ULOa_Week 1-3

ACTIVITY 1

1. Define null and alternative hypotheses and give example of each.

Null hypothesis – (Ho) is a hypothesis that says there is

no statistical significance between the two variables. It is usually the hypothesis a
researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or discredit.

Example: No more than 30% of the registered voters in Santa Clara County
voted in the primary election. p ≤ 30

Alternative hypothesis – (H1) is one that states there is a statistically significant

relationship between two variables

Example: More than 30% of the registered voters in Santa Clara County voted
in the primary election. p > 30

2. What is meant by a Type I error? A Type II error? How are they related?

Type I error - A type 1 error is also known as a false positive and occurs
when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis. This means
that your report that your findings are significant when in fact they have
occurred by chance.
Type II error - A type II error is also known as a false negative and occurs
when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false.
Here a researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually
there really is.
They are related in false positive and false – negative in finding or
conclusion.

3. When should a one-tailed test be used? A two-tailed test?

One tailed test - A one-tailed test is appropriate if you only want
to determine if there is a difference between groups in a specific direction.
Two-tailed test - a two-tailed test uses both the positive and
negative tails of the distribution. In other words, it tests for the possibility
of positive or negative differences.
 4. In hypothesis testing, why can’t the hypothesis be proved true?
 Although the hypothesis cannot be proven true, it can be proven false.
This is because science and hypothesis testing are based on the logic of
falsification. If someone claims that all swans are white, confirmatory
evidence (in the form of lots of white swans) cannot prove the assertion to
be true.

5. List the steps of hypothesis testing.

Step 1: Making assumptions.

Step 2: Stating the research and null hypotheses and selecting (setting)
alpha.
Step 3: Selecting the sampling distribution and specifying the test statistic.
Step 4: Computing the test statistic.
Step 5: Making a decision and interpreting the results.

Apply the concept

ACTIVITY 1! DIRECTION: Using the z table (Table E), find the critical value (or values)
for each.

1. 𝛼 = 0.05, two-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.05, C. V=±1.96
H1: μ ≠, 0.05, C.V =±1.96

2. 𝛼 = 0.01, left-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.01, C. V= -2.33
H1: μ <, 0.01, C.V = -2.33

3. 𝛼 = 0.005, right-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.005, C. V= 2.58
H1: μ >, 0.005, C.V =2.58

4. 𝛼 = 0.01, right-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.1, C. V= 2.33
H1: μ >, C.V =2.33

5. 𝛼 = 0.05, left-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.05, C. V= 2.33
H1: μ <0.05 , C.V =2.33
 6. 𝛼 = 0.02, left-tailed test
Ho: μ=0.02, C. V= -2.05
H1: μ <0.05 , C.V =-2.05

7. 𝛼 = 0.05, right-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.05, C. V= 1.65
H1: μ > 0.05, C.V =1.65

8. 𝛼 = 0.01, two-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.01, C. V= ±2.58
H1: μ ≠0.01, C.V =2.58

9. 𝛼 = 0.04, left-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.04, C. V= -1.75
H1: μ <0.04 , C.V =-1.75

10. 𝛼 = 0.02, right-tailed test

Ho: μ=0.2, C. V= 2.05
H1: μ >0.02 C.V =2.05

ACTIVITY 2! DIRECTION: For each conjecture, state the null and alternative
hypotheses.

1. The average age of community college students is 24.6 years.

𝐻0: 𝜇 = 24.6 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 24.6
2. The average income of account ants is $51,497.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = $51,497and 𝐻1: 𝜇 $51,497
3. The average age of attorneys is greater than 25.4 years.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 25.4 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 = > 25.4
4. The average score of high school basketball games is less than 88.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 88 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 = < 88
5. The average pulse rate of male marathon runners is less than 70 beats per
minute.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 70 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 = < 70
6. The average cost of DVD player is $79.95.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = is $79.95 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 = $79.95
 7. The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 minutes per
day for 6 weeks is 8.3 pounds.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 8.3 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 = 8.3

Go beyond

EGGS AND YOUR HEALTH

The Incredible Edible Egg company recently found that eating eggs does not increase a
person’s blood serum cholesterol. Five hundred subjects participated in a study that
lasted for 2 years. The participants were randomly assigned to either a no-egg group or
a moderate-egg group. The blood serum cholesterol levels were checked at the
beginning and at the end of the study. Overall, the groups’ levels were not significantly
different. The company reminds us that eating eggs is healthy if done in moderation.
Many of the previous studies relating eggs and high blood serum cholesterol jumped to
improper conclusions.
Using this information, answer the questions below

.1. What prompted the study? Eggs and high blood serum cholesterol jumped to
false accusation

2. What is the population under study? The participants who eat egg

3. Was a sample collected? Yes

4. What was the hypothesis? Ho: eating egg is not associated with a rise in
cholesterol in a person blood serum.

H1: eating is does is associated with a rise in cholesterol in a person with blood
serum.

5.Were data collected? Yes, beginning and the end of study.

6.Were any statistical tests run? Yes randomly assigned.

7.What was the conclusion? There is enough evidence eating egg is healthy if done
in moderation.
ULOb_Week 1-3

ACTIVITY 1! DIRECTION: Perform each of the following steps for the set of questions.

1. Warming and Ice Melt. The average depth of the Hudson Bay is 305 feet.
Climatologists were interested in seeing if the effects of warming and ice melt were
affecting the water level. Fifty-five measurements over a period of weeks yielded a
sample mean of 306.2 feet. The population variance is known to be 3.57. Can it be
concluded at the 0.05 level of significance that the average depth has increased? Is
there evidence of what caused this to happen?

Solution
 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 305 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 > 305 (claim)
 Step 2: c.v = 1.65
306.2−305
 Step 3: 𝑧 = 3.57/√196.35 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏
 Step 4: reject
 Step 5: there is enough evidence to support the claim that
the mean depth is greater than 305 feet.

2. Moviegoers. The average “moviegoer” sees 8.5 movies a year. A moviegoer is

defined as a person who sees at least one movie in a theater in a 12-month period. A
random sample of 40 moviegoers from a large university revealed that the average
number of movies seen per person was 9.6. The population standard deviation is 3.2
movies. At the 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded that this represents a
difference from the national average?

Solution:
 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 8.5 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 8.5 (claim)
 Step 2: c.v = =±1.9
9.6−8.5
 Step 3: 𝑧 = 3.2/√40 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕
 Step 4: do not reject
 Step 5: there is enough evidence to support the claim that
there is difference.

3. Nonparental Care. According to the Digest of Educational Statistics, a certain group

of preschool children under the age of one year each spends an average of 30.9 hours
per week in nonparental care. A study of state university center-based programs
indicated that a random sample of 32 infants spent an average of 32.1 hours per week
in their care. The standard deviation of the population is 3.6 hours. At 𝛼 = 0.01 is there
sufficient evidence to conclude that the sample mean differs from the national mean?
Solution:

 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 30.9and 𝐻1: 𝜇 30.9 (claim)

 Step 2: c.v =±2.58
31.2−30.9
 Step 3: 𝑧 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗
3.6/√32
 Step 4: do not reject
 Step 5: there is enough evidence to support the claim that
the mean has changed.

4. Ages of U.S. Senators. The mean age of Senators in the 109th Congress was 60.35
years. A random sample of 40 senators from various state senates had an average age
of 55.4 years, and the population standard deviation is 6.5 years. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there
sufficient evidence that state senators are on average younger than the Senators in
Washington?

Solution:

 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 60.35and 𝐻1: 𝜇 <60.35 (claim)

 Step 2: c.v =1.65
55.4−60.35
 Step 3: 𝑧 = = −𝟒. 𝟖𝟐
6.5/√40
 Step 4: reject
 Step 5: there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the
state senators are younger.

5. Peanut Production in Virginia. The average production of peanuts in Virginia is

3000 pounds per acre. A new plant food has been developed and is tested on 60
individual plots of land. The mean yield with the new plant food is 3120 pounds of
peanuts per acre, and the population standard deviation is 578 pounds. At 𝛼
=0.05, can you conclude that the average production has increase?

Solution:

 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 3000 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 > 3000 (claim)

 Step 2: c.v = 1.65
3120−3000
 Step 3: 𝑧 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏
578/√60
 Step 4: do not reject
 Step 5: no there is enough evidence that the average
production has increased.
 6. Heights of 1-Year-Old. The average 1-year-old (both genders) is 29 inches tall.
A random sample of 30 1-year-olds in a large day care franchise resulted in the
following heights. At 𝛼 =0.05, can it be concluded that the average height differs
from 29 inches? Use 𝜎 = 2.61. 25 32 35 25 30 26.5 25.5 29.5 26 32 30 28.5 30
32 28 31.5 29.5 30 29 34 29 32 27 28 33 28 32 29 27 29.5

Solution:

 Step 1: 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 29 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 > 29(claim)

 Step 2: c.v = ±1.96
29.45−29
 Step 3: 𝑧 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟒
2.61/√30
 Step 4: do not reject
 Step 5: there is enough evidence that the average height
differs from 29

Go beyond:

Car thefts
You recently received a job with a company that manufactures an automobile antitheft
device. To conduct an advertising campaign for the product, you need to make a claim
about the number of automobile thefts per year. Since the population of various cities in
the United States varies, you decide to use rates per 10,000 people. (The rates are
based on the number of people living in the cities.) Your boss said that last year the
theft rate per 10,000 people was 44 vehicles. You want to see if it has changed. The
following are rates per 10,000 people for 36 randomly selected locations in the United
States.
55 70 56 125 94 66 20 17 16 39 58 25 23 62 91 41 20 36 51 42 53 26 33 115 73 73 78
15 69 55 56 62 75 134 24 67

Using this information, answer the questions below.

1. What hypotheses would you use? 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 44 and 𝐻1: 𝜇 44

2. Is the sample considered small or large? large
3. What assumption must be met before the hypothesis test can be
conducted? Variable needs to be normally distributed.
4. Which probability distribution would you use? Z distribution
5. Would you select a one- or two-tailed test? Two tailed test because
we are about to know whether the car theft rate has changed
6. What critical value(s) would you use? a =0.05 significance level
 cv =±1.96
7. Conduct a hypothesis test. Use 𝜎 = 30.3 2.37.

8. What is your decision? Reject the null hypothesis

9. What is your conclusion? There is enough evidence to conclude

that the car theft rate has changed

10. Write a brief statement summarizing your conclusion. Car theft rate
has changed from 44 vehicles per 10,000 people. In fact the date
indicate that the car are has increased

11. If you lived in a city whose population was about 50,000, how many
automobile thefts per would you expect to occur? We expected 55.97 car
thefts per 10,000 people or 280 car, theft in the city.