Data Representation

BF1206- BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

SEMESTER 2 – 2016/2017
Organizing and presenting
› Data in raw form can be presented in graphical or
tabulated form.

› Today we will discuss:

› 1. Bar Graph 6. Histogram
› 2. Pie Chart
› 3. Stem and Leaf Diagram
› 4. Line Graph
› 5. Frequency Distribution
Table and charts for Categorical Data
Categorical Data

Tabulating Data Graphing Data

Summary
Table
One- way table Bar Charts
Pie-Charts
Two – way table
Three way table
Type of Table: One- Way Table

red, green, green, blue, red,

blue, red, red, blue, red
red, blue, red, red, blue,
red, blue, green, green, red

Colour of balls selected from jar

Colour Red Green Blue

Selected balls
Favorite leisure activities for 50 adults
Consisting of 20 men and 30 women.
Adult Hiking Readin TV Total
g
Men
Wome
n
Total
 1-Age For Against No Total
Group opinion
2-Public opinion
21 - 40
41 - 60
Over 60
Total

A public opinion survey explored the relationship between

age and support for increasing the minimum wage. The
results are summarized in the two-way table.

In the 21 to 40 age group, what percentage supports increasing the

minimum wage?
(A) 12.5%
(B) 20%
(C) 25%
(D) 50%
(E) 75%
 1
Men 2-Gender Female
Dept.
Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted
3-Decision
A 313 512 19 89
B 207 353 8 17
C 205 120 391 202
D 278 139 244 131
E 138 53 299 94
F 351 22 317 24
BAR CHARTS
Bar Chart:

An x-y chart in which the x-axis represents values of a _________

variable or labels of a qualitative variable and the y-axis represents
the _______________depicted by bars
Steps to draw a Bar Graph
› Give the title of the bar graph;
› • Decide if a vertical or a horizontal bar graph will be
used;
› • Draw the horizontal and vertical axes;
› • Determine the scale interval on the axes and then label
the graph;
› • Draw bars with the same width and space them evenly
on one axis.
Bar graph
Bar graph
Employment after Graduation

UTB

UBD
Institution

KUPUSB

UNISSA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of graduates secured employment (%)
Graduates
Example: The data in the Table below illustrate the average points per game for eight
NFL teams after 10 games of 2010 season. Construct a bar chart to compare the
performance of the eight teams. What teams had the highest points per game and what
teams had the lowest points per game?
Average points per game
of eight NFL teams after 10 games
in 2010 season
Average
Team Points/Game
Atlanta 25.6
35
New England 28.9
Average Points per Game

30
Baltimore 23.3
25
New York Jets 23.8
20
15
Pittsburgh 23.5
10 Philadelphia 28.4
5 Green Bay 25.2
0 New Orleans 23.5

NFL Team

A Bar Chart of Average Points per Game

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PIE CHARTS

A circular ___________graphic representation

Compares _________ or _______ to the whole

class or category using differently coloured or
patterned segments
Number of Friends

Primary School
Secondary School
Sixth Form Centre
University
 Number of Friends

Sixth Form, 20, 27%

Female, 10, 14%

Secondary
[PERCENTAGE]

Primary, 38, 52% Male, 5, 7%

Primary Sixth Form Male Female

Stem and Leaf Diagram
› A stem-and-leaf diagram is an arrangement of
digits that is used to display and order numerical
data.

› A stem and leaf diagram provides a visual summary of your

data. This diagram provides a partial sorting of the data
and allows you to detect the distributional pattern of the
data.
Stem and Leaf Diagram
› Note: First make a KEY for the data.
Exercise
The given data is the age of 27 residents of Yanbu. Make a
stem-and-leaf diagram to display the data.

45 1 52 42 10 40 50 40 7
46 19 35 3 11 31 6 41 12
43 37 8 41 48 42 55 30 58

Method: First Arrange the data in order. Then Use the digits
in the tens’ place for the stems and the digits in the ones’
place for the leaves.
Write the data from the stem-and-leaf diagram
Line Chart
› A two-dimensional chart showing time on the horizontal
axis and the variable of interest on the vertical axis. It is
used when a time-series data is given
Example: Constructing Line Charts
› The table below shows daily temperatures for Bandar Seri
Begawan, recorded for 6 days, in °C.
› Temperatures In BSB
› Day Temperature DAY TEMPERATURE (°C)

1 34
2 35
3 37
4 38
5 39
6 37
Draw the Line charts
Example: Line Charts
› Your average mark for the past semesters

Semeste Average Mark for each semester (%)

r
1 60
2 65
3 70
4 79
DRAW THE LINE CHARTS BELOW

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Frequency Distribution
Step 1: Find the minimum and the maximum values of the
data set

Step 2: Decide on the class width that you wish to use. This
will depend on number of classes or categories that you
wish to use. Commonly, the minimum number of classes
used is 5 and no more than 5

WIDTH= RANGE/NUMBER OF DESIRED CLASS GROUPINGS

Step 3: Form a frequency table starting with the first column
(listing classes)

Step 4: Form the second column of the frequency table,

which is the simply the mid-point of each class

Step 5: Count the number of observations in each class and

place the count in the third column labeled ‘frequency’.
EXAMPLE
Length of distance travelled to UNISSA
› Step 1: Find the minimum and the maximum values of the
data set:

Step 2: Decide on the class width: Let’s choose 10 for our

class width
› Step 3: Form a frequency table, starting with the first
column which is the listing classes

› Step 4: Insert the Second column, which is the mid-point

› Step 5: Count the number of observation in each class
› Step 5: Count the number of observation in each class

55 50 47 50 55 81 80 98
62 38 67 70 60 69 78 39
70 65 99 55 64 89 85 65
75 56 75 50 100 68 95 85
50 30 60 66 85 79 85 70

Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis

of Histogram (x) of Histogram (f)
HISTOGRAM CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BASED ON THE FREQUENCY TABLE

10
9
8
7

Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance driven to UNISSA (km)
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HISTOGRAM
A Histogram is a bar chart for grouped numerical data in
which you use vertical bars to represent the frequencies or
percentages in each group.

› There are ______between adjacent bars.

› X- axis represent the variable __________
› Y-axis represent either represent the __________of the
percentage of values per class interval.
 Histogram
14
12

Number of Students
10

(Frequency)
8
6
4
2
0
55 65 75 85 95
Students’ weight (the Variable)

EXAMPLE:
Students’ weight

Students weight Number of Students

(kg)(the Variable) Mid-Point (Frequency)
50 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
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 Describing a Histogram or a Frequency Distribution (Basic points)

14
12

Number of Students
10

(Frequency)
8
6
4
2
0
55 65 75 85 95
Grade Values (the Variable)

How many students were weighed?

Approximately, what are the minimum and maximum weight, or what is the range?

the most common weight among students (the Mode)?

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Histogram or a Frequency Distribution

EXAMPLE:
NY-College System
Teachers Salaries ($)
30
Percent
25
NY-College System Mid- Frequency
Teachers Salaries ($) Point (%) 20

Axis Title
30,000 to 40,000 15
40,000 to 50,000
10
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000 5
70,000 to 80,000 0
80,000 to 90,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 65,000 75,000 85,000 95,000 105,000 115,000
90,000 to 100,000 Axis Title

100,000 to 110,000
110,000 to 120,000

(a) Approximately, what percent of the teacher earn less than $40,000?
(b) Approximately, what percent of the teacher earn more than $100,000?
(c) How much does the majority of teachers (Mode) earn?
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