ENT323

Semester 2 2017/2018

TUTORIAL 2 (ANSWER)

Efficiency and Heating of Electrical Machines

1. A DC compound motor having a rating of 10 kW, 1150 rpm. 230 V, 50 A has the following losses at
full load:

(1) total mechanical losses: 290 W
(2) iron losses: 420 W
(3) copper loss in the shunt field: 120 W
(4) total copper losses in the armature circuit at full-load: 595 W

Calculate the losses and efficiency at no load and at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 % of the nominal rating
of the machine. Draw a graph showing efficiency as a function of mechanical load.

No load means that nothing is connected to its shaft and it is not doing any useful work. Consider
this electric bike analogy, When you operate an electric bike with its driving wheels lifted from the
ground, the motor driving it is said to be in no load because it is not doing any useful work and also
doesn't require much power to operate. If the wheel is in contact with the ground, it experiences
friction(load) and the motor has to supply additional power to overcome this and keep the wheel
rotating. Now the motor is said to be in load.


2. A machine having class B insulation attains a temperature of 208°C (by resistance) in a torrid
ambient temperature of 180°C. Calculate the temperature rise. Evaluate the machine condition
whether it meets the temperature standard or not.

This machine does not meet the temperature standard.

3. A 60hp ac motor with class F insulation has a cold winding resistance of 12 Ω at 23 °C. When it
runs at rated load in an ambient temperature of 31 °C, the hot winding resistance is found to be 17.4
Ω.

i) Calculate the hot winding temperature.

ii) Calculate the temperature rise of the motor.

Iii) Evaluate the motor condition whether it meets the temperature standard or not.


This machine does not meet the temperature standard.

Transformers

1. A 200/50 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer is connected to a 200V, 50 Hz supply with secondary
winding open. If the primary winding has 400 turns, calculate the maximum flux through the core. If
the primary voltage is 200V, 25Hz, calculate the flux. What happens to no load current?

>> Maximum flux in the core, Φmax=Vemf1/4.44fN1=200/(4.44x50x400)=2.25 mWb
If the frequency of supply reduced to 25Hz, the maximum flux in the core will increase to 4.5 mWb
No load current increases

2. A 50-kVA, 4,400/220-V transformer has R1 = 3.45 Ω, R2 = 0.009 Ω. The values of reactances are
X1 = 5.2 Ω and X2 = 0.015 Ω. Calculate for the transformer:

(i) equivalent resistance as referred to primary
(ii) equivalent resistance as referred to secondary
(iii) equivalent reactance as referred to both primary and secondary
(iv) equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and secondary
(v) total Cu loss, first using individual resistances of the two windings and secondly, using equivalent
resistances as referred to each side.



Induction Machines

1. When connected to 50 Hz supply, a 20 poles slip-ring induction motor runs at 285 r.p.m. at full
load, when connected to 50-Hz supply. Determine the synchronous speed and slip percentage.

Solution.
Ns=(120x50)/20 =300 rpm, S(%)=(300-285)/300=0.05 or 5%

2. A 3-φ induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50-Hz system.
(i) the synchronous speed
(ii) the rotor speed, when slip is 4%
When rotor runs at 600 rpm, calculate
(iii) rotor frequency

Solution.
(i) Ns = 120 f/P = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 rpm
(ii) rotor speed, N = Ns (1 − s) = 1500 (1 − 0.04) = 1440 rpm
(iii) when rotor speed is 600 rpm, slip is
s = (Ns − N)/Ns = (1500 − 600)/1500 = 0.6
rotor current frequency, f ʹ = sf = 0.6 × 50 = 30 Hz

3. A 12-pole, 3-phase alternator driven at a speed of 500 r.p.m. supplies power to an 8-pole, 3-phase
induction motor. If the slip of the motor, at full-load is 3%, calculate the full-load speed of the motor.

Solution.
At the alternator the supply frequency, f = 12 × 500/120 = 50 Hz.
With the same frequency, Synchronous speed Ns = 120 × 50/8 = 750 r.p.m.
Since the slip % is 3%, the motor speed, N is

N = 727.5 r.p.m.

4. An 8 pole generator running at 750 rpm supplies power to a 6 pole, 3 phase induction motor in
your factory. Given the percentage slip is 3%. Find the supply frequency, frequency of rotor and
maximum (full load) speed.
Solution.
At the alternator f=PN/120=8x750/120=50 Hz
frequency of rotor f’=sf=0.03x50=1.5Hz
Nfl=Ns(1-s)
Ns=120f/P=120x50/6=1000rpm
maximum speed, Nfl=1000(1-0.03)=970 rpm

5. A 0.5 hp, 6 pole induction motor is excited by a 3-phase, 60 Hz source.

(a) If the full-load speed is 1140 r/min, calculate the slip.

Ns = 120 f/P = 120 × 60/6 = 1200 r.p.m.

s = Ns – N / Ns = (1200 – 1140) / 1200 = 0.05 or 5%

*slip is normally 3-5% at full load

(b) Evaluate the operation of induction motor under the following conditions:

i. At standstill

The synchronous speed of the motor is 1200 rpm. At standstill, the motor speed is 0. So the slip is s =
Ns – N / Ns = (1200 – 0) / 1200 = 1

At standstill, the rotor is locked.

The frequency of the induced voltage and current is f ʹ = sf = 1 × 60 = 60 Hz

ii. Motor turning at 500 rpm in the same direction as the revolving field

When the motor turns in the same direction in the field, the motor speed is positive. So the slip is s =
Ns – N / Ns = (1200 – 500) / 1200 = 0.583

0<s<1 indicates that motor runs in normal condition.

The frequency of the induced voltage and rotor current is f ʹ = sf = 0.583 × 60 = 35 Hz

iii. Motor turning at 500 rpm in the opposite direction as the revolving field

When the motor turns in the opposite direction to the field, the motor speed is negative, thus N = -
500 rpm. So the slip is s = Ns – N / Ns = (1200 – (-500)) / 1200 = 1.417

A slip greater than 1 implies that the motor is operating as a brake.

The frequency of the induced voltage and rotor current is f ʹ = sf = 1.417 × 60 = 85 Hz

iv. Motor turning at 2000 rpm in the same direction as the revolving field

The motor speed is positive because the rotor turns in the same direction as the field, N = +2000. So
the slip is s = Ns – N / Ns = (1200 – 2000) / 1200 = -0.667

A negative implies that the motor is actually operating as a generator.

The frequency of the induced voltage and rotor current is

f ʹ = sf = -0.667 × 60 = -40 Hz

A negative frequency means that the phase sequence of the voltage induced in the rotor windings is
reversed. We can say that the frequency is simply 40 Hz.

6. The power input to the rotor of 440 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, 3-phase, induction motor is 80 kW. The rotor
electromotive force is observed to make 100 complete alterations per minute. Calculate
(i) the slip, (ii) the rotor speed, (iii) rotor copper losses per phase.

7. A 3-phase induction motor having a synchronous speed of 1200 rpm draws 80 kW from a 3-phase
feeder. The copper losses and iron losses in the stator amount to 5 kW. If the motor runs at 1152
rpm, calculate

1. The active power transmitted to the rotor, Pr

2. The rotor I2R losses, Pjr
3. The mechanical power developed, Pm
4. The mechanical power delivered to the load, Pl knowing that the windage and friction losses are
equal to 2 kW
5. The efficiency of the motor, η
6. Sketch the active power flow in the induction motor.