ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS
1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 5) 4 6) 3 7) 1 8) 2 9) 2 10) 4
11) 1 12) 3 13) 2 14) 2 15) 3 16) 1 17) 2 18) 2 19) 4 20) 1
21) 1 22) 2 23) 4 24) 2 25) 1 26) 3 27) 1 28) 3 29) 2 30) 2
31) 4 32) 2 33) 1 34) 3 35) 3 36) 1 37) 3 38) 3 39) 3 40) 1
41) 3 42) 2 43) 1 44) 4 45) 3

CHEMISTRY
46) 2 47) 1 48) 1 49) 1 50) 3 51) 3 52) 4 53) 1 54) 1 55) 2
56) 3 57) 4 58) 3 59) 2 60) 3 61) 4 62) 2 63) 1 64) 3 65) 4
66) 4 67) 4 68) 3 69) 1 70) 2 71) 4 72) 3 73) 3 74) 4 75) 1
76) 1 77) 1 78) 3 79) 1 80) 1 81) 4 82) 1 83) 4 84) 4 85) 3
86) 2 87) 1 88) 4 89) 3 90) 3

BIOLOGY
Botany Q’S: 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 , 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120,121, 122, 123,
124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153,
160, 162.173
Zoology Q’S: 91, 94,97, 103, 104,106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 119, 125, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 147,
151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

91) 4 92) 1 93) 1 94) 3 95) 3 96) 3 97) 1 98) 2 99) 4 100) 1
101) 2 102) 3 103) 2 104) 2 105) 1 106) 1 107) 2 108) 3 109) 2 110) 1
111) 4 112) 3 113) 3 114) 3 115) 2 116) 2 117) 2 118) 2 119) 3 120) 1
121) 1 122) 3 123) 2 124) 4 125) 4 126) 2 127) 1 128) 2 129) 2 130) 4
131) 2 132) 2 133) 2 134) 4 135) 3 136) 3 137) 2 138) 1 139) 3 140) 3
141) 4 142) 3 143) 3 144) 4 145) 4 146) 2 147) 4 148) 4 149) 4 150) 3
151) 3 152) 1 153) 1 154) 3 155) 4 156) 3 157) 2 158) 4 159) 4 160) 1
161) 4 162) 2 163) 2 164) 3 165) 3 166) 4 167) 1 168) 2 169) 4 170) 2
171) 3 172) 3 173) 3 174) 2 175) 4 176) 2 177) 2 178) 4 179) 1 180) 1
 HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
0
1. Given deviation from magnetic meridian   300 and apparent dip   45
tan 
Then, tan  ' 
cos 
tan 
Tan 450 
cos 300
 3
  tan 1  
 2 
2. All the resistances are in parallel and connected between A & B , therefore equivalent circuit is

R R

and equivalent resistance is, Req  3 3 R
R R 6

3 3
3.

If  is the potential gradient then, VA VB    l

When the cell is shunted by a 4 resistance,
 4 
E     2..........(1)
r 4
Similarly, when the cell is shunted by a 8  resistance,
 8 
E     3...............(2)
 r 8
From equation (1) and (2),
r 8 2

2 r  4 3
3r  24  4r  16
r  8
2
4. flux   10t  50t  250
The induced emf
  d

dt
    20t  50  V
at t  3s
    20  3  50  10V
5. The current will change direction as the electron passes by. As electron approaches the loop flux
linked with the loop first increases and then decrease as electron passes by. Therefore direction of
induced current changes.
6. Potential at the centre

7.

8.
 a
9. The charged particle moves in a circle of radius
2

mv 2
 qvB 
a/2
2mv
B
qa
10. From Wein’s displacement law, blue star is hotter than the white star i.e. the sun
11. From the first law of thermodynamics,
U  Q  W
U   20  4.2   50  34 J
12.
13. Density of ice is less than that of water. Therefore, on melting, volume decreases. So, the work
done on the ice-water system by the atmosphere is positive. The internal energy of the water is
higher that ice at 00C, as the result internal energy of ice water system increases.
14. On increasing the temperature, scale expands. So it reads less and on cooling it contracts so it
reads more.
There fore L3  L1  L2
60  15 Y  25
15. 
75  15 125  25
45 Y  25

60 100
100
Y  45  25  1000
60

16.

17. As the speed decreases continuously therefore the motion is retarded and acceleration and
velocity must be in opposite direction
18. Minimum kinetic energies are at highest point
1
mu12 cos2 1
2 4

1
mu22 cos 2  2 1
2
u cos 1
 1  2.......(1)
u2 cos  2
and ratio of the maximum height
u12 sin 2 1 4

u22 sin 2  2 1
u1 sin 1 2
  .......(2)
u2 sin  2 1
From eq. no. (1) and (2)
u1 sin 1.u1 cos 1 4

u2 sin  2 .u2 cos  2 1
gR1
2 4
gR2 1
2
R 4
 1 
R2 1
 F
19. Acceleration of two mass system is a  leftward
2m
FBD of block A

20. From conservation of momebtum


1 3i  2i  2 4 j  6k  1  2  v
   

 3i  6i  12k  3v

 v  i  2i  4k ms 1
 
21.

Mass of the plate is, M  d  R 2t 

Mass of plate  R 2
R M
Mass of small circular plate of radius ,M2 
4 16
15
Mass of the remaining plate M 1  M  M 2  M
16
As total mass recides at origin, Hence M1r1  M2 r2
15 M 3R
 Mr1  
16 16 4
R
 r1 
20
22. If external forces acting on a system have zero resultant then acceleration is zero and velocity
remains constan
23. Conservation of momentum in initial direction of motion of m (let x— direction)
  m 1 i   2mv  i
1
vx    i ms 1
2
0   mv  j   2mv y  j
v
vy  
2
KEbefore  KEafter
1 2 1 1
m 1  0  mv 2  2m  vx2  v 2y 
2 2 2
2
 1   v 2 
2

1  v  2       
 2   2  
1 v2
1  v2  
2 2
2
1 3v

2 2
1
v ms 1
3
Let v be the speed of m after it is deflected by 900.
Conservation of momentum in perpendicular direction of motion of m (let y- direction)
As the collision is elastic therefore,
v
vy 2 1
tan     v 
vx 1 3
2
0
  30
24.

25. The acceleration of S is always directed towards the centre of the earth
26. Total energy of surface = Total energy at h height

From the centre

R
r  Rh 
1 k 2
27. As force is always in the direction of acceleration
28.

29. Equation 1 is universal equation of pressure but the second equation is valid only when it is in
state of rest, while moving upward the pressure difference is P  zp  g  a 
R R R
30. When break into eight drop radius of small drop is r  1/3
 r  1/3
n 8 2
2T
For large drop P1 
R
2T 2T  2T 
For small drop P2    2 
r R  R 
 
2
31. Mass and distribution of mass about the axis
32.

33. PE  W
34.

This wavelength falls in visible range.

t1

35. We know that for time t1 activity is Al , therefore A1  A0e T ....... 1
t2

Similarly for time t2 activity is A2 , Therefore A2  A0 e T .......  2 
t 2 t1
A1
Now, dividing equation (1) by (2) e T
A2
t1  t2
There fore, A2  A1e T

 1 1  13.6  5
36. E3  E2  13.6  2  2    1.89 eV
2 3  36
Photoelectrons with kEmax are moving on circular path.
mv
r
qB
 mv  qBr
 mv
r
qB
 mv  qBr
1
 P  1.6 1019  103
320
1
 1024  5 1025 kg m / s
2

1 2
37. mvmax  hv  hv0
2
1 2
mvmax  h(v  v0 )
2
This is Einsten’s equation of photoelectric effect
38.

So, output is 'zero' when both inputs are 'one'. In all other cases output is one.
39.
 O to B:
1 2
y :  60  40 sin 30o t  gt
2
 20t  5t 2
t 2  4t  12  0  t  6 s
3
x  40 cos 30o ; t  40   6  120 3 m
2
40. The forces acting on the block are shown.
Since the block is not moving forward for the maximum force F applied
F cos 60o  f   N ----------(i)
And F sin 60  mg  N ------(ii)
From, (i) and (ii), F cos 60o    F sin 60o  mg 

 mg
F
cos 60   sin 600
o

1
 3  10
2 3 5
   20 N
1 1 3 1
 
2 2 3 2 4
41.
42.

43.

44.

45.
  1.3  m
46. Here X and Y are position isomer as position of – OH group is differ in them

47. It is based on first order kinetics so using the given relation

2.303 N
K log10 0
t NT
2.303  20 
t 2
 log10  
10  5 
On solving t=138.87 sec
K
48. K eq  w
Ka
Kw
3.6 107 
Ka
1014
Ka  7
 2.77  108
3.6  10
49. Here 4 moles of NaOH and one mole of Br2 is required for the production of 1 mole of primary
amine as follows
R  C  NH 2  Br2  4 NaOH  R  NH 2  Na2CO3  2 NaBr  2 H 2O
50. As BCl3 is planar molecules so have 1200

51. If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the value of molal depression constant (Kf) remains
unchanged. As molal depression constant (Kf) is a characteristic property of the solvent. It has
nothing to do with nature of solute or its concentration.
52. Acidic nature  E.W .G
1

E.W .G
 As NO2 group is electron attracting while CH3 group is electron releasing group so NO2 increases
acidic nature while CH3 decreases it.
53. AlCl3 exists as a dimmer (Al2Cl6) . It is a strong Lewis acid as Al has an incomplete octet and has a
tendency to gain electrons. AlCl3 undergoes hydrolysis easily and forms an acidic solution.
AlCl3 + 3H2O  Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
i.e., AlCl3 sublimes at 100oC under vaccum.
1
54. Molarity 
Temperature
Molality, Mole fraction, Weight percentage do not depand upon temperature.
55.

56.
CH 3
KOH / H 2O heat O
CH 3  CH  CH 2  CH 2  OH 
SN 2
 CH 3  CH  CH 2  CH 2 
 
| | |
Cl OH OH
57.

58. d A  2d B
2M A  M B
As PM  dRT
P M d RT
So A  A  A 
PB M B d B RT
PA 1
 2
PB 2
PA 4

PB 1
59.

60. Eletrophile is an e– deficient species which may be positively charged or neutral. It accepts
electrons from e– rich species .
61. Na/liq. NH3 reduces alkynes into trans alkene (trans addition) as its mode is anti addition while
rest other are syn addition reagents.
62. As q = 0 so using l law of thermodynamics
U   p. V
 2.5  4.5  2.5   5 lit atm
 5 101.3  506.5 Joule
 505 J
63. The complex giving least number of ions will have lowest depression in freezing point and
therefore highest freezing point. Hence, option 1 is correct. (Van't Hoff factor = 1)
Freezing point order is options (A > D > C > B).
64. Conformers of ethane have different dihedral angles and there is no change in bond angles and
bond lengths in the conformations of ethane.

65.

66. B2 H 6  3O2  B2O3  3H 2O

According to balanced equation 27.66 g B2H6 i.e. 1 mole B2H6 requires 3 mole of O2.
Now this oxygen is produced by electrolysis of water as follows
4F
2 H 2O   2 H 2  O2
As 1 mole O2 is produced by 4 F charge
So 3 mole O2 will be produced by 12 F charge
So now on applying
Q = lt
12  96500C  100  t  s 
12  96500
t hours
100  3600
t  3.2 hours
67. The increasing order for the wavelengths of absorption in the visible region for the complexes of
3 3 3
Co3+ is Co  en 3   Co  NH 3 6   Co  H 2O 6 
The decreasing order of ligands strength is en > NH3 > H2O. Strong ligand causes greater splitting
between two energy levels. The energy of light absorbed is more and the wavelength of light
absorbed is less for the strong ligand.
68. Kjeldahl's method is not used in the case of nitro, azo compounds and also to the compounds
containing nitrogen in the ring e.g. Pyridine.
69.

70.

71. In Frenkel defect, smaller ion displaces from its actual lattice site into the interstitial sites.
72.

73. Ti metal is purified by Van Arkel method. In this method impure Ti is converted into pure titanium
metal.
A dB
74. 
B dA
75. Ca metal give brick red colour in flame test.
76. As H2SO4 acts as an oxidizing agent because 'S' has '+6' oxidation state so it can be reduced only.
Hence it can not be a reductant.
77. Hl is the strongest acid while HF is the weakest acid. The order of acidic strength is
 H1 > HBr > HC1 > HF
78. It follows E2 mechanism

79.

80. As electron of charge 'e' is passed through 'V' volt, kinetic energy of electron becomes = 'eV'
As wavelength of e– wave
h
  
2m.K .E
h

2meV
h
SO,  2meV

81. According to Freundlich isotherm

x
 k . p1/ n
m
x 1
log  log k  log P
m n
1
So intercept is log k and slope is
n
82. Low density polythene: It is obtained by the polymerisation of ethene under high pressure of
1000-2000 atm. at a temp. of 350 K to 570 K in the pressure of traces of dioxygen or a peroxide
initiator (cont). Low density polythene is chemically inert and poor conductor of electricity. It is
used for manufacture squeeze bottles, toys and flexible pipes.
83. Among 20 naturally occurring amino acids Cysteine has —SH or thiol functional group.
General formula of amino acid
 R  CH  COOH
|
NH3
 Value of R  CH 2  SH in cystenine
84. Compound oxidation state of Cr
Cr  H 2O 6  Cl3  3
Cr  C6 H 6 2  0
K 2 Cr  CN 2  O2  O2  NH 3    6
[Potassium amminedicyanodioxoperoxochromate (vi)]
85. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate is in anionic detergent possess excellent germicidal
properties and are used in hair conditioners. Non-ionic detergents are obtained by the reactions
between polyethylene glycol and stearic acid
86. Actinoids show more oxidation states (+ 2, + 3, + 4, + 6 etc.) as 5f, 6d, 7s have comparable
energies.
87. CO2 , CH 4 , N 2O and O3 are the green house gases. These gases are responsible for global warming.
For example, carbon dioxide which is emitted from vehicles, factories etc. are mainly responsible
green house gas.
88. Mass of O2 = 10.30 mg
Mass of sea water = 1.03gm = 1030 mg
Mass of O 2 10.30 103
PPM = 6
 10  106  10
Mass of water 1030
1
89. Ionic mobility 
Size of hydratedion
As on moving down the group size of hydrated ion decreases so ionic mobality increases.
Li  .nH 2O  Na  .nH 2O  K  .nH 2O  Rb  .nH 2O
Ionic mobility  as size of ion 
90.

91. The heart or the cockroach is present in the pericardial sinus located dorsally. It has a 13
chambered heart. 3 chambers are present in the thoracic region while 10 chambers are present in
the abdominal region. The chamber in the first thoracic segment shows the presence of an
anterior aorta. All chambers have two openings except the last chamber which is blind.
92. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacteria known to produce toxin protein Bt toxin. This thoxin within the
bacteria is produced in its inactive form. It becomes active when it comes in contact with the
digestive juices (alkaline pH in the gut) of the insects after consumption.
93. DNA molecule was proven to replicate via semi-conservative method where one of the two strand
is a new one and other one is from the parent. When N15 labelled E.coli is grown in medium with
N14, after completion of first round of replication, the new duplicated DNA will have one strand of
N15 labelled bases and the new strand having N14 labelled bases. Since, the new DNA is a hybrid
its density will be lesser than the parent DNA. The DNA sequence will not differ from parent DNA.
Also N15 is heavy but it is not radioactive. Thus neither the parent DNA nor daughter DNA is
radioactive.
94. Enzymes are biocatalysts that help in speeding up the reaction rate exponentially. Temperature,
pH, substrate concentration are few of the factors that affect the activity of the enzyme. These
molecules show highest activity work in a particular pH called as optimum pH. Below or above
the pH range the enzyme activity will reduce or become inactive. Since the enzyme amylase took
least time to break starch in the range of pH-7 compared to other pH values, it is showing highest
activity at pH-7. Thus, pH-7 is the optimum pH.
95. 1 – cell wall – found only in plant cell.
2 – mitochondrion – found in both plant cell and animal cell
3 – nucleus – present in both plant cell and animal cell
4 – vacuole – present in both plant (large) and animal cell (small)
5 – chloroplast – found in plant cell only
We can say that labels 2, 3 and 5 will be observed in animal cell as well.
96. Meiotic division is a type of cell division where two cell division occurs with only one round of
DNA duplication process. The eventual new cells that are formed have half the genetic content of
the participating cells. If a participating cell has 20 chromosome, its eventual daughter cell will
have 10 chromosome. Thus, the statement of each daughter cell having one-half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell is the correct one.
Mitosis is another type of cell division process where the DNA duplication occurs once and the cell
also divides one time. The resulting daughter cells formed have the same amount of genetic
content as the parent cell.
97. Breathing is the process of taking the atmospheric air in and giving out the spent air or used air. It
has two parts inspiration (taking the air in) and expiration (giving out the used air). During the
exhalation process, air is given out due to the pressure gradient developed by relaxation of the
diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles which were contracted during inhalation. This
causes reduction in thorax volume (statement IV) and increasing the pressure (statement II)
inside compared to outside atmospheric pressure. This causes the used air in lungs to move out of
the thorax. Statements I and III are changes occurring during inhalation process of breathing.
98. A marker is necessary for the DNA recombinant technology to identify the transformed cell which
will have our gene of interest. Plasmids are automonomously replicating circular extra-
chromosomal DNA hence they are a very good tool for DNA recombination. When gold or
tungsten micro-particles are used for ttransferring the gene of interest into the cell, the technique
is called gene gun. Micro-injection is the process of injecting a micro-needle into the nucleus to
insert the gene of interest. DNA fragments are separated using the process called AGE-agarose gel
electrophoresis.
99. Nucleus is a double membrane bound organelle 1st discovered by Robert Brown and stores the
DNA of cell. The double membrane of the nucleus, nuclear envelope, has space within it called as
perinuclear space. These membranes fuse at certain points around the nucleus giving rise to
nuclear pores which help in exchange of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm. Interphase
is one of the phases of cell cycle where the DNA is folded with the help of protein resulting is a
structure called chromatin which was named by Flemming. Therefore, statement I and IV are true
and remaining two are false.
100. Nucleosides are carbon compounds found in the cell which are made of 5C pentose sugar and one
of the four N-bases. When to this molecule as phosphate group is attached, it is called as
nucleotide. Nucleoside is generally made in the liver which is later changed to nucleotide helping
in the formation of DNA and RNA. DNA forms the genetic material in the cell.
101. 1st recombinant DNA was constructed by Cohen and Boyer using the plasmid of Salmonella
typhimurium.
pBR322 is a plasmid cloning vector found in E.coli. Taq polymerase is an enzyme obtained from
bacteria Thermus aquaticus used in PCR. This enzyme has high-temperature tolerance compared
to other polymerases. A tumefaciens is a known tumor-inducing microbe infecting plants in the
 roots. Its plasmid (Ti plasmid) has become a useful tool for recombination technology as this
microbe originally transfers the Ti gene into the host genome.
102. Organelles are specific structures which may be membrane bound found in eukaryotic cell having
a specific function viz. Golgi body and not found in prokaryotic cell.
All the prokaryotes are known to have a cell wall covering over the plasma membrane except
mycoplasma, now commonly known as PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms).
Prokaryotes do not have organelles like eukaryotes but they have structures called mesosome
which is formed by the infolding of the cell membrane participating in different activities of the
cell. Flagella are long whip-like extensions protruding from the cell membrane through the cell
wall of bacteria that helps in their motility. Cilia are a small extension of cell membrane
commonly observed in eukaryotes helping in locomotion and capturing substances.
103. Skeletal muscles are the voluntary type of muscle tissue giving conscious control over their
contraction. They are typically found closely attached to the bones of the body. The muscle fibers
making the skeletal tissue are bundled together by a sheath/covering of tough connective tissue.
Smooth muscle is found in blood vessels and these are involuntary. Thus, statements I and IV are
correctly describing skeletal tissue. Statement II and III describe smooth muscle instead of skeletal
tissue.
104. According to Susruta Samhita (600 B.C.), the four division of the plants are, Vanaspati (fruit
yielding non flowering plant), Vrksa (both fruit yielding and flowering plants), Virudha (shrubs
and creepers), and the fourth type of category of plants are Osadhi (plants that die with a ripening
of fruits).
105. Ribonucleic acid is a single stranded molecule which may show folding onto itself than forming a
paired double strand like DNA. It does not form a helical structure. The nucleotide of RNA has a
sugar molecule – 5C – pentose ribose with aldehyde as the functional group (aldose
monosaccharide), a phosphate attached to the sugar and lastly, a nitrogenous base which is either
adenine, guanine, uracil or cytosine. Uracil is replaced by thymine in DNA. Some animal viruses
have DNA as the genetic material e.g. Hepatitis B virus while some animals have RNA as the
genetic material e.g., HIV. Statement I, III and IV are incorrect regarding RNA and only statement
II is correct.
106. In a human tissue (living tissue), the composition of the elements (percent weight of the human
body) given in the question was found to be Sulphur – 0.3, Magnesium – 0.1, Calcium – 1.6 and
Silicon – negligible.
107. Cell division phase of cell cycle has two stages – karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Karyokinesis deals
with nuclear division where at the end of this stage two nuclei are formed. Following
karyokinesis, cytokinesis occurs where the cytoplasm is divided in two resulting information of
two new whole individual cells. The given diagram represent the cytokinesis stage of plant cell
division. In it, the division occurs by making a cell plate in the cytoplasm between the two newly
formed nuclei which later becomes the cell wall of the new cell that will form.
Diakinesis is part of prophase I of meiosis I which is part of karyokinesis.
DNA synthesis is part of S-phase in interphase.
Interphase is the stage of cell cycle that occurs between two cell division processes.
108. Outside the balloon the air is atmospheric air, that has the following composition – About 21%
oxygen, about 0.04% CO2 and less than 1% H20.
Exhaled air has the following composition – About 16% 02, about 4% CO2, about 5%H20.
Inside the balloon exhaled air is present. Therefore, column C is the right answer.
109. DNA finerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in a DNA sequence
called satellite DNA. These sequences of satellite DNA normally do not code of any proteins and
they show a high degree of polymorphism which forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
Polymorphism is the ability to take any form or change in sequence (viz, SNP). Metamorphism is
the phenomenon of the transition of certain animal groups from the larval stage to the adult stage.
 (viz. tadpole to frog). Pathomorphism is a term given for abnormal morphology shown in any part
of body and biomorphism is an art form imitating the living organisms.
110. Restriction endonucleases are a group of nucleasese that break the phosphodiester bond in the
DNA that result in a ‘cut’ in the DNA strand and separation. These enzymes cut the DNA at a
particular site and may leave single stranded portions at the ends. These overhanging stretches of
unpaired nucleotides are called sticky ends.
111. Ecologist Gause’s stated in his ‘Competitive Eclusion Principle’ that two closely related species
cannot co-exist indefinitely if they are competing for the same resources and this would result into
elimination of inferior one. But this statement is true only when there are limited resources and
not otherwise. Gause and other ecologist have also demonstrated in a laboratory that in a
condition of limited resources, superior species eliminates the other species.
112. Family of Fabaceae is also known as sub-family of Leguminosae. In this family, Inflorescence
shown in Racemose, flowers are usually bisexual and zygomorphic. Diadelphous type of
Androecium is present with (9) + 1 arrangement. They have a unilocular superior ovary and non-
endospermic type of seed. They are a sub-famly of Leguminosae and Moong. Gram, Soya bean are
its examples.
113. Alcoholic drinks are produced by fermenting different types of cereals or fruits by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. The fermented broth produced by Brewer’s yeast acting on malted cereals and fruit
juices goes through processing in which distillation determines the type of drink. Brandy, whiskey
and rum are the alcoholic drinks that go through a distillation process. Wine and beer do not
undergo the process of distillation.
114. Bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms with a wide range of diversity present in
the kingdom Monera. Members of kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular
organism with cell wall made of chitin and exhibit both sexual as well as asexual modes of
reproduction. Organisms represent in kingdom Animalia are eukaryotic, multicellular and
heterotrophic with no cell wall. Kingdom Plantae consists of eukaryotic chlorophyll containing
organisms with few heterotrophs.
115. By applying the formula:
Number of births
Birth rate = 
Total population
22
 = 0.55 per rose per year or 55% per year.
4
Number of deaths
Death rate 
Total population
14
 = 0.35 per rose per year or 35% per year.
40
These rates are referred as per capita birth and death rates in a population
116. The diagram represents a monocotyledonous seed. 1 is a scutellum which is a large, modified,
cotyledon having a shield shape. 2 is a plumule is a small structure that represents the stem of an
embryo. 3 is a radical which also a part of an embryo, which later develops into a primary root to
absorb nutrients.
117. Ladybirds and dragonflies are used to control the aphid and mosquito population respectively.
Nucleopolyhedrovirus is used to control arthropods and insects as they attack specifically and
have narrow spectrum insecticidal applications.
Bacillus thuringiensis is used to control butterfly caterpillars.
Trichoderma is a fungus used in treatment of plant diseases.
118. Chrysophtes are fresh water organisms with indestructible cell wall.
Gonyaulaxis a dinoflagellate which has a stiff cell wall and is autotrophic.
Paramoecium is found in sea, marine and fresh waters and are neither photosynthetic nor do they
possess a cell wall.
 Euglenoids are found in stagnant waters and are autotrophic but with no cell wall.
119. Grass is at the first trophic level as it is a producer. It can convert sunlight to chemical energy
hence it is a transducer. Grasshoppers (herbivores) eat grass and hence are primary consumer at
second trophic level. Rodents eat Grasshoppers and thus are secondary consumers and also
primary carnivores at third level. Cats eat Rodents at third level. Cats eat Rodents and are
Tertiary consumer and secondary carnivores at fourth trophic level.
120. When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping, it is
said to be valvate.
If one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on, it is called twisted.
Calotropis has valvate aestivation. In alternate type of phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node
in alternate manner. In opposite type, a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each
other as in Calotropis.
121. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into categories based on easily
observable characters.
Taxonomy is the process of classification.
Taxon is the unit of classification ie., the category into which each organism is placed.
Systematics is the study of organisms and their diversities and the relationships between them.
122. When one species occupy an area leading to declining or disappearance of other species; this
changes in the composition of species in any given area is called ecological succession. When
succession occurs in an area where no living organism ever existed; it is called Primary Succession
and when it takes place in the area that has lost all living organisms that had existed there, it is
called Secondary Succession. Newly created ponds, bare rock are examples of primary succession.
Abandoned farmlands and burned forests are examples of secondary succession.
123. The given picture is of bracket fungi. They are placed under the fungal group Basidiomycetes. It
also includes various forms like mushrooms and puffballs. They grow on tree logs and stumps,
soils and also on plant bodies as parasites deriving nutrition from them. Eg: Puccinia (Rust) and
Ustilago (smuts). The mycelium of these fungi are branched and septate arising from their
dikaryotic hyphae leading to formation of basidium.
124. Flower is said to show three types of symmetry. They are actinomorphic, zygomorphic and
asymmetric. Asymmetric the word itself says that the flower cannot be divided in equal parts by
any method. In actinomorphic, the flower can be divided into two equal halves radially and when
it can be divided into equal halves only through one vertical plane is known as zygomorphic.
125. Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-
layered hard covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystations. When
favourable conditions return, the encysted Amoebga divides by multiple fission and produces
many minute amoeba or pseudopodiospores; the cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are
liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known
as sporulation.
126. With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi and filamentous. Their bodies consist of
long, slender thread like structures called hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as mycelium.
Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm-these are called
coenocytic hyphae. Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are
composed of chitin and polysaccharides.
127. Rocks are natural reservoir of phosphate form of phosphorous. When rocks worn away release
phosphates in soil which is then absorbed by roots. Animals obtain this element from plants and
when these animals are dead they are decomposed by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. This
process releases phosphorous into soil which is again absorbed by the roots and the cycle
continues.
128. Epiblema is the outermost layer which further becomes unicellular root hair. A water-
impermeable, waxy material suberin is deposited on the tangential or radial walls of the
 endodermal is known as Casparian strips. Pericycle which is next to endodermal is made up of
parenchymatous cells and vascular bundle and pith altogether is known as Stele.
129. A young anther consist of four microsporangia where there is compactly arranged cells called
sporogenous tissue. As it develops, sporogenous tissue divides meiotically to form microspore
tetrad which is arranged in a cluster. Then they mature and dehydrate and dissociate from each
other to form pollen grains. As the pollen grains mature there are two male gametes, the
vegetative cell and generative cell.
130. Eukaryotic organisms having chlorophyll a and c, a gelatinous coating of algin is a peculiar feature
of brown algae. In the above given examples the two examples which are of brown algae are
Laminaria and Fucus. These organisms also contain pigments like Xanthophylls and carotenoids,
along with chlorophyll a and c. Volvox and Chara are green algae while Porphyra is a red alga.
131. In the given diagram, A-Conformers, B – Regulators, C-Partial regulators. Regulators can maintain
homeostasis by physiological (sometimes behavioural also) means which ensures constant body
temperature, constant osmotic concentration, etc., All birds and mammals and a very few lower
vertebrate and invertebrate species are indeed capable of such regulation (thermoregulation and
osmoregulation). Evolutionary biologists believe that the ‘success’ of mammals is largely due to
their ability to maintain a constant body temperature and thrive whether they live in Antarctica or
in the Sahara desert Partial regulators change their body temperature to a certain level of ambient
temperature but when the temperature continues to increase they are able to maintain constant
body temperature Examples: shrew, ground squirrel.
132. As the stem continues to increase in girth due to the activity of vascular cambium, the outer
cortical and epidermis layers get broken and need to be replaced to provide new protective cell
layers. Hence, sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen
develops, usually in the cortex region. Phellogen is a couple of layers thick. It is made of narrow,
thin-walled and nearly rectangular cells. Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells
differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or
phelloderm.
133. Pollen grains of water pollinated plants are long and ribbon like.
Flowers of water pollinated plants are not colorful or produce much nectar as they do not need to
attract insects or birds for pollination. The female flowers of Vallisneria, a fresh water plant,
reach the surface of water by a long stalk and make gametes are also released on the surface.
Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus) is an aqutic plant pollinated by insects.
134. The given image is of Sphagnum gametophyte. It is type of moss belonging to bryophyte. The
longer branches produce the male sex organs antheridia while the shorter branches produce
female sex organs archegonia.
Some species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and because of
their capacity to hold water as packing material for trans-shipment of living material.
135. Sociobiologist Edward Wilson was the one who gave term biodiversity to describe diversity at all
the levels of biological organization. The important ones are: genetic diversity, species diversity
and ecological diversity. Raulwolfia vomitoria which is a medicinal plant shows genetic variation
in terms of potency and concentration of chemical reserpine which is used for treatment of high
blood pressure. Atropine is obtained Atropa belladonna.
136. PS-I and PS-II are two types of photosystems. The photosystem PS-II is known for absorbing red
light at 680 nm and thus its reaction centre is P680 while PS-I absorbs red light at wavelength 700
nm and has reaction centre P700. PS-I is present on outer surface of thylakoid membrane and PS-
II on inner side of the thylakoid membrane. During non-cyclic photophosphorylation or Z scheme
product produced by PS-I is NADPH and product produced by PS-II is ATP along with hydrolysis of
water.
137. Apomixis is a mechanism by which seeds develop without fertilization. It is a type of asexual
reproduction which mimics sexual reproduction. Since there is not fertilization taking place all
the apomictic embryos have similar genetic nature. Examples are citrus and mango.
138. A positive pressure called root pressure is developed as various ions from the soil are actively
transported into the vascular tissues of the roots, water follows its potential gradient and
increases the pressure inside the xylem. It is responsible for pushing up water to small heights in
the stem. It can’t push water over long distances. The greatest contribution of root pressure may
be to re-establish the continuous chains of water molecules in the xylem which often break under
the enormous tensions created by transpiration. Root pressure does not account for the majority
of water transport; most plants meet their need by transpiratory pull. Cohesion, adhesion and
surface tension give water high tensile strength, i.e., an ability to resist a pulling force, and high
capillarity, i.e., the ability to rise in thin tubes.
139. In ex-situ conservation endangered animals and plants that are threatened to become extinct are
removed from their natural habitat and allocated in special setting such as zoological parks,
botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks where they can be protected. In in-situ conservation,
the endangered species are protected in their natural habitat so that the entire ecosystem is
protected.
140. The Calvin pathway occurs in all the mesophyll cells of the C3 plants. In the C4 plants, it does not
take place in the mesophyll cell but does so only in the bundle sheath cells.
141. Calyx of 5 separate sepals.
Corolla zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical); of 5 petals, 2 fused together, 2 free and forming a
pair, and a 5th different from the others.
Androecium of 10 stamens, 9 joined by their filaments the 10th free.
Gynoecium unicarpellate, the ovary superior.
3
142. Free living nitrogen fixing aerobic microbes are Azobacter and Beijerinckia while Rhodospirillum
is anaerobic and free living. Cyanobacteria such as Nostoc are also free living nitrogen fixers.
Rhizobium has a symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes like, pea, lentils, alfalfa etc., They
produce nodules on the roots. Similar to this is Frankia which also produces nitrogen fixing
nodules on the roots of non-leguminous plant Alnus. Ammonia is first oxidized to nitrite by the
bacteria Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus. The nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate with the help
of the bacterium Nitrobacter. These steps are called nitrification.
3
143. Catalytic converts reduce emission of poisonous gases by converting hydrocarbons into carbon
dioxide and water and nitric oxide and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These
catalytic converters are made of expensive metals such as platinum-palladium and rhodium as the
catalysts. Lead in the petrol inactivates the catalyst hence should be used with unleaded petrol.
144. Yeast undergoes alcoholic fermentation to releases less energy due to anaerobic respiration. It
produces ethyl alcohol as a by-product and releases carbon dioxide. At 13% concentration of
alcohol yeast starts poisoning itself. This situation does not occur in aerobic respiration because
of oxidation reaction.
145. Pollen germination can be easily studied by dusting some pollen from flowers such as pea,
chickpea, Crotalaria, balsam and Vinca on a glass slide containing a drop of sugar solution (about
10 per cent). After about 15-30 minutes, observe the slide under the low power lens of the
microscope. You are likely to see pollen tubes coming out of the pollen grains.
146. Ethylene breaks seed and bud dormancy, initiates germination in peanut seeds, sprouting of
potato tubers. Ethylene promotes rapid internode/petiole elongation in deep water rice plants. It
helps leaves/upper parts of the shoot to remain above water. Ethylene also promotes root growth
and root hair formation, thus helping the plants to increase their absorption surface. Ethylene is
used to initiate flowering and for synchronizing fruit-set in pineapples. It also induces flowering
in mango. It promotes female flowers in cucumbers thereby increasing the yield.
147. Good ozone found in upper part of atmosphere called as stratosphere absorbs UV radiation from
sunlight which are injurious to living organisms. Bad ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere
(troposphere). Ozone is formed by action of UV rays on molecular oxygen. Ozone is measured
 from top to bottom in Dobson units. Due to ozone depletion there is increased risk of ophthalmic
(eye) problems such as inflammation of cornea known as inflammation of cornea known as snow
blindness, cataract and permanent damage of cornea due to absorption of UV radiation.
148. Citric cycle commonly known as TCA cycle or Kreb’s cycle . This cycle is a part of aerobic
respiration. In TCA cycle, acetyl group gets condensed to produce citric acid with the presence of
oxaloacetic acid and water. Citric acid thus formed with the help of enzyme citrate synthase
isomerization takes place and further by decarboxylation leads to formation of alpha-ketoglutaric
acid and succinyl-CoA. During the synthesis of succinic acid from succinyl-CoA there is synthesis
of Guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
149. Somatic hybridization is the process in which isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of
plants are fused. Cross hybridization is combining desirable characteristics from two plants by
the method of cross pollination. Mutation breeding is breeding of plants in which genetic
variations are created by gene mutation. It involves cross hybridization. Micropropagation is the
process of growing thousands of plants in nutrient medium using their shoot tips which are free
from viruses.
150. The spring variety is normally planted in the spring and come to flower and produce grain before
the end of the growing season. Winter varieties, however, it planted in spring would normally fail
to flower or produce mature grain within a span of a flowering season. Hence, they are planted in
autumn. They germinate, and over winter come out as small seedlings, resume growth in the
spring, and are harvested usually around mid-summer.
151. The maximum pressure exerted by blood on the walls of arteries when the heart contracts is
called Systolic blood pressure. Its value is 120 mm Hg. The minimum pressure exerted by blood
on the walls of arteries when the heart relaxes is called Diastolic blood pressure. Its value is 80
mm Hg.
Systolic blood pressure in arteries is due to ventricular systole which lasts for 0.3 seconds while
the diastolic blood pressure in arteries is due to ventricular diastole which lasts for 0.5 seconds.
152. The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play a significant role in producing concentrated urine in
mammals. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus
forms a counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a counter
current pattern. The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter
current in them help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary
interstium, i.e., from 300 mOsmol/L in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmol/L in the inner medulla.
This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and urea. NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of
Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta. NaCl is returned to the
inteststium by the ascending portion of vasa recta. Similarly, small amounts of urea enter the thin
segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is transported back to the interstitium by the
collecting tubule.
153. Gene pool can be defined assum total of genes of all individuals of interbreeding population.
The total number of genes present in an individual is called a genome.
154. Colour blindness is a recessive sex linked trait in which the eye fails to distinguish red-green
colours. The gene for normal vision is dominant. The normal gene and its recessive alleles are
carried by X-chromosome. In female, colour blindness appears only when both the sex
chromosomes carry the recessive gene (XCXC). The females have normal vision but function as
carrier if a single recessive gene for colour blindness is present (XXC). However, in human males
the defect appears in the presence of a single recessive gene (XCY) because Y-chromosomes of
males do not carry any gene for colour vision. Colour blindness, like other sex-linked trait, shows
criss-cross inheritance (i.e., a male transmits his trait to his grandson through daughter, while a
female transmits the traits to her grand-daughter through her son or it is transfer of trait from one
sex to the offspring of the opposite sex.
155. The increase in the number of erythrocytes or RBCs is called erythrocytosis or polycythaemia.
Monocyte are also called scavenger leucocytees since they can remove cellular debris. The left
 atrio-ventricular valve has two cusps and hence it is called biscuspid valve. It is also called mitral
valve. Myocardial infarction is death of cardiac muscles while myocardial ischaemia is reduced
blood supply to cardiac muscle.
156. Down’s syndrome is trisomy 21. It occurs due to non-disjunction of chromosomes during
anaphase-I of meiosis. Since the patient has two chromosomes from the mother, the failure of
disjunction happened in anaphase I or anaphase II of maternal meiosis.
Since the genes and alleles are exacty the same, the non-disjunction would have happened at
anaphase II because the sister chromatids will have the same genomic content. If the non
disjunction happens at anaphase I, then the genes or alleles would not have been exactly same.
157. About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing. They were hairy
and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Australopithecines probably lived in East African
grasslands about 2 mya. Evidence shows they hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate fruit.
The first human-like being the hominid was called Homko habilis. The brain capacities were
between 650-800 cc. They probably did not eat meat. Fossils discovered in Java in 1891 revealed
the next stage. i.e., Homo erectus (Java Man) who lived about 1.5 mya. The Neanderthal man with
a brain size of 1400 cc lived in near east and central Asia between 1,00,000 – 40,000 years back.
158. Hyla (Tree frong), Salamandra (Salamander), and Icthyopis (Limbless amphibia). Calotes (Garden
lizard) belongs to the class Reptilia. Hence, it is the odd one in the given list of organisms.
159. Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by Ernst Haeckel based upon the
observation of certain features during embryonic stage common to all vertebrates that are absent
in adult. For example, the embryos of all vertebrates including human develop a row of vestigial
gill slit just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other
adult vertebrates. However, this proposal was disapproved on careful study performed by Karl
Ernst von Baer. He noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals.
Aristotle believed in the theory of spontaneous generation while Louis Pasteur disproved it using
the famous swan neck experiment. Lamarck believed in the theory of used and disuse of organs
while Weismann cut the tails of new born mice for several generation and disproved their theory.
The theory of evolution due to natural selection was supported by Charles Darwin and Alfred
Wallace.
160. I) Trypsin acts on proteins to form dipeptides.
II) Amylase acts on polysaccharides to form disachardies.
III) Lipase acts on fats to form diglycerides.
IV) Nuclease acts on nucleic acids to form nucleotisdes.
161. The given diagram is the cross sectional view of a muscle showing muscle bundles and muscle
fibers. The labels are as follows
1: Fascicle (Muscle bundle): The skeletal muscle in our body is held together by a number of
muscle bundles called fascicles. These fascicles are held together by a layer of collagenous tissue
known as fascia.
2: Muscle fibre (Muscle cell): The muscle fiber is a syncytium as its cytoplasm i.e., sarcoplasm
contains many nuclei. It is the anatomical unit of muscle but the functional unit is sarcomere.
3: Sarcolemma: It is the membrane which encloses the muscle fibers. The junction between a
motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction or
moto-end plate.
162. In the given question, the cross is between YYRRII and yyrrii. The F1 hybrid YyRrIi.
For getting, the F2 generation the cross is YyRrIi x YyRrIi. It is a pea plant where all characters are
independent assorted so we can consider the crosses separately.
3
In Yy x Yy, the proportion of yellow seeds produced is and the proportion of green seeds
4
1
produced is .
4
 3
In Rr x Rr, the proportion of round seeds produced is and the proportion of wrinkled seeds
4
1
produced is .
4
3
In Ii x Ii, the proportion of inflated pods produced is and the proportion of constricted pods
4
1
produced is .
4
Thus the proportion of plants having green round seeds in an inflated pod in the F2 generation
1 3 3 9
  
4 4 4 64
163. Histamine and serotonin are chemicals released during an allergic response. They are chemical
mediators. They are secreted by the mast cells. The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin
and steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
164. Platyhelminthes of flat worms have dorso-ventrally flattened body hence they will appear
rectangular in cross section. These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human
beings. Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ
level of organization. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. Some of them absorb
nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Specialised cells called flame cells
help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate. Fertilization is internal and
development is through many larval stages.
165. The longest and strongest bone in the human body is the femur. It is situated in the lower
extremities i.e., in the thigh. It takes part in the formation of knee joint along with patella and
tibia.
166. The sequential order of the generation and conduction of nerve impulse is as follows:
1. As soon as stimulus is applied at a site, (site A) the site becomes freely permeable to Na+ ions.
2. This causes a rapid influx of Na+ ions intracellularly. This causes a reversal of polarity i.e., the
intracellular surface acquires a positive charge and the extracellular surface acquires a negative
charge.
3. At a site ahead of the first site (site B), the extracellular surface has a positive and the
intracellular surface has a negative charge. Thus, extracellularly, the current flows from site B to
site A and intracellularly, it flows from site A to site B to complete the circuit. This causes a
reversal of polarity at site B.
4. The impulse generated at site A is transmitted to site B.
5. The stimulus induced permeability to Na+ ions disappears very quickly. The K+ ions are diffused
outside the cell and the resting potential of the membrane is restored.
167. The hormone whose excess can cause acromegaly in adults is growth hormone is inhibited by
somatostatin. Somatostatin is secreted by the hypothalamus, which is situated at the base of the
diencephalon.
168. I. The scrotum is a pouch like structure in which the testis are suspended outside the abdominal
cavity. It helps in maintaining the temperature 2-2-5 degree Celsius lower than internal body
temperature, which is required for spermatogenesis.
II. The male germ cells present in the seminiferous tubules undergo meiotic division and lead to
the formation of sperms.
III. The bulbourethral gland do not contribute to the formation of ejaculatory duct. The seminal
vesicle contributes to it.
IV. the site of spermatogenesis is the seminiferous tubules. They are 1-3 highly coiled structures
situated in the testicular lobules, which are the compartments of testis.
169. Grasshoppers show XX - X O type of inheritance. Female grasshoppers have two X chromosomes
and male grasshoppers have one X chromosome. Let the chromosome with the recessive
mutation producing pink body colour is X p . Female grasshoppers with pink body colour will
have X p X p . Male gass hopper will have one X. In the cross between X p X p and XO, only two
phenotypes will be produced. X X p carrier females who will be green and X p O pink body males.
170. Rhinoviruses area a group of viruses responsible for causing the most common infectious ailment
in humans i.e., common cold. They infect the nose and the respiratory tract, but not the lungs. The
droplets from an infected person are either inhaled directly or spread via contaminated objects
like tables, pens, etc,
171. I. Amniocentesis is a procedure which involves the analysis of amniotic fluid which surrounds the
fetus. It is used for detection of genetic disorders like Down Syndrome.
II. The oral contraceptive pill ‘Saheli’ was developed by the Central Drug Research Insitute (CDIR)
situated in the city of Lucknow.
III. Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are usually used along the barrier methods of
contraception like condom, diaphragam etc., in order to increase their effectiveness.
172. Goitre is increase in the size of thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine in diet can cause endemic
goiter. In endemic goiter, the level of thyroid hormones decrease. This sends a negative feedback
to pituitary which releases TSH. This acts on the follicular cells and they produce more
thyroglobulin causing goiter. Grave’s disease or exophthalmic goiter occurs due to excessive
activity of the thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism.
173. The expression of a phenotype depends on both the environment as well as on the genotype.
Example: A pea plant with TT genotype should grow tall but is the nutrients for growth of the
plant in the soil are missing or deficient its growth may remain stunted.
174. FSH causes the development of Graafian follicle which releases estrogen. Estrogen regulates the
action of FSH by a negative feedback action. Increase in the blood concentration of estrogen
stimulates the pituitary to release LH (LH surge) to cause ovulation. After ovulation LH causes the
development of corpus luteum which releases progesterone. Progesterone regulates the action of
LH by a negative feedback action. As long as progesterone is high a new cycle doesn’t begin. It
prevents release of FSH by the pituitary.
175. Spleen helps in removal of old worn out erythrocytes hence it is called slaughter house of
erythrocystes. Spleen also has a large reservoir of erythrocytes and hence is called blood bank of
the body. It also acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms. The
primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes
differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes. After maturation the lymphocytes migrate to
secondary lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine
and appendix.
176. The different kinds of tastes are perceived with the help of gustatory receptors situated in the
taste buds present on the tongue. The brain integrates the different inputs from the taste buds
and perceives a complex flavor. The olfactory receptors are responsible for the perception of
smell. The auditory receptors are responsible for the perception of sounds.
177. 1. Hormones are non-nutrient chemical substances which act as intercellular messengers and are
produced in trace amounts.
2. The gland situated in the sella turscia, a bony cavity, is the pituitary gland. The pars distalis is a
region of the anterior pituitary. It is responsible for secretion of luteinzing Hormone (LH), the
hormone responsible for induction of ovulation.
3. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder caused due to decreased secretion of hormones from the beta
cells of the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas, which is a heterocrine gland i.e., a gland having
both endocrine and exocrine function.
4) The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin,
which stimulates erythropoiesis.
178. The baby’s heart forms after 4 weeks of pregnancy. The limbs and digits form at the end of 8
weeks. The external genitals form at the end of 12 weeks. As the baby was born at 23 weeks,
these features will mostly be well developed in the baby. Features like body hair, separation of
eyelids and formation of eyelashes complete at the end of 24 weeks. As the baby was born prior to
it, most likely these features will not be adequately formed in the baby.
179. The two genes are present on two different chromosomes so they will be independently assorted.
Rohit has genotype aapp. It means in his body both phenylalanine hydroxylase as well as
homogentisic acid oxidase is not produced. Phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme converts
phenylalanine to tyrosine. So in Rohit’s body tyrosine will not be formed. Phenylalanine will
accumulate in his body and will produce phenylketone. Since tyrosine is not formed in the body of
a person suffering from phenylketonuria, homogentisic acid will not be formed and there won’t be
any symptoms of alkaptonuria.
180. ZIFT stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Tube Transfer. It is a form of assisted reproductive
technology which involves the transfer of zygote or early embryos with up to 8 blastomeres in the
fallopian tube, the female accessory duct.