TE331: Principles of Analogue Telecommunications: Noise in Analogue Communication Systems

TE331: Principles of Analogue
Telecommunications
Lecture #6
Noise in Analogue Communication
Systems
Contents
 Sources of Noise
 Additive White Noise
 Noise in Modulation Schemes
 Emphasis Filtering
January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2

Introduction
 Noise: unwanted, random, unpredictable,
undesirable signals that affect wanted signals
 In communication systems, noise is an error or
undesired random disturbance of a useful
information signal
 The effect of channel noise is to degrade the
performance of the receiver in recovering the
message signal

Sources of Noise
Noise arise from a variety of sources which may be
categorised into two;
 Internal sources (within the circuit);
– Due to random movement of electrons in electronic
circuits
– Also called intrinsic noise
 External sources;
– sources over which we have no control with, like
motors, generators, atmospheric sources.
– Also called extrinsic noise

Types of Noise
Types of noise depends on the application
 Thermal noise (white noise)
 Shot noise
 Flicker noise (pink noise) – occurs at low
frequency
 Environmental noise
 Burst noise
 Quantization noise ……..etc

Colors of Noise
 There are different colors of noise for different
applications (acoustics testing, electrical engineering and
hard physics)
 Colors of noise are distinguished by their power spectral
densities (how power content of the noise signal is
distributed over different frequencies)
 Different spreads are given different colour names;
– White
– Brown (Brownian)
– Pink
– Grey
– Violet
– Blue

White Noise
 It contains same power distribution over a band
of frequencies – flat spectrum
 It is analogous to white light –bands of the
spectrum shines equally brightly (uniform
emission), combining to produce white
 easy to locate the source
Applications
 used as part of a siren on an emergency vehicle.
 audio synthesis to create percussive instruments
like cymbals, which produce a lot of noise.
 Basis for some random number generators

Additive White Gaussian Noise
 AWGN – Basic channel noise model used in
Information/Communication theory
 Additive; added to any noise that might be
intrinsic to the information system.
 The received signal is equal to the transmitted
signal plus noise
+
Sent signal Received signal
noise

 White:uniform power distribution across the
frequency band
 Gaussian: normal distribution with zero mean.


 In analog communication systems, the extent to
which noise affects the performance is measured
by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Higher SNR means better communication system

There are various SNR terms in analog systems
depending on where the ratio parameters are
taken
 Pre-detection SNR (Input SNR)
 Post-detection SNR (Output SNR)
 Reference SNR (Channel SNR)
 Figure of Merit


Channel SNR
 The ratio of the modulated signal average
power to the average power of the channel
noise in the message bandwidth
 Measured at the channel output/receiver
input (before any receiver action)
Average power of the modulated signal
SNRC 
Average power of the noise in message bandwidth

 Pre-detection SNR
 Before demodulation process, the received
signal (modulated plus noise) is passes
through a bandpass filter for noise-limiting
 Pre – detection SNR is measured

Post-detection SNR
 Measured at the receiver output
 The ratio of the demodulated signal average
power to the average power of the channel
noise measured at the receiver output
Average power of the demodulated signal
SNRO 
Average output noise power

 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑂 depends on the modulation and
demodulation scheme.
 In comparing 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑂 for different modulation-
demodulation schemes, following
assumptions must be considered:
– Modulated signal is assumed to be of the same
average power for different schemes
– Channel noise must be of the same average power
within the message bandwidth.

 The ratio of the 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑂 to 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐶 is called the
receiver figure of merit
 Figure of merit is used to compare channel noise
performances of different modulation and
demodulation schemes
SNRO
Figure of Merit 
SNRC
 The higher the figure of merit of the receiver the

better is the receiver performance and vice versa

Assumptions made
 Message signal 𝑚 𝑡 is assumed to be a sample
function of an ergodic WSS random process with
zero mean, bandwidth 𝐵 and PSD 𝑆𝑀𝑀 (𝜔)
 The transmitter and receiver LPFs (within the
modulator/demodulator) are assumed to be ideal
with bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧
 Channel is assumed distortionless and corrupts the
message signal with additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN), 𝑛(𝑡) which is a sample function of a zero-
mean random process with two-sided PSD

 Message signal and noise signal are assumed to
be uncorrelated random processes
 Receiver input signal is therefore given by
(assuming the channel attenuation to be 1.0)
r (t )  s(t )  n(t )
 The BPF is a part of Mixer, with bandwidth 𝐵𝑇
(Recall super-heterodyne receivers)
 The output frequency of the BPF is the
intermediate frequency (Typical values are
455kHz in AM and 10.7MHz in FM)
 Noise after BPF is considered narrowband noise

 In the following section, we will study the
performance of baseband, Amplitude –
modulated and Angle – modulated signals when
contaminated by AWGN and compare them
 In AM the message is contained in the amplitude
of modulated signal, and noise is added directly
to the signal
 In FM the message is contained in the frequency
of the modulated signal, and noise is added to the
amplitude
Noise in Baseband Communication
 No Modulation
 Receiver input signal

r t   m t   n t 
 Receiver output signal
yo  t   m  t   no  t 
 Output average power
Po  E Yo2  t    E  M 2  t    E  N o2  t  
PM o  PM
 PM o  PNo
 The average noise power at the receiver

output and is given by
1 2 B
PNo   S NN   d   B
2 2 B

 The output signal-to-noise ratio
PM PM PR
SNRo  o
 
PN  B  B
o
 The receiver input transmitted signal power

PR  PM o
 average power of the channel noise in the message
bandwidth PNi  PNo
Therefore SNRO  SNRC
Thus for a baseband communication system, the figure
of merit is 1.0
Noise in Amplitude Modulation

Noise in DSB-SC
 ForDSB-SC modulation system, the modulated
signal is expressed as
s  t   Ac cos ct  m  t 
 The pre-detection bandpass filter (BPF) is
assumed to be ideal with bandwidth equal to
the transmission bandwidth, 𝐵𝑇 = 2𝐵
 The receiver input signal is a sum of the
modulated signal and channel white Gaussian
noise as defined before
r t   s t   n t 
Noise in DSB-SC
 Average power of the modulated signal
component in the received signal is given by
2
A
PR  E  s 2  t    c PM
2
 Averagepower of the channel noise inband with
modulated signal
1 2 B
PN   S NN   d   B
2 2 B
 Therefore Ac2 PM
SNRC 
2 B
Noise in DSB-SC
 Thepre-detection BPF output signal is a sum of
the modulated signal and the bandpass channel
noise
yi  t   s  t   ni  t 
 The average power of message signal in 𝑦𝑖 𝑡 is

given by (same as that of the receiver input
signal) 2
Ac
PSi  E  s  t   
2
PM  PR
2

Noise in DSB-SC
 The average power of the noise component in
𝑦𝑖 𝑡
PNi  E  Ni2  t    2 B
 The detector input signal-to-noise ratio is defined

as Ac2 PM
PSi
SNRI  
PNi 4 B

Noise in DSB-SC
 The input of demodulator is multiplied with local
carrier and LP filtered. Output is given by
yo  t   Ac m  t   no  t   Ac m  t   nc  t 
 Theaverage power of the demodulated message
signal component in 𝑦𝑜 𝑡 is;
PSo  E  Ac2 M 2  t    A2 PM  2PR
 Theaverage power of the noise component in
𝑦𝑜 𝑡 is; 2
PNo  E  N o  t    2 B

Noise in DSB-SC
 The receiver output signal-to-noise ratio is given
by
PSo Ac2 PM PR
SNRO   
PNo 2 B B
SNRo
 figure of merit = 1.0
SNRc
 DSB-SCsystem has the same performance in the
presence of noise as analog baseband system.

Noise in SSB-SC
A lower-sideband SSB-SC modulated signal is
expressed as
s  t   Ac  m  t  cos ct   mˆ  t  sin ct 
 The average power of the modulated signal
component and that of noise in the received
signal bandwidth are given by
1 2 B
PR  E  s  t    A P
2 2
PN   S NN   d   B
2
c M
2 B
Ac2 PM
 Therefore SNRC 
B
Noise in SSB-SC
 The pre-detectionBPF is assumed to be ideal with
bandwidth equal to the transmission bandwidth,
𝐵𝑇 = 𝐵
 The pre-detection BPF output signal is a sum of
the modulated signal and the bandpass channel
noise
yi  t   s  t   ni  t 
 The average power of the signal component

PSi  E  s 2  t    Ac2 PM  PR
Noise in SSB-SC
 The average power of the noise component
PNi  E  Ni2  t    B
 The detector input signal-to-noise ratio
Ac2 PM
PSi
SNRI  
PNi B

Noise in SSB-SC
yo  t   Ac m  t   nc  t  cos  Bt   ns  t  sin  Bt 
 Theaverage power of the demodulated message
PSo  E  Ac2 M 2  t    Ac2 PM  PR
 Theaverage power of the noise component in
𝑦𝑜 𝑡 is;
PNo  E  N o2  t    B

Noise in SSB-SC
 The receiver output signal-to-noise ratio is given
by
PSoAc2 PM PR
SNRO   
PNo B B
 figure of merit = 1.0
 SSB-SCsystem has the same performance in the

presence of noise as analog baseband system and
DSB-SC system.

Noise in Ordinary AM Systems
 For ordinary AM modulation system, the
modulated signal is expressed as
s  t    Ac  m  t  cos ct   Ac 1   m  t  cos ct 
 The received signal (input to the receiver) is

expressed as
r t   s t   n t 
 Ac 1   m  t   cos ct   n  t 

 The average power of the modulated (received)
signal component in the received signal
2
PR  E  s 2  t    c 1   2 PM 
A
2
 Withsame average power (as in DSB) of the
channel noise in the message bandwidth ( PN   B)
Ac2 1   2 PM 
SNRC 
2 B

 The pre-detection BPF bandwidth equal to the
transmission bandwidth, 𝐵𝑇 = 2𝐵
 The output signal is a sum of the modulated
signal and the bandpass channel noise
yi  t   s  t   ni  t 
 Noise PSD

 c  2 B     c  2 B
S N i     2
0 elsewhere

 Theaverage power of the modulated signal
component in 𝑦𝑖 𝑡 2
Ac
PSi  E  s  t   
2
1   2 PM   PR
2
 The average power of the noise component in
𝑦𝑖 𝑡
PNi  E  Ni2  t    2 B
 The
detector input signal-to-noise ratio is defined
as PS Ac2 1   2 PM 
SNRI   i
PN 4 Bi

Synchronous Detection
yo  t   Ac  m  t   no  t 
 The average power of the demodulated message
 2
PM
E  Ac  M  t    Ac  PM  2
2 2 2 2 2
PR
1   PM
2
 The average power of the noise component in 𝑦𝑜 𝑡

is;
PN  E  N o2  t    2 B
o

 Receiver output signal-to-noise ratio
 2 PM PR
PSo
SNRo  
PN 1   2 PM  B
o
 Figure of Merit
 2 PM
 1.0
1   PM
2
 Ordinary AM has poorer performance in the

presence of noise compared to analog baseband
system.
Envelope Detection
 When 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐼 > 1
– Applying 𝑦𝑖 (𝑡) through an ideal envelope
detector yields the output signal
yo  t   Ac  m  t   no  t 
– This case is the same as that for a synchronous
detector which results in the same
 When 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐼 < 1
– The message signal is completely mutilated and
the system is operating below the threshold
Noise in Angle Modulation Systems
 The modulated signal is expressed as
k p m  t  for PM

s  t   Ac cos c t    t   ;   t   
 k f  m    d  for FM
t
 Received signal is given by
r  t   Ac cos ct    t   n  t 

Noise in Angle Modulation
 Pre-detection noise-limiting BPF is assumed to be
ideal with bandwidth equal to the transmission
bandwidth, BT  2 D  1 B
 The pre-detection BPF output signal is a sum of the
(received) modulated signal and the bandpass
channel noise
yi  t   s  t   ni  t 

 c   BT    c   BT
S Ni      2
0 elsewhere
 The average power of the signal component in
𝑦𝑖 𝑡 is the same as the power in the received
signal A2
PSi  E  s 2  t    c
 PR
2
 The average power of the noise component
PNi  E  Ni2  t    BT
 The detector input signal-to-noise ratio
Ac2
PSi
SNRI  
PNi 2 BT
 For𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐼 > 1
– The ideal detector output (detection followed
by a LPF with bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧) becomes
 no  t 
k p m  t   for PM
 Ac
yo  t   
k m  t   no  t  for FM
 f Ac

Noise in Angle Modulation - PM
 ForPM system, the average power of the signal
component in the output is given by
PSo  E  k p2 M 2  t    k p2 PM
 The average power of the noise component is
given by 2 B
PNo  E  N o  t   
2
2
A c
 The receiver output signal-to-noise ratio

PSo k p2 PM Ac2
PR
SNRO   k P 2
2 B B p M
PNo
Noise in Angle Modulation - FM
 ForFM system, the average power of the signal
component in the output is given by
PSo  E  k 2f M 2  t    k 2f PM
 The average power of the noise component (
output of an ideal differentiator)
 8 2
 B 3
PNo  E  N o2  t    2  2 f  df 
B
Ac2 0
2
3 Ac2

 The receiver output signal-to-noise ratio
2 2
PSo k P
3 f M cA k 2f PM Ac2 3PR k 2f PM
PR
SNRO    3
8  B 8  B   B

2 3 2
PNo 1
2 Ac2 2 3
2 B
 Recall the frequency deviation, ∆𝜔(𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑓) =

𝑘𝑓 |𝑚(𝑡)|
 For a special case where 𝑚 𝑡 ≤ 1, max frequency
deviation, ∆𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓
 2f 
2
 f 
2
 Thus PR PR
SNRO  3 PM  3  PM
 2 B  B  B  B
2

 The Figure of Merit is expressed as
2
3  BT 
Figure of MeritFM   
4 B 
 Performance depends on the bandwidth of the
modulated signal. This is different from DSB, AM,
and SSB.
 An increase in the bandwidth can significantly
improve the noise performance of FM system.

Emphasis Filtering
 The noise power spectral density at the FM
demodulator output is parabolic
 Recall in FM the message is contained in the
frequency of the modulated signal
 Message signal is contaminated by noise to the
extent that the added noise changes the
frequency of the modulated signal
 Low-frequency components of the message signal
are less affected and the high-frequency
components are highly affected by the noise
(parabolic effect)

Emphasis Filtering
 Due to high level of noise at high-frequency component
of the message signal in FM, we need to attenuate the
high frequency demodulated message component at
the receiver side
 This results in reduction of noise level, but at the same
time it causes message signal ( with high-frequency
component) to be attenuated
 To compensate for the attenuation at the receiving
side, we need to amplify the high-frequency message
components at the transmitter side

Emphasis Filtering
 The
pre-emphasis filter is used at the transmitted
to amplify (emphasize) the high-frequency
components while the low-frequency
components are left unaffected.
 The de-emphasis filter in the receiver is used to

attenuate (de-emphasize) the high-frequency
components of the received signal and leaving
the low-frequency components unchanged.

Emphasis Filtering
 The pre-emphasis filter distorts the power-
spectral density of the message signal prior to
modulation and the de-emphasis filter removes
the distortions after demodulation.
 De-emphasis filter reduces the high-frequency

components of the noise at the demodulator
output thereby improving the overall signal-to-
noise ratio.

Emphasis Filtering

Emphasis Filtering
 For proper performance, pre-emphasis filter
𝐻𝑃 (𝑓) and de-emphasis filter 𝐻𝐷 (𝑓) have to be
such that;
1
HD( f )  , defined over  B  f  B,
HP( f )
B  bandwidth of the message signal
 The receiver filter should be the inverse of

transmitter filter.

Noise in Analog Communication Systems
Main Conclusion
 DSB andSSB have the same noise performance as

the baseband communication systems
 AM has worse noise performance, but has

simpler receiver (envelope detector )
 FM has much better noise performance, at the

price of the increased bandwidth.

TE331: Principles of Analogue Telecommunications: Noise in Analogue Communication Systems

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TE331: Principles of Analogue

 Additive White Noise

 Noise in Modulation Schemes

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 3

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 4

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 5

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 7

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 8

 Gaussian: normal distribution with zero mean.

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 10

Higher SNR means better communication system

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 11

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 12

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 13

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January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 16

January 19 TE331: PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 17

 The higher the figure of merit of the receiver the

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 Receiver input signal

 The average noise power at the receiver

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 The receiver input transmitted signal power

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 The average power of message signal in 𝑦𝑖 𝑡 is

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 The detector input signal-to-noise ratio is defined

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 The average power of the signal component

 The detector input signal-to-noise ratio

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 figure of merit = 1.0

 SSB-SCsystem has the same performance in the

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s  t    Ac  m  t  cos ct   Ac 1   m  t  cos ct 

 The received signal (input to the receiver) is

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 The average power of the noise component in 𝑦𝑜 𝑡

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 Ordinary AM has poorer performance in the

 Received signal is given by

r  t   Ac cos ct    t   n  t 

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 The receiver output signal-to-noise ratio

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 Recall the frequency deviation, ∆𝜔(𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑓) =

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