RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Part I: Forced Vortex

Pressure = 1.5

Total number of paddle revolution = 20 revolutions

Time taken to complete the total number of revolutions (3 readings) = 20.30s, 20.10s, 20.09s

Average time taken to complete the total number of 20 revolutions = 20.16s

𝑟(𝑚𝑚) 𝑟 2 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ0 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ2 = ℎ1 − ℎ0 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

(𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
30 900 24 113 89 7.667 1.782
60 3600 24 120 96 14.667 7.128
90 8100 24 128 104 22.667 16.039

𝑟(𝑚𝑚) 𝑟 2 (𝑚𝑚) 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

ℎ (𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
30 900 14 3.564
60 3600 16 14.257
90 8100 18 32.078
ℎ0 = Initial distance between the top of the needle to the top surface of the bridge.

ℎ1 = Final distance between the top of the needle to the top surface of the bridge.

Graph of h2 versus r
106

104 y = 0.25x + 81.333

102

100

98
h2, mm

96

94

92

90

88
0 20 40 60 80 100
Radius, mm
Pressure = 1.0

Total number of paddle revolution = 20 revolutions

Time taken to complete the total number of revolutions (3 readings) = 26.63s, 26.62s, 26.65s

Average time taken to complete the total number of 20 revolutions = 26.63s

𝑟(𝑚𝑚) 𝑟 2 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ0 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ2 = ℎ1 − ℎ0 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

(𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
30 900 24 120 96 3.333 1.782
60 3600 24 124 100 7.333 7.128
90 8100 24 127 103 10.333 16.039

𝑟(𝑚𝑚) 𝑟 2 (𝑚𝑚) 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

ℎ (𝑚𝑚) ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
30 900 17 3.564
60 3600 19 14.257
90 8100 24 32.078
ℎ0 = Initial distance between the top of the needle to the top surface of the bridge.

ℎ1 = Final distance between the top of the needle to the top surface of the bridge.

Graph h2 versus r
104

103 y = 0.1167x + 92.667

102

101

100
h2, mm

99

98

97

96

95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Radius, mm
Sample Calculation

Angular Velocity, 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

= 2𝜋 ×
𝜔 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

20
= 2𝜋 ×
20.16
= 6.233 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

ℎ2 =ℎ1 −ℎ0
=113−24
=89𝑚𝑚

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ =ℎ2 −𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

=89−81.333
=7.667𝑚𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ 𝑟 2 𝜔2
= 2𝑔

302 ×6.2332
=2(9.81)(1000)

=1.782𝑚𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐻 𝑟 2 𝜔2
=
𝑔
302 × 6.2332
=
(9.81)(1000)
= 3.564𝑚𝑚
Part II: Free Vortex

Orifice Diameter: 10mm

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ(𝑚𝑚)

110 179 0
90 166 -13
75 162 -17
60 159 -20
45 156 -23
30 151 -28

Orifice Diameter: 15mm

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ(𝑚𝑚)

110 171 0
90 167 -4
75 160 -11
60 153 -18
45 145 -26
30 141 -30

Orifice Diameter: 20mm

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ(𝑚𝑚)

110 165 0
90 159 -6
75 156 -9
60 150 -15
45 143 -22
30 141 -24
Orifice Diameter: 25mm

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑚𝑚) ℎ(𝑚𝑚)

110 176 0
90 171 -5
75 166 -10
60 158 -18
45 148 -28
30 126 -50
ℎ1 = Distance of the top part of the diameter arm rod to the top surface of the bridge.

ℎ = ℎ1 − 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Sample Calculation

ℎ = ℎ1 − 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 166 − 1799
= −13𝑚𝑚

Graph of h versus r
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-10

-20
h, mm

-30

-40

-50

-60
Radius, mm

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm