HAND CALCULATION (IS:456-2000)

Given:

Type of retaining wall Cantilever

Soil bearing capacity (q0) 250 kN/m2
Angle of Internal friction (ϕ) 300
Coefficient of internal friction (µ) 0.5
Grade of concrete M 20
Density of concrete 25 kN/m3
Grade of Rebar FE 415
Unit weight of Soil (γ ) 26.362 kN/m3

(1) Coefficients of Earth pressure:

ϕ = 300
1−sin ϕ
Ka = 1+sin ϕ

1−sinπ /6
= 1+sinπ /6

= 1/3
1
∴ Kp = Ka =3

(2) Preliminary dimension:

γ = 26.362 kN/m3

Soil Bearing capacity of soil q0 = 250 kN/m2

 2
q0 1−sin ϕ
∴ The minimum depth of foundation is dmin = [
γ 1+ sin ϕ ]
2
250 1
= []
26.362 3

= 1.05 m

∴ Provide depth of foundation as 1.20 m

∴ Overall height of retaining wall, H = 3+1.20 m =4.20m

(3) Base width (b) :

For 'T' shaped retaining wall, the minimum base width may be taken
3P
as : b= √ 2γ
.

1 1 1
p= k a γ H 2= × × 26.362× ( 4.20 )2=77.50 kN
2 2 3

3P 3 ×77.50
∴ b= √ √
2γ
=
2 ×26.362
=2.0999 m

∴ Provide base width, b=2.1 m

1 1
Consider toe width ¿ 3 ×b= 3 × 2.1=0.7 m

∴ Provide toe width = 0.7m

(4)Thickness of base slab:

Here the constraint given by Gujarat Tourism is of 0.5 m.

∴ Provide uniform thickness of base slab = 0.5 m

(4)Thickness of stem at base:

Pa=k a γh

since h=4.2-0.5m=3.7m

∴ Maximummoment at the base of stem=¿

P a=
( 12 k γ h )× h3 = 12 × 13 ×26.362 × ( 3.7) =222.55 kN .m
a
2 3

∴ Factored moment=1.5 ×222.55 kN . m

M u=333.828 kN . m

For FE415 Grade steel,

M u=0.138 × f ck × b× d 2 [ consider b=1 m ]

333.83 ×106 =0.138 ×20 ×1000 ×d 2

∴d=347.79m

∴ consider 50 mm effective cover,

∴ Total d for stem required= 347.79+50

=397.97mm

∴ Provide total depth of stem= 400 mm

∴ width of heel=2.1-0.7-0.4=1m

∴ Provide top width of stem= 0.20m

∴ Provide shear key of size0.4 m×0.5 mbelow base to prevent sliding

of the wall.
ALLTHE DIMENSIONS ARE∈m
.
(5) Stability calculations:
For Horizontal load:

Load type Horizontal Perpendicul Moment about

load(kN) ar distance A(kN.m)
from A(m)

Active earth 1 4.2 130.2 kN . m

×36.9 × 4.2=93 kN =1.4
2 3
pressure

Total Pah=93 kN (←) M o=130.2 kN . m(↺)

∴ Sliding force, Pah=93 kN (←)

Overturning moment, Mo=130.2 kN.m (↺)

For Vertical load:

Load type Vertical load(kN) Perpendicula Moment about

r distance A(kN.m)
from A(m)

1. Stem W 1=(3.7 × 0.2)×25 0.7+ 0.2+ 0.1=1 m 18.5 kN . m

W1

2. Stem 1 2 7.696 kN . m
W2
W 2= ( 2 )
× 0.2×3.7 ×25 0.7+ +0.2=0.832m
3

3. Base W 3 =( 2.1× 0.5 ) × 25 4 52.5 kN . m

=2m
2
Slab W3
 4. Shear W 4=( 0.4 × 0.5 ) ×25 0.4 4.5 kN .m
0.7+ =0.9 m
2
Key W4

5. Backfill W 5 =( 1× 6.2 ) × 26.362 0.7+ 0.4+0.5=1.6 m 261.504 kN . m

W5

Total ΣW =222.44 kN Total

Σ M r =344.7 kN . m(↻)
(↓)

Let distance of CG of vertical loads from the face of the toe, i.e.
from A is x́ .

∴ ΣW ∙ x́=Net moment at A ( toe )

344.7−130.002
x́= =0.965 m
222.44

b 2.1
Hence, eccentricity ¿ e= 2 −x= 2
−0.965=0.085 m.

Maximum pressure at A(Toe):

ΣW 6 e 222.44 6 × 0.085
Pmax =
b [
1+
b
=
2.1] 1+
2.1 [ ]
=131.64 kN /m 2 at Toe.

Minimum pressure at B(Heel):

ΣW 6 e 222.44 6 × 0.085
Pmin =
b [
1−
b
=
2.1] 1−
2.1 [ =80.199 kN /m2] at Heel.

kN
Pmax =131.64 2
<SBC of Soil=250 kN /m 2
m

Hence, Safe.
kN
Pmin =80.19 >0 i. e . not negative .
m2
∴ Therefore, no tension at base.

Factor of safety against overturning:

Restoring moment ¿ 344.7 kN . m ( ↻ )

Overturning moment = 130.2 kN . m(↺)

M r 344.7
F . S= = =2.64>1.55 … . safe
M o 130.2

Factor of safety against sliding:

Sliding force = 134.67 kN ( ← )

Frictional force = μ ∙ Σ W =0.5× 222.44=111.22kN (→)

Passive force under the base of key:

h1 =0.5 m+ 0.5 m

Pa= K a × γ × h1=3 ×26.362 ×1=79.086 kN /m 2

1
∴ Total Pa= 2 × 79.086× 1=39.543 kN (→)

∴ Total restoring force

¿ μ ∙ Σ W + Pa =111.22+39.543=150.763 kN (→)

restoring force 150.763

F . S= = =1.62>1.55 ....safe
sliding force 93

Hence, the wall is safe.