1

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Today's world is filled with crime, violence, and instability, causing individuals to

fear for their safety. The government enforces laws and norms to safeguard several aspects

of society. In some high-crime and violent areas, individuals of all ages must remain inside

during specific hours. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, curfews now try to stop the deadly

coronavirus from spreading through human contact, which is its main way of spreading.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, also known as Covid-19, has been shown to transfer from

person to person (Huang et al., 2020). People took several safety measures due to their fear

of the outbreak. As the disease's danger expanded, countries implemented strategies to

battle it. Countries implemented measures such as prohibiting travel and going out in

public, halting border crossings and foreign flights, voluntarily or mandatorily isolating

houses, instituting curfews, and requiring individuals to wear masks (Usher, Bhullar, and

Jackson, 2020). Countries have implemented curfews to prevent or halt the spread of the

COVID-19 virus.

The Philippine government enacted a series of laws and limitations to prevent the

spread of the potentially fatal illness. The Department of Health (DOH) raised the

emergency level to Code Red Sub-Level 1. The President issued Proclamation No. 922,

formally declaring a public health emergency and authorizing local government units

(LGUs) to employ their local risk-reduction agency in response to the first localized

transmission. Both of these instances were prompted by the first recorded localized
 2

transmission. In addition, Executive Order No. 95 series of 2020, entitled "Prescribing

General Guidelines for the Country While It Is Under Modified General Community

Quarantine," mandates a nationwide curfew from 9 p.m. to 4 a.m. The only exceptions to

this law are medical professionals and other persons authorized to walk outside in public

(Department of Health, 2020).

Even before the pandemic started, some local government units (LGUs) started to

enforce curfews. Their main goal was to stop crime and prevent the youth from becoming

victims. Ordinances made at the municipal level usually set a time after which people are

not allowed to go out in public; this is called a "curfew." Along with this is the

implementation of a curfew, the number of hours of which varies from city to city and

municipality to municipality in the Philippines.

When curfews are enforced, the chance of someone getting sick or passing it on is

significantly reduced. In the same way, setting a curfew can help stop the spread of disease

without completely changing people's lives or putting the whole community on lockdown.

Curfews seem to work, but there are some problems with the punishments that are given

to people who do not follow the rules. According to reports, people who broke the curfew

were hurt in several places in the Philippines. People whom the government of the

Philippines has jailed for breaking the COVID-19 rules should have their human rights

respected. People in jail were put in cages like those used for dogs and forced to sit in the

sun during the middle of the day (Human Rights Watch, 2020).

Chair of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), Benhur

Abalos Jr., said on January 15, 2022, that mayors in the capital area have agreed not to put

a general curfew back in place. This is because many Filipinos are "self-regulating" when
 3

leaving their homes in the face of the COVID-19 outbreak. During a briefing for Laging

Handa on the same day, Abalos said that when deciding the level of alert, local chief

executives do not just look at specific measures but also how people move around. They

concluded that there was no requirement for a curfew at this time. After multiple versions

of COVID-19 hit the country, like Alpha, Delta, and Omicron, the chair of the MMDA said

that Filipinos' behavior in the movement has changed (Rappler, 2022).

Curfews are no longer in effect in several parts of the nation as of right now. On

November 4, 2021, Metro Manila was subject to a curfew that lasted only from 12:00 a.m.

to 4:00 a.m. (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, 2021) It was decided that Metro

Manila would put a strict curfew in place to stop the virus's spread. Lifting the curfew in

the area could help people get back to their everyday lives as they get used to the new

normal, but people should be careful because the country was at the peak of the pandemic.

The curfew is enforced in the Municipality of San Jorge, Province of Samar, by

Municipal Ordinance No. 3 of the Municipality Series of 2014. Section 8 of the above

Municipal Ordinance states that all barangay officials, including tanod members, can now

enforce the parts of this ordinance that apply to their barangays. According to the San Jorge

Municipal Police Station, there are more violators in barangays inside the town limits than

outside the Poblacion. Because of this assumption, the researchers had to focus their study

on the barangays of San Jorge proper, including the nearby barangays.

The curfew ordinance affected the people who live in San Jorge, Samar. The next

step was to find out its status and what problems it had during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since there were few studies on the subject, the researchers decided to do a thorough

investigation. They used the Municipality of San Jorge as their research locale to complete
 4

the purpose of their study. The purpose was to look at the status of the curfew in San Jorge,

Samar, during the pandemic. They will take into account both implementers' and residents’

(violators') perspectives. The issues that arose during implementation will also part of the

study.

Theoretical Framework

This study used the following theories as evidence and justification for the study:

Social Control Theory

By making it harder for people to move around in public, curfews try to cut down

on crime, threats, and harm. Similarly, these controls are programmed and reinforced in an

individual via social bonds. Often, a person's family is the first person to teach them these

bonds, which go beyond the person and society. As a result, both the family and society

shape an individual's actions, attitudes, and behavior. It has also been observed that curfew

laws have the potential to increase parental control by limiting the amount of time their

children are out in public.

This study was based on Walter Reckless's Social Control Theory, which says that

a person's inner (internalized morality, conscience, religious principles, and ideas of right

and wrong) and outer (people who influence us not to stray, like family and friends)

controls work together to stop straying. According to Reckless, a person's behavior is

usually determined by what he or she desires. People needed to follow the rules and norms,

and internal and external controls tried to keep them from doing things out of the ordinary.

If he or she does not comply, further punishment is meted out. The curfew law tries to stop

crime and keep people from becoming victims. They can be thought of as a general way to
 5

stop people from doing bad things. Wilson et al. (2016) stated that curfews made it harder

for people to commit crimes, and when they are enforced, they stop people from

committing crimes.

Deterrence Theory

This study was also based on the theory of deterrence, which states that punishing

criminal behavior makes people less likely to do it again. Some people said that a high-

profile criminal got a lighter sentence, while others said that a harsher sentence would stop

a criminal from committing another tragedy like the one he or she did before. Speculation

and research on deterrence have shown much interest in street crime. There is a strong link

between curfew laws and decreasing or deterring criminal behavior. In other words, a strict

curfew is based on the deterrence theory, which states that clear, quick, and harsh

punishments will make teens think carefully about the consequences (Lundman, 2012).

In this way, the curfew for the people of San Jorge, Samar, was effective because

it was based on the deterrence theory. Putting curfews in place is also a step backward

because it focuses on past crimes and punishes offenders for preventing others from doing

the same in the future. The severity of this penalty discourages people from breaking the

curfew, which makes it easier for the curfew to work. The idea that this theory was based

on will help reach the study's purpose and show what people think about it before breaking

the law.

Opportunity Theory

This study was also based on what Cloward said in 1959, that neither legal nor

illegal methods were always available. Instead, who can use them depends on where they

are in the social hierarchy theory. Cloward refers to "curfew ordinances" as those limiting
 6

their access to illegal marijuana. By making people stay at home at night and in the evening,

these ordinances try to make it very hard for people to go out at night. We can lessen the

likelihood that young people will learn to commit crimes by limiting the amount of time

they spend out late without adult supervision. Curfew rules should reduce juvenile crime

because they make it harder to learn and practice criminal behavior.

Conceptual Framework

During the pandemic, a curfew law was passed to limit the spread of infectious

diseases. The goals of this study are to assess the status of curfew implementation, learn

from the different points of view of the respondents, and identify any problems with putting

it in place.

Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study. It showed the researchers' process of

doing the study, which was then used as the basis for proposing a program. The data from

the respondents' profiles, the status of putting the curfew in place, and the problems that

arose during the process were tallied, analyzed, and interpreted. The results, implications,

and insights from the survey were used to make a plan for putting curfew hours into place

effectively.
 Profile of
Respondents

Proposed
Program for an
Effective
Status of Curfew Analysis of Survey Implementation
Implementation Data of Curfew

Problems
Encountered in its
Implementation

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm in the Status of Curfew Implementation in Selected Barangays

of San Jorge, Samar During the COVID-19 Pandemic
7
 8

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to assess the status of curfew implementation in selected

barangays of San Jorge, Samar, during the pandemic and propose a program.

Specifically, it answered the following questions:

1. What was the profile of the implementers in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 gender

1.3 civil status

1.4 educational attainment

1.5 occupation

1.6 year/s in service

2. What was the demographic profile of residents in terms of

2.1 Age

2.2 Gender

2.3 Educational attainment

3. What was the status of curfew implementation in the selected barangays during

CoVid-19 pandemic?

4. What were the problems the respondents encountered in implementing curfew

hours?

5. What program is possible to suggest at the end of this research?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study would be beneficial to the following:

 9

Residents. This study can help them fully understand how essential curfews are,

not just to them but to the whole community.

Local Government Unit of San Jorge. The results of this study will help the

municipality, especially its officials, because they will give them a lot of information about

how many people break curfews and might let them know about some of the problems that

come up during their implementation.

San Jorge Municipal Police Station. This study showed how the violators view

curfew enforcement, which has been a factor in investigating cases of non-compliance. The

result will let the PNP suggest a strategic way to solve the problems that arose when a

curfew is set up or implemented.

Barangay officials of San Jorge. The study can help them figure out how to

monitor and enforce curfews in their barangays so that people can live safely and

peacefully.

Students of Northwest Samar State University-San Jorge Campus. The study

could give students a better understanding and awareness of curfew implementation and

the problems that may arise during its implementation, allowing them to avoid them in the

future.

Researchers of Northwest Samar State University-San Jorge Campus. By

looking at the pros and cons of setting curfew hours, this study could help criminologists

in the future. They would determine not only the value of the law but also how the law

provides order and peace, avoiding victimization and protecting the people from potential

harm, as the state has a moral obligation to its citizens to provide a better future.
 10

Future Researchers of Northwest Samar State University-San Jorge Campus.

It is hoped that the study will be used as a guideline for other similar or related studies.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study has focused on the status of curfew implementation in the Municipality

of San Jorge, particularly in the barangays of San Jorge Town proper, namely: Barangay

Erenas, Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Barangay Mancol, and Barangay San Juan. This study

examined the emergency curfew regulations enacted during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Only residents and implementers (barangay authorities) are allowed to respond.

This study was conducted in the second semester of A.Y. 2022–2023.

Definition of terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally to serve the

purpose of the study.

Covid-19. It is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The deadly

communicable disease caused the curfew in San Jorge, Samar.

Curfew. A curfew is a law restricting individuals from leaving their homes in San

Jorge, Samar, and roaming the streets after a specific time. It is a law that is now

implemented.

Implementation. The execution of plans led by government agencies was utilized

in the study as an execution of the curfew ordinance.

Implementers. In this study, the individuals or organizations in charge of carrying

out an activity, program, or ordinance will be the barangay official in San Jorge, Samar,

who led the implementation of the curfew.

 11

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter reviewed related literature and studies that have significance for the

study. This section consists of conceptual reading that provides good material for a deeper

comprehension of the studied topic.

Related Literature

To combat the ever-present threat of the deadly COVID-19, the government has

enacted several measures designed to limit exposure to the virus. Specific communities

with a high probability of being infected with the virus have passed curfew laws. Curfews

are no longer in place to combat crime but rather to protect against the spread of the

COVID-19 virus.

There have already been reports of curfews being implemented in several areas

ahead of the actual onset of the pandemic. The legislation restricts people's freedom of

conduct, and breaking the rules carries legal consequences. There are many different

reasons why cities and towns implement curfews. It is pondered as a means of decreasing

the prospects for criminal activity and the likelihood of people contracting the virus

(Andres et al., 2021). Knowles' (2011) research corroborates this idea by showing that

different communities use different sorts of curfews depending on the area's demographics.

So, before establishing laws, a curfew ordinance considers environmental issues.

According to Alonzo (2017), localities throughout the country have implemented

youth curfews in response to rising public concern over adolescent crime and violence. As
 12

a preventative measure, curfews limit the time that youth can be out on the streets, which

is thought to reduce the likelihood that they will commit a crime. The argument for curfews

is that they keep youth safe from harm. Even though there are contradictory results in the

academic literature, politicians often talk about it as an excellent way to reduce crime.

Possible solutions to the problem of juvenile delinquency include cleaning up and

preventing graffiti, after-school and evening programs, employment initiatives, mentoring,

and starting with the youngest offenders. Even though these methods are not perfect, they

are a good starting point for stopping crime.

Wilson et al. (2016) stated that there are numerous situations in which a person may

become a victim of crime. It is argued that curfews help law enforcement because they give

officers more say over when and how juveniles can be found on the street. The community

support it gives to parents who try to keep their kids from staying up late is also very

important. Grossman and Hoke's (2015) research backed this up, as they saw juvenile

curfew as more nuanced than the fear of kids being "out too late." More must be done to

protect kids from trauma, car accidents, and criminal involvement. Implementing a curfew

is typically done out of concern for the child's safety.

According to Pretorius (2019), curfews protect people's safety. People think having

curfews, especially at night, makes it safer during dangerous times. Also, people who are

allowed or forced to go out during the implementation should avoid things that make them

uncomfortable. This can help them avoid getting into a bad situation. It also protects against

injury and risky behaviors such as drinking, drug use, promiscuity, and violence. It also

emphasized the importance of curfews being reasonable, achievable, and legally binding

curfews. Middleman's (2015) study questioned how curfews were implemented in

 13

Baltimore City, where strict rules were used to target specific races. Following that,

curfews had disproportionate effects that disadvantaged minorities, particularly African-

Americans.

Furthermore, Choi and Choi (2015) discovered that implementing curfews in South

Korean academies did not affect private tutoring. These studies present various purposes

for curfew implementation, with the effect varying from one location to the next. The

effectiveness of curfews is generally determined by how implementers impose rules and

administer punishments.

Andres et al. (2021) addressed the curfew implementation during the pandemic as

an emergency curfew. During times of crisis, tragedy, or natural disaster, this curfew is

used to prevent the spreading of COVID-19, hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public

disturbances, and other dangerous fugitives. When an emergency curfew is implemented,

the local authority usually establishes specific requirements. Local governments, for

example, permit employees in the medical profession, business process outsourcing, and

other critical fields to walk outside during pandemics, though they are advised to limit their

movements.

Durmus and Guneysu (2020) concluded that the curfew in Turkey reduced

unnecessary hospital admissions and ambulance usage, reduced traumas, car accidents,

work accidents, and forensic cases, and reduced the workload of health care professionals

who worked overtime during the pandemic. Despite positive results in Turkey, Kolata

(2021) questioned the effectiveness of curfews in the Philippines in mitigating Covid-19.

The current study applied Andres et al.'s (2021) concept of redefining curfew. In

the same way, Knowles' study from 2011 was used as a guide to look into the circumstances
 14

that led to the COVID-19 prevention law, and Alonzo (2017) emphasized curfews'

contribution to mitigating juvenile delinquency crime. This was used as a starting point for

the current study when looking at the crime rate before and when the curfew was in place.

Furthermore, the researchers consider Sorius' (2019) study on curfews to be a supporting

concept because it elucidates the benefits of curfew implementation. Pretorius (2019)

emphasized curfews to protect residents from unforeseeable danger. The study by Durmus

and Guneysu concluded that curfews were also helpful in Turkey (2020). Despite these

benefits, Kolata (2021) questioned its effectiveness in the Philippines. The researchers

looked at Kolata's claim from 2021, so they could learn more about the pros and cons of

curfews.

Related Studies

Several studies were considered relevant to the current study, as follows:

Grossman and Hoke (2014) state that curfews are common and have been shown

to reduce crime and keep people in a specific place at a specific time. Hazen and Brank

(2017) say that curfews help law enforcement determine who in the community will most

likely get the virus. Curfews are primarily used for social control, limiting the actions of a

specific group of people in a public place at a specific time. However, a small amount of

research shows that enforcing curfews can help prevent certain harm. Baculinao and

Ceballus (2018) looked at crime statistics from the Philippine National Police and found a

big jump in crime between 2012 and 2013. Given this figure, the government pledges to

reduce crime by enforcing curfews.

 15

COVID-19 restricted people's actions, forcing them to remain in their homes. The

head of the COVID Shield Joint Task Force (JTC) asked barangay tanods to use health

protocols to stop the spread of COVID-19. Patrolling is part of the role of the barangay

tanod in preventing crime, and it will also be done to prevent the spread of the virus. Police

Lt. Gen. Guillermo Eleazar, in charge of JTF COVID Shield, stated that barangay tanods

are essential to stopping the virus from spreading. They will be in charge of implementing

plans in small community units. It also addressed the lack of police officers to deal with

the massive global health crisis (Alonzo, 2017). Cruz et al.'s research (Al, 2021) looked at

Barangay Tanod's problems with putting a curfew in place during the pandemic. These

problems included the work environment, pay, incentives, and changes in how police

worked.

The studies reviewed provided implications for the present study. The crime rates

in San Jorge, Samar, were analyzed throughout time using a guide from Grossman and

Hoke (2014), who stressed the efficacy of curfews in crime reduction. In addition, Hazen

and Brank (2017) provided an overview of the implementation of curfews and discussed

their benefits and drawbacks. This enables the study team to maintain an unbiased

perspective during the investigation. The facts on rising crime rates and the government's

response via the implementation of curfew laws were given in the research by Baculinao

and Ceballus (2018). According to this research, a curfew is imposed during a pandemic

to slow the disease's progress. In addition, Alonzo (2017) noted the role played by

Barangay Tanod in preventing the spread of COVID-19 via curfews, despite the difficulties

they encountered, which were studied by Cruz et al. (2021). Implementers, especially
 16

barangay tanod, were given due consideration in light of these studies related to curfew

enforcement.

Curfews are sometimes imposed during pandemics; however, there is a paucity of

research on their effectiveness. Covid-19 curfew enforcement statistics are currently

unavailable, especially for the San Jorge Municipality. In light of this, the current

investigation was initiated.

 17

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter consists of the research design, locale and time of the study,

respondents to the study, sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering

procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The quantitative-descriptive method of research was utilized in this study. It was

used to measure and describe the status of curfew implementation in San Jorge, including

any problems the respondents ran into while the curfew was being implemented.

A quantitative-descriptive research method tried to get data from a population

sample that could be used to make statistics. It is a popular tool for market research that

lets us collect and describe the "signature" of a specific group of people (Alonzo, 2017).

Locale and Time of Study

During the pandemic, curfews were put in place in San Jorge, Samar. This was only

in selected barangays of San Jorge town proper: Barangay Mancol, Poblacion Dos,

Poblacion Uno, Barangay Erenas, and Barangay San Juan. The expected time to finish this

study was one month, starting right after the survey completed. The survey started in the

third week of January and ended in the third week of February 2023.
Figure 2. Map of San Jorge, Samar
18
 19

Respondents to the Study

This study has focused on two types of respondents: residents (violators) and

implementers. Two criteria were established for selecting the residents (violators): they

were present and residing in that specific barangay during the COVID-19 pandemic, and

has violated the curfew ordinance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The only criterion for the implementers is that they must be on duty during the

pandemic.

This study surveyed 50 individuals, comprising implementers and residents, to

come up with a total population of 100. Following is the distribution of respondents:

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Type of Respondent Frequency Percentage

Implementer 25 50%

Violator 25 50%

Total 50 100%

Sampling Procedure

The Purposive Sampling Technique, a non-probability sampling method that relied

on the researcher's judgment to choose the sample population, was used to choose the

people who took part in this study. The researchers used the information they gathered

from barangay officials to decide how the residents had been chosen.

Using this method, the researchers selected respondents from a list of residents.

With this choice, the researchers can get useful information to test the study's hypothesis.
 20

Research Instrument

The study used adapted survey questionnaire in gathering data. It consists of three

parts. The first part covers the demographic profile of the respondents. Second part contains

questions concerning the status of curfew implementation. The last part consist of problems

encountered during the implementation.

Validation of Instrument

The study used an adapted instrument utilized by previous researches on same field

of study. It undergone face validity. Then, the researchers conducted a pilot test to the

subset of the population. The test was conducted in Barangay Erenas, wherein the

respondents are not included in the sample. After the test, needed revisions were applied.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers followed a specific procedure to achieve the purpose of this study.

The researchers made questionnaires and drafted letters of request to barangay captains and

respondents, which they sent to the research adviser for approval. Second, after receiving

approval from the research adviser, the researchers immediately sent the letters to the

barangay captains for the study's implementation. Third, after getting permission from the

barangay captain to do the study, questionnaires were given out according to the proper

health protocol. Finally, the researchers retrieved, tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted the

collected data.
 21

During Pre- During Post-

BEFORE
Approval Approval AFTER

- Develop - Retrieve,
questionnaires.
- Draft letters
- tabulate,
of request to
- Send the Distribution analyze and
barangay letters to of interpret the
captains and barangay questionnai collected
respondents. captains
- Submit to data
research
Figure 3. Data Gathering Procedure Flow Chart

Statistical Treatment

Statistical methods like frequency, weighted mean, and percentage were used to

look at the information from the respondents. Percentage and frequency were used to look

at and understand the data on the demographic profile of the respondents. It allowed the

researcher to glance at the entire data conveniently. It showed whether the observations are

high or low and also whether they are concentrated in one area or spread out across the

entire scale. They used weighted mean and ranking method to look at the information about

the status of curfew implementation and what problems came up. With the help of a

weighted mean, the researchers were able to figure out what the most likely outcome is,

even though each outcome has a different chance of happening. The exact number comes

from the probability ranking principle, which says that relevance can be understood in a

probabilistic way.
 22

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

The findings are presented in this study chapter, where data were tabulated,

analyzed, and interpreted.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The profiles of the respondents are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The former represents

the demography of implementers, which were barangay officials, and the latter provides

the demographic profile of the residents.

According to Table 2, the majority of the implementers were between the ages of

31 and 50, with eleven (11) males, twelve (12) females, and two (2) LGBTQ+ members.

Implementers obtained high education; the majority were high school and college

graduates, generally married, and were barangay councilors. It also revealed that the

majority have been in service for more than five years.

Table 2. Demographic profile of the Implementers

VARIABLE FREQUENCY

Age

21-30 4
31-40 7
41-50 7
51-60 6
60+ 1

Gender
 23

Male 11
Female 12
LGBTQ+ 2

Educational Attainment

Elementary Undergraduate 1
Elementary Graduate 4
High School Graduate 10
College Graduate 10

Civil Status

Married 15
Single 8
Widowed 2

Occupation

SK Chairman 1
Brgy Councilors 20
Brgy Captain 4

Number of Years in Service

<1
1-3 years 2
4-5 years 7
5+ years 16

The demographic profile of the residents is shown in Table 3. The majority of the

individuals were between the ages of 11 and 20, with eleven (11) males, five (5) females,

and four (4) LGBTQ+ members. The majority of responders have at least a high school

diploma.

Table 3. Demographic Profile of the Residents

VARIABLE FREQUENCY

Age
 24

11-20 years old 11

21-30 9
31+ 5

Gender

Male 12
Female 9
LGBTQ+ 4

Educational Attainment

Elementary Undergraduate 5
Elementary Graduate 4
High School Graduate 9
Graduate 7

Status of Curfew Implementation in San Jorge, Samar

The pandemic prompted an instant alteration in ordinary living habits. The national

government directed the implementation of curfews throughout the country. Table 4 and 5

depicts the status of curfew implementation in selected San Jorge, Samar barangays during

the COVID-19 Pandemic:

Just fourteen (14) of the fifteen (15) practices were practiced, according to

implementers: seven (7) practices were implemented rarely, four (4) were highly

implemented, two (2) were very implemented, and the remaining one was implemented

consistently. From the perspective of implementers, the sole practice that was never

adopted was (10). Repeat offenders face fines and imprisonment for breaking the law

(1.72).

Similar to the Implementer's point of view, residents similarly viewed most of the

practices as Seldom Implemented. Seven (7) out of fifteen were thought to be implemented;
 25

four (4) were thought to be implemented on a regular basis, and five (5) were thought to

be implemented efficiently.

The findings indicate that both Implementers and Residents saw the procedures as

being regularly implemented.

Table 4. Status of Curfew Implementation in Selected Barangays of San Jorge, Samar

during the Covid-19 Pandemic (Implementers)

Implementers

Variables Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation

1. Minors cannot loiter around 10 p.m to 5 a.m 4.48 VI

2. When juveniles are apprehended are sent to the 2.72 I

local DSWD office for advice and counseling,
overnight shelter, and eventual disposal in line with
R.A. 9344.

3. Exceptions are granted as provided for Municipal 2.36 SI

Ordinance

4. Public service advertisements remind parents 3.68 HI

about the curfew law and their responsibilities as
caregivers for their children.

5. Penalties are levied against both the parent and the 2.12 SI
minor offender.

6. If the child's father is not available to face charges, 2.24 SI

the child's child's mother of the child will.

7. Repeat offenders are required to meet with PNP 2.56 SI

officers for a discussion or therapy session.

8. Third-time offenders must attend a half-day 2.12 SI

conference or therapy session with PNP
representatives.
 26

9. Anyone committing a fourth offense must do five 2.32 SI

days of community service alongside their parents.

10. Repeat offenders face fines and jail time for 1.72 NI
breaking the law.

11. PNP officers, the local government, or barangay 2.6 SI

authorities often arrange for a juvenile criminal to
stay in a confinement facility.

12. The barangay officials are authorized to enforce 4.68 VI

the curfew ordinance.

13. The arresting officers are more compassionate 3.68 HI

toward the juvenile criminal.

14. The local government agency is responsible for 4.04 HI

widely disseminating the curfew notice.

15. The local government organization has been 3.16 HI

spreading the word about the curfew legislation via
several different channels.

General Weighted Mean 3 I

Legend Range Verbal Interpretation

4.20-5.00 Very Implemented
3.41-4.20 Highly Implemented
2.61-3.40 Implemented
1.81-2.60 Seldom Implemented
1.00-1.80 Not Implemented at all
 27

Figure 4. Status of Curfew Implementation (Implementers)

Table 5. Status of Curfew Implementation in Selected Barangays of San Jorge, Samar

during the Covid-19 Pandemic (Residents)

Residents

Variables Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretatio
n

1. Minors cannot loiter around 10 p.m to 5 a.m 4.16 HI

2. When juveniles are apprehended are sent to the 2.32 SI

local DSWD office for advice and counseling,
overnight shelter, and eventual disposal in line with
R.A. 9344.

3. Exceptions are granted as provided for Municipal 2.72 I

Ordinance
 28

4. Public service advertisements remind parents 3.92 HI

about the curfew law and their responsibilities as
caregivers for their children.

5. Penalties are levied against both the parent and 2.32 SI

the minor offender.

6. If the child's father is not available to face 2.12 SI

charges, the child's child's mother of the child will.

7. Repeat offenders are required to meet with PNP 2.64 I

officers for a discussion or therapy session.

8. Third-time offenders must attend a half-day 1.92 SI

conference or therapy session with PNP
representatives.

9. Anyone committing a fourth offense must do five 2.16 SI

days of community service alongside their parents.

10. Repeat offenders face fines and jail time for 1.96 SI
breaking the law.

11. PNP officers, the local government, or barangay 2.4 SI

authorities often arrange for a juvenile criminal to
stay in a confinement facility.

12. The barangay officials are authorized to enforce 4.24 VI

the curfew ordinance.

13. The arresting officers are more compassionate 3.8 I

toward the juvenile criminal.

14. The local government agency is responsible for 3.52 HI

widely disseminating the curfew notice.

15. The local government organization has been 3 I

spreading the word about the curfew legislation via
several different channels.

General Weighted Mean 2.88 I

 29

Legend Range Verbal Interpretation

4.20-5.00 Very Implemented
3.41-4.20 Highly Implemented
2.61-3.40 Implemented
1.81-2.60 Seldom Implemented
1.00-1.80 Not Implemented at all

Figure 5. Status of Curfew Implementation (Residents)

Problems Encountered in Curfew Implementation in Selected Barangays of San

Jorge, Samar During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 5 details the problems encountered during the implementation of a curfew in

selected San Jorge, Samar barangays. According to the implementer, five (5) of the ten

presented problems were rarely experienced, six (6) were experienced on a regular basis,

and one (1) was experienced more frequently.

 30

Residents, on the other hand, perceived six (6) of the provided problems as

occurring frequently, four (4) as occurring infrequently, and two (2) as occurring more

frequently. (1) Inadequate funding (3.48); and (2) Absence of minor discipline were among

the more experienced practices (3.64).

Table 6. Problems Encountered in Curfew Implementation during COVID-19 Pandemic

(Implementers)

Implementers

Variables Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation

1. Inadequate funding 3.08 E

2. Shortage of workforce 2.56 SE

3. Uncooperative parents/guardians 3.28 E

4. Lack of discipline of minors 3.12 E

5. Lack of support from the government 2.28 SE

6. Non-availability of the vehicles 3.2 E

7. Lack of facilities for confinement 3.72 ME

8. The indifference of the barangay officials towards 2.24 SE

ordinance

9. Political intervention/ pressure 2.52 SE

10. Lack of seminars or training attended 3.12 E

11. Poor understanding of the ordinance 2.12 SE

12. Lack of support from the community residence 2.8 E

General Weighted Mean 2.836667 E

 31

Legend Range Verbal Interpretation

4.20-5.00 Most Experienced
3.41-4.20 More Experienced
2.61-3.40 Experienced
1.81-2.60 Seldom Experienced
1.00-1.80 Not Experienced at all

Table 7. Problems Encountered in Curfew Implementation during COVID-19 Pandemic

(Residents)

Residents

Variables Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation

1. Inadequate funding 3.48 ME

2. Shortage of workforce 2.56 E

3. Uncooperative parents/guardians 3.04 E

4. Lack of discipline of minors 3.64 ME

5. Lack of support from the government 2.6 SE

6. Non-availability of the vehicles 2.76 E

7. Lack of facilities for confinement 2.8 SE

8. The indifference of the barangay officials towards 2.16 SE

ordinance

9. Political intervention/ pressure 3.16 E

10. Lack of seminars or training attended 2.96 E

11. Poor understanding of the ordinance 2.2 SE

12. Lack of support from the community residence 2.72 E

General Weighted Mean 2.84 E

 32

Legend Range Verbal Interpretation

4.20-5.00 Most Experienced
3.41-4.20 More Experienced
2.61-3.40 Experienced
1.81-2.60 Seldom Experienced
1.00-1.80 Not Experienced at all

Figure 6. Problems Encountered

 33

CHAPTER 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter has the results, conclusions, and suggestions that were drawn from

the data on the implementation of the curfew.

Summary of Findings

Following comprehensive data collection, the researchers confirmed the following

findings:

1. The implementers were primarily professionals, married, and middle-aged. Female

implementers dominated male and LGBTQ+ implementers. The majority of

implementers were barangay officials for more than five (5) years.

2. Residents were male, female, and members of the LGBTQ+, wherewith female was

dominant. Likewise, residents were mostly high school graduates.

3. Both residents and implementers agreed that the measures outlined in this study

were put in place. The study's findings revealed that a curfew was consistently

enforced in San Jorge, Samar. The only issue that hampered adoption was the

necessity for more minor discipline.

4. Both residents and implementers view the curfew implementation as

"Implemented,".

Conclusion

The developed findings formed the basis of the following derived conclusion:
 34

1. Qualified implementers solved the challenges that arose during the implementation

of the curfew during the pandemic, and their activities in the workplace are

composed and good, with the flow of the program appropriately arranged.

2. Curfew violations are now being committed by both males and females, as well

LGBTQ+. Therefore, anyone could be a violator of curfew during its

implementation.

3. There were differing viewpoints on the status of curfew implementation in the

municipality. The researchers believe that these discrepancies were founded in the

perspectives of each type of respondent, justifying using the findings from this

study simply as a basis for a subjective evaluation.

4. The major issue highlighted was the minors' lack of discipline. In the end, it is

decided that minors are still unaware of the consequences of not adhering to the

COVID-19 guidelines, notably curfew implementation.

Recommendations

Following the generation of conclusions, the following recommendations are for

consideration;

1. It is recommended that the researchers' proposed program to be carried out. It

consists of programs and activities aimed at improving the status ‘implemented’ of

curfew implementation in San Jorge, Samar. The aforementioned program was

systematically and comprehensively made by the researchers, it was all about ways

on how to help escalate the current status of curfew implementation. It is entitled

‘‘Proposed Enhancement Program of the Curfew Implementation in San

 35

Jorge, Samar’’, which is highly recommended by the researchers for a much better

result.

2. Uniformed officials must lead the execution of activities designed to improve the

current state of curfew implementation in the area under study.

3. Parents must begin providing curfew orientation to their children at home. They

must, above all, discipline their children.

4. Local governments must design programs that will help minors to develop in all

aspects, allowing them to discover new abilities, develop their skills, and redirect

their time to beneficial activities rather than remaining up late outside their own

houses.

5. Since there was not much published researches regarding this topic, it is

recommended that the future researchers use this study as reference and be able to

come up with more useful outcomes to make this study wide and comprehensive.
 36

REFERENCES

Alonzo, A.B. et al.(2017). The deterrence effect of curfew enforcement as

perceived by the residents of City of Valenzuela District II: An Assessment
1-6. http://www.academia.edu/35262587/ Curfew Thesis

Andres, J. M. et al (2021). Curfew Hours in Ilocos Norte.

https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21MAY272.pdf.

Baculinao, R., & Ceballos, R. (2019). An Analysis and Location and Type on Index
0 in the Philippes. University of Southeastern Philippines.
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/8.6.2%20An%20Analysis%20on%20t
he%20Location%20and%20Type%20of%20Index%20Crimes%20in%20t
he%20Philippines_0.pdf

Choi, H., Choi, A. (2015). When One Door Closes: The Impact of the Hagwon
Curfew on the Consumption of Private Tutoring in the Republic of Korea.
Documents de Treball. I’IEB 2015/32.
https://www.ub.edu/irea/working_papers/2015/201526.pdf

Cloward, R.A. & Ohlin, L.e. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of
Delinquent Gangs.
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Delinquency_and_Opportunity.h
tml?id=nf09AAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y

Cruz, R., Rontuna, E., Tus, J. (2021). The Challenges and Lived Experiences of
the Barangay Tanods: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study in the
Philippines during the COVID-19 Pandemic. IJARIIE-ISSN (0)-2395-
3496. Volume 7, Issue 1.
http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/The_Challenges_and_Lived_Experien
ces_of_the_Barangay_Tanods__A_Phenomenological_Qualitative_Study
_in_the_Philippines__During_COVID_19_Pandemic_ijariie13665.pdf

Department of Health. (2020, May 1). Resolution no. 31.

https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health-update/IATF-Resolution-No.-
31.pdf

Durmus, E., & Guneysu, F . . (2020). The Effect of Curfew Enforcement on

Healthcare Provision in COVID-19 Pandemic. JURNAL INFO
KESEHATAN, 18(2), 182-188.
https://doi.org/10.31965/infolkes.vol18.Iss2.483

Grossman, E., and Hoke, E. (2015). Guidelines for Avoiding Pitfalls when Drafting
Juvenile Curfew Laws: A Legal Analysis [Doctoral Dissertation, Saint
Louis University School of Law].
 37

https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context
=jhlp

Hazen, K., & Brank, E. (2018). Juvenile Curfew. The Encyclopedia of Juvenile
Delinquency Injustice. 470-474.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1784&context
=sociologyfacpub

Huang, C., et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with coronavirus in
Wuhan, China. The Iancet, 395 (10223), 497-506.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986264/

Human Rights Watch. (2020, March 26). Philippines: Curfew Violators Abused.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/26/philippines-curfew-violators-
abused

Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2011). The adult learner: The
definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (7th
ed.). New York: Elsevier Inc.
https://scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=757370

Kolata, G. (2021). Do the curfew slow coronavirus? The New York Times.
https://nytimes.com/2021/01/23/health/coronavirus-curfews.html

Lundman, R.J. (2012). Prevention and control of juvenile delinquency. New York:
Oxford University Press. 3. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-
library/abstracts/prevention-and-control-juvenile-delinquency

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. (2021, November 3). Metro Mayors

Lift United Curfew Hours in NCR. https://mmda.gov.ph/77-news/news-
2021/4875-nov-3-2021-metro-mayors-lift-unified-curfew-hours-in-
ncr.html#:~:text=According%20to%20MMDA%20Resolution%20No,am
ple%20time%20to%20get%20home.

Middleman, A. (2015). Comment: In the Street Tonight: An Equal Protection

Analysis of Baltimore City’s Juvenile Curfew." The University of
Baltimore Law Forum. Volume 46, No. 1, Article 3.
https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/lf/vol46/iss1/3/

Pretorius, C. (2019). The curfew: Why is it important? Trinity House. Randpark

ridge. http://www.trinityhouse.co.z/news/the-curfew-why-is-it-important

Rappler. (2022, January 15). Metro Manila mayors wont reinforce curfew for now-
MMDA
https://www.rappler.com/nation/metro-manila-mayors-no-need-curfew-
january-15-2022/
 38

Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Life in the pandemic: social isolation
and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 29, 2756-2757.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32250493/

Wilson, D. B. et al., (2016). "Juvenile curfew effects on criminal behavior and

victimization: a systematic review." Campbell Systematic Reviews. 12 (1).
7-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161123/.
 39

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Proposed Enhancement Program of the Curfew Implementation in San Jorge,

Samar

Rationale

The implementation of curfew ordinances varies in effectiveness from location to

location. During the COVID-19 pandemic, curfew hours were implemented in San Jorge,

Samar, to prevent the spread of the virus. In this study, its status was looked into, and it

was found that, even though there were skilled implementers in the area, the program

wasn't fully effective because the community didn't work together. To address this issue, it

is suggested that the researchers' proposed program be implemented. The program will

enable an effective and systematic implementation. In each program, specific guidelines

and application strategies were formulated.

Objectives

This proposed program to implement the curfew has the following objectives:

1. To inform both the community and implementers of their specific role in the

implementation of the curfew;

2. To strictly enforce the curfew so as to discourage residents from violating it.

3. To provide youth with the necessary information about the significance of curfew

and their participation in its implementation.

 40

Curfew Implementation Enhancement Program

The researchers have devised and proposed the following activities to improve the

implementation of curfew in the barangays of San Jorge, Samar:

Activities Topics for Persons Strategies Duratio Venue Spokesper

Discussion Involved n son

Seminar on -Curfew Barangay Presentation 1 day San Crimino-

Curfew Ordinance Tanods, -Discussion (March Jorge logy
Rules and -Explanation Barangay -Copy of 2023) Municip Instructor
Regulations of the Officials, San Jorge al of
Curfew and Police Curfew Covered NwSSU-
Rules and Officers Distribution Court SJC
Regulations make up the
-Explanation community.
of the
Penalties
and
Disciplinary
Actions to
be Imposed
on Violators

Participatio -Role of Barangay -Discussion 1 day San Criminolog

n Barangay Tanods, - (March Jorge y Instructor
of Tanod in the Barangay Demonstrati 2023) Municip of
Barangay implementati Officials, on al NwSSU-
Tanod and on -Shared and Police -Booklet Covered SJC
Barangay responsibilit Officers distribution Court
Authorities y for
in Curfew ensuring the
Implementa implementati
tion on runs
Workshop smoothly

Youth Role of Youth, -Discussion 1 day San Criminolog

Workshop Youth in Barangay -Games (March Jorge y Instructor
Seminar on Curfews - Tanods, Demonstrati 2023) Municip of
Their Role Importance Barangacurf on al NwSSU-
in of ewsials, and Covered SJC
Implementi Implementin Police Court
ng Curfew g Curfews - Officers
What Youth
 41

Participation by the community, Barangay Tanods, and Barangay Officials is

required for the activities to increase the efficacy of curfew enforcement in the barangays

of San Jorge, Samar. It is hoped that once this proposed program is implemented, there will

be a better way to enforce curfews in the area under study. In the same way, people expect

that the Barangay Tanod, Barangay Officials, and PNP will continue to do their jobs well

for the good of the community.

Aaron G. Bacurio
Mariel Joyce S. Bote
Jackielielai P. Cabilogan
Jomar A. Doños
Francis C. Taghoy
 42

APPENDIX B
 43

APPENDIX C
 44

APPENDIX D

PART I. Profile of the Respondent

Directions: Please indicate your response and/or check the box that corresponds to your

response.

Type of respondent: Implementer Residents

(Violator)
Name (optional): ___________________________
Age: ___________________________
Gender: Male Female LGBTQIA+
Educational Attainment: Elementary Level Elementary
Graduate
Highschool Graduate College
Graduate

FOR IMPLEMENTERS ONLY:

Civil Status: Married Single Widow

Occupation:

Number of years in service:

< 1 year 4-5 years

1-3 years 5+ years

 45

PART II. Status of Curfew Implementation in Selected Barangays of San Jorge,

Samar During the COVID-19 Pandemic

How well a curfew is enforced in the barangay depends on a number of things,

some of which are listed below. Please use the following scale to rank them: Then, choose

the appropriate cell in the corresponding table.

5- Very Highly Implemented

4- Highly Implemented
3- Implemented
2- Seldom Implemented
1- Not implemented at all

Indicators Rating Scale

5 4 3 2 1

1. Minors are not allowed to loiter around 10 p.m to 5 a.m

2. When minors are apprehended, they are sent to the local DSWD

office for advice and counseling, overnight shelter, and eventual

disposal in line with R.A. 9344.

3. Exceptions are granted as provided for Municipal Ordinance

4. Public service advertisements remind parents about the curfew law

and their responsibilities as caregivers for their children.

5. Penalties are levied against both the parent and the minor offender.

6. If the minor's father is not available to face charges, the minor’s

mother will.

7. Repeat offenders are required to meet with PNP officers for a

discussion or therapy session.

 46

8. All third-time offenders are required to attend a half-day conference

or therapy session with PNP representatives.

9. Anyone committing a fourth offense must do five days of

community service alongside their parents.

10. Repeat offenders face fines and jail time for breaking the law.

11. PNP officers, the local government, or barangay authorities would

often arrange for a juvenile criminal to stay in a confinement facility.

12. The barangay officials are authorized to enforce the curfew

ordinance .

13. The arresting officers are more compassionate toward the juvenile

criminal.

14. The local government agency is responsible for widely

disseminating the curfew notice.

15. The local government organization has been spreading the word

about the curfew legislation via a number of different channels..

 47

Part III: Problems Encountered in the Implementation of the Curfew Ordinance in

Selected Barangays of San Jorge, Samar During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Based on your analysis, please choose the option that best describes your

conclusion.

5- Most Experienced
4- More Experienced
3- Experienced
2- Seldom experienced
1- Not experienced at all

Problems Encountered Rating Scale

5 4 3 2 1

1. Inadequate funding

2. Shortage of manpower

3. Uncooperative parents/guardians

4. Lack of discipline of minors

5. Lack of support from the government

6. Non-availability of the vehicles

7. Lack of facilities for confinement

8. The indifference of the barangay officials towards ordinance

9. Political intervention/ pressure

10. Lack of seminars or training attended

11. Poor understanding of the ordinance

12. Lack of support from the community residence

 48

APPENDIX E
 49

CURRICULUM VITAE

AARON G. BACURIO
Barangay San Agustin
Gandara, Samar, Philippines
Mobile No.: 09815290160
E-mail: aaronbacurio@gmail.com

Personal Data:

Date of Birth: May 21, 2000 Age: 22 years old

Place of Birth: Barangay San Agustin

Gandara, Samar Sex: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino Height/Weight:5’9/62

Educational Background:

● Primary : San Agustin Elementary School

Barangay San Agustin, Gandara,
Samar

● Secondary : Ramon T. Diaz National High School

Barangay Adela Heights, Gandara,
Samar

● Tertiary : Northwest Samar State University

San Jorge Campus
Barangay Erenas, San Jorge,
Samar
 50

CURRICULUM VITAE

MARIEL JOYCE S. BOTE

Barangay San Agustin
Gandara, Samar, Philippines
Mobile No.: 09073020213
E-mail: botemarieljoyce29@gmail.com

Personal Data:

Date of Birth: December 29, 2000 Age: 22 years old

Place of Birth: Barangay Caparangasan

Gandara, Samar Sex: Female

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino Height/Weight: 5’3/58

Educational Background:

● Primary : Caparangasan Elementary School

Barangay Caparangasan, Gandara,
Samar

● Secondary : Pagsanghan National High School

Barangay Canlapwas, Pagsanghan,
Samar

● Tertiary : Northwest Samar State University

San Jorge Campus
Barangay Erenas, San Jorge,
Samar
 51

CURRICULUM VITAE

JACKIELIELAI P. CABILOGAN
Barangay Mancol
San Jorge, Samar, Philippines
Mobile No.: 09669702288
E-mail: jackielielaic@gmail.com

Personal Data:

Date of Birth: August 21, 2001 Age: 21 years old

Place of Birth: Barangay Bulao

San Jorge, Samar Sex: Female

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino Height/Weight: 5’2/66

Educational Background:

● Primary : San Jorge Central Elemtary School

Barangay Mancol, San Jorge, Samar

● Secondary : San Jorge National High School

Poblacion Dos, San Jorge,
Samar

● Tertiary : Northwest Samar State University

San Jorge Campus
Barangay Erenas, San Jorge,
Samar
 52

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOMAR A. DOÑOS
Barangay 01 Poblacion
San Jose De Buan, Samar, Philippines
Mobile No.: 09558129266
E-mail: jomardonos18@gmail.com

Personal Data:

Date of Birth: June 18, 2000 Age: 22 years old

Place of Birth: Barangay Villahermosa

Dolores, Eastern Samar Sex: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino Height/Weight: 5’3/55

Educational Background:

● Primary : San Jose De Buan Elementary School

Barangay 01 Poblacion, San Jose
De
Buan, Samar

● Secondary : San Jose De Buan National High

School
Barangay 01 Poblacion, San Jose De,
Buan, Samar

● Tertiary : Northwest Samar State University

San Jorge Campus
Barangay Erenas, San Jorge,
Samar
 53

CURRICULUM VITAE

FRANCIS C. TAGHOY
Barangay San Agustin
Gandara, Samar, Philippines
Mobile No.: 09301136549
E-mail: francistaghoy64@gmail.com

Personal Data:

Date of Birth: December 21, 1999 Age: 23 years old

Place of Birth: Maasin, Southern Leyte

Sex: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino Height/Weight: 5’5/54

Educational Background:

● Primary : Rizal Elementary School

Barangay Rizal Tomas, Oppus,
Southern Leyte

● Secondary : Ramon T. Diaz National High School

Barangay Adela Heights, Gandara,
Samar

● Tertiary : Northwest Samar State University

San Jorge Campus
Barangay Erenas, San Jorge,
Samar