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Zavatsky
HT08
Lecture 8
Plane Strain and
Measurement of Strain
Plane stress versus plane strain.
Transformation equations.
Principal strains and maximum shear strains.
Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Measurement of strain and strain rosettes.
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Plane stress versus plane strain
dy ds α1ds = ε x dx sin θ
α1 dx
θ α1 = ε x sin θ
x ds
dx εxdx
3
y
x1 Diagonal increases in length in
εydy sin θ the x1 direction by εydy sinθ.
εydy Diagonal rotates counter-
y1 clockwise by α2.
dy α2 α 2 ds = ε y dy cos θ
ds dy
α2 = ε y cos θ
θ ds
x
dx
y Diagonal increases in length in
x1 the x1 direction by γxydx cosθ.
γxydy cos θ
Diagonal rotates clockwise
y1 by α3.
The normal strain εx1 is the change in length over the original length:
Δ (ds ) dx dy dy
ε x1 = = εx cos θ + ε y sin θ + γ xy cos θ
ds ds ds ds
ds dx dy
dy = cos θ = sin θ
ds ds
θ
dx
So, the normal strain εx1 is:
ε x1 = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cosθ
The normal strain εy1 can be found by substituting θ+90° into the
equation for εx1.
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To find the shear strain γx1y1, we must find the decrease in angle
of lines in the material that were initially along the x1y1 axes.
y
y1
β x1 γ x1y1 = α + β
α
θ
x
To find α, we just sum α1, α2, and α3, taking the direction of the
rotation into account.
α = −α1 + α 2 − α 3
dx dy dy
α = −ε x sin θ + ε y cos θ − γ xy sin θ
ds ds ds
α = −ε x sin θ cosθ + ε y sin θ cos θ − γ xy sin 2 θ
α = − (ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ − γ xy sin 2 θ
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To find the angle β, we can substitute θ+90 into the equation for α,
but we must insert a negative sign, since α is counterclockwise and
β is clockwise.
β = (ε x − ε y ) sin(θ + 90) cos(θ + 90) + γ xy sin 2 (θ + 90)
β = − (ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy cos 2 θ
τ x1 y1 = −
(σ x −σ y )
sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
The equations have the same form, but with different variables:
ε x1 ⇔ σ x1 γ x1 y1
⇔ τ x1 y1
εx ⇔ σx 2
γ xy
εy ⇔σy ⇔ τ xy
2
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So, the all the equations that we derived based on the stress trans-
formation equations can be converted to equations for strains if we
make the appropriate substitutions.
ε1 εx1
ε2 c
R
Principal strains ε1, ε2
γmax/2
(γx1y1/2)
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Example
An element of material in plane strain has
εx = 340 x 10-6, εy = 110 x 10-6, γxy = 180 x10-6
Find the principal strains, the (in-plane) maximum shear strains,
and the strains on an element oriented at an angle θ=30°.
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Strains when θ = 30° Units on axes are strain x 10-6
B (θ=90)
εy = 110 x10-6
θ = 30° 2θ = 60°
-(γxy/2) = -90 x10-6
ε x1 = c + R cos(2θ − 2θ p1 ) B (θ=90)
ε x1 = 225 + 146 cos(60 − 38.05) C (θ=30)
ε x1 = 360 2θ
ε
c
(γ x1 y1 / 2) = − R sin( 2θ − 2θ p1 ) 2θp1
D (θ=30+90) R
(γ x1 y1 / 2) = −146 sin(60 − 38.05)
A (θ=0)
(γ x1 y1 / 2) = −55
γ x1 y1 = −110
A (θ=0)
εx = 340 x10-6
ε y1 = c − R cos(2θ − 2θ p1 )
(γxy/2) = 90 x10-6
ε y1 = 225 − 146 cos(60 − 38.05)
γ/2
ε y1 = 90
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Principal Strains Maximum Shear Strain
y
y1 No shear strains y y1
εs
ε2 x1
γmax
θp2
θp1 ε1
x x
y
y1
x1
εy1
εx1
γx1y1 θ
x
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Measurement of Strain
• It is very difficult to measure normal and shear stresses in a body,
particularly stresses at a point.
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Resistance Strain Gauges
• Based on the idea that the resistance of a metal wire changes
when the wire is subjected to mechanical strain (Lord Kelvin,
1856). When a wire is stretched, a longer length of smaller
sectioned conductor results.
• The earliest strain gauges were of the “unbonded” type and
used pillars, separated by the gauge length, with wires stretched
between them.
Lo
• Later gauges were “bonded”, with the resistance element applied
directly to the surface of the strained member.
backing
expanded wire grid
view backing
bonded to surface
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During the 1950s, foil-type gauges began to replace the wire-type.
The foil-type gauges typically consist of a metal film element on a
thin epoxy support and are made using printed-circuit techniques.
solder tabs
for wires
R2 compression
(Perry & Lissner)20
Strain Rosettes and
Principal Strains and Stresses
A “0°-60°-120°” strain gauge rosette is bonded to the surface of a
thin steel plate. Under one loading condition, the strain measure-
ments are εA = 60 με, εB = 135 με, εC = 264 με. Find the principal
strains, their orientations, and the principal stresses.
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Transformation equations
From the measured strains, find εx, εy, and γxy.
εA = 60 με, θA = 0°
εB = 135 με, θB = 60°
εC = 264 με, θC = 120°
ε A = 60 = ε x cos 2 0° + ε y sin 2 0° + γ xy sin 0° cos 0°
ε A = 60 = ε x
ε B = 135 = ε x cos 2 60° + ε y sin 2 60° + γ xy sin 60° cos 60°
ε B = 135 = 0.25 ε x + 0.75 ε y + 0.433 γ xy
ε C = 264 = ε x cos 2 120° + ε y sin 2 120° + γ xy sin 120° cos120°
ε C = 264 = 0.25 ε x + 0.75 ε y − 0.433 γ xy
3 equations, 3 unknowns
Solve to find εx = 60 με, εy = 246 με, γxy = -149 με
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Use εx, εy, and γxy in the equations for principal strains to
find ε1 = 272 με, θp1 = -70.6°, ε2 = 34 με, θp2 = 19.4°.
Alternatively, use εx, εy, and γxy to construct the Mohr’s circle
for (in-plane) strains and find principal strains and angles.
c = (60+246)/2 = 153 με
A 2θp1 A: εx = 60 με
ε2 2θp2 (γxy/2)= -74.5 με
ε1
ε D: εy = 246 με
c (γxy/2)= +74.5 με
R
D R = 119 με
γ/2
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To find the principal stresses, use Hooke’s Law for plane stress
(σz = 0)
E εx = ε1 = 272 x 10-6
σx = (ε x + νε y ) εy = ε2 = 34 x 10-6
1 −ν 2
E E = 210 GPa
σy = (ε y + νε x )
1 −ν 2 ν = 0.3
ε1
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Mohr’s Circle εA = 60 με, εB = 135 με, εC = 264 με.
C
B
R? 2θ
120 o 60o
x
A ε
εA εB c? εC
εA = 60 = c + R cos 2θ
εB = 135 = c + R cos 2(θ+60) 120o 240o
εC = 264 = c + R cos 2(θ+120)
3 equations, 3 unknowns
γ/2
Solve the equations to get c = 153, R = 119, and 2θ = 141.3°
When you solve for 2θ, you may get –38.7°. But we have drawn the diagram
above such that 2θ is positive, so you should take 2θ = -38.7° + 180° = 141.3°.
Next, draw the Mohr’s circle and find principal strains as before.
Finally, find principal stresses using Hooke’s Law.
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