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FCE - GrammarGuide (Ngữ pháp luyện thi FCE) PDF
FCE - GrammarGuide (Ngữ pháp luyện thi FCE) PDF
1 Participial adjectives
Many adjectives are formed from the present particle (-ing
Index form) and past participles (-ed form) of verbs.
For example: to interest = interested, interesting.
1 Adjectives 1 Adjectives ending in -ing tell us a characteristic or quality
2 Adverbs of the person or thing being described. They also have an
3 Articles active sense. They show the effect someone or something
4 Cleft sentences has on someone or something else:
5 Making comparisons: comparatives and superlatives It’s an interesting book = It makes me feel interested.
6 Conditionals 2 Adjectives ending in -ed have a passive sense and describe
7 Countable and uncountable nouns and their determiners what has happened to the person or thing it describes.
8 Future
9 Gerund and infinitive
They describe states and feelings:
10 Inversion The grammar class was boring =The class actively had
11 Modals that effect.
12 Narrative tenses Nikki was bored = That’s what happened to Nikki.
13 Relative clauses
14 Reported speech and reporting verbs Choose the correct form of adjective in the sentences below.
15 Will/would and used to
16 So and such; too and enough 1 We were worrying/worried about the news from Canada.
17 Transitive and intransitive verbs 2 Am I boring/bored, Maria? People don’t listen to my
18 Wish stories anymore.
19 Verb groups 3 What’s the most embarrassing/embarrassed experience
you’ve ever had?
4 We are exhausting/exhausted, baby Oliver kept us awake
1 Adjectives all night.
5 I’ve never eaten anything quite so disgusted/disgusting.
We use adjectives to classify or describe the qualities of
6 I enjoy watching Sumo wrestling, I think it’s a fascinated/
something or someone. We use adjectives:
1 After the verb ‘to be’ fascinating sport.
He is old.
Form: to be + adjective 1.2 Adjective order
2 After ‘linking’ verbs such as look, seem, become and feel
Are you OK, you look tired. No, I feel fine. 1 When we use two or more adjectives before a noun then
Form: verb + adjective we generally follow this order: opinion – dimension – age
3 Before nouns and pronouns – texture – colour – shape – origin – purpose
Her new coat is beautiful. 2 If we want to use more than two adjectives we will usually
Form: adjective + noun try to place some of them after the noun.
She had short curly dark hair. ‹
Remember: Better: Her dark hair was short and curly.
i) Adjectives do not change according to the number or He carried a worn old leather briefcase. ‹
gender of the thing they describe: Better: He carried a worn old briefcase made of leather.
There were some youngs young boys in the street. 3 Opinion adjectives, where we give our point of view
ii) Adjectives come after the to describe a class or group usually come before adjectives which give more factual
of people: information. Examples of opinion adjectives are beautiful,
The rich, the unemployed, the homeless. lovely, nice, pretty, awful, ugly, horrible.
iii) Colour adjectives come before the noun:
She wore a beautiful blue dress, made of silk.
She was wearing a red dress, not a dress red.
iv) Some adjectives such as asleep, alive, afraid can only be
used after a linking verb: Which one of these sentences shows a correct order of
The boy who was hiding in the cellar looked afraid. adjectives? Correct the others by putting the adjectives in
There was an afraid boy hiding in the cellar = There the right order.
was a frightened boy hiding in the cellar. 1 She put a plastic black long snake on her teacher’s chair.
2 He was a given a/n diver’s expensive Swiss watch for his
Which one of the following sentences is correct? Correct the eighteenth birthday.
rest. 3 She was wearing a shiny Japanese lovely dressing-gown
1 There were four greens cars in front of their house. silk.
2 That watch looks like expensive. 4 He has bought a wonderful new graphite tennis raquet.
3 You look a lovely today. 5 They have a grey big fat gorgeous cat Siamese.
4 He was feeling sad yesterday. 6 Last night I watched a Swedish new fascinating
5 The government should look after the poors.
documentary on TV.
6 There was an asleep baby lying in its pram.
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Non-gradable
Put the parts of the sentences in italics into the correct
Modifiers Adjectives Example order.
1 We always take nearly the train between Brussels and
Absolutely, Terrible, awful, We were utterly
Paris.
completely, utterly, dreadful, exhausted, exhausted after a
2 Tess and Jerry go to cinema time the to time from.
totally furious, gorgeous, long day’s shopping.
3 Why don’t we go to a restaurant? We seem these eat
starving, mortified,
hardly to days out.
devastated
4 I’m really fed up, clothes he borrowing is my always
without asking.
5 They used on to tennis mornings always play Sunday but
Complete the responses to these exchanges using non- since the baby time ever they hardly have.
gradable adjectives. 6 Since I moved to Chicago I see my while only a once
1 A: Were you pleased with your results? parents in.
B: Pleased? I was completely .
2 A: You must have been angry when you heard the news.
B: Angry? I was totally . 2.2 Adverbs of manner
3 A: She looked lovely in her wedding dress. Adverbs of manner are used to describe how an action is
B: Lovely? She looked absolutely . performed:
4 A: I heard that the play was bad. She plays the piano beautifully.
B: Bad? It was utterly .
5 A: Were you tired and hungry after the walk? We generally form them by adding -ly to adjectives:
B: Tired and hungry? We were absolutely Slow ‹ slowly.
and . We transform adjectives ending in -y with -ily in the adverb:
6 A: Were they disappointed to lose the match? Angry ‹ angrily.
B: Disappointed? They were utterly .
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Are these sentences correct or incorrect? Write or . 19.2 Past simple and past participle (the same)
1 She slept. We can make sub-groups of similar verbs.
2 I own.
Ending in -ought or -aught
3 We played golf.
4 We play. catch caught caught
5 Three hundred people died. bring brought brought
buy bought bought
6 Three hundred people were died.
seek sought sought
7 Magically, the wizard vanished.
think thought thought
8 What have you found?
Ending in -eep, -ept
18 Wish keep kept kept
sleep slept slept
We use wish:
1 To express our hopes for what we want to happen or not Present and past participle the same
to happen in the future:
I wish I knew the answer (= but I don’t). become became become
come come come
Form: subject + simple past
I wish I could speak Arabic (= but I can’t). run run run
Form: subject + wish + could/was able to + infinitive Ending in t or d
(without to)
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Change from -i to -a to -u
begin began begun
ring rang rung
swim swam swum
No change
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
forecast forecast forecast
hit hit hit
put put put
read read read