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Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Zavatsky
HT08
Lecture 6
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Transformation equations for plane stress.
Procedure for constructing Mohr’s circle.
Stresses on an inclined element.
Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses.
Introduction to the stress tensor.
1
Stress Transformation Equations
y
σy y1
τyx σy1 τy1x1 τx1y1 x1
y
τxy σx1
σx x
σx θ x
τxy σx1 τy1x1
τyx τx1y1
σy1
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x1 = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
τ x1 y1 = −
(σ x −σ y )
sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
If we vary θ from 0° to 360°, we will get all possible values of σx1 and τx1y1
for a given stress state. It would be useful to represent σx1 and τx1y1 as
functions of θ in graphical form.
2
To do this, we must re-write the transformation equations.
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x1 − = cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
τ x1 y1 = −
(σ x −σ y )
sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
(σ x1 − σ avg ) 2 + τ x1 y12 = R 2
which is the equation for a circle with centre (σavg,0) and radius R.
4
Sign Convention for Mohr’s Circle
y1
y (σ x1 − σ avg ) 2 + τ x1 y12 = R 2
σy1 τy1x1 τx1y1 x1
σx1 2θ
θ
σavg σx1
x
R
σx1 τy1x1
τx1y1
σy1 τx1y1
σx1
c
R
τxy
A (θ=0)
σavg
σx
τx1y1
7
Stresses on an Inclined Element
1. On Mohr’s circle, measure an angle 2θ counterclockwise from
radius cA, because point A corresponds to θ = 0 and hence is
the reference point from which angles are measured.
8
σy
B τyx
σy1 y
τxy
x
σx σx
B (θ=90)
τxy A
E (θ+90) 2θ+180 τyx
-τx1y1
σx1
τx1y1 c
D (θ)
y
R 2θ y1
σy1 τy1x1 τx1y1
A (θ=0) x1
E σx1
σx1 θ D
x
σx1 τy1x1
τx1y1
τx1y1 σy1
9
σy
Principal Stresses B τyx
y
τxy
x
σx σx
B (θ=90)
2θp2 τxy A
τyx
σ1 σx1
σ2 c
2θp1 y
R
σ2
A (θ=0)
P2 σ1
θp2
θp1 P1
x
σ1
τx1y1 σ2
10
Maximum Shear Stress σy
B τyx
y
τxy
B (θ=90) σx x
σx
τmin τxy A
2θs τyx
σ2 σ1
σ
c
B
50 MPa R
B (θ=90)
y
80 MPa x 80 MPa
A (θ=0)
σ2 σ1
y
σ
2θ2 c
54.6 MPa R
2θ1 B (θ=90)
100.5
o 84.6 MPa
84.6 MPa x
10.5o
2θ
54.6 MPa
τ
13
50 MPa
2θ 2 = 21.0°
2θ s min = − (90 − 21.0) = −69.0°
y
θ s min = −34.5°
80 MPa x 80 MPa
taking sign convention into
τmin account
25 MPa
50 MPa
A (θ=0) 2θ
2θsmin
σ
y 2θ2 c
15 MPa R
15 MPa B (θ=90)
2θsmax
o
55.5
x
-34.5o
τmax 2θ 2 = 21.0°
15 MPa
15 MPa 2θ s max = 21.0 + 90° = 111.0°
θ s max = 55.5°
69.6 MPa
τ
14
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress
element below. Find the stresses on an element inclined at 30° clockwise
and draw the corresponding stress elements.
50 MPa
σx1 = c – R cos(2θ2+60)
σy1 = c + R cos(2θ2+60)
y C (θ = -30°) τx1y1= -R sin (2θ2+60)
80 MPa x 80 MPa σx1 = -26
σy1 = -4
-60° τx1y1= -69
A (θ=0)
25 MPa
50 MPa
y1 σ
y 2θ2
4.15 MPa B (θ=90)
25.8 MPa
D
-60+180°
o x
-30
25.8 MPa D (θ = -30+90°) 2θ
4.15 MPa C x1 θ = -30°
68.8 MPa 2θ = -60°
τ
15
Principal Stresses σ1 = 54.6 MPa, σ2 = -84.6 MPa
But we have forgotten about the third principal stress!
σ1 = 54.6 MPa
σ2 = 0 MPa
A (θ=0)
σ3 = -84.6 MPa
σ1 and σ3
σ1 and σ2
σ2 and σ3
τ
16
σ3
σ1 σ1
σ3
σ3 σ3 σ2 σ1
σ
σ1 σ1
σ3
σ3
σ1 σ1 τ
σ3
17
σy
The stress element shown is in plane stress. B τyx
What is the maximum shear stress? τxy
y
x
σx σx
B τxy A
τyx
σ3 σ2 σ1
σx1
σ −σ2
τ max(1,2) = 1
2
A σ −σ3 σ 2
τ max(2,3) = 2 =
2 2
σ1 − σ 3 σ1
τ
overall maximum max(1,3) = =
τx1y1 2 2
18
Introduction to the Stress Tensor
y
σyy
τyx
⎛ σ xx τ xy τ xz ⎞
τyz
τxy
⎜ ⎟
τzy ⎜ τ yx σ yy τ yz ⎟
σxx σxx x ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
τzx τxz ⎝ τ zx τ zy σ zz ⎠
σzz
Normal stresses on the diagonal
z Shear stresses off diagaonal
σyy τxy = τyx, τxz = τzx, τyz = τzy
19
From our analyses so far, we know that for a given stress system,
it is possible to find a set of three principal stresses. We also know
that if the principal stresses are acting, the shear stresses must be
zero. In terms of the stress tensor,
⎛ σ xx τ xy τ xz ⎞ ⎛ σ1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ τ yx σ yy τ yz ⎟ ⎜ 0 σ2 0 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜0 ⎟
⎝ τ zx τ zy σ zz ⎠ ⎝ 0 σ 3⎠
20
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Find the principal stresses.
50 MPa
⎛ σ x τ xy ⎞ ⎛ − 80 − 25 ⎞
y M = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎟ ⎟⎟
80 MPa x 80 MPa ⎝τ yx σ y ⎠ ⎝ − 25 50 ⎠
We must find the eigenvalues of
25 MPa
50 MPa
this matrix.
⎛ − 80 − λ − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ − 134.6 − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 25 50 − λ ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ − 25 − 4.64 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ − 80 − 54.6 − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ x = −0.186 y
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 25 50 − 54.6 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎛ − 0.186 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is one eigenvector.
⎝ 1 ⎠
22
⎛ − 80 − λ − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 4.6 − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 25 50 − λ ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ − 25 134.6 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ − 80 − (−84.6) − 25 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛0⎞ x = 5.388 y
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
− 25 50 − (−84.6) ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎛ 5.388 ⎞ is the other eigenvector.
⎝ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
Before finding the angles at which the principal stresses act, we can
check to see if the eigenvectors are correct.
⎛ 54.6 0 ⎞ ⎛ − 0.186 5.388 ⎞ ⎛ − 80 − 25 ⎞
D = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 − 84.6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ − 25 50 ⎠
D = C −1M C
C −1 =
1
AT where A = matrix of co - factors
det C
−1 ⎛ − 0.179 0.967 ⎞
C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0.179 0.033 ⎠
23
⎛ − 0.179 0.967 ⎞ ⎛ − 80 − 25 ⎞ ⎛ − 0.186 5.388 ⎞ ⎛ 54.6 0 ⎞
D = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0.179 0.033 ⎠ ⎝ − 25 50 ⎠ ⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 − 84.6 ⎠
D ′ = RT M R
⎛ 0.983 0.183 ⎞ ⎛ − 80 − 25 ⎞ ⎛ 0.983 − 0.183 ⎞
D′ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 0.183 0.983 ⎠ ⎝ − 25 50 ⎠ ⎝ 0.183 0.983 ⎠
⎛ − 84.6 0 ⎞
D′ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 54.6 ⎠
y
54.6 MPa
So, the transformation equations,
o 84.6 MPa Mohr’s circle, and eigenvectors all
100.5
give the same result for the principal
84.6 MPa x
10.5o stress element.
54.6 MPa
25
Finally, we can use the rotation matrix approach to find the stresses
on an inclined element with θ = -30°.