La Consolacion College of Daet, Inc.

Froilan Pimentel Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte 4600

ISSUES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 26

AND MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO.242-2012 AT DAET, CAMARINES
NORTE,
SY 2017-2018
________________________________________________________________________

GROUP 1

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
in Practical Research 1

Researchers:

FRANCISCO, Zyrah B.

PINEDA, Oryhens Charist Grace J.

SANTIAGO, Dorothy N.
 CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke

breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. It is primarily practiced for

recreational drug use because the combustion of the dried plant leaves vaporizes and

delivers active substances into the lungs where they are rapidly absorbed into the

bloodstream and reach bodily tissue. Examples of products used for smoking are

cigarette, cigar, pipe, shisha/hookah, and more.

Smoking negatively affects an individual’s health. Smoking harms nearly every

organ of human body. Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is

also responsible for any other cancers and health issues. These includes cardiovascular

diseases such as coronary heart diseases and stroke; respiratory diseases such as COPD,

emphysema, and chronic bronchitis and other lung diseases. Smoking may result to

cancer on oropharynx, bladder, blood, cervix, esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas,

trachea, bronchus, and lungs. These effects stated were only few of the health issues

caused by smoking.

Thus, the Philippine Government implemented laws to create smoke-free

environments. Specifically, these laws are Executive Order No. 26 proclaimed by

President Rodrigo ROA Duterte of the Philippines, and Municipal Ordinance No.242-

2012 by the Municipality of Daet, Camarines Norte. These laws are responsible for

1
providing smoke-free environments and to protect minors from the harmful effects and

usage of smoking.

The Executive Order No. 26, entitled “Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-

Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places”, was issued by Philippine President

Rodrigo Duterte on May 16, 2017. This executive order invoked the Clean Air Act of

1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in

all public places in the Philippines. The ban replicates on a national level an existing

ordinance in Davao City that Duterte created as mayor in 2002.

In addition, The Honorable Sangguniang Bayan of Daet, Camarines Norte in the

year September 24, 2012 ordained the Municipal Ordinance No. 242-2012. This is an

ordinance prohibiting minors to purchase, sell or, smoke cigarette and/or other tobacco

products and regulating smoking in public places, including public conveyances and

providing penalties thereto in accordance with the implementing rules and regulations of

Republic Act No. 9211 also known as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

Despite the issuance of the stated laws regarding with smoke-free environments,

the Municipality of Daet, a first class municipality and capital of Camarines Norte,

Philippines, still has relevant and contemporary records of a) minors that purchase and

smoke cigarette and/or other tobacco products b) citizens smoking in public conveyances

such as motorcycles, tricycles, jeepneys, buses and other similar vehicles c) citizens

smoking in public places such as transportation terminals, markets, parks,

walkways/sidewalks, waiting areas, and the like d) any person who sell and distribute to

minors e) any person ordering a minor to light up, buy, distribute or deliver tobacco

2
products. These are the only prohibited acts that the researchers were aware of that takes

place at Daet, Camarines Norte so far.

In regard with the term “Smoke-Free Environment”, there are certain places in

which it is authentically declared as “Smoke-Free”. To name a few, these places are

Davao City and Legazpi City. In these said cities no establishments, convenience stores,

or individuals sell tobacco products due to successful implementation of ordinances and

“smoke-free” policies. Also, there are only few DSAs (Designated Smoking Areas)

wherein it is an open space and does not provide comfort such as umbrellas, tables, chairs

etc. to smokers.

The researchers then as concerned citizens of the respected municipality, country

rather, and students of La Consolacion College of Daet propose an idea to identify certain

factors that negatively affect the implementation of Executive Order No. 26 and

Municipality Ordinance No. 242-2012 at Daet, Camarines Norte.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers’ awareness about the occurrence of the prohibited and unlawful

acts, regarding only with the Executive Order No. 26 and Municipality Ordinance No.

242-2012, that takes place at Daet, Camarines Norte led to theoretical questions.

1. What are the factors that negatively affect the implementation of Executive Order

No. 26 and Municipality Ordinance No. 242-2012 at Daet, Camarines Norte?

2. Who are the people organizations or government responsible and involved for

implementing laws and what actions or solutions they have done so far about the

said issue?

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 3. What is the impact of poor implementation of Executive Order No. 26 and

Municipality Ordinance No. 242-2012 to the citizens, minors and adults?

Scope and Limitation

This research will take place in the parameter of Daet, Camarines Norte. The

researchers will conduct an interview with the Local Government Unit and certain

government officials whom are responsible for implementing laws regarding with smoke-

free environments. Also, this research will include interaction with defiant and/or non-

defiant smokers, adult and/or minors, which resides at Daet Camarines Norte.

This research will also involve establishments, convenience stores, individuals

who sell products used for smoking. Any concerned and affected citizens by second and

third hand-smokes of the Municipality of Daet will also be involved in the research. The

researchers might as well conduct an interview to those who violates the Executive order

No. 26 and Municipality Ordinance No. 242-2012.

Significance of the Study

The following are the people whom will benefit in the said research:

Local Government Units. The government will be able to strengthen their enforcement

on implementing the laws with defiant and unlawful smokers. Administrative cases will

be reduced against government officials.

Smokers. The statistics of smokers will be reduced if there is a successful

implementation of Executive No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance of 242-2012. This

research instills health consciousness and right to health among smokers

4
Citizens. This research provides citizens to breath clean air and provide satisfaction to

the citizens of Municipality of Daet.

Minors. Any person below eighteen years old will be protected and safe against the

harmful effects of smoking. Minors will be protected against recreational drug use and

nicotine addiction against smoking.

Environment. The successful implementation of the said laws will reduce air pollution.

The smoke-free environment provide air that is free from tobacco smoke.

Public Health. Establishment of safe-free environments will reduce the cases of death,

tobacco related diseases such as stroke, heart disease, emphysema, various cancers etc.

Hereby, the recipients will know enough information about the issue. Smokers

will have more mindfulness with respect to the Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal

Ordinance No. 242-2012. Consequently, Local Government Unit would now be able to

make a move to outright the usage of the law on the grounds that the Local Government

Unit will have a premise to the circumstances and logical results of the issue through the

exploration directed by the student of La Consolacion College of Daet.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This study includes extensive research into the literature and studies which are

associated with the proposed investigation. It comprises of data about the effect of the

Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance No. 242-2012, and its significance.

Related Literature

Hudson Jr. (2008), stated that smokers often insist they have the individual right

to smoke. Smoking, after all, is still a legal activity for adults. But non-smokers have

rights, too. The personal preferences of smokers should not trump the right of

nonsmokers to breathe clean air in a healthy environment. In other words, smokers may

have the right to harm their own health but not the health of others. The clear trend in

American society is to segregate, if not eliminate, smoking in public places. Smoking is

prohibited in airplanes, sports stadiums, places of employment, and many restaurants.

Non-smokers have successfully petitioned city and state legislators for an increasing

array of smoking restrictions.

Same as the present study of implementing the executive order No. 26 and the

municipal ordinance No. 242-2012 in Daet, Camarines Norte. This study also infers that

smokers neglects the right of non-smoker citizen; that is the purpose of the researchers’

proposed study; to give righteous to the order. This previous study will help give support

to it.

6
 Hudson Jr. (2008) also cited that many state and local governments have

responded with broad restrictions on smokers. The state of Delaware passed a law

prohibiting smoking in “any indoor enclosed area to which the general public is invited or

in which the general public is permitted.” New York City (2002) and Dallas (2003) are

two examples of cities that have recently passed highly restrictive smoking laws.

Commentators estimated in a 2002 article that more than 1,400 local jurisdictions across

the United States have passed antismoking regulations.

Relatedly with the present study, this will in fact be helpful when it comes to the

latter part of the study, because of the influences of the government regarding with the

empowerment of the ordinance.

Prohibiting smoke in careful scientific studies, in view of both exceedingly exact

numerical demonstrating methods and in addition, genuine estimations have

demonstrated that centralizations of used tobacco smoke in numerous open air territories

are frequently as high or higher in some indoor zones and that the dangers presented by

such outside introduction, while little to most people, are well past commonly

acknowledged standards when huge quantities of individuals are automatically

uncovered. For these extremely reasons, the State of California in a report outlining a lot

of this proof – was getting ready and has now announced OUTDOOR tobacco smoke as a

"poisonous air contamination."

It is stated above that the usage of tobacco smoke over the years had simply gone

up especially in indoor zones and as well as the outside zone. Due to the increase of

pollution, which are known as the “poisonous air contamination” this study will give

proof to the present study about the significance of the ordinance.

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 Thus, for individuals without such respiratory conditions, breathing floating

tobacco smoke for even concise periods can be dangerous. For instance, the Centers for

Disease Controls [CDC] has cautioned that breathing floating tobacco smoke for as

meager as 30 minutes can raise a nonsmoker's danger of enduring a lethal heart assault to

that of a smoker. The threat is considerably more noteworthy for the individuals who are

as of now at a lifted hazard for coronary issues: e.g., men more than 40 and

postmenopausal ladies, any individual who is hefty, has diabetes, an individual or family

ancestry of heart or circulatory conditions, gets deficient exercise, has hypertension,

cholesterol, etc.

Parallel with the researchers’ study about the reasons of implementing the

ordinance is because of many citizens faces physical health problems evidently in the

lungs as what is stated at the study above.

Study has shown that passive smokers would typically have cotinine levels of

about 1 % of those found in active smokers (Le Souëf 2000). Nearly half the world’s

children—700 million—breathe tobacco smoke, often in their own homes. Furthermore,

adolescents who grow up in smoking homes are more likely to smoke themselves

(Muilenburg Legge et al. 2009; Schlein 2008). Infants and nonsmoking children who are

chronically exposed to in utero and ETS have an increased risk of respiratory diseases,

malignancy, and other health problems that result in increased hospitalizations and days

lost from school (White et al. 1991).

The study concludes that even a non-smoker citizen would be affected caused by

the first-hand smokers, the relativity of this study to the proposed study is that it will

show how crucial to implement ordinance.

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 The purpose behind prohibiting smoke around building doors is straightforward.

Individuals ought not be compelled to be presented to known cancer-causing substances

for even the briefest time-frames, and on the grounds that even short introduction can

likewise be irritating and chafing to numerous individuals, nonsmokers ought not be

compelled to "run a gauntlet" of smokers accumulated around the ways out and passages

to their working environments or different structures which they are probably going to

visit.

The study above indicates that behind all the prohibiting acts about smoke it has a

multiple reason to it, that is relatedly to decrease and to avoid the cancer-causing

substances which the citizens can acquire if the local government units will not empower

the enforcement of the ordinance.

There are exercises and pictures which may be improper for youthful children as

well as which may lead them into unfortunate propensities are frequently denied out in

the open spots, regardless of whether they represent no well-being hazard and may even

be fitting in regions visited deliberately just by grown-ups. For instance, for all intents

and purposes all regions have since quite a while ago precluded utilization of smoking

out in the open spots like stops and shorelines.

Consequently, youthful are most likely prone to adapt acts that are not necessary

for them, particularly adults smoking in public areas may lead children to misconceptions

that it is a good thing to do. This study also shows the significance of the ordinance to be

implement.

Each restriction on smoking additionally sends an unmistakable instructive

message to the smoker that his direct isn't attractive – and to be sure is observed to bother

9
and aggravating if not offensive – by a vast greater part of others. At last, smoking bans

help those effectively attempting to stop by having a tendency to guarantee that they

won't be enticed by being within the sight of a smoker, smell the "enticing" fragrance of

tobacco smoke, and so on. While not the essential contention or reason in establishing

open air smoking bans, this extra huge impact of such bans likely could be a factor in

choosing to help such general wellbeing measures.

Complementary to this is also the researchers’ study about the implementation of

the executive order No. 26 and municipal ordinance No. 242-2012; it concludes that the

action of the prohibitions is to give signals to those smokers that they’re exceedingly

surpassing the limitations, that it affects the rights of non-smokers to breathe in a non-

cancer-causing air.

In recent years, smoking has been banned in public places in several countries.

Prohibition of smoking at workplaces has been shown to lead to lower levels of smoking

by individuals and an increase in rates of quitting tobacco use. Therefore, a

comprehensive smoke-free policy at the workplace can have a strong and positive

influence on the behavior of smoking workers, since they are less exposed to ETS at

work, their attempts to quit smoking will be supported, and the general perception of

smoking is changing (Broder et al. 1993; Stillman et al. 1990).

Hence, this study tells that providing the ordinance can increasingly influence

citizens to terminate smoking because of the confinement taken by the government

officials.

Moreover, there is also evidence from a review of the literature on the economic

effects of smoke-free environments around the world that no study had a negative

10
economic impact, giving on the other hand a neutral or positive impact on businesses

(Scollo et al. 2003).

With that said, empowering the smoke-free law will guarantee good impact to the

environment, people and much more. This study provides support to the latter part of the

present study.

Related Studies

One study by Corbett, K. K. (2001) reveals that for most smokers, tobacco

dependence begins in childhood or adolescence. This review summarizes the state of

social science with respect to the prevention of tobacco use. Social ecology is introduced

as a theoretical framework useful for organizing prevention approaches.

This speaks about the root of smoking habits which what stated above it begins at

the stage of juvenility and as well as adolescence.

Warning signs had no effect on vendors' compliance with the state minors' access

law, and failure to question minors about their age substantially increased the odds of a

successful purchase. Arday, D. R., Klevens, R. M., Nelson, D. E., Huang, P., Giovino, G.

A., & Mowery, P. (1997).

This study explains that even though there is an existing law regarding smoking,

vendors still neglects the age restriction limits caused by the public selling cigarettes

nearby streets and stores called as “takatak.”

Parents and friends are the primary sources of tobacco for new smokers. When

stealing from parents can no longer satisfy the need for cigarettes, young adolescents ask

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strangers to buy them tobacco. For high school age smokers, teenage store clerks are a

major source. DiFranza, J. R., & Coleman, M. (2001).

The difference between this study and to the researchers’ title is that it gives

emphasis to the merchandising of cigarettes and how the social interaction influences the

victim.

Individuals who become incarcerated also have higher rates of chronic illnesses

that are exacerbated by smoking, such as hypertension (24% among incarcerated

vs. 18% in community), diabetes (7.0% vs. 4.8%), and asthma (8.5% vs. 7.8%) (National

Commission on Correctional Health Care, 2006).

This study has similarities with regards to the researchers’ title, because smoking

covers a lot specially with health problems stated above.

According to a recent survey (Kauffman, Ferketich, & Wewers, 2008) of 49 state

correctional departments and the Federal Bureau of Prisons, 60% of prison systems report

having total smoking bans, and 87% don’t allow smoking indoors (Kauffman, et al.,

2008). However, smoking cessation programs for those entering prison, or relapse

prevention programs for those returning to the community, have not typically

accompanied these smoking bans.

This studies also supports the researcher’s study as well because of the similarity

on implementing the ordinance.

Recently, many prisons have implemented smoking bans, but almost none have

relapse prevention programs to help maintain abstinence post-release (Kauffman, et al.,

2008).

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 This study also shows the poor implementation of executive order No. 26 that

even though many prisons proposed this act there are still who do not give emphasis with

regards to the ordinance proposed by the president of the Philippines.

Prior to widespread implementation of prison smoking bans there were

predictions that they would have little long term benefit, as incarcerated people would

immediately resume smoking on release (Butler, et al., 2007).

This study reveals that due to the implementation of the ordinance, government

officials receive benefits because of the confinement acquired to the imprison.

Based on the scientific evidence, the Conference of the Parties to the WHO

Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (WHOFCTC) has concluded that 100%

smoke-free environments are the only proven way to adequately protect health of people

from the harmful effects of second-hand tobacco smoke because no level of exposure is

available. Full enforcement of smoke-free laws is critical to establishing credibility,

especially following their enactment. It may be necessary to actively and publicly enforce

the law in the period directly after smoke-free laws are enacted to demonstrate the

government’s commitment to ensuring the compliance.

The relativity of the study to the researchers’ study is the empowerment of full

enforcement of smoke-free laws in Daet, Camarines Norte.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers

concluded in 2005 that comprehensive smoke-free laws are the only effective means of

eliminating the risks associated with second-hand tobacco smoke, and that ventilation

techniques should not be relied upon to control health risks from second hand tobacco

13
smoke exposure. This position statement concurs that other findings that ventilation and

designated smoking areas do not prevent exposure second-hand tobacco smoke.

Similar to the researchers’ study the implementation of the executive order No. 26

and municipal ordinance No. 242-2012 in Daet, Camarines Norte is the only way to

lessen air pollution.

According to Dr. Ala Alwan, Assistant Director-General of WHO Tobacco

control is relatively inexpensive to implement, and the return is enormous. Tobacco use

kills or disables many people their most productive years, which denies families their

primary wage-earners, consumes family budgets, raises the cost of health care and hinder

economic developments. While there are some costs associated with tobacco control

programs, these costs can be overwhelming offset by raising tobacco taxes.

This study is connected to the present study, it indicates that the implementation

of Tobacco control is not expensive to enforce. Furthermore, it will make a big help to

the community of Daet, Camarines Norte if the law will be accomplished.

Synthesis of the Art

The similarities of the researchers’ study between the obtained studies of Hudson

Jr., Le Souëf, Muilenburg Legge, Schlein, Broder, Stillman, Scollo, Corbett, K. K,

Kauffman, Ferketich, Wewers, Butler and Dr. Ala Alwan, Arday D. R., Klevents R. M.,

Nelson D. E., Huang P., Giovino G. A., Mowery, P., DiFranza J. R, and Coleman M is

that the first thirteen studies declared that smokers neglect the right of non-smoker

citizens, the relativity of this study to the proposed study is that it shows how crucial it is

to give empowerment with regards to the implementation of the ordinance in particular to

14
the Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance No. 242-2012 in Daet, Camarines

Norte.

The differences of the researchers’ study between the obtained studies of Arday

D. R., Klevents R. M., Nelson D. E., Huang P., Giovino G. A., Mowery, P., DiFranza J.

R, and Coleman M is that the researchers main focus is to give highlights to the

implementation of the ordinance which is the executive order No. 26 and municipal

ordinance No. 242-2012. To differentiate their studies to the present study, they focus

more on the health issues obtained by both smokers and non-smokers. Also, the

difference between this study and to the researchers’ proposed study is that it gives

emphasis to the merchandising of cigarettes and how the social interaction influences the

victim.

Conceptual Framework

It is said that smoke-free policies have a huge impact in the society health since it

has an effect on reducing the exposure to second-hand smokers, lessen the frequency of

smokers, encouraging the smokers to quit, and lastly to reduce cigarettes consumptions

amongst smokers. This conceptual framework will represent the response of the citizens

to the intervention of the Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance No. 242-2012

in Daet, Camarines Norte.

Initially, the concept begins with the smoker. The smoker is a person who

regularly smokes tobacco products such as cigarettes, pipes, hookahs etc. With the

practice of smoking, smoker’s health is negatively affected harming nearly every organ

of the human body. It leads to the increasing number of diseases and mortality rates. The

15
smoker’s health is not the only factor that is affected but the surroundings as well.

Smokers, by emitting secondhand smokes, expose the nonsmokers to its serious harmful

health effects.

Although the harmful effects of smoking are prevented by the implementation of

smoke-free laws such as the Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance No. 242-

2012. This factor intervenes with the negative effects of smoking which leads to reduced

statistics of smokers, less second-hand smoke exposure and provides smoke–free

environments as well.

Reduced statistics of smokers would occur if the laws regarding with smoke free

environment is successfully implemented. Smokers would have the need to quit smoking

in order to comply with the said laws. It would also instill health consciousness among

tobacco users.

In addition above, number of smokers of attempting to quit smoking would also

increase. The smoke-free laws would be a primary and positive factor to motivate the

smokers in attempt to quit smoking. It would even reduce the number of cigarettes that

the continuing smokers consume.

If there is an increase of quit attempts regarding with smoking there is also a

probability that the smoking cessation would increase. Comprehensive smoke-free

policies in workplaces reduce active smoking behaviors including cigarette consumption

and smoking prevalence. There are several pathways for this effect including lower

visibility of role models who smoke, fewer opportunities to smoke alone or with others,

and diminished social acceptability and social advantage for smoking.

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 Smoking relapse is a dynamic process and most smokers would make numerous

attempts before successfully remaining abstinent over the long-term. Irrespective of the

strategies used to quit smoking, relapse prevention approaches place an emphasis on the

post-treatment maintenance of the behavior change. However, it is proven that smoke

free-laws are effective factor on preventing smoking relapses to happen.

With the reduced statistics of smokers, it would result to less exposure of

secondhand tobacco smoke. Nonsmokers would be safe from the harmful effects of

secondhand smoke such as lung cancer diseases and deaths. Less exposure of secondhand

smoke would result to a smoke-free environment.

Statistics of diseases and mortality rates related with the concept of smoking

would drop if there is no tobacco exposure to individuals. The harmful chemicals

associated with tobacco products would no longer affect an individual due to the smoke-

free environment. Health cases such as coronary heart diseases and stroke; respiratory

diseases such as COPD, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis and other lung diseases

would be reduced.

Smoke-free environment provide protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in

public places. Completely smoke fee environments protect smokers and non-smokers,

reduce tobacco use in current smokers and also help individuals who want to quit.

Providing a smoke-free environment is beneficiary to every individual in the society.

The analytic framework illustrates the pathways through which smoke-free policy

interventions are hypothesized to affect intermediate and health outcomes. The subject of

this research are the selected non-smokers and smokers of Daet, Camarines Norte.

17
 Conceptual Paradigm

Executive
Order No. 26

Less second-
Reduced Statistics hand- tobacco ?
Smokers smoke
of Smokers
exposure

?
Less Relapse Smoke-Free
Reduced cases
Environment
of diseases
Increase of quit
attempts Increase in
Successful
Cessation

Reduction of
mortality

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 Figure 1. The Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of this study formulated by Ajzen, and Fishbein in

2008. The theory of reasoned action assumes that health behavior choices are the result of

a process of reasoning and are based on the information available to the individual who is

making the behavioral choice. According to this theory, an individual’s intention to act is

the single best predictor of behavior. This intention to perform a determined behavior is

shaped by the combination of the following three components.

The first component is that individual’s attitude toward performing the

behavior for instance, belief that taking up smoking will lead to certain outcomes and the

expected value of the outcome. Secondly, is to perceived social norms toward performing

the behavior for example belief that a specific member of the community thinks that one

should or should not take up smoking cigarettes. Lastly, are the motivations to comply

(the degree to which, in general, one wants to do what the referent thinks one should

perform it).

Mass media campaigns should influence the strengths of a belief that drives

behavior. For different groups of people, different consequences of performing the

behavior may be salient and may be held with different belief strengths. Therefore, the

attitudes, social norms, and motivation driving the behavior for one group for instance

19
teenagers may differ considerably for another group suchlike to adults, elderly, and as a

result, communication messages should vary accordingly.

Theoretical Paradigm

Person’s attitude
toward performing
the behavior

Intention to
perform a
Health Perceived social
determine
Communications norms
behavior

Motivation to
comply

Figure 2. The Theoretical Paradigm of the Study

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Definition of Terms

Act. The process of doing something to accomplish it effectively.

Behavior. The manner of conducting especially toward something.

Implementation. To give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by

concrete measures.

Ordinance. An authoritative decree or direction, a law set forth by a

governmental authority.

Smoking. To suck the smoke from the cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc., into your

mouth and lungs and then exhale it.

Smoking Cessation. The point at which a person attains abstinence of smoking.

Smoking Relapse. A return to smoking after a period of abstinence.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology of the study, specifically,

research design, population and sampling, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and

data analysis. It further shows the steps the proponents followed to achieve the objectives

of the research. The data gathered were ensured to be relevant to the subject of the study.

Research Design

The primary purpose of this study is exploratory which its major emphasis is on

discovery of ideas and insights. The researchers’ qualitative study will follow and use the

Grounded Theory Research Method which gives highlight for discovering a new theory

to support the data collection at a time of data analysis. The researcher’s study will be

conducting an interviews and different set of questions. Its main purpose is to gather

realistic time-bound and accurate information coming from the respondents whom will

certainly contribute to comprehend the intention of the objectives and the possible

solutions of this study.

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Population and Sampling

Non-probability sampling method will be used; specifically, the judgmental

sampling method wherein the researchers choose subjects corresponding to the objectives

of the research. The researchers’ will be selecting respondents that are directly involved

with smoking. The identified residents and official will be the selected as the subject of

the interview and given questionnaire.

Instrumentation

Data gathering is to get information by using questionnaire and conducting

interview with the selected respondents on why they defy the implementation of an

Executive Order No. 26 and Municipal Ordinance No. 242-2012. The instrument is

constructed by a set of questions that would correspond to the objective of the study. The

researchers will soon conduct a scheduled interview depending on the availability of the

few selected government officials of the Local Government Unit. Researchers will use

the measures of validity which is the criterion validity. Criterion validity is used because

it involves the correlation between the test and a criterion variable taken as representative

of the construct.

Data gathering procedure

In order to get the information necessary to reach the objective of the study, the

researchers will follow the standard procedures in conducting a research. Through a

formal letter request to the respondents, permission will be secured to conduct the

research. Researchers will follow and respect the preferred schedule of the respondent.

23
The researchers then act upon the agreement and finally give the questionnaire and

conduct the interview.

Ethical procedure considered by the researchers is to ensure that the respondents

have voluntary participation; respecting human dignity, privacy and autonomy; to not to

deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public; being open to criticism and new

ideas; and to keep the promises and agreements with the respondents.

Data analysis

After the researchers obtained data from the study, the first process of analysis is

by transcribing all the data. Transcription means converting all data into textual form.

After transcribing the data, the researchers would organize the data to make the analysis

easier. This will be done by inputting research questions into the table and assign data

according to each question. Next step is to code the data obtained from the field. Coding

in qualitative analysis involves categorizing data into concepts, properties and patterns.

Researchers then derive the codes of the analysis from the data collected from theories,

relevant research findings and from research questions. After coding the data, researchers

will validate the data. There are two sides of data validation. First is validity which is

about the accuracy of the methods and the second is reliability which is the extent to

which the procedures produced consistent and dependable results. Lastly is the

conclusion of data analysis wherein researchers will state the findings and research

outcomes based on the research questions. While concluding the research, researchers

will find a valid link between analyzed data and the research questions.

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25