TE331: Principals of Analogue

Telecommunications

Lecture #4
Angle Modulation
 Contents

 Angle Modulation
 Generation of NB Angle-Modulated Signals
 Generation of WB Angle-Modulated Signals
 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals
 FM Radio Broadcasting
 FM Stereo Broadcasting
November 18 TE331: PRINCIPALS OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2
 Introduction
Recall!
 Continuous-wave (CW) modulated signal is
generally expressed as
xc (t )  Ac (t )cos[c t  (t )], c  2f c
Where
Ac (t )  Instantaneous Amplitude
 (t )  Instantaneous Phase
f c  carrier fequency

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 Introduction
 In amplitude modulation 𝐴𝑐 𝑡 is made to vary
linearly with the message signal 𝑚(𝑡)
– Spectrum of the modulated signal is related to
that of the message signal in a simple manner
– Transmission bandwidth of the modulated
signal is at most twice the message signal
bandwidth
– Modulation process is linear

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 Introduction
 In angle modulation phase 𝜙 𝑡 varies as a
function of message signal 𝑚 𝑡 with constant
amplitude 𝐴𝑐 𝑡
– Spectrum of modulated signal is not related to
that of the message signal in a simple fashion
– Transmission bandwidth of the modulated
signal is much greater than message signal
bandwidth
– Modulation process is nonlinear (nonlinear
modulation)

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 Angle Modulation
Advantages of Angle Modulation
– Increased robustness to noise and interference
– Ability to withstand nonlinear distortion and
amplitude fading (because of their constant
amplitude nature)
Disadvantages of Angle Modulation
– Increased transmission bandwidth
– Increased complexity (transmitter and receiver
implementation)

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 Angle Modulation
 An angle-modulated signal is generally
expressed as
s  t   A cos ct    t 
  t   c t    t   s  t   A cos   t 
 We define
– Instantaneous phase of 𝑠 𝑡 as 𝜃(𝑡)
– Instantaneous phase deviation as 𝜙(𝑡)

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 Angle Modulation
 Instantaneous angular frequency is defined as
d  t  d  t 
i  t    c 
dt dt
 Instantaneous angular frequency deviation of
as d  t 
 i  t    c
dt
 And maximum angular frequency deviation as
d  t 
  i  t    c max 
dt max
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 Angle Modulation
Phase-Frequency Relationship
  t   c t    t 
θ (t )

c t    t 

d  t 
Slope  i  t  
dt
 (0)
t
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 Angle Modulation
 Angle modulation encompasses
– phase modulation (PM)
– frequency modulation (FM)
 In PM
– The instantaneous phase deviation  (t ) varies
proportionally with the message signal
 In FM
– The instantaneous frequency deviation d  t  varies
proportionally with the message signal dt

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 Phase Modulation
 Generally for PM
 (t )  k p m(t )
sPM (t )  Acos[2f ct  k p m(t )
k p : phase deviation constant in rad/unit of m(t)
 Instantaneous angular frequency of the
modulated signal is given by
dm  t 
i   c  k p
dt

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 Frequency Modulation
 Generally for FM
d (t ) t
 k f m(t );  (t )  k f  m( )d
dt 
k f  frequency deviation constant in rad/sec/unit of m(t)
 t

sFM  t   A cos  2 f ct  k f  m   d 
  
 Instantaneous angular frequency is given by
i   c  k f m  t 

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 Tone Angle Modulation
 Let the message signal be a sinusoid defined
as  Am sin  mt  , for PM
m t   
 Am cos  mt  , for FM

 The PM and FM modulated signals become

sPM  t   A cos ct  k p Am sin mt   max  k p Am
 k f Am 
sFM  t   A cos ct  sin  mt     max  k f Am
 m 

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 Tone Angle Modulation
 Themaximum phase deviation is defined as
the modulation index for angle modulation

 max
k p Am =  , for PM

  max 
m

 k f Am = max , for FM
 m m

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 Modulation Index & Deviation Ratio
 The modulation index is generally defined as the
ratio of the frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency
 The modulation index will vary according to the
frequency that is modulating the transmitted
carrier
 However when designing a system it is important
to know the maximum permissible values
 Thus the deviation ratio is defined as the ratio of
the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the
highest audio modulating frequency
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 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals

 In angle-modulated signal with tone

modulation, effective transmission bandwidth
𝐵𝑇 is approximated to

2  k p A  1 m , for PM

BT  2    1 m    k f A 
2   1 m , for FM
  fm 

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 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals

 Forangle-modulated signal with arbitrary

message signals, the Transmission bandwidth
is approximated by

BT  2  D  1 B

max
D is the deviation ratio.
B

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 Narrowband Vs Broadband
Narrowband
 When   1, B  2
T m

– Signal is said to be Narrowband (NB) angle-

modulated signal
 Narrowband means that the audio or data
bandwidth is small (but enough for this type of
communication)
 used for short distance communications (like
vehicle mount radios or hand held equipment)
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 Narrowband Vs Broadband
Wideband
 When
  1, BT  2 m  2max
– Signal is wideband (WB) angle-modulated
signal

 Wider bandwidth

 Broadcast FM stations use wideband FM

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 Narrowband Vs Broadband
 Narrowband communication has two major
weaknesses due to its small spectrum
– It is easy target for detection and interception
by unintended users
– It is more susceptible to jamming, hence can
ruin the signal reception.

 For wideband high spectral redundancy makes

the signals more resistant to frequency jamming

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 Generation of Narrowband Signals
 For Narrowband signals
t
k p m(t ) & k f  m( τ )dτ  1


 Narrowband PM (NBPM) signal is represented as

sNBPM  t   A cos ct   Ak p m  t  sin ct 

 Narrowband FM (NBFM) signal is represented as

 t 
sNBFM  t   A cos ct   A  k f  m   d  sin ct 
  
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Generation of Narrowband Signals

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 Generation of Wideband Signals
 WBPM modulated signal is expressed as
sPM  t   A cos  2 f ct  k p m  t 

  t   k p m  t   1

 WBFM modulated signal is expressed as

sFM  t   A cos 2 f ct  k f  m  d 
 t

  
t
  t   k p  m  d  1

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 Generation of Wideband Signals
There are two ways of generating wideband angle
modulated signals
 Indirect Method
– Signals are generated by frequency multiplication
of the NB angle-modulated signals (using
nonlinear devices)
 Direct Method
– Generates FM signals directly by varying the
instantaneous carrier frequency in accordance
with the message signal by means of a voltage-
controlled oscillator (VCO)

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 Generation of Wideband Signals
Indirect Method

A cos[2f c t   (t )] n A cos[2nf c t  n (t )]

 (t )  1 n (t )  1

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 Generation of Wideband Signals
 To obtain the required transmission frequency
and maximum frequency deviation, multiple
frequency multipliers are used together with
frequency mixers (Armstrong’s method)

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m(t )

Generation of Wideband Signals

Direct Method
 Voltage-variable capacitor whose capacitance is a linear
function of the message signal forms a capacitive
component of the frequency-determining tuned circuit
of a sinusoidal oscillator

 Advantage: Large frequency deviations are possible,

thus less frequency multiplication is required

 Disadvantage: Carrier frequency tends to drift, thus

additional circuitry is required for frequency
stabilization

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 Generation of Wideband Signals

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 Demodulation of FM Signals
Frequency Discriminator
 FM modulated signal is expressed as

sFM  t   A cos 2 f ct  k f  m  d 

 t

  
 The frequency discriminator produces an output
proportional to the instantaneous frequency
deviation of the input signal
d (t )
yd (t )  k d  k d k f m(t )
dt
k d  discriminator sensitivity
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 Demodulation of FM Signals

Input output characteristics of an ideal frequency discriminator

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 FM Radio Broadcasting
 Commercial FM broadcasting transmits voice and
music signals in the frequency band 88 MHz to
108 MHz
 Carrierfrequencies for transmitters are separated
by 200 kHz (FDM) to avoid interference
 The peak-frequency deviation is set at 75 kHz
 Super-heterodyne receivers are used in
commercial FM broadcasting systems

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 In monophonic broadcasting, a single audio
baseband signal is used to modulate a carrier; this
signal originates from a single studio microphone
 Earlier FM broadcasting was originally
monophonic, and the FCC standards were
established for mono
 In stereophonic broadcasting, two microphones
are used to generate a left signal and a right
signal in the transmitter and these signals are fed
in identical speakers at the receiver (to produce a
more natural sound effect)
November 18 TE331: PRINCIPALS OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 32
 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 FM stereo broadcasting transmits outputs of left
and right microphones, each occupying a
frequency band 0 – 15 kHz
 Signals from the left and right microphone are
processed by a matrix to produce a sum signal
and a difference signal
 Sum signal ml  t   mr  t 

 Difference signal ml  t   mr  t 

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 Stereo Transmitter

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 Stereo Receiver

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 At the transmitter, the two signals are added and
subtracted to obtain

ml  t   mr  t  & ml  t   mr  t 
 The difference signal DSB modulates a carrier of
38 kHz obtained by doubling the pilot frequency
of a 19-kHz signal that is used as a pilot

 The sum signal is sent directly

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 Receiver of the FM stereo broadcasting system is
the same as that of the ordinary FM broadcasting
system to the frequency discriminator stage.
 The frequency discriminator output is a baseband
signal.
 The Lowpass filter with cut-off frequency 15 kHz
passes the sum signal.
 Narrowband tuned filter and the frequency
doubler recovers the carrier signal of 38 kHz.

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 Stereo and Mono Broadcasting
 Output of the band-pass filter (23 kHz – 53 kHz) is
the DSB-SC modulated signal that carries the
difference signal
 The DSB-SC signal is synchronous demodulated
using the recovered carrier to produce baseband
difference signal
 Thesum signal and the difference signal are
processed by the matrix to produce signals
𝑚𝑙 𝑡 & 𝑚𝑟 (𝑡)

November 18 TE331: PRINCIPALS OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 38

 AM vs FM
Amplitude modulation
 Varying the amplitude of a carrier
wave in proportion to the
amplitude of a baseband signal.
The frequency of the carrier
remains constant
 Requires a simple circuit, and is
very easy to generate
 Simple to tune, used in short
wave broadcasting
 Area of coverage of AM is greater
than FM (longer wavelengths
(lower frequencies)
 Inefficient, and is susceptible to
static and other forms of
electrical noise.
November 18 TE331: PRINCIPALS OF ANALOGUE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Frequency modulation
 Varying the frequency of a
carrier wave in proportion to the
amplitude of a baseband signal.
The amplitude of the carrier
remains constant
 Audio quality and immunity to
noise. Most forms of static and
electrical noise are naturally AM,
and an FM receiver will not
respond to AM signals
 Audio quality of signal increases
as the frequency deviation
increases thus, FM broadcast
stations use such large deviation
 Larger bandwidth is required
39