Math 110: Academic Year 2020-2021

Cover designed by: Mr.
Medel Valencia
MODULE 1
MATH 110
ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
Prepared by:
Mr. Neo B. Villareal, LPT
Instructor
Address: Brgy. San Jose, City of San Pablo, Laguna Tel. no. (049) 523-6455/503-1269 E-mail: dlsp_reg@yahoo.com - (Registrar’s Office),dlspsanpablocity1997@gmail.com
GUIDE ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE
A. FOR FACULTY
 Since there are no more face-to-face teaching as of now, this module was made by the
instructor as a way in order to teach the lessons while the students are at their home.
 This module will be sent via Google classroom depending on the section where the
student belongs.
 This module will be sent on every first meeting of the week depending upon the day
and time of the section the instructor handles.
 Answers will be sent also through Google classroom in a separate document.
B. FOR LEARNERS
 There are lessons attached in this module in which students should read after their
instructor send it to them.
 In every lesson, there is a corresponding learning tasks as well as assessments for the
students to answer after they have read the module.
 The module will be sent on every first meeting of the subject in a week so the students
will have time to accomplish the activities given by their instructor.
 Answers on the learning tasks should be written on a separate document with the
questions.
 Learning tasks and other form of assessment gave by the instructor should be submitted
on or before the deadline set by the instructor and should be submitted in their Google
classroom.
 On every second meeting, questions and clarifications of the students will be
entertained through video call.
FOREWORD
We are all aware on the situation we are facing right now. Due to the virus outbreak, the
face-to-face learning has been prohibited to prevent the spreading of virus especially to the
learners. Based on our situation nowadays, all teachers and students are adjusting to the new
teaching and learning process. As a remedy to this, some teaching institutions decided to
continue the learning process of the students through giving them modules.
This module covers some of the topics in plane and solid geometry for them to recall the
concepts and principles that may use in the learning non-euclidean geometry. Topics in this
module cover basic/fundamental concepts of geometry, triangles, quadrangles and affine
geometry.
Lessons in this module lifted to different sources through internet and books. Interactive
activity and quizzes included. Links in each activity will serve as the way to accomplish tasks.
MODULE FOR MODERN GEOMETRY
Credits : 3 units lecture (3 hours/week)

Pre-Requisite : Solid and Plane Geometry
UNIT 1: CONCEPTS IN EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
This unit deals some concepts in Euclidean Geometry. Topics like basic concepts in
geometry, triangles and quadrangles are included in this unit.
LESSON 1: The undefined terms in Geometry
LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the end of the module, you will be able to:
1. Illustrate the three undefined terms in geometry
2. Solve problems involving the three undefined terms in geometry
.
In geometry, formal definitions are formed using other defined words or terms. There are,
however, three words in geometry that are not formally defined. These words are point, line and
plane, and are referred to as the "three undefined terms of geometry".
While these words are "undefined" in the formal sense, we can still "describe" these
words. The descriptions, stated below, refer to these words in relation to geometry
POINT
• a point indicates a location (or position) in space.
• a point has no dimension (actual size).
• a point has no length, no width, and no height (thickness).
• a point is usually named with a capital letter.
• in the coordinate plane, a point is named by an ordered pair, (x,y).
While we represent a point with a dot, the dot can be very tiny or very
large. Remember, a point has no size. The size of the dot drawn to represent a
point makes no difference. Points have no
size. They simply represent a location.
LINE
• a line has no thickness.
• a line's length extends in one dimension.
• a line goes on forever in both directions.
• a line has infinite length, zero width, and zero height.
• a line is assumed to be straight.
• a line is drawn with arrowheads on both ends. Lines can be labeled with a single script
• a line is named by a single lowercase script letter, or by any two (or letter, or by two points on the line,
more) points which lie on the line. . The thickness of a line makes no
difference.
PLANE
• a plane has two dimensions.
• a plane forms a flat surface extending indefinitely in all directions.
• a plane has infinite length, infinite width and zero height (thickness).
• a plane is drawn as a four-sided figure resembling a tabletop or a
parallelogram.
• a plane is named by a single letter (plane m) or by three coplanar, but
non-collinear,* points (plane ABC).
Plane m or Plane ABC.
While the diagram of a plane has edges,
you must remember that the plane actually
has no boundaries.
Collinear points are points that lie on the same straight line.

Coplanar points are points that line in the same plane.
Task: Give the postulates formed in three undefined terms
TRY THIS!
TRY MORE!
ASSESSMENT
Answer the following:
LESSON 2: TRIANGLES
LESSON OBJECTIVE
1. Know the basic facts about triangles
2. Construct the intersections of altitudes, bisectors and median
3. Solve problems involving the triangles.
A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the

basic shapes in geometry.
In Euclidean geometry any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle

and simultaneously, a unique plane (i.e. a two-dimensional Euclidean space). In other words,
there is only one plane that contains that triangle, and every triangle is contained in some plane.
If the entire geometry is only the Euclidean plane, there is only one plane and all triangles are
contained in it; however, in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, this is no longer true
Triangles can be classified according to the lengths of their sides:
Equilateral Isosceles Scalene
 An equilateral triangle has all sides the same length. An equilateral triangle is also
a regular polygon with all angles measuring 60°.
 An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length. An isosceles triangle also has two
angles of the same measure, namely the angles opposite to the two sides of the same length;
this fact is the content of the isosceles triangle theorem, which was known by Euclid. Some
mathematicians define an isosceles triangle to have exactly two equal sides, whereas others
define an isosceles triangle as one with at least two equal sides. The latter definition would
make all equilateral triangles isosceles triangles. The 45–45–90 right triangle, which appears
in the tetrakis square tiling, is isosceles.
 A scalene triangle has all its sides of different lengths. Equivalently, it has all angles of
different measure.
Triangles can also be classified according to their internal angles, measured here
in degrees
Right Obtuse Acute
 A right triangle (or right-angled triangle, formerly called a rectangled triangle) has one

of its interior angles measuring 90° (a right angle). The side opposite to the right angle is
the hypotenuse, the longest side of the triangle. The other two sides are called
the legs or catheti[4] (singular: cathetus) of the triangle. Right triangles obey the Pythagorean
theorem: the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the
length of the hypotenuse: a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b are the lengths of the legs and c is the
length of the hypotenuse. Special right triangles are right triangles with additional properties
that make calculations involving them easier. One of the two most famous is the 3–4–5 right
triangle, where 32 + 42 = 52. In this situation, 3, 4, and 5 are a Pythagorean triple. The other
one is an isosceles triangle that has 2 angles that each measure 45 degrees.
 Triangles that do not have an angle measuring 90° are called oblique triangles.
 A triangle with all interior angles measuring less than 90° is an acute triangle or acute-
angled triangle. If c is the length of the longest side, then a2 + b2 > c2, where a and b are the
lengths of the other sides.
 A triangle with one interior angle measuring more than 90° is an obtuse
triangle or obtuse-angled triangle. If c is the length of the longest side, then a2 + b2 < c2,
where a and b are the lengths of the other sides.
 A triangle with an interior angle of 180° (and collinear vertices) is degenerate.
A right degenerate triangle has collinear vertices, two of which are coincident
Basic facts
A triangle, showing exterior angle d.
Triangles are assumed to be two-dimensional plane figures, unless the context provides
otherwise. In rigorous treatments, a triangle is therefore called a 2-simplex (see also Polytope).
Elementary facts about triangles were presented by Euclid in books 1–4 of his Elements, around
300 BC.
The measures of the interior angles of the triangle always add up to 180 degrees (same color to
point out they are equal).
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle in Euclidean space is always 180
degrees. This fact is equivalent to Euclid's parallel postulate. This allows determination of the
measure of the third angle of any triangle given the measure of two angles. An exterior angle of a
triangle is an angle that is a linear pair (and hence supplementary) to an interior angle. The
measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two interior
angles that are not adjacent to it; this is the exterior angle theorem. The sum of the measures of the
three exterior angles (one for each vertex) of any triangle is 360 degrees
Right triangles
The Pythagorean theorem

A central theorem is the Pythagorean theorem, which states in any right triangle, the square of
the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two other sides
Some other facts about right triangles
 The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

If the legs of a right triangle have the same length, then the angles opposite those
legs have the same measure. Since these angles are complementary, it follows that
each measures 45 degrees. By the Pythagorean theorem, the length of the
hypotenuse is the length of a leg times √2.
 In a right triangle with acute angles measuring 30 and 60 degrees, the hypotenuse is
twice the length of the shorter side, and the longer side is equal to the length of the
shorter side times √3:
ONLINE ACTIVITY
https://www.softschoo
ls.com/quiz_time/math
/geometry/theme1.ht
ml
CONSTRUCT ME!
Construct illustration based on the description given in
points, lines and circle associated with a triangle.
Illustration
Description
1. A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a

straight line passing through the midpoint of the side
and being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a right
angle with it. The three perpendicular bisectors meet
in a single point, the triangle's circumcenter, usually
denoted by O; this point is the center of
the circumcircle, the circle passing through all three
vertices. The diameter of this circle, called
the circumdiameter, can be found from the law of
sines stated above. The circumcircle's radius is called
the circumradius.
2. An altitude of a triangle is a straight line through a
vertex and perpendicular to (i.e. forming a right angle
with) the opposite side. This opposite side is called
the base of the altitude, and the point where the
altitude intersects the base (or its extension) is called
the foot of the altitude. The length of the altitude is
the distance between the base and the vertex. The
three altitudes intersect in a single point, called
the orthocenter of the triangle, usually denoted by H.
The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if
the triangle is acute.
3. An angle bisector of a triangle is a straight line

through a vertex which cuts the corresponding angle
in half. The three angle bisectors intersect in a single
point, the incenter, usually denoted by I, the center of
the triangle's incircle. The incircle is the circle which
lies inside the triangle and touches all three sides. Its
radius is called the inradius. There are three other
important circles, the excircles; they lie outside the
triangle and touch one side as well as the extensions
of the other two. The centers of the in- and excircles
form an orthocentric system.
4. A median of a triangle is a straight line through

a vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side, and
divides the triangle into two equal areas. The three
medians intersect in a single point, the
triangle's centroid or geometric barycenter, usually
denoted by G. The centroid of a rigid triangular
object (cut out of a thin sheet of uniform density) is
also its center of mass: the object can be balanced on
its centroid in a uniform gravitational field. The
centroid cuts every median in the ratio 2:1, i.e. the
distance between a vertex and the centroid is twice
the distance between the centroid and the midpoint of
the opposite side.
TRIANGLE CONGRUENCES
ONLINE ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT
Test will be done through

be8d869e28e4c0 Google Sheet
01aeb30d6/trian
gle-congruence-
postulates
LESSON 3: QUADRANGLES/ QUADRILATERALS
LESSON OBJECTIVE
1. Understand the properties and kind of Quadrilaterals/ Quadrangles
2. Solve problems involving Quadrangles/Quadrilateral
A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join

up), and has straight sides.
Types of quadrilaterals
There are five types of quadrilaterals.
 Parallelogram
 Rectangle
 Square
 Rhombus
 Trapezium
Parallelogram
Properties of a parallelogram
 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

 Opposite angles are congruent.
 Adjacent angles are supplementary.
 Diagonals bisect each other and each
diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
congruent triangles.
 If one of the angles of a parallelogram is a
right angle then all other angles are right and
it becomes a rectangle.
Important formulas of parallelograms
 Area = L * H
 Perimeter = 2(L+B)
Rectangles
Properties of a Rectangle
 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

 All angles are right.
 The diagonals are congruent and bisect
each other (divide each other equally).
 Opposite angles formed at the point where
diagonals meet are congruent.
 A rectangle is a special type of
parallelogram whose angles are right.
Important formulas for rectangles
 If the length is L and breadth is B, then

Length of the diagonal of a rectangle = √(L2 + B2)
 Area = L * B
 Perimeter = 2(L+B)
Squares
Properties of a square
 All sides and angles are congruent.

 Opposite sides are parallel to each other.
 The diagonals are congruent.
 The diagonals are perpendicular to and
bisect each other.
 A square is a special type of parallelogram
whose all angles and sides are equal.
 Also, a parallelogram becomes a square
when the diagonals are equal and right
bisectors of each other.
Important formulas for Squares
 If ‘L’ is the length of the side of a square

then length of the diagonal = L √2.
 Area = L2.
 Perimeter = 4L
Rhombus
Properties of a Rhombus
 All sides are congruent.

 Opposite angles are congruent.
 The diagonals are perpendicular to and
bisect each other.
 Adjacent angles are supplementary (For
eg., ∠A + ∠B = 180°).
 A rhombus is a parallelogram whose
diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
Important formulas for a Rhombus
If a and b are the lengths of the diagonals of a
rhombus,
 Area = (a* b) / 2
 Perimeter = 4L
Trapezium
Properties of a Trapezium
 The bases of the trapezium are parallel to

each other (MN ⫽ OP).
 No sides, angles and diagonals are
congruent.
Important Formulas for a Trapezium
 Area = (1/2) h (L+L2)

 Perimeter = L + L1 + L2 + L3
ONLINE ACTIVITY
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5731f67b851bc2aff3429436/the-
quadrilateral-quiz
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Quadrilaterals/QuadrilateralPro
pertiesQuiz%20(Web)/index.html
COMPLETE QUADRANGLE
In mathematics, specifically in incidence geometry and especially in projective geometry,

a complete quadrangle is a system of geometric objects consisting of any four points in a plane,
no three of which are on a common line, and of the six lines connecting the six pairs of
points. Dually, a complete quadrilateral is a system of four lines, no three of which pass
through the same point, and the six points of intersection of these lines. The complete quadrangle
was called a tetrastigm by Lachlan (1893), and the complete quadrilateral was called
a tetragram; those terms are occasionally still used
A complete quadrangle (at left) and a complete quadrilateral (at right).
The six lines of a complete quadrangle meet in pairs to form three additional points called
the diagonal points of the quadrangle. Similarly, among the six points of a complete quadrilateral
there are three pairs of points that are not already connected by lines; the line
segments connecting these pairs are called diagonals. Due to the discovery of the Fano plane,
a finite geometry in which the diagonal points of a complete quadrangle are collinear, some
authors have augmented the axioms of projective geometry with Fano's axiom that the diagonal
points are not collinear, while others have been less restrictive.
A set of contracted expressions for the parts of a complete quadrangle were introduced
by G. B. Halsted: He calls the vertices of the quadrangle dots, and the diagonal points he
calls codots. The lines of the projective space are called straights, and in the quadrangle they are
called connectors. The "diagonal lines" of Coxeter are called opposite connectors by Halsted.
Opposite connectors cross at a codot. The configuration of the complete quadrangle is
a tetrastim. These terms were never widely accepted and are only of historical interest.
RESEARCH TIME
Research about Fano's axiom about non-collinear points and make a short

lecture note that explains the said axioms.
Note:
Font Style: Times New Roman
Font Size: 12
Document name: FanosAxiom_(Surname)
Projective properties
As systems of points and lines in which all points belong to the same number of lines and
all lines contain the same number of points, the complete quadrangle and the complete
quadrilateral both form projective configurations; in the notation of projective configurations, the
complete quadrangle is written as (4362) and the complete quadrilateral is written (6 243), where
the numbers in this notation refer to the numbers of points, lines per point, lines, and points per
line of the configuration. The projective dual of a complete quadrangle is a complete
quadrilateral, and vice versa. For any two complete quadrangles, or any two complete
quadrilaterals, there is a unique projective transformation taking one of the two configurations
into the other.
Karl von Staudt reformed mathematical foundations in 1847 with the complete
quadrangle when he noted that a "harmonic property" could be based on concomitants of the
quadrangle: When each pair of opposite sides of the quadrangle intersect on a line, then the
diagonals intersect the line at projective harmonic conjugate positions. The four points on the
line deriving from the sides and diagonals of the quadrangle are called a harmonic range.
Through perspectivity and projectivity, the harmonic property is stable. Developments of modern
geometry and algebra note the influence of von Staudt on Mario Pieri and Felix Klein .
KLMN is a complete quadrangle;

D is the projective harmonic conjugate of C with respect to A and B.
Euclidean properties
In the Euclidean plane, the four lines of a complete quadrilateral must not include any
pairs of parallel lines, so that every pair of lines has a crossing point.
Wells (1991) describes several additional properties of complete quadrilaterals that involve
metric properties of the Euclidean plane, rather than being purely projective. The midpoints of
the diagonals are collinear, and (as proved by Isaac Newton) also collinear with the center of
a conic that is tangent to all four lines of the quadrilateral. Any three of the lines of the
quadrilateral form the sides of a triangle; the orthocenters of the four triangles formed in this way
lie on a second line, perpendicular to the one through the midpoints. The circumcircles of these
same four triangles meet in a point. In addition, the three circles having the diagonals as
diameters belong to a common pencil of circles the axis of which is the line through the
orthocenters.
The polar circles of the triangles of a complete quadrilateral form a coaxal system.
ASSESSMENT
Put a check (/) in the column if the properties of the types of the quadrilaterals described by
each number and (x) if otherwise.
S.No Rectangl
Property Parallelogram Rhombus Square
. e
1 All sides are congruent
Opposite sides are parallel and

2
congruent
3 All angles are congruent
4 Opposite angles are congruent
5 Diagonals are congruent
6 Diagonals are perpendicular
7 Diagonals bisect each other
Adjacent angles are

8
supplementary
Test will be done through

Google Sheet
LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO FINITE GEOMETRY
LESSON OBJECTIVE
1. Introduce the principle of Finite Geometry
2. Construct illustrations about finite geometry
3. Solve problems involving finite geometry
A finite geometry is any geometric system that has only a finite number of points. The

familiar Euclidean geometry is not finite, because a Euclidean line contains infinitely many
points. A geometry based on the graphics displayed on a computer screen, where the pixels are
considered to be the points, would be a finite geometry. While there are many systems that could
be called finite geometries, attention is mostly paid to the finite projective and affine
spaces because of their regularity and simplicity. Other significant types of finite geometry are
finite Möbius or inversive planes and Laguerre planes, which are examples of a general type
called Benz planes, and their higher-dimensional analogs such as higher finite inversive
geometries.
Finite geometries may be constructed via linear algebra, starting from vector spaces over
a finite field; the affine and projective planes so constructed are called Galois geometries. Finite
geometries can also be defined purely axiomatically. Most common finite geometries are Galois
geometries, since any finite projective space of dimension three or greater is isomorphic to a
projective space over a finite field (that is, the projectivization of a vector space over a finite
field). However, dimension two has affine and projective planes that are not isomorphic to
Galois geometries, namely the non-Desarguesian planes. Similar results hold for other kinds of
finite geometries.
Finite planes
The following remarks apply only to finite planes. There are two main kinds of finite
plane geometry: affine and projective. In an affine plane, the normal sense of parallel lines
applies. In a projective plane, by contrast, any two lines intersect at a unique point, so parallel
lines do not exist. Both finite affine plane geometry and finite projective plane geometry may be
described by fairly simple axioms.
Abstracting essence of the notion of “point" and “line" from the classical plane geometry,
we define and study affine planes in this chapter. While in the classical plane geometry, points
and lines concretely exist, we define them quite axiomatically. If we are standing on completely
theoretical view point, we need not to use the word “point(s)" and “plane(s)". However, it is
natural for us to use these words.
CONSTRUCTION
Let us start with defining an affine plane. We consider a plane that is a set consists of points.
Each line is a certain subset of the plane satisfying additional condition(s). If the following
axioms are satisfied, we call the system of those points and lines to be an affine plane.
The axioms of affine plane: ( Construct illustration of the axioms)

Axiom A1. For any two different point p and
q, there exists only one line that passing
through both of p and q.
Axiom A2. For a given line l and a given

point p which is not on l, there exists unique
line passing through p and parallel to l.
Axiom A3. There are three points on the

plane such that they are not on any line at
once.
Here we used the word “parallel" in A2. The meaning of this word is as follows. We say
two lines are parallel, if and only if they do not meet(intersect each other) or coincide. By A1, we
may use term “the line pq", namely the line pq means the unique line passing through both of p
and q.
Proposition 2.1.1 Any two lines do not intersect or intersect each other at only one point
Proof. If the given different two lines intersect each other at two different points, we have
different two lines passing through the same two points. This contradicts to A1.
AXIOMS OF PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
ACTIVITY
1. Illustrate an affine plane of order 2 which containing 4 points with six lines.
2. Illustrate finite affine plane order 3 contains 9 points with 12 lines
ASSESSMENT
Exercise 1 Write the axioms for four-line geometry (i.e., for the plane dual of four-point
geometry).
Exercise 2 Does four-line geometry system embed into Euclidean geometry? (If yes, draw
it.)
Definition. The axioms for the finite projective plane of order n are:
A1 There is a line which contains exactly n + 1 points.
A2 Every pair of points is contained in exactly one line.
A3 Every pair of lines has a unique point of intersection.
A4 There are at least four points, such that any three of them are not on the same line.
Exercise 3 Write the axioms for the plane dual of the finite projective plane of order n.
Exercise 4 The finite projective plane of order 2 is called the Fano plane. It and its plane dual
are consistent. (i) Draw the Fano plane. (ii) Draw the plane dual of the Fano plane. (iii) What
do you notice? (iv) What do you think is the general phenomenon which you are witnessing?
Prove your conjecture.
Exercise 5 Does a finite projective plane of order 1 exist? (That is, is the axiomatic system
above consistent for n = 1. If yes, draw it.)
REFERENCES
Batten, Lynn Margaret (1997), Combinatorics of Finite Geometries, Cambridge University

Press, ISBN 0521590140
Hall, Marshall (1943), "Projective planes", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society,

American Mathematical Society, 54 (2): 229–277, doi:10.2307/1990331, ISSN 0002-
9947, JSTOR 1990331, MR 0008892
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_geometry#:~:text=A%20finite%20geometry%20is%20any,line
%20contains%20infinitely%20many%20points.
https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2015/11/13/quadrilaterals-properties-parallelograms-trapezium-
rhombus/
https://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/quadrilaterals/
https://brainly.in/question/5858856#:~:text=Quadrilateral%20is%20a%20four%2Dsided,%2C%20chart
%2Dpapers%2C%20etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_quadrangle
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5731f67b851bc2aff3429436/the-quadrilateral-quiz
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Quadrilaterals/QuadrilateralPropertiesQuiz
%20(Web)/index.html
https://www.slideshare.net/menchiellagas/modern-geometry-topics
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-real-life-examples-of-congruent-triangles
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5be8d869e28e4c001aeb30d6/triangle-congruence-postulates
https://www.softschools.com/quiz_time/math/geometry/theme1.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle
https://eschool2.bsd7.org/pluginfile.php/10000/mod_resource/content/1/WS%201.1%20AC.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?
q=three+undefined+terms+in+geometry+activity+sheets&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEw
jHyb7Eko3rAhXIUt4KHZVaBJ8Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=7adCinR0lVBPCM
Prepared by:
NEO B. VILLAREAL
Instructor
Checked by: Reviewed by: Noted:
Lota Q. Baldemora, Ph.D. Amabella B. Reyes. Julieta P. Donato, Ed.D.

Program Head Area Coordinator Dean
Recommended by: Approved by:
Preciosa D. Villacruel, MAT Alvaro T. Dioquino Jr., LPT, RN

CLAMDEV Focal Person Director, CLAMDEV

Math 110: Academic Year 2020-2021

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ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

Credits : 3 units lecture (3 hours/week)

UNIT 1: CONCEPTS IN EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

LESSON 1: The undefined terms in Geometry

Collinear points are points that lie on the same straight line.

Task: Give the postulates formed in three undefined terms

Answer the following:

A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the

In Euclidean geometry any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle

Triangles can be classified according to the lengths of their sides:

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

Right Obtuse Acute

 A right triangle (or right-angled triangle, formerly called a rectangled triangle) has one

A triangle, showing exterior angle d.

The Pythagorean theorem

 The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

1. A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a

3. An angle bisector of a triangle is a straight line

4. A median of a triangle is a straight line through

ONLINE ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

Test will be done through

A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join

There are five types of quadrilaterals.

 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

Important formulas for rectangles

 If the length is L and breadth is B, then

 All sides and angles are congruent.

Important formulas for Squares

 If ‘L’ is the length of the side of a square

 All sides are congruent.

Important formulas for a Rhombus

If a and b are the lengths of the diagonals of a

 The bases of the trapezium are parallel to

Important Formulas for a Trapezium

 Area = (1/2) h (L+L2)

In mathematics, specifically in incidence geometry and especially in projective geometry,

Research about Fano's axiom about non-collinear points and make a short

KLMN is a complete quadrangle;

1 All sides are congruent

Opposite sides are parallel and

3 All angles are congruent

4 Opposite angles are congruent

6 Diagonals are perpendicular

7 Diagonals bisect each other

Adjacent angles are

Test will be done through

A finite geometry is any geometric system that has only a finite number of points. The

The axioms of affine plane: ( Construct illustration of the axioms)

Axiom A2. For a given line l and a given

Axiom A3. There are three points on the

Batten, Lynn Margaret (1997), Combinatorics of Finite Geometries, Cambridge University

Hall, Marshall (1943), "Projective planes", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society,

Checked by: Reviewed by: Noted:

Lota Q. Baldemora, Ph.D. Amabella B. Reyes. Julieta P. Donato, Ed.D.

Recommended by: Approved by:

Preciosa D. Villacruel, MAT Alvaro T. Dioquino Jr., LPT, RN

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