● Flagella snake like motion.

● Cilia coordinated waves.

● Nucleolus is the site of rRNA synthesis.
● Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is site of steroid synthesis,intercellular
transport,detoxification .
● Rough endoplasmic reticulum :site of protein synthesis used outside the cell
● Distinguishe between RNA and DNA by Feulgen reaction.
● Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver produce bile salts and detoxifies poisons
● Peroxisomes detoxify poisons.
● Androgen binding protein in sertoli cells ,bind FSH,testosterone and hydroxytesterom.
● Sex can be determined by eighth week
● Feames have 45 active chromosomes and ine inactive barr body.
● Golgi apparatus has two fold first for modification of lipids and protiens second for
storage and packaging. Also synthesis carbohydrates.
● Ribosomes :amino acid assembly.
●

● Mast cells normally doesn't found in circulation.

● Mast cells and basophilis contain bradykinin,histamine,serotonin,heparin,SRS-A (slow
reactig subctance of anaphylaxis).
● Plasma cells are rarely found in peripheral blood,found mainly in bone marrow and
connective tissue life span is 5-10 days.
● Cytoplasmic of cell has glycogen
● Smooth endoplamic reticulum in skelt and cardiac muscles sequesters calcium.
● Active cells( fibroblast osteoblasts are characterized by an abunance of rER)
● Intermediate filament( vimentin,desmin,cytokeratim.) provide cystoskelatal support of the
cell, anchor to desmosome layer
● S perioid(DNA synthesis) of cell cycle take 7hours.
● Junctional complex( tight junction(zonula occludens)intermediate junction(zonula
adherens),desmosome(macula adherens) hemidesmosome,gap junction)
● Pemphigus:autoimmunity against desmosomal attanchment
● Pemphigoid:autoimmunity against hemidesmosomal attachment.
● Glucose transporters are;
● Glut1:rbc,brain
● Glut2:liver and pancreas
● Glut3:neurons
● Glut4:muscle,adipose tissue
● Glut5:intestine,testes.
●
●

● Granstein cell: antigen presenting cells found in epithelium.

● Parakeratinized has keratin and nuclei orthokeratinized has no nuclei.
● Collagen I =bone
● Collagen II=cartilage
● Collagen III=reticular
● Collagen IV= basement membrane
● Basement membrane has two layer : basal lamina( lamina lucida,lamina densa) and
reticular lamina.
● Epithelial tissue is avascular.
● Hyaline cartilage collagen type 2 makes up 40% of this cartilage dry weight,it's incapable
of repair.
● Matrix of cartilage mainly composed of proteoglycans(glycosaminoglycan) most common
type are chondroitin sulfat and keratan sulfat.
● No calcium in cartilage thats why doesnt appear in xray.
● Heterotopic ossification is the formation of bone outside the skeleton and is seen in
disease such as myositis ossificans.
●

● Dense regular connective tissue:tendons ,ligaments,apnoeuroses

● Dense irregular: submucousa of GI tract,organ capsules,deep fascia,dermis.
● Desmosomes use cadherin protien to tie to cell
● Hemidesmosome use integrins protein to tie to extracellular matrix
● Gap junctions : are proteinaceous tubes some 1.5-2 nanometer in diamter formed by
transmembrane protein called Connexins .
●

● Meissner corpuscle oval body in the dermis participate in tactile sensation

● Ruffini corpuscle oval capsule containing the ends of sensory fibers of the dermal
papillae.
● Hypodermis major site of fat deposition (50% of body fat),has good blood
supply,composed of loose areolar connective tissue.
●

● Straiter duct :modify salivary electrolytes (reabsorption Na/Cl and secretion K+/HCO3-)
● Terminal excretory duct ; psudostratified columnar epithelium ???? Wierd. First aid.
● Hyalin cartilage( nose,trachea,bronchi,larynx,ribs,articular surface of long bones.
● Fibrocartilage(tmj,intrrvertebral disck symphysis pubis,meniscus of knee)
● Osteocalcin:marker of bone formation
● Osteonectin:binds ca and collagen.
● Intramembranous ossification:flat bones of skull,maxilla,mandibular bodu ,clavicle .
● Endochondral ossification: long bones ,vertebrae ,mandibular condyles.
● Interstitial growth occurs only in endochondral bone until epiphyseal plate close.
● Appositional growh occurs in any bone at anytime.
●
● Fracture repair:blood clot formation-bridginig callus formation-periosteal callus formation-
new endochondral bone formation.
●

● Nissle body=rER
● Unipolar nuron=sensory neurons
● Bipolar =retina and ganglia of CN8
● Multipolar=motor and mixed neurons
● Ependymal cells:epithelium of ventricles of brain ,spinal cord
● Choroidal cells:secretion of CSF
● Astrocytes :building block of BBB, may regulate striction and vasodilation,communicate
via gap junction using calcium.
● A fiber myelinated have neurlimma and myelin
● C fibers unmyelinated only have neurlimma.
●