1.

Principles of Sampling
 What is the difference between population and sample?

The difference between the population and sample is that, the population refers to the complete set of data or it
includes all individuals with certain specified characteristics in a target community or setting. While the sample refers to
the subset of data, it is also smaller because it’s only a portion of the population that represents the entire population. For
example you want to study all the persons who have diabetes in Quezon City, it is impossible because we cannot study a
large population. For you to be able to study this, all you have to do is to get a portion of the population and that will be
your sample. For example, instead of studying all of the diabetic person in Quezon City, you will now going to conduct a
study at Barangay Kaligayahan in Quezon City which is smaller than the population because that will be your sample who
will represent the whole population.
A sample has to be drawn from 5 different sections composed of 300 students as shown in the table below. How will
you draw the sample using stratified sampling method, using 5% margin of error? show the solution and the sample you
will get  per section.
N = 300 (Population)
e = 5% (5/100 = 0.05) (margin of error)
n = 171 (sample size)

We use the Sloven’s Formula to get the sample size:

n = N/1+Ne^2
n = 300/1+(300)(0.05)^2
= 300/1.75
= 171

To get the sample per section, we will use the formula for stratified sampling which is:
N = population
n = sample size
N1 = no. of students per section
n1 = sample per section
 Formula:
n1 = n/N x N1 = ?

Section No of students Solution Sample per section

n1 = n/N x N1 = ?
BSMD 1Y1-1 66 38 
171/300 x 66 = 37.62

n1 = n/N x N1 = ?
BSMD 1Y1-2 52  30
171/300 x 52 =  29.64

n1 = n/N x N1 = ?
BSMD 1Y1-3 75  43
171/300 x 75 = 42.75 

n1 = n/N x N1 = ?
BSMD 1Y1-4 59 34 
171/300 x 59 = 33.63 

 n1 = n/N x N1 = ?
BSMD 1Y1-5 48 27 
171/300 x 48 = 27.36

TOTAL 300    172

2. Data Presentation
 When you construct a table, when might it be beneficial to use relative rather than absolute frequencies?

  For me, it would be beneficial to use relative rather than absolute frequencies when you construct a table because
when you are using absolute frequencies you only look at the number of times an event or a value occurs, but when we
say relative frequency, it lists the data values along with the percent of all observations belonging to each group.For
example, your team has won 10 games from a total of 12 games played: the frequency of winning is 10 while the relative
frequency of winning is 10/12 x 100 = 83%. We use relative frequency to compare categories within the table.

 What types of graphs can be used to display nominal or ordinal observations? Discrete or continuous
observations?

  The types of graphs that can be used to display nominal or ordinal observations are:
 Frequency Distribution
 Bar Graph
 Pareto Chart
 Dot Plot
 Stem and Leaf Plot

To display discrete or continuous observations we use of the:

 Frequency Distribution
 Histogram
 Frequency Polygon
 Scatter Plots (One-way Scatter, Box Plots, Two-way Scatter Plots)
 Line Graphs

The reported numbers of live births in the Philippines for each month in the period January 1995 to December 1996 are
listed below:
MONTH 1995 NUMBER (THOUSANDS) MONTH 1996 NUMBER (THOUSANDS)

January 325 January 334

February 312 February 304

March 346 March 360

April 340 April 330

May 355 May 361

June 342 June 333

July 358 July 352

August 346 August 350

September 365 September 357

October 355 October 345

 November 324 November 332

December 342 December 325

 a. Construct a line graph displaying the reported number of live births over time.

The reported numbers of live births in the Philippines for each month in
the period January 1995 to December 1996
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
y ch ay ly r r r r
a ry ar ar ril ne Ju st be be be be
nu ru Ap M Ju ugu m to m m
a e b M A te Oc ve ce
J F ep
S No De

Month 1995 Month 1996

b. Based on this two-year period, do you think the number of live births follows a seasonal pattern in the Philippines?
Yes, the number of live births follows a seasonal pattern in the Philippines because as you can see in the table above,
there is a tendency for clusters of events to fall at approximately the same point in each year and the number range per
year is not less than 300 and not more than 400.