, Together with the ribs T aeNical vertebGe- neck region
and sternum, tlley form the skeleton of the trunk.
12 thoracic vertebrae- posterior thoracic cavity
the total number of vertebrae during early development is 33, Then several
vertebrae in the sc.al region fuse. As a resul! the adult vertetlral column 5 lumbar vertebrae- support the lower back
typically contaios 25 vertebrae. $crum- consigt of 5 fued saaral veatebrae
1
coccpr cuckm, becau* shape resembles the shape ofthe bill of the
1
cucke bird, consists of bur fused cccygeal vertebrae

Answer 26 - 3l Act. No, .12 Structure of a Typical Vertebra (Thoracic)

The Thorax The Thorax

-refers to the entire chest. The Sternum

-skeletal part of the thorax is the thora.ic cage formed by ribs and the -also known as the breast bone, a flat, narrow bone located at the
sternurtr. certer of the anterior thoracic wall,
Manubrium- superioa part of the sternum.
Body- middle and the largest part,
Xiphoid Process- infBrior and smallest part.

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The Thorax Answer 20 - 25 Act. No. 12

The Rib Cage {Ribs)

-12 paiE of rib give structural support to the sides ofthe thoEcic cavity.
-the first 7 pairs have direct .ttachment to the sternum (true/vertebrosternal
ribs) by a strip of hyaline cartJlage called cstal €rtilages.
-the remaining 5 pai.s are termed talse ribs because their costal cartilages
either attach indirectly or no attachment at all to the steroum.

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle The Upper Limb

-comlrcsed of 30 bones in three locationsi
-att3ches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton,
{1) The humerus in the arm
Component Bones:
(lau( e i2) Ulf,a and Radius
Scapula (3) 8 carpals in the carpus {wrist), the
l6intr: 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm),
Jointsl
j a i n ts
and the 14 phalanges in the hand.
St e t n o c I dv ic ul o r

-articuiation of the clavicle ilith the manubrium of the sternum.

Acramioclavicular )oint
-articulation of the scapula with the clavicle-
6l enah ufr ero I (Sha ulder ) )o int
-a,ti.ulatiofi with the humerus.

Answer I- 21 Act. No. 17 Pelvic (l{ip) Girdle

-consist of the two hip bones, also called coxal bones unite anteriorly by the
I)int .alled pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the sacrum at the sacroiliac
joiot when ioined together collectively known as bonv pelvis.
3. Spine x4. Pis,fom Composed of the llium {largest bone of the peivic girdle). bchium (composed
4.scrpul! 15. Hamate of the superior ramusi, and the pubis {composed the infurior ramus}
5. Hunrerus 15. C?piiate The infurior and superior pelvis is divided by the peivic brim,
6. RaCjus 17, fEpeeid
7. Ulna 18. Metlcarpals
8. Caeals 19. Prdimal Phalanss
L Mdacarpals ?0. Middle Phal.ng6
10. Phalanees 21. Dirtal PhalanFs
11- Lunate

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Comparison of the
Female and Male
Peivic (l-lip) Girdle Pelres:

True {Lesser) Pelvis- p3rt of the pelvis inferior to the pelvic b.im.

fulse {Greater) Pelvas- part of the pelvis ruperior to the pelvic brim.

Answer 22 -26 Act. No. 12 Lower Limb (Lower Extremities)

-has 30 bons in four locations

'l fumur in the thigh

patella {kneecap)
Tibia and frbula in the leg
7 tarsals in the tarsus (ankle)
5 metatarsls in the metatareu!
14 phalanges (digits]

Answer 27 * 34 Act. No. 12 The Muscular System

3 types of muscle tissues:

Skeletal Muscles- striated, voluntary move bones of the
29. Tibia skeleton.
30. Fibula
11. rrlus
32. Navi.ular
Cardiac Muscles- striated, involuntary forms most of the
33- Cuneiform
heart wall, heart pumping
34, Distal Phalan6es
(heartbeat/pacema ker/autorhyth micity).

Smooth Muscles- non-striated, involuntary located in the

walls of hollow tissues.

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Function of the Nzluscle Tissues Function of the Muscle Tissues

3. Storing and Moving Substan.es Within the Body
1. ProducinE Body Movements
-sphincter in GlT, storage of food, urine, waJte products, glycogen reserve.
-rely on the integrated functioninB of bones, joints, and skeletal
-cardiac muscles pump blood throughout the body, pe.istalsis in smooth
muscles.
muscles and movement of gametes, skeletal contractaoas promotes flow of
Iymph, and aid return of blood ba(k to the heart.
2. Stabilizing Eody Positions
-skeletal muscle contractions rtabilize joints and help maintain body
positions.

Function of the [Vuscle Tissues Properties of Muscle Tissues

1. Electrical Excibbilify
4. Generating Heat
-ability to respond to cedain stimuli by producing electrical signals
-thermogenesis- contraction of muscles generatinB heat. lnvoluntary
such as cct{bn potentidls (propagate [travel] along cell's plasma
contraction o{ the skeletal muscle (shiverinB),
membrane due to the presence of of specific voltage-gated
channels).
2 Action Potentials in Muscle Tissues:
a. Auton^hrnic Electrical Signals arising in the muscle tissue
iteff such as occur in heart's pacemaker^
b. Chemical Stimuli such as neurotransmittere released
by neurons, hormones distributed by blood, or local
changes tn pH.

Properties of Muscle Tissues Properties of Muscle Tissues

2. Contractility
3. Extensabjlity
-ability of the muscle tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated
by an actiofl potential.
-abilir}- of the murle to stretch without being damaged,

Types of Contractions:
4. Elasticib/
a. lsometric Contraction- the muscle develops tension
-ability of the muscle tissue to return on its original len8th and shape
but does not shorten (eg. Holding a book in an outstretched hand,
after contraction.
if the tension generated is great enough to overcome the
resistance of the ob.iect being moved, the muscle shonens and
movement occuE)
b. lsotonic Contraction- the tension developed by the
muscle remains almost constant while muscle remains shoften.
(eg.Lifting a book off a table)

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Histology of the Skeletal fViuscle Histology of the Skeletal IVuscle

Sarcolemma- plasma membrane ofa rruscle cell.
Sarcoplasm' cytoplasm,
T (tronsueree) Tubules- invaglnation of the sarcolema tllat are tunnels
in form Irom from the 5urhce towards the center of the muscle fiber
Myofibrils- the .ontractile elements of skeletal muscles.

Histology 0f the Skeletal Nluscle Histology of the Skeletal [Vuscle

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-encircles myofibrils has similar Sarcomere b3sic functional units of myofibrils.
function to SER. Composed of:

Terminal sacs- responsible for the storage and Filaments

release of calcium to the T tubules. Terminal Z discs
cisternae A band
Filaments- small units of contractile proteins responsible I band
for the striated appearance of skeletal muscles- H zone (located between A band that do not
2 types of Filaments: comopme thin filament)
a. Thin Filaments M line (supponing protein)
b. Thick Filaments Titin Filaments

Sa rcome re lVuscle Metabolism

Production of ATP for contractioni

Creatine Phosphate- energy rich substance found only in mu*le 6bea

6 times plentiful than ATP in relaxed muscles.
Crea6oe Kinase
rl\j

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Review also the importance of lascicles (mus.le shapes)

End

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