INFERENTIAL TESTING

TESTS OF DIFFERENCE

TYPES OF STATISTICS/ANALYSIS

DESCRIPTIVE

- Frequencies

- Basic Measurements

INFERENTIAL

- Hypothesis testing

- Correlation

- Confidence intervals

- Significance testing

- Prediction
THE STANDARD DISTRIBUTION whose mean is 93 and an SD of 3.2. In
CURVE which subject did Kongpob perform better?

 The standard curve has a mean = 0 and

a standard deviation = 1
 The standard curve is the graph of an
infinite number of z-scores
 Standardized counterpart of any MATH vs ENGLISH score
observation from the raw data set.
 To use the standard curve to make Math score (x) : 85
probability statements, think of the
Mean (μ): 90
area under the curve as 100 equal
portions 50 lie on each side of the mean Std Dev. (σ): 4.8

English score (x) : 89

z: z-score/value Mean (μ): 93
X: value of any particular observation (of Std Dev. (σ): 3.2
interest)

μ: Population mean

σ: population SD

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Kongpob, a Thai national who wishes to

study in the Philippines, scores 85% on the
Mathematics part of UPCAT. The
distribution of math scores in UPCAT from a
reference population is symmetric and
single-peaked with the mean 90 and SD 4.8.
On the other hand, he scored 89% in the
English part of the same test which also has
a symmetric and single-peaked distribution
 ∴ Kongpob performed better in Math than in
English.

THE NORMAL CURVE AND PROBABILITY

 WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF A Z
SCORE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 0?
 P (Z > 0 ) = 50 / 100 = 1/2 OR 50%
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE AREA
UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE LIES
BETWEEN O (Z = 0) AND 1.36 (Z = 1.36)?
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE AREA
UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE LIES
BETWEEN O (Z = 0) AND 1.36 (Z = 1.36)?
 USING TABLE 2.9, Z OF 0 = 0 AND Z OF
1.36 = 41.31
 P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 1.36) = 41.31 /
100
 P = .4131 OR 41%
 WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT Z IS
EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 1.03?
 P (z ≥ 1.03)
 WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT Z IS
EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 1.03?
 P (Z ≥ 0) = 50 / 100 0R .50
 P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 1.03) = 34.85 /
100 = .3485
 P (Z > 1.03) = .50 - .3485 = .1515 = .15
OR 15%
A teacher always administers 100-point tests
and always gives a’s to scores of 93 and above.
On the last exam the mean was 72 and the
standard deviation was 9. Assuming that the
test scores were normally distributed, what was
the probability of receiving an a on that test?
 First need to calculate the z-score
 Z = (score - mean) / standard deviation
 Z = (93 - 72) / 9 = 21 / 9 = 2.33
A TEACHER ALWAYS ADMINISTERS 100-POINT
TESTS AND ALWAYS GIVES A’S TO SCORES OF 93
AND ABOVE. ON THE LAST EXAM THE MEAN
WAS 72 AND THE STANDARD DEVIATION WAS
9. ASSUMING THAT THE TEST SCORES WERE
NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED, WHAT WAS THE
PROBABILITY OF RECEIVING AN A ON THAT
TEST?
 P (Z ≥ 0) = 50 / 100 0R .50
 P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 2.33) = 49.01 /
100 = .4901
 P (Z > 2.33) = .50 - .4901 = .0099 = .01
OR 1%
 First determine the z-score above which
7% of the area under the normal curve
falls
 P (z > ?) = 7 / 100
 50% of test scores lie above the mean
where z = 0
 If we are looking for the top 7%, 43% of
the test scores lie between the mean
and the score for which the teacher is
looking
 Using table 2.9, what z-score
corresponds closest to 43%?
 Z-score of 1.48 corresponding to .4306
lies the closet to .43

THEN DETERMINE THE TEST SCORE (X) ABOVE

WHICH 7% OF THE SCORES SHOULD FALL USING
THE FOLLOWING FORMULA TO CALCULATE X:

 X = MEAN + Z(STANDARD DEVIATION)

 ASSUMING THE MEAN IS 31.25,
 TO DEVELOP SOME PERFORMANCE
STANDARD DEVIATION IS 5, AND THE
STANDARDS, A TEACHER DECIDES TO
CALCULATED Z-SCORE = 1.48:
USE THE NORMAL CURVE TO
 X = 31.25 + 1.48(5) = 31.25 + 7.4 = 38.65
DETERMINE THE TEST SCORE ABOVE
WHICH 7% OF THE SCORES SHOULD
FALL

To develop some performance standards, a

teacher decides to use the normal curve to
determine the test score above which 7% of the
scores should fall
Parametric Tests of Difference Is there a significant difference between the
(Two-sample mean) protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic
population and non-alcoholic population? Given
Z-TEST the gathered data. Using 1% level of
significance.(Assuming Normal Distribution)
T-TEST:
Z-TEST
2.1. Paired T-test

2.2. Independent T-test

Z-TEST

 Use if n1 ≥30 and n2 ≥30

Example:

Protoporphyrin levels were measured in two

sample subjects. Sample 1 consisted of 35 adult
male alcoholics with ring sideroblast in the bone
marrow. Sample 2 consisted of 40 apparently
healthy adult non-alcoholic males.
There is no significant difference between the
protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic
population and non-alcoholic population. Notes:

AREA OR ACCEPTANCE

There is a significant difference between the

protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic
population and non-alcoholic population.

 ALPHA: 1%
 Tail: 2 tailed test
 Test Statistic: z-Test
 Critical Value: ±2.58
 Area of Rejection:

 ALPHA: 1%
 Tail: 2 tailed test
 Test Statistic: z-Test
 Critical Value: ±2.58
 Area of Rejection:
Decision:
ACCEPT Ho
Notes:
 P VALUE: 0.18  >0.001  ACCEPT Ho
Notes:
 For many studies a P- value of less than
0.05 is regarded as significant. 
(REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS)
 For other more critical studies (e.g.
treatment trials), significance may only
be assigned when the P- value is < 0.01.
t-TEST
It is a parametric test used to test significant
difference of small sample size.
 Paired t-test
 Independent t-test
PAIRED t-TEST
Paired t-Test
 Determine whether the mean of the
differences between two paired
samples differs from 0 (or a target
value)
 The paired t-test calculates the
difference within each before-and-after
pair of measurements, determines the
mean of these changes, and reports
whether this mean of the differences is
statistically significant.
INDEPENDENT T-TEST
Independent t-Test
 A T-test asks whether a difference
between two groups’ averages is
unlikely to have occurred because of
random chance in sample selection.
 A difference is more likely to be
meaningful and “real” if
(1) the difference between the averages is
large,
(2) the sample size is large, and
(3) responses are consistently close to the
average values and not widely spread out

The use of the module does not leads to

improvement.

The use of the module leads to improvement.

 ALPHA: 5%
 Tail: 1 tailed test
PAIRED t-TEST  Test Statistic: t-Test
 Critical Value: ±1.729
Notes:  Area of Rejection:

 Df 20-1= 19
 One sample t-test or paired t-test = N-1
PAIRED t-TEST

The use of the module does not leads to

improvement.

The use of the module leads to improvement.

INDEPENDENT t-TEST
 Tail: 1 tailed test
 Test Statistic: t-Test
 Critical Value: ±1.729
 Area of Rejection:

There is no significant difference….

Decision:

REJECT Ho There is a significant difference between the

achievements of using usual strategy and
strategy x.

 Tail: 2 tailed test

 Test Statistic: t-Test
 Critical Value: ±2.845
 Area of Rejection:
INDEPENDENT t-TEST

There is no significant difference….

There is a significant difference between the

achievements of using usual strategy and
strategy x.

 Tail: 2 tailed test

 Test Statistic: t-Test
 Critical Value: ±2.845
 Area of Rejection: