Complex Plane

Source : https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/complex-plane.html

No, not that complex plane ...

... this complex plane:

A plane for complex numbers!

(Also called an "Argand Diagram")

Real and Imaginary make Complex

A COMPLEX NUMBER is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary
Number:

A REAL NUMBER is the type of number we use every day.

Examples: 12.38, ½, 0, −2000

When we square a Real Number we get a positive (or zero) result:

 22 = 2 × 2 = 4
12 = 1 × 1 = 1
02 = 0 × 0 = 0

What can we square to get −1?

?2 = −1

Squaring −1 does not work because multiplying negatives gives a positive: (−1)
× (−1) = +1, and no other Real Number works either.

So it seems that mathematics is incomplete ...

... but we can fill the gap by imagining there is a number that, when multiplied
by itself, gives −1
(call it i for imaginary):

i2 = −1

An Imaginary Number, when squared gives a negative result

Examples: 5𝒊, −3.6𝒊, 𝒊/2, 500𝒊

And together:

A COMPLEX NUMBER is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary

Number

Examples: 3.6 + 4i, −0.02 + 1.2i, 25 − 0.3i, 0 + 2i

Putting a Complex Number on a

Plane
You may be familiar with the number line:
But where do we put a complex number like 3+4i ?
Let's have the real number line go left-right as usual, and have the imaginary
number line go up-and-down:

We can then plot a complex number like 3 + 4i :

 3 units along (the real axis),

 and 4 units up (the imaginary axis).

And here is 4 - 2i :

 4 units along (the real axis),

and 2 units down (the imaginary axis).

And that is the complex plane:

 complex because it is a combination of real and imaginary,

 plane because it is like a geometric plane (2 dimensional).

Whole New World

Now let's bring the idea of a plane (Cartesian coordinates, Polar
coordinates, Vectors etc) to complex numbers.

It will open up a whole new world of numbers that are more complete and
elegant, as you will see.

Complex Number as a Vector

We can think of a complex number as a vector.

This is a vector.
It has magnitude (length) and direction.

And here is the complex number 3 + 4i

as a Vector:
Adding
You can add complex numbers as vectors, too:

To add the complex numbers 3 + 5i and 4 − 3i :

 add the real numbers, and

 add the imaginary numbers

separately, like this: (𝟑 + 𝟓𝑖) + (𝟒 − 𝟑𝑖) = (3 + 4) + (5 − 3)𝒊

= 7 + 2𝒊

Polar Form
Let's use 3 + 4i again:

Here it is in polar form:

So the complex number 3 + 4i can also be shown as distance (5) and angle
(0.927 radians).

Let's see how to convert from one form to the other using Cartesian to Polar
conversion:

Example: the number 3 + 4i

From 3 + 4i :

 r = √(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐) = √(32 + 42 ) = √25 = 𝟓

 θ = tan-1 (y/x) = tan-1 (4/3) = 0.927 (to 3 decimals)

And we get distance (5) and angle (0.927 radians)

Back again:

 𝒙 = 𝒓 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝜽 ) = 5 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 0.927 ) = 5 × 0.6002. . . = 𝟑 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ)

  𝒚 = 𝒓 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽 ) = 5 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 0.927 ) = 5 × 0.7998. . . = 𝟒 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ)

And distance 5 and angle 0.927 becomes 3 and 4 again

In fact a common way to write a complex number in Polar form is

x + iy =r cos θ + i r sin θ

=r(cos θ + i sin θ)

And "cos θ + i sin θ" is often shortened to "cis θ", so:

𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽

cis is just shorthand for cos θ + i sin θ

So we can write:

3 + 4i = 5 cis 0.927

In some subjects, like electronics, "cis" is used a lot!

SUMMARY
 The complex plane is a plane with:
 real numbers running left-right and
 imaginary numbers running up-down.

 To convert from Cartesian to Polar Form:

 r = √(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒚 / 𝒙 )

 To convert from Polar to Cartesian Form:

 𝒙 = 𝒓 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝜽 )
 𝒚 = 𝒓 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽 )

 Polar form 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 is often shortened to 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽