Chapt-4 - Water ppt3903815982920931954

Rural Water Supply System
Sunday, February 23, 2020 Pratibha Parajuli Slide 1 of 39

Rural Water Supply System
General objectives of a water supply project are listed below:
• To provide whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose.
• To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of the
individuals and to make adequate provisions for emergencies like fire
fighting, festivals, meeting etc
• To make provision for future demands due to increase in population,
increase in standard of living, storage and conveyance.
• To prevent pollution of water at source, storage and conveyance.
• To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good condition
with adequate staff and materials.
• To design and maintain the system that is economical and reliable

Rural water supply
Positive impacts
• whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose
• Save time
• As time is saved in fetching water, there is time to engage in other
productive time, as a consequence socio economic activities of
individual, family and community is enhanced.
• Helps to uplift the living standard of people
• Maintain the personal hygiene as well as environmental cleanliness
• Improve the health condition

Rural water supply system
Negative impact
• Pollution caused in construction phase.
• Diversion of water disturbs basic ecology of river.
• Conflict among various water resources users of that watershed, if
not allocated fairly.
• Degradation of water quality
• Large quantity of waste water generation.

Rural water supply system
• Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and
other local conditions the water may be forced into distribution
system by following ways
1. Gravity system
2. Pumping system
3. Combined gravity and pumping system
Components of water supply system in rural and urban areas

Gravity system…
• Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.

• Most reliable and economical distribution system.
• The water head available at the consumer is just minimum required.
The remaining head is consumed in the frictional and other losses.

Pumping system…
➢Treated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main with out

storing.
➢Also called pumping without storage system.
➢High lifts pumps are required.
➢If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.
➢This method is not generally used.

Quantity and Quality consideration in rural
water supply system
Quantity consideration of water
Before designing any water supply project, it is required to
1. Determine demand
2. Fixation of design period and
3. Population forecast up to the end of the design period.

water supply system Contd…
Determine demand
Determining the demand is very necessary before designing any rural
water supply project. Demand is higher in developed countries and less
in developing countries. Likewise, demand is higher in urban areas than
in rural areas
Domestic demand: Domestic demand is the demand of water for home
use including drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and house
sanitation. It depends upon the habit, social status, climatic condition,
living standard etc.
For design practice in Nepal, rural area with public tap (no private
connection)=25 to 45 lpcd (generally 45 lpcd).
Livestock demand: The quantity of water required for domestic animals and
livestock is called livestock demand. Generally it is considered in rural water supply
but in Nepal it is also considered in urban areas. In practice, livestock demand is
taken up to 20% of domestic demand .( cow,buffalo,horses,dog,goat,birds,chickens)
Commercial and Institutional demand: It is demand for office building, warehouse,
stores, hotels, schools, hospitals, theaters, clubs etc.
Demand for public places or municipal demand: It includes washing and sprinkling
on road, cleaning sewers, watering public parks gardens etc. Generally 20 – 25 % of
the total demand is taken as this demand.
Compensate losses demand:It includes losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked
and broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings, unauthorized connection (theft ),
allowance for keeping tap open. It is taken as 0 for rural area.
water supply system Contd..
• Factors affecting demand
• Size and type of • Living standard of people:
community: System of
supply: • Climatic condition:
• Water rates: • Quality of water:
• Age of the community: • Pressure in the supply:
• Availability of local • Sanitation system:
sources: • Metering:
• Education and awareness • Affluent (wealthy) versus subsistence
of the people: (survival):
• Urban versus rural: • Habits of people:
• Public versus private tap • Distance to tap stand
stand:

Population forecast
• Economic factors:
• Development Program:
• Social facilities: Survey Year Base year Service year
• Communication and information:

(Designed year)
• Tourism: 2003 2005 2020
• Community Life: Base Period (2 Yrs) Design period (15 yrs)
• Unforeseen factors

water supply system Contd
Methods of Population Forecasting
After fixing the design period, it is necessary to forecast or estimate the
future population for the end of the service year because it fluctuates
due to the death, birth and migrations.
different methods of population forecasting.
• Arithmetic Increase method
• Geometrical increase method
• Incremental Increase method

Quality of water
• Water in absolutely pure form is not found in nature. It contains
solids, dissolved salts and dissolved gases as impurities.
• Water that meets following criteria
• Free from bacteria causing diseases
• Colorless and sparkling
• Tasty, odor free and cool
• Does not corrode pipes
• Free from all objectionable matter

• Wholesome water: water is fit to use for drinking, cooking, food
preparation or washing without any potential danger to human
health
• Palatable water: water which is tasteful in drinking and aesthetically
pure
• Potable water: water having both characteristics of wholesome and
palatable
• Contaminated water: Water containing pathogenic organism

Examination of water:
• To ascertain the quality of water and quantity of various impurities.
• To know the outline of the treatment process for required quality
• To make daily treatment in treatment plants.
• To check the treat water is as per standard or not.
Examination of water is divided into three classes
1. Physical examination
2. Chemical examination
3. Microbiological examination

1.Physical examination:
✓Color
✓Taste and odor
✓Temperature
2.Chemical examination:
Total solid: This examination gives total solid content, suspended, dissolved and
colloidal solid. The total solid content should be less than 500 ppm.
Hardness: It is a characteristic which prevents formation of leather with soap.
Hardness in water is caused due to presence of salts such as carbonates,
bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Total hardness is
composed of two components-temporary hardness and permanent hardness.
Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen is dissolved in water either from atmosphere or due to
activities of algae or other tiny plant in water
3. Microbiological examination :
• Virus
• bacteria

Maintenance and upkeep of traditional water
supply system
The purpose of a water distribution system is to provide an adequate
and reliable supply of safe water to its users. Operation and
maintenance are those activities needed to continuously fulfill this
purpose.
Maintenance entails condition assessment, servicing, repair and
replacement of system components.
When maintenance is done before a system element fails in order to
prevent it from failing, this is called proactive maintenance.
Maintenance done after a component failure is called reactive
maintenance.

supply system

supply system
pipe fiting ,
pumps,
distribution system ,
side cleaning ,
settling basin cleaning ,
intake source cleaning

Rainwater harvesting
Why rain water harvesting is important ?

Rainwater harvesting
❑For our water requirement we entirely depend upon
rivers, lakes and ground water. However rain is the
ultimate source that feeds all these sources. Rain water
harvesting means to make optimum use of rain water at
the place where it falls i.e. conserve it and not allow to
drain away and cause floods elsewhere.
❑The rain water harvesting may be defined as the
technique of collection and storage of rain water at
surface or in sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as
surface run off.

Advantages of Rainwater harvesting
➢Promotes adequacy of underground water
➢ Mitigates the effect of drought
➢Reduces soil erosion as surface run-off is
reduced
➢Reduces flood hazards
➢Improves ground water quality / decreases
salinity (by dilution)
Advantages of Rainwater harvesting
➢Improves ground water table, thus saving energy (to
lift water)
➢The cost of recharging subsurface aquifer is lower
than surface reservoirs
➢The subsurface aquifer also serves as storage and
distribution system
➢No land is wasted for storage purpose and no
population displacement is involved
➢Storing water underground is environment friendly
Rain water harvesting methods
• There are three methods of harvesting rain water as given below :
(a) Storing rain water for direct use.
(b) Recharging ground water aquifers, from roof top run off.
(c) Recharging ground water aquifers with runoff from ground area.

Fig: Recharging ground water aquifers from

Fig : Storing rain water for direct use roof top run off

1)Storing rain water for direct use
• In place where the rains occur throughout the year, rain water can be
stored in tanks. However, at places where rains are for 2 to 3 months,
huge volume of storage tanks would have to be provided. In such
places, it will be more appropriate to use rain water to recharge
ground water aquifers rather than to go for storage. If the strata is
impermeable, then storing rain water in storage tanks for direct use is
a better. Storing rain water for direct use method. Similarly, if the
ground water is saline/unfit for human consumption or ground water
table is very deep, this method of rain water harvesting is preferable.

2)Recharging ground water aquifers from roof top run off
• Rain water that is collected on the roof top of the building may be
diverted by drain pipes to a filtration tank (for bore well, through
settlement tank) from which it flows into the recharge well. The
recharge well should preferably be shallower than the water table.
This method of rain water harvesting is preferable in the areas where
the rainfall occurs only for a short period in a year and water table is
at a shallow depth. The various methods of recharging ground water
aquifers from roof top runoff are discussed separately.

3)Recharging ground water aquifers with
runoff from ground areas
The rain water that is collected from the
open areas may be diverted by drain pipes
to a recharge dug well / bore well through
filter tanks. The abandoned bore well/dug
well can be used cost effectively for this
purpose. Recharging ground water aquifers
with runoff from ground areas

Groundwater development and tube well
technology
Groundwater is an important natural resource. The precipitation
infiltrates into the ground and travels down until it reaches the
impervious stratum where it is stored as groundwater. It is stored in the
pores present in the geological formations such as soil, rock, sand, etc.
There are four different types of geological formations of groundwater :
• Aquifer(Sand, Gravel)
• Aquitard(Sandy clay)
• Aquiclude(Clay)
• Aquifuge(Compact rocks )

technology
Partly permeable
Partly Permeable (Sandy clay)
(Clay)
Impermeable

technology
1. Aquifer
An aquifer is a saturated formation of the earth. It not only stores the
water but also yields it in adequate quantity. Aquifers are highly
permeable formations and hence they are considered as main sources
of groundwater applications. Unconsolidated deposits of sand and
gravel are examples of an aquifer.
Aquifers are classified into two types based on their occurrence which
are as follows :
• Unconfined aquifer
• Confined Aquifer

technology

technology
• Unconfined aquifer
An unconfined aquifer is an aquifer which has free water surface – which means
the water table exists for this type of aquifer. This is also called as water table
aquifer or free aquifer or phreatic aquifer. Unconfined aquifers are recharged by
the infiltration of precipitation from the ground surface.
• Confined Aquifer
• A confined aquifer is an aquifer confined between two impermeable beds such as
aquifuge, aquiclude, etc. The water in the confined aquifer will be under greater
pressure which is greater than atmospheric pressure. Hence, the water level
shown by piezometer is always higher than the top level of the confined aquifer.
The recharge of confined aquifer occurs at a place where it exposes to the ground
surface.

Tube well technology
• Home work
• Bring in A4 sheet

Ferrocement Tank
One of the primary requirements of a water harvesting system is that
of containers to store the harvested water in a hygienic condition. This
need is more pronounced in high-rainfall areas, where it is more
feasible to store water in containers for direct use, rather than for
recharging the groundwater. Generally, in small domestic systems, the
cost of constructing tanks with conventional materials like masonry or
RCC is far more than that of the rainwater collection and piping
component. Ferrocement can provide a low-cost and easy-to-build
solution to the need for low-cost containers

Ferrocement Tank
Ferrocement consists of a thin sheet of cement mortar which is
reinforced with a cage made of wire mesh and steel bars. Because
ferrocement is structurally more efficient than masonry, the
thickness of the walls of the container are as low as 10 to 15 mm.

Ferrocement Tank
Ferrocement components can be casted in any shape using suitable
mould.
The technology is extremely simple to implement, and even semi-
skilled work persons can learn it with ease.
Ferrocement requires only a few easily available materials - cement,
sand, galvanized iron (GI) wire mesh, and mild steel (MS) bars - in
small amounts compared to masonry and RCC.

Chapt-4 - Water ppt3903815982920931954

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Rural Water Supply System

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Components of water supply system in rural and urban areas

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• Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.

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➢Treated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main with out

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• Communication and information:

• Tourism: 2003 2005 2020

• Community Life: Base Period (2 Yrs) Design period (15 yrs)

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Fig: Recharging ground water aquifers from

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Partly Permeable (Sandy clay)

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