Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Future Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 28-29 December, 2018

ISBN: 978-81-939386-0-7 Invited Paper

Stress Distribution around Holes in Piezo-

Laminates by Stroh Formalism

1
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Future Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 28-29 December, 2018
ISBN: 978-81-939386-0-7

Dr. D.K.Nageswara Rao M. Ramesh Babu Dr. K. Raja Narender Reddy

Faculty of Mech. & Industrial Engg.
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
Bahir Dar University
BahirDar, Ethiopia.
dr.dknrao@gmail.com
Dept. of Mech. Engg. Dept. of Mech. Engg.
Vaagdevi Engineering College Kakatiya Instityute of Tech.& Sci.
Warangal, India Warangal, India
rameshbabu060570@gmail.com krajanr@rediffmail.com

2
Abstract—The general solution presented in this paper is based
on the extended Stroh formalism by Hwu to address the
problems of stress concentration in laminated plates embedded
with piezo-electric layers with holes subjected to remotely
applied coupled electromechanical loading. This surpasses the
limitations of the existing solutions by virtue of generalities,
such as generalized mapping function and arbitrary biaxial
loading. The range includes variety of materials-anisotropic and
isotropic; loading-inplane, bending, coupled mechanical and
electromechanical loading; and shapes of holes from circular,
polygonal and variety of irregular shapes. Thus the general
solutions derived have come out as one-stop solutions for
stresses, moments and electrical displacements around holes in
piezo-electric or polymer composite laminates or isotropic
plates. These solutions are also validated by Finite Element
Method using ANSYS software and a good concurrence of the
results has been noted for these two approaches. Results are
presented for certain cases of inplane loading of piezolaminate.
Keywords—Stress Concentrations, Stroh formalism, piezo-
electric laminates, coupled electromechanical loading.
I. INTRODUCTION
Piezo-composites are essentially used as intelligent
structures for control and actuation applications as well as
for health monitoring of structures. Piezoelectric materials
are most widely used in these structures because of their fast
electromechanical response and low power requirements
and ease of manufacturing. They have the ability to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The generated
surface charge density is linearly proportional to the applied
stress and this is called the piezoelectric effect. Piezo-
composites comprise layers of piezoelectric ceramics and
polymers. Stress concentration due to holes in laminated
structures is unavoidable where holes are to be made
deliberately for various functional reasons. Further, the
structures when used in high technology applications may
be subjected to various kinds of coupled loads. In order to
assess the structural integrity and residual strength of such
structures, it is essential to determine the stresses and related
parameters around the hole for safety reasons.
Majority of the solutions have been produced using
Lekhnitskii’s [1] approach and very few solutions have
adopted Savin’s [2] method. These approaches do not
address the inplane-bending coupled loading whereas,
Becker’s [3, 4] complex potential method has addressed
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A symmetric piezo-composite laminate with a hole defined
by the mapping function (1) is considered under generalized
plane stress condition acted up on by remote mechanical
' '
stresses  1 ' ,  2 ' and electrical displacements D1 , D2 in
open circuit condition about respective arbitrarily oriented
axes x1 ', x2 ' as given by (3).
A. Generalized Mapping Function
The complex coordinate zk in  -plane becomes
z k   ( )  x   k x 2 ( k  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
1
such problems. The stress concentration problems in
piezoelectric plates containing either circular or elliptical
holes or inclusions or arbitrary shaped holes with cusps and
cracks are solved by applying complex potential method [5-
9]. Green’s functions[10,11] have been applied to study the
coupled elastic and electric fields in piezoelectric solids with
arbitrary shaped defects like, cavities, inclusions, cracks,
etc. under mechanical and electric loads. The eigenvalues
and eigen vectors which are the characteristic parameters of
of the material, laminate geometry, the type of loading, etc.,
are obtained in a more elegant manner since the material
properties, and other respective parameters are represented
by certain fundamental matrices. Chung and Ting [12] have
studied the two-dimensional problem of an elliptic hole
in an anisotropic piezoelectric plate using Stroh
formalism. However, the electromechanical coupling has
been effectively addressed by the extended Stroh formalism
given by Hwu and Hsieh [13]. They have applied this for
directly solving many problems of electro-elastic composite
laminates. The present solution has further enhanced the
scope of Hwu’s extended Stroh formalism [14] by
incorporating into it the generalized mapping function
constants and an arbitrary biaxial loading condition so that it
can address the case of any shape of hole with given
mapping function and several kinds of inplane and bending
loads. Now, the solution derived is the most versatile in
terms of materials, holes, and loading. It can address
isotropic, anisotropic including the piezoelectric plates, all
shapes of holes and all kinds of inplane, bending, coupled
loads, mechanical and electrical. Some of the results
obtained for inplane loading on piezo-laminates are
presented in this paper.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A centrally located arbitrary shaped cutout is considered
in an infinite symmetric piezoelectric laminate. The
boundary of the cut-out is free from loading and the
laminate is subjected to remotely acting biaxial mechanical
stresses and electrical displacements in an open circuit
condition. It is required to determine the stresses and
electrical displacements around the cutout.

R 1  N  j 1 
x 
1      m j   j 
2      
 j 1
iR  1  N  j 1 
x2        m j   j  (1)
2
   j 1   
B. Remote Loading Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions along x1 , x2 axes are given by
  uk in (6) is
 11   (  1)  (  1) cos 2  , the generalized displacement function
2
 represented in vector form as (7).
 22

  (  1)  (  1) cos 2  
2
8 4
 u   ak f k  zk    ak f k  zk   ak f k  4  zk  
 12   (  1)sin 2   (2) (7)
2 k 1 k 1

The following values of  and  are taken for different

cases of loading. Similarly, the corresponding generalized stress function is
represented as
Tension along x1 -axis:   0,    / 2 8 4

Tension along x2 -axis:   0,   0 Φ   bk f k  zk    bk f k  zk   b k f k  4  zk   (8)

k 1 k 1
Inclined uni-axial loading:   0,   0
Biaxial loading-arbitrary:   1,   0 Representing each analytical function f k  zk  as a product of
Equi-biaxial loading:   1,   0
a constant qk and f ( zk ) and similarly applying the same
Shear loading:   1,    / 2 or 3 / 4
simplification for the corresponding conjugate functions
Electrical displacement along x1 -axis:   0,    / 2
also, we have
Electrical displacement along x2 -axis:   0,   0
f k  zk   qk f  zk     
f k  4 zk  qk f zk (9)
Load vectors for mechanical loading (2) and electrical
displacements are: Introducing (9) into the generalized displacements (7) and
T
t1   11  12 0 D1  generalized stress functions (8), we have
T
t 2   12  22

0 D2  (3) u  2 Re  A f  zk  q  ,
Φ  2 Re  B f  zk  q  (10)

The coupled constitutive relations (4) for the electro-
elastic problem are expressed in terms of stresses  ij ,
strains  kl , , electric displacements D j , electric field Ek , the
E
elastic stiffness tensor [15] at constant electric field C ijkl ,
Re stands for the real part of the complex number, q is
complex constant vector, A and B are material eigenvector
matrices of size 4×4. The components of A, B and q are
given by

piezoelectric stress tensor ekij and dielectric permittivity A   a1 a2 a3 a4 

(11)
tensor at constant strain  jk as
s

where, the components of displacement vector u , stress

 ij  C   ekij Ek function vector Φ and analytical functions f ( zk ) are
E
ijkl kl
 
(4)
 D j  e jkl  kl   jk Ek , i, j , k , l  1, 2,3 given by

The equilibrium equations are given by  u1  1 

u   
   
u   2 Φ   2
 ij , j  0 Di ,i  0 (5) u3  3 
u4  4 
A generalized displacement function uk as given in (6) is
considered to satisfy all the basic equations in (4) and (5). f  zk   diag  f  z1  f  z2  f  z3  f  z4   (12)

uk  ak f k  zk  (6) The eigenvectors ak and bk of fundamental elasticity

matrix are non-singular and satisfy the orthogonality
where, f k  zk  , k  1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8 are eight arbitrary relation as
analytical functions in terms of complex variable
 A A  B T A T   I 0
zk  x1  k x2 . The egenvalues are determined from the roots   T  (13)

 B B  B A T  0 I 
of the eigenrelation. The functions f k  zk  in (6) will be
determined by applying the boundary conditions and
eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Considering the eight The eigenrelation formulated about x1 , x2 axes is taken about

eigenvalues k and their corresponding eigenvectors a k , b k the rotated axes as
 N( )   ( ) (14)
Q( )  Q cos 2   (R  R T )sin  cos   T sin 2 
where, R ( )  R cos 2   (T  Q) sin  cos   R T sin 2 
T( )  T cos 2   (R  RT )sin  cos   Q sin 2  (16)
 N ( ) N 2 ( ) 
N( )   1 
 N3 ( ) N1 ( ) 
T
For distinct eigenvalues k ( ) given by the corresponding
N1 ( )  T 1 ( ) RT ( ) , N 2 ( )  T1 ( )  N 2 ( ) (15) column eigenvectors ak ,b k are independent of each other.

where, Q(), R() and T() are transformed 4x4 material real Im k ( )  0, k 3 ( )  k ( ) (17)
matrices given in terms of Q, R and T as,
a k  3  ak b k 3  b k (18)

λs

Fig. 1 Scheme of solution (a) plate with hole, loading at infinity (b) uniform plate with loading at
infinity (c) plate with no external loading and with negative loading on the edge of the hole.

IV. METHOD OF SOLUTION It is required to determine the constants in the final

stress function for a traction free hole and remote
The method of solution for the problem is illustrated in mechanical and electrical loading. By taking the derivative
Fig.1. The solution is obtained by superposition of stress of the final stress function with respect to tangential
functions determined in two stages. In the first stage, the direction and equating it to zero, we will be able to
stress function will be obtained for the plate without hole determine the unknown constants existing in the stress
due to remotely applied load by mechanical stresses and function.
electrical displacements about the arbitrary axes x1, x2 as
shown in Fig. 1(b). In this stage, remotely applied load will
develop the stress and electrical displacements that are same A. First Stage Solution
everywhere in the plate as those applied at infinity. This In the first stage of the solution, Fig.1 (b) shows the
stage of solution is called uniform stress field condition. A laminate with fictitious hole and subjected to remote
fictitious hole is assumed in this stage and the boundary mechanical and electrical loading about the arbitrary axes
conditions around the hole are obtained from the stress x1, x2 . The stress functions on the boundary of the
function satisfying the uniform stress field condition. For fictitious hole for the uniform stress state due to loading at
the second stage solution, the plate with hole is considered infinity are determined as given below.
without remote loading. A negative of the boundary
conditions obtained from the stress function of the first di i dx1 i dx2
stage, are considered on the hole boundary as shown in Fig.   (19)
ds x1 ds x2 ds
1(c). The stress functions in this stage are considered with
arbitrary analytical functions with certain unknown
The differentiation of stress function along the arc length s
constants. These arbitrary analytical functions and unknown
is called surface traction on the arc. It is given by
constants of the stress functions are obtained by satisfying
the boundary conditions in the second stage. (a) The final stress (b) (c)
(a) di (b) (c)
function is obtained by superimposing the (a)
stress functions t 
Figure 3.1 Scheme of solution (a) plate with ihole, loading at infinity (b) uniform plate with loading (c)
(b) at(20)
ds
of first and second stage solutions
Figure
Figure 3.1
3.1 for(c)the
infinity
Scheme
Scheme plate
ofplate
of with with
solution
solution (a)aplate
no external
(a) plateloading
with hole,
with and
hole, with negative
loading
loading loading
at infinity
at infinity on theplate
(b) uniform
(b) uniform edgewith
plate of the
with hole at
loading
loading at
infinity
traction free hole and remote loadinginfinity
as shown (c) plate
(c) plate
in Fig.with
1(a).
with no external
no external loading
loading andand with
with negative
negative loading
loading on
on the
the edge
edge ofof the
the hole
hole
From (19) and (20), we obtain
 di i dx1 i dx2 B. Second Stage Solution
ti    (21)
ds x1 ds x2 ds In the second stage solution, the plate with hole without
remote loading while the boundary of the hole is applied
ti ds  di  i ,1dx1  i ,2 dx2 with a negative of boundary condition obtained from the
(22)
stress function of first stage as shown in Fig. 1(c). The
stress function for this stage is given by the functions f ( zk )
Substitutinf for  i1  i ,2 ,  i 2  i ,1 into (22), we get stress
with some arbitrary unknown constants q, q j
function as
N
di   i 2 dx1   i1dx2 (23) Φ II  2 Re B f ( zk ) q  2 Re B f ( zk ) q j (30)
j 1

Integrating (23) along the arc we obtain the stress function

as The stress function for general shape of hole will be
represented by (30). The first term in (30) represents the
stress function related to the circular hole boundary. The
stress functions corresponding to deviation from the circular
i   di     i 2 dx1   i1dx2    i 2  dx1  i1  dx2
shape will be accounted by second term of (30). The
i   i 2 x1   i1 x2 (24) unknown arbitrary constants q, q j associated with the
complex function are determined satisfying the traction free
Taking i  1, 2,3 boundary condition.

1   12 x1   11 x2 2   22 x1   21 x2 For traction free boundary condition, the tangential

3   32 x1   31 x2 4   42 x1   41 x2 (25) stress around hole exists while remaining normal and shear
stresses vanish. The unknown constants q, q j in the stress
Take  41  D1 and  42  D2 into above equations and function are obtained by equating the essential boundary
introducing (3) into (25), we obtain the stress function in conditions on the hole without remote loading in second
vector form as stage and with a negative loading condition obtained from
first stage as given by (31).
Φ I  ( x1t 2  x2 t1 ) (26)
Φ II  Φ I (31)
where, Substituting for Φ II from (30) into (31), we get

Φ   1 2 3 4  ,
T

N
t1    11  21  31 D1  and 2 Re B f ( zk ) q  2 Re B  f ( zk ) q j  Φ I
T
(27) (32)
j 1
t    12  22  32 D2 
 T
2

For mathematical simplicity while evaluating the boundary

Substituting for x1 and x2 from (1) into (26), we obtain the condition and obtaining the stress functions in different
stress function around the fictitious hole stages, the region above the hole boundary in z-plane is
mapped on to the region above the unit circle in  -plane.
  N   This mapping is done by transformation from z-plane to  -
 R  cos   m j cos j  t 2 
    plane through a mapping function using conformal mapping.
 j 1  
ΦI   (28) The mapping function is given by zk   ( )  x1   k x2 in
  N  
  R  sin   m j sin j  t1  (1). After transforming region outside the hole in z-plane to
  j 1
   -plane, the stress function Φ in the  -plane is given as
   

From (28), we get

 N 
2 Re B f ( k ) q  B  f ( k ) q j   Φ I (33)
  N   j 1 
 R   m j  t1 sin j  t 2 cos j   
Φ    j  1
I



  R  t1 sin  t 2 cos   Substituting the stress function Φ I from (29) into (33), we
get
 1 N  1 
Φ I  Re  R  t 2  it1      m j R  t 2  it1   j  (29)
   j 1   
  N  obtained by superposing the stress functions (20) and (37)
2 Re B f ( k ) q  B f ( k ) q j  from stage I and stage II solutions is given by
 j 1 
 1 N  1 
  Re  R  t 2  it1      m j R  t 2  it1   j Φ  Φ I  Φ II (38)

   j 1   
Substituting equation for Φ I and Φ II from (26) and (37)
into (38), we get the stress function as

  
   R t   it 
2 1   1 B 
f ( k ) q  

 Φ  ( x1t 2  x2t1 )
    

2   

   
1 R (t 2  it1 ) 
2 Re  0 (34) B f ( k ) B 
  N m j R t 

 it1  1  N    2  (39)
      B f ( k ) q j    2 Re  N
2
 j   
  j  1 2       B f ( ) B R m ( t  i t ) 
 
 j 2 1
j 1
  1

j 1
k
2 

As we know that  becomes infinity i.e.,    when D. Boundary conditions

z   and the function f ( ) with negative powers of  In this solution, the plate is considered with an arbitrary
shaped hole and the size of the hole is very small as
will make the stress function Φ II equal to zero. After compared with plate dimensions. In order to evaluate the
substituting f    , f j    are equal to  1 and   j , where stresses around the hole for the plate subjected the loads at
j  1 to N into (34), we get infinity and there in no stress along edge of hole. To satisfy
the boundary conditions at infinity and the traction free
  R  t   it   
condition of the hole, we have the conditions as
1  1  1 
  2
 B q  
  2      Φ  Φ I at infinity
  
2 Re  0 t n  Φ,s  0 along the hole boundary (40)
  N m j R  t 2  it1   1  N
1  
     j   B q j  
  j  1 2   j 1 j  
  To satisfy the first boundary condition in (40) i.e., Φ  Φ I ,
the stress function Φ II in the final solution should become
zero at infinity. In order to make the stress function Φ II
  R  t   it     1   equal to zero, the function f ( ) in (39) is considered as
  2 1
 Bq      polynomial with negative powers.
  2     
   
2 Re  0 (35)
  m j R  t 2  it1 
 
 N  1   After introducing the constants q, q j , we get the stress
    Bq j    j   function as
  2  j  1 
   

  t   it1  
Φ  x1t 2  x2t1  2 Re B  1 B 1R  2 
  2  
By simplifying (35), we get constants q, q j as
N  t   it1  
2 Re   m j B   j B 1R  2 
q  R
B 1 (t 2  it1 )  j 1  2 
2 (41)
m j B 1 (t 2  it1 )
q j  R (36)
2 E. Stresses and Electrical Displacements around the Hole

After substituting the arbitrary constants q, q j from (36) into The stresses and electrical displacements around the
hole boundary in piezo-composites are obtained by taking
(30) we may get stress function Φ II as
the derivative of the stress function Φ with respect to the
normal direction. The derivative of the stress function (41)
with respect to the normal direction n is written as
  
1 R ( t 2  i t 1 ) 
B f ( k ) B 
 2 
Φ II  2 Re  N    (37)
 B f ( ) B 1 R j 2 m ( t  it )
1   dx2  dx1   
  k
2   dn t1  dn t 2  
j 1
  
Φ, n    (42)

2 Re B f ( ) q  B
N  
   f ( ) q j
 
k ,n k ,n
C. Final Solution   j 1

The stress function for the given plate with a traction

free hole boundary condition with loading at infinity is Upon introducing the constants q, qj from (36) into (42), we
get
 PZT 4 Piezo-Layer
Φ,n  t 2 sin  t1 cos  (σψ/σ)max : 2.71
y At ψ = 00 and 1800
1  1
Re  G 3 ( )  iG1 ( ) (t 2  it 2 ) 
   
1  N mj 
 Re  G 3 ( )  iG1 ( ) (t 2  it1 )  j  (43)
  j 1  j
The following identities are used in (42) to convert the
complex numbers into real numbers.

B  j ( ) B 1    G1 ( )  iG 3 ( )   

G1 ( )  N1T ( )  N 3 ( )SL1 and (a)
G 3 ( )  N 3 ( )L 1

S  i(2 AB T  I ) , H  2iAA T , L  2iBB T (44) PZT 4 Piezo-Layer

y
(Dψ/σ)max : 1.97
at ψ = 00 and 1800
where, G 1 ( ) and G 3 ( ) are two real matrices defined by
generalized fundamental matrices N i ( ) and Barnett-Lothe
tensors S, H and L.
The tangential stress and electrical displacement around the
hole are given by

 ss  sT Φ, n Dss  i3T  ,n

(45) (b)

s and n denote the unit tangent and unit normal to the hole Fig. 2 Piezoelectric plate (PZT 4) with circular hole under
boundary respectively. The following transformation remote Y-axis loading (a) hoop stress (b) electrical
displacements, Liang [10]
matrices nT , sT are used for evaluating the stresses in the
normal and tangential directions. The i3T matrix is used to B. Elliptical Hole-Remote y-axis loading
exclusively obtain the electrical displacement from the Stresses and electrical displacements around elliptical holes
derivatives of the stress function. (b/a = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5) in piezoelectric plate PZT 4
under remote stresses along y -axis are presented in Fig. 3.
nT    sin  cos  0 0 Similarly, in Fig. 4, they are presented for remote electrical
sT   cos  sin  0 0 , displacements. These results match exactly with those of
Xu [11]. a, b are semi major and minor axes respectively.
i3T   0 0 0 1 (46) .

10

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION b/a =

b/a =
0.2
0.5
8
b/a = 1
b/a = 2
b/a = 5
6

A. Circular Hole
The stresses and electrical displacements around a circular 4

hole in PZT 4 piezoelectric plate are presented in Fig. 2 for 2

remote loading along y-axis. The results exactly match with
those of Liang [10]. 0

-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

(a)
 a/b Present
Sosa [ 5 ] X.-L.Xu [11]
solution
10
1 3.234 3.23 3.16

1/3 7.708 7.7 7.5

5

1/10 23.67 23.26 22.68

-5 (a) Remote Shear and Electrical Loading

Stresses around elliptical holes (b/a = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2,
and 5) in PZT 4 piezoelectric plate under remote
-10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
shear and electrical displacements are presented in
Fig. 5 (a) and (b) respectively. They are in
(b)
concurrence with those of Zhou [8].
Fig. 3 Piezoelectric laminate (PZT 4) with elliptical hole under
remote stress along y-axis (a) hoop stress (b)electrical
displacements, Xu [11]
15

0.3
10
b/a = 0.2
b/a = 0.5
0.2 b/a = 1 5
b/a = 2
ba = 5
0
0.1

a/b = 1
-5 a/b = 5
0.0 a/b = 10

-10

-0.1
-15
0 50 100 150 200
-0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 (a)
(a)
1.5
6
a/b = 1
a/b = 5
b/a = 0.2
4 1.0 a/b = 10
b/a = 0.5
b/a = 1
b/a = 2
2 b/a = 5
0.5

0
0.0

-2

-0.5

-4

-1.0
-6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(b)
(b)
Fig. 4 Piezoelectric laminate (PZT 4) with elliptical hole under
remote electrical displacement loading D 2 (a) hoop stress (b) Fig. 5 Stresses around elliptical hole in Piezoelectric laminate
electrical displacements, Xu [11] (PZT 4) under (a) remote shear loading (b) electrical displacement
loading D2, Zhou [8]
The nominal stresses are listed in Table 2 for other cases C. Irregular Shaped Holes
of elliptical holes (a/b = 3, 1, 1/3, 1/10) in the same PZT 4
plate under remotely applied mechanical loading along x- The stresses around various irregular shaped holes in
axis. They match closely with those of Sosa [5] and Xu symmetric piezo-laminate [PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s under
[11]. mechanical and electrical loading are presented in the
following.

Shape 1
TABLE I. RESULTS FOR OTHER ELLIPTICAL HOLES IN PZT 4
PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE The values of / around circular hole in piezo-laminate
Present
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s under equi-biaxial mechanical and
a/b Sosa [ 5 ] X.-L.Xu [11]
solution electrical displacement loading are shown in Fig. 6. The
3 1.745 1.743 1.72
maximum value of / is 2.47 at 1300, 3100 whereas for
simple [45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 3.06.
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
(σψ/σ)max 2.47
q atψ = 1300, 3100
Fig. 6 Stress distribution around shape 1 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading
Shape 2
The values of / around Shape 2 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s under remote equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacements are as shown in Fig. 7. The
maximum value of / is 38.13 at 00, whereas in case of
simple [45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to
28.13.
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
y (σψ/σ)max 38.13
at ψ = 00, 3600
Fig. 7 Stress distribution around shape 2 hole in graphite/ epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading
Shape 3
The values of / around Shape 3 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacements are plotted in Fig. 8. The maximum
value of / is 8.22 at 500, 3100 whereas in case of the
simple [45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to
12.04.
y [PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
(σψ/σ)max 8.22
at ψ = 500, 3100
Fig. 8 Stress distribution around shape 3 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi- biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading
Shape 4
The values of / around Shape 4 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacement are shown in Fig. 9. The maximum
value of / is 7.03 at 1200, 3000 whereas in case of simple
[45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 7.63.
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
y Graphite/epoxy
(σψ/σ)max 7.03
at ψ = 1200, 3000
Fig. 9 Stress distribution around shape 4 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi- biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading.
Shape 5
The values of / around shape 5 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacement are shown in Fig. 10. The maximum
value of / is 6.59 at 400, 3200, whereas in case of simple
[45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 9.47.
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
y
(σψ/σ)max6.59
at ψ = 400, 3200
Fig. 10 Stress distribution around shape 5 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading.
Shape 6
The values of / around shape 6 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacement is shown in Fig. 11. The maximum
value of / is 5.21 at 100, 1900 whereas in case of simple
[45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 5.93.
 Fig. 13 Stress distribution around shape 8 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi- biaxial mechanical
y and electrical displacement loading.
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
(σψ/σ)max 5.21
at ψ = 100, 1900 Shape 9
The values of / around shape 9 hole in laminate
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacements are shown in Figure 14. The
maximum value of / is 9.42 at 1900, 3300 whereas in
case of simple [45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal
to 8.37.
Fig. 11 Stress distribution around shape 6 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading.
[PZT5H45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
Shape 7 (σψ/σ)max 9.42
The values of / around shape 7 hole in [PZT5H/45/- y
at ψ = 1900, 3300
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacement are shown in Fig. 12. The maximum
value of / is 8.07 at 00, 3600 whereas in case of simple
[45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 9.83.

[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
Graphite/epoxy
y
(σψ/σ)max 8.07
at ψ = 00, 3600 Fig. 14 Stress distribution around shape 9 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi- biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading.

V. CONCLUSIONS

1. In case of piezo-composites, the pattern of stress

Fig. 12 Stress distribution around shape 7 hole in graphite/epoxy
[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi- biaxial mechanical
and electrical displacement loading.
Shape 8
The values of / around Shape 8 hole in [PZT5H/45/-
45/PZT5H]s laminate under equi-biaxial mechanical and
electrical displacement are shown in Fig. 13. The maximum
value of / is 12.65 at 00, 1800 whereas in case of simple
[45/-45]s Graphite/epoxy laminate, it is equal to 9.19.
distribution around the hole is exactly same as that of
the polymer composite laminate. However all the
values are reduced to a scale.
2. A lower values of stresses are observed in case of
laminates with piezo-electric layers compared to the
simple laminates. This may be due to the increased
stiffness of the plates by the presence of piezo layers.
3. The solutions in the literature have addressed either
circular or elliptical holes in single layered
piezoelectric plates of PZT4 while the present solution
considers the piezolaminates [PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
with all kinds of regular and irregular shaped holes.

[PZT5H/45/-45/PZT5H]s
y
Graphite/epoxy
REFERENCES
(σψ/σ)max 12.65 [1] Lekhnitskii SG. Anisotropic plates. New York: Gordon and Breach,
at ψ = 00, 1800 1968.
[2] Savin GN. Stress concentration around holes. New York: Pergamon
Press, 1961.
[3] W. Becker, “A Complex Potential Method for Plate Problems with
Bending-Extension Coupling,” Archive of Applied Mechanics, vol.
61, pp. 318-326, 1991.
[4] W.Becker, “Complex Method for the Elliptical Hole in an
Unsymmetric Laminate,” Archive of Applied Mechanics, vol.63,
pp.159-169, 1993.
[5] H.Sosa, “Plane problems in piezoelectric media with defects,” Int J
Solids Struct., vol. 28(4), pp. 491–505, 1991.
[6] T.Sasaki, T.Suzuki, K.Hirashima, “Transversely isotropic
piezoelectric materials with an arbitrarily shaped boundary,” Acta
Mech., vol.184: pp.217–30, 2006.
[7] L. Dai, W.L.Guo, X.Wang, “Stress concentration at an elliptic hole in
transversely isotropic piezoelectric solids,” Int J Solids Struct., vol. 43
pp.1818–31, 2006.
[8] M.Zhou, S.Duan, Y.Kong, S.Liu, “Stress distribution in a
piezoelectric material with an elliptical hole subjected to remote
uniform shear mechanical and electric loads,” Adv Mater Res., vols.
97-101, pp. 956-59, 2010.
[9] D.Yanliang, L.Shuhong, D.Shijie, L.Yanqiang, “Electro-elastic
fields of piezoelectric materials with an elliptic hole under uniform
internal shearing forces,” Chinese J Mech Eng., vol. 26(3),, pp. 539-
44, 2013.
[10] Y.C.Liang, C.Hwu, “Electromechanical analysis of defects in
piezoelectric materials,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 5, pp. 314–20,
1996.
[11] X.L.Xu, RKND.Rajapakse, “On a plane crack in piezoelectric solids,”
Int J Solids Struct., vol. 38, pp. 7643-58, 2001;
[12] MY.Chung, TCT.Ting, “Piezoelectric solid with an elliptic inclusion
or hole,” Int J Solid Struct., vol. 33(23), pp. 3343-61, 1996.
[13] C.Hwu, MC.Hsieh, “Extended Stroh-like formalism for electro-elastic
composite laminates and its applications to hole problems,” Smart
Mater Struct., vol. 14, pp. 56-68, 2005.
[14] C.Hwu, “Some explicit expressions of extended Stroh formalism for
two-dimensional piezoelectric anisotropic elasticity,” Int J Solids
Struct., vol. 45, pp. 4460–73, 2008.
[15] Sokolnikoff IS. Mathematical theory of elasticity. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1956.