CE421

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURE DESIGN
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
CENTER OF RIGIDITY
Example 5.1 (Page 143, Betonarme Yapıların Hesap ve Tasarımı, A. Doğangün)
1
12𝐸𝐼 E: modulus of elasticity of the material
𝐹 = 3 ×1 I: moment of inertia of the section
𝐿
L: length of the member
12𝐸𝐼
12𝐸𝐼 𝑘 = 3 ∶ 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐹= 𝐿
𝐿3
All column dimensions: 250 mm x 500 mm
0.25×0.503
𝐼250𝑥500 = = 2.604 × 10−3 𝑚4
12

x 0.50 × 0.253
𝐼500𝑥250 = = 0.651 × 10−3 𝑚4
12
y
 CENTER OF RIGIDITY
As an example:
For column S5, kx=12EIy/L2 (i.e. For constant E and L for all columns, these values are canceled in the above calculations and i
may be expressed that kx=Iy). Similarly, ky=Ix. Then,
𝑘𝑦 × 𝑒𝑥 𝑘𝑥 × 𝑒𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = . 𝑒𝑦 = .
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥

8.45 m
4.10 m 4.35 m 2 × 0.125 + 3 × 4.1 + 8.45 − 0.125 × 0.651 + 2 × 8.45 × 2.604
S1 S2 0.125 m 𝑒𝑥 = = 4.91 m.
x S3
6 × 0.651 + 3 × 2.604
0.375 m
ey
y
4.50 m

ex 2 × 0.125 + 9 − 0.125 × 0.651 + 3 × 4.5 + 2 × 9 × 2.604

S4 C.R. S5 S6 𝑒𝑦 = = 5.08 m.
3 × 0.651 + 6 × 2.604
9.00 m
4.50 m

S7 S8 S9 In the above calculations, we use the ratio of (12EI/L3) values. Since modulus of elasiticity
(E) and member lengths (L) are all equal for all columns, we only consider moment of
inertia values into consideration.
C. R. : Center of rigidity
MASS CENTER
Example 5.1 (Page 143, Betonarme Yapıların Hesap ve Tasarımı, A. Doğangün)
All beams: 25 cm. x 50 cm.
For Column S4:
All the loads (weight and live loads) within the
blue area are carried as axial load by column S4.
These are slab loads (dead and live), beam weight
(dead load only), weight of infill walls (dead load
only) and self-weight of the column (half-height
below the floor level+ half-height above the floor
level). The axial load (seperately for the dead
loads,Ng and live loads, Nq) is calculated by
considering these weights as explained in the
lecture notes.
MASS CENTER
Example 5.1 (Page 143, Betonarme Yapıların Hesap ve Tasarımı, A. Doğangün)
The total axial load on each column which will be used to calculate «mass» and «mass center» for the floor is combined as:
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑔 + 𝑛. 𝑁𝑞

where n: live load participation factor (taken from Table 2.7 in TEC).
Ng: axial load due to dead loads (all weights)
Nq: axial load due to live loads (only from the live loads of slabs)
MASS CENTER
Example 5.1 (Page 143, Betonarme Yapıların Hesap ve Tasarımı, A. Doğangün)
NS1
NS2
NS4 y x
ey NS3
ex NS5
NS7
Mass
Center NS6
NS8

NS9

𝑁𝑆2 + 𝑁𝑆5 + 𝑁𝑆8 × 4.1 + 𝑁𝑆3 + 𝑁𝑆9 × 8.45 + (𝑁𝑆4 +𝑁𝑆7 ) × 0.125 + 𝑁𝑆6 × 8.45 − 0.125
𝑒𝑥 =
𝑁𝑆1 + 𝑁𝑆2 + 𝑁𝑆3 + 𝑁𝑆4 + 𝑁𝑆5 + 𝑁𝑆6 + 𝑁𝑆7 + 𝑁𝑆8 + 𝑁𝑆9
(𝑁𝑆1 +𝑁𝑆3 ) × 0.125 + (𝑁𝑆4 +𝑁𝑆5 + 𝑁𝑆6 ) × 4.5 + (𝑁𝑆7 +𝑁𝑆8 ) × 9 + 𝑁𝑆9 × 9 − 0.125
𝑒𝑦 =
𝑁𝑆1 + 𝑁𝑆2 + 𝑁𝑆3 + 𝑁𝑆4 + 𝑁𝑆5 + 𝑁𝑆6 + 𝑁𝑆7 + 𝑁𝑆8 + 𝑁𝑆9
MASS OF EACH FLOOR
The weight of each floor (when there are «k» number of columns):
𝑘

𝑊= 𝑁𝑆𝑖 = 𝑁𝑆1 + 𝑁𝑆2 + ⋯ + 𝑁𝑆𝑘

𝑖=1

The mass of each floor:

𝑊 m
𝑚= (where g = 9.81 )
𝑔 𝑠2

Note: 1 kg.m/s2 = 1 Newton (N)

MASS OF EACH FLOOR
An example to calculate the axial load carried by column S4 (NS4) at the top story:
Notes: Slab thickness: 13 cm.; All Beams: 25 cm. x 50 cm.; All Columns: 25 cm. x 50 cm.; Live load for the roof story slabs: 1.5
kN/m2 ;Weight of the roof: added as 1 kN/m2 load to the slab distributed load; Unit weight of concrete: 25 kN/m3; Weight of
exterior infill walls: 8.30 kN/m; Weight of interior infill walls: 6.73 kN/m; Live load participation factor: 0.3.
Dead Loads:
1. From the slabs:
4.1
− 0.125 𝑚. × 4.5 − 0.25 𝑚. × 0.13 × 25 + 1 𝑘𝑁 2 = 34.77 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑚

2. From the beams:

4.5 − 0.25 𝑚. + 4.1 − 0.5 𝑚. × 0.25 𝑚. × 0.50𝑚. × 25 𝑘𝑁 = 24.53 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3 𝑁𝑔,𝑆4 =
3. Column self-weight: 34.77 + 24.53 + 7.81 + 59.50
2.5 𝑚. × 0.25 𝑚. × 0.50𝑚. × 25 𝑘𝑁 = 7.81 𝑘𝑁 = 126.61 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3
4. From the walls:
+ 4.1 − 0.5 𝑚. 4.5 − 0.25 𝑚. × 8.30 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 + 4.1 − 0.5 𝑚. × 6.73 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 = 59.50 𝑘𝑁
Live Loads (From the slabs):
4.1 𝑵𝑺𝟒 = 𝑵𝒈,𝑺𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝑵𝒒,𝑺𝟒
− 0.125 𝑚. × 4.5 − 0.25 𝑚. × 1.5 𝑘𝑁 2 = 12.27 𝑘𝑁 = 𝑁𝑞,𝑆4
2 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵
NATURAL VIBRATION PERIOD
The first natural vibration period of the building (TEC, 2007):
𝑁 2
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 × 𝑑𝑓𝑖
𝑇1 = 2𝜋 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑓𝑖 × 𝑑𝑓𝑖

mi: mass of «i»th floor

Ffi: virtual lateral load applied at the mass center of «i»th floor
dfi: virtual lateral displacement of the «i»th floor when it is subjected to virtual loads, Ffi

Therefore, we need to make a structural analysis to find dfi and corresponding T1. Any virtual loading may be chosen for the
analysis. The virtual loads may be chosen simply Ffi=1 at each floor level.