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 CHAPTER 5

5.1 R(t ) = z
t
∞
f (t ′)dt ′ = z ∞

t
1
(t + 1)
' 2
dt ′ =
1
t +1
L 1 OP
a) R ( t ) = 1 − M1 −
3

→
L 1O
R (.5) = 1 − M1 − P
3

=.96296
s
N t + 1Q s
N 15. Q
L 1 OP =.999
b) 1 − M1 −
3

N t + 1Q
1 −1
1- = (1−.999)1/ 3 → t = 1- (1-.999)1/3 − 1 =.1111 yrs = 40.55 days
t +1
1
c) R(.5) = =.667
15
.
FG IJ b g b g
Rs (.5) = ∑
3 3 x 3− x
= 3 .667 .333 + .667 =.44444+.296741 =.741185
2 3
b gb g b g
HK
x=2 x
.667 .333

5.2 R = 1 − b1−.4g ⋅.97 =.95

m
o
n

.c
ln 1−.95/.97
b1−.4g = 1−.95/.97 →
n
n=
ln 1−.4
= 7.598 → 8 components

ie
5.3
d
(i) Rs (100) = 1 − 1 − e −100/1000 i 2
= 2e −100/1000 − e −200 /1000 =.99094

(ii) Rs (100) = e b
− 100 /10 , 000 g 2
⋅ e −.00005(100) =.99491 (higher reliability)
h
c
eg
5.4
a) Rtop = R ⋅ 1 − 1 − R b g 2
⋅ R = R 1− 1− R 2
b 2
and Rbottom = R 3

Rs = 1 − (1 − Rtop )(1 − Rbottom ) ⋅ R

T
b) Rtop =.9 2 1 − 1−.9 b g 2
=.8019
e and Rbottom =.9 3 =.729
Rs = 1 − (1−.8019)(1−.729) ⋅.9 =.85168
c
A
c
5.5 R( t ) = 1 − 1 − e −.1t h 3
e
− t / MTTF
→ c
R(5) = 1 − 1 − e−.1( 5 )
5
h3
e
−5 / MTTF
=.85

.93908e −5/ MTTF =.85 → MTTF = = 5017

FG
− ln
.85
.
IJ
H.93908 K
FG t IJ .8 −10FG t IJ
−∑
10 .8
FG 1 IJ
−10
.8

Rs ( t ) = e H K = e H θ K Rs (1) = e H θ K =.99
θ
5.6 i =1 i i
→ i

5-1
 F 1I
-10G J
.8

= ln(.99 ) → θi
L 1 O
= M− ln(.99)P
−1/.8

= 5588
Hθ K i N 10 Q
5.7
m
a) Rs = 1 − (1−.9) 1 − (1 − (.1)(.2)).95 rn1 − (1−.8) s =.985 3

{
b) Rs = 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − (.9 )(.9 )
2
}l q
.97 1 − (.95)(.95) = 1 − (.065017 )(.0975) =.99366

c) Rs = 1 − (1 − R ⋅ R)(1 − R ) R = 1 − (1 − R − R 2 + R 3 ) R = R 2 (1 + R − R 2 ) =.99
R Rs
.9 .8829
.95 .9454
.97 .9683
.99 .9898

5.8
c hb g
m
a) Rs = 1 − (.1)(.1) 1 − 1−.8 1 − (.25)(.25) 1−.8 =.9405

b gb g
o
b) Rs = 1 − (1−.8) 3 1 − 1−.8(1 − (.3)(.3) 1 − (.9)(.9) =.9407

.c
5.9
a) Rs = 1 − (1 − R3 )2 =.90 → (1 − R3 )2 =.10 → R = 3 1 − .10 =.991

ie
ln(.881)
Rs (100) = e −100 λ =.881 → λ= =.001267 and MTTF = 1 / λ = 789.27 hrs
−100

h
3
b) Rs = 1 − (1 − R )2 =.90 → 1 − (1 − R )2 = 3 .90 → R = 1 − 1 − 3 .90 =.8142

Rs (100) = e −100 λ =.8142 → λ=

−100 c
ln(.8142 )
=.002055 and MTTF = 1 / λ = 486.62 hrs

5.10
e
a) R(5) =
10
10 + 5
=.667
T
Rs (5) = 1 − (1−.677)n =.98 e → n=
log(1−.98)
= 356
. → 4 units

c
log(1−.667)
b)

A
Rs (5) = 1 − (1−.677)n e −.002( 5 ) =.98 → .323n = 1−.98e.01 → n =
log(.01015)
log(.333)
= 417
. →5

The achieved reliability is: R s (5) = 1 − (1−.677 )5 e −.002( 5 ) =.9866

d id id i od id
5.11 Rs (t ) = 1 − 1 − e − λ 1t 1 − e − λ 2 t 1 − e − λ 3t = 1 − 1 − e − λ 1t 1 − e − λ 3t − e − λ 2 t + e − ( λ 2 + λ 3 ) t it
= 1 − n1 − e −e − λ 3t − λ 2t
+ e − ( λ 2 + λ 3 ) t − e − λ 1t + e − ( λ 1 + λ 3 ) t + e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 ) t − e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 ) t s
= e − λ 3t + e − λ 2t − e − ( λ 2 + λ 3 ) t + e − λ 1t − e − ( λ 1 + λ 3 ) t − e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 ) t + e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 ) t

5-2
Click to access Free Study
Material for your Course »
 R(.1) = .8068
∞
z
MTTF = Rs (t ) dt =
0
1
+
1
+
1
−
1
−
1
−
1
+
1
λ1 λ 2 λ 3 λ1 + λ 2 λ1 + λ 3 λ 2 + λ 3 λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + − − − + =.2433 yrs = 88.8 days
5 10 15 15 20 25 30

5.12 With no redundancy R=.90.

With redundancy R= .95 1 − (1−.9) 2 .95 =.893. Redundancy does not improve reliability.
.9
splitter comparator
.9

5.13 Rs = (reliability with respect to open) - (probability of failing short)

b g b
= (1 − qo1qo 2 )(1 − qo5 )(1 − qo 3qo 4 ) − 1 − (1 − q s1 )(1 − q s 2 ) ⋅ q s5 ⋅ 1 − (1 − q s 3 )(1 − q s 4 ) g
= (1−.0004)(1−.05)(1−.0004) − (1 − (1−.15) 2 )(.2)(1 − (1−.15) 2 ) =.9338

5.14
m
o
3 3
High-level Network: R = (1 − q s2 ) 3 − 1 − (1 − qo ) 2 = (1−.01) 3 − 1 − (.95) 2 =.96937

.c
2 2 2 2
Low-level Network: R = 1 − qo3 − 1 − (1 − q s ) 3 = 1−.053 − 1 − (.9) 3 =.92631

low level
ie high level

5.15
h
c
Rs = (reliability with respect to open) - (probability of failing short)
= (1 − qo1 )(1 − qo 2 qo 3 )(1 − qo 4 ) − q s1 1 − (1 − q s 2 )(1 − q s 3 ) q s 4
5.16
e FG
T FG IJ IJ = 1 − Φ( −210
FG 100 IJ
−
1. 2

R1 (100) = e H 840 K =.9252, R2 (100) = 1 − Φ ln

1 100
. ) =.9821,
H .7 H 435K K
e R3 (100) = e −.0001(100) =.99

c
a) Rs = R1 (100) ⋅ R2 (100) ⋅ R3 (100) = (.9252)(.9821)(.99) =.8996

n A
b) Rs = 1 − 1 − (.9252)(.9821)
2
s(.99) =.9817
c ) Rs = 1 − (1−.9252) 2 1 − (1−.9821) 2 .99 =.9841

5-3
5.17
R3 fails with probability of .05: R3 fails = (.9)2 (.99) =.8019
R3 works with probability of .95: R3 works =.99
Rs = R3 fails + R3 works =.05(.8019 )+.95(.99) =.980595

5.18
3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
a) R = ∑ ⎜⎝ x⎟⎠ R
x=2
x
(1 − R )3− x = ⎜ ⎟ R 2 (1 − R) + ⎜ ⎟ R 3 = 3R 2 (1 − R ) + R 3 =3R 2 − 3R 3 + R 3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2 R − 3R2 + R = R( 2 R2 − 3 R + 1) = R( 2 R − 1)( R − 1) = 0 → R = 0, R =.5, or R = 1
3

R ≠ 0 and R ≠ 1. If R ≤.5, system reliability is less than a component's.

4
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
b) R = ∑ ⎜⎝ x⎟⎠ R
x =3
x
(1 − R) 4 − x = ⎜ ⎟ R 3 (1 − R) + ⎜ ⎟ R 4 = 4 R 3 − 3R 4 + R 4 =4 R 3 − 3R 4
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠

m
4 R − 3R4 − R = R( 4 R2 − 3R3 − 1) = 0 → 4 R2 − 3R3 − 1 = 0 since R ≠ 0
3

Solving numerically for the roots of 4 R 2 − 3R3 − 1 = 0 results in R=.767.

If R ≤.767 , system reliability is less than a single component.
o
.c
5.19
There are 5 combinations of the 16 total which result in system success (non-failure):

ie
R1 R2 R3 R4 System Probability
2
S S S S S .9 (.95)(.99)=.761805
S S F S S .92(.05)(.99)=.040095

h
S F S S S .9(.1)(.95)(.99)=.084645
F S S S S .1(.9)(.95)(.99)=.084645

c
F F S S S .12(.95)(.99)=.009405
TOTAL: .980595

5.20 e
R = M ∑ G J R (1 − R ) P R = T
L F 3I 3 O 3R (1 − R ) + R
x 3− x 2 3
Rv = R2 (3 − 2 R ) Rv
N H xK Q
e
s v
x =2

c
To determine crossover reliability:
R = R (3 − 2 R ).95 → R - 2.85 R2 + 19
2
. R3 = R(1 - 2.85 R + 19
. R2 ) = 0
Solving (1 - 2.85 R + 19
A
. R 2 ) for R with the quadratic formula results in R=.9402 and R=.5598.
For .5598 ≤ R ≤.9402 , system reliability is MORE than a single component reliability.

5.21

Rs = 1 − (1 − R )n = 1 − ∑
FG nIJ (1 )b− Rg = 1 − ∑ FG nIJ (1)( −1) b− Rg = 1 − ∑ FG nIJ (−1) b− Rg
n
n−i i n
i i n
i i

H iK i=0 H iK i=0H iK i=0

F nI F nI i − λ it F nI
R ( t ) = 1 − ∑ G J ( −1) e = 1 − 1 + ∑ G J ( −1) e = ∑ G J ( −1) e
n n
i −1 − λ i t
n
i −1 − λ i t
s
H iK i=0 H iK H iK
i =1 i =1

5-4
 z FGH niIJK (−1) FG nIJ ( −1) z FG nIJ ( −1) i −1
∞
n
i −1 − λ i t
n
i −1 ∞ 1 n
MTTF = ∑ dt = ∑ e− λ it dt = ∑
0
i =1
e
i =1 H iK 0
λ i =1 H iK i
5.22
a) reliability with respect to short - probability of failing open=
LM
Rs = 1 − ∏ 1 − qoin OPLM1 − ∏ 1 − q OP = ∏ 1 − q − ∏ 1 − (1 − q )
m m
n
m
n
m
n

N QNi =1 Q i =1
oi
i =1
oi
i =1
si

b) reliability with respect to open - probability of a short=

R = L1 − ∏ q O − L1 − ∏ (1 − q )O
m m
s MN PQ MN i =1
oi PQ i =1
si

5.23

reliability with respect to open - probability of a short= 1 − ∏ qoi LM m

OP − LM1 − ∏ (1 − q )OP
n m n

N i =1 Q N i =1 Qsi

5.24
FG ∑ a IJ t
m
n n n
λ s (t ) = ∑ λ i (t ) = ∑ ai t =
H K i

o
i =1 i =1 i =1

F I
FG ∑ a IJ t' dt' − GH ∑ a JK t
n

z
.c
2

R(t ) = e z
t t n i
− i =1

=e H K =e 2
− λ s ( t ) dt ' 0 i =1
i
0

FG ∑ a IJ t

ie
n
2
H K
z z
i
∞ ∞ − i =1
π
MTTF = R(t )dt = e 2
= n
0 0
2∑ ai
i =1

h
c
n
∑ ai
NOTE: z∞
e − a x dx =
2 2 1
π where, in this problem, a = i =1

e
0
2a 2

5.25 (a) Φ(XA XB XC ) = 1 - (1- XA) (1 - XB XC ) = 1 - [1 - XA - XB XC + XA XB XC ] T

e
c
= XA + XB XC - XA XB XC

(b) Pr { Φ(XA XB XC ) = 1} = E [XA + XB XC - XA XB XC ] = RA + RB RC - RA RB RC

(c) Min Path Sets

A = .9 + .82 - (.9) (.82 ) = .964

Min Cut Sets

A A, B
B, C A,C

(d) Rl = [1 - (1-.9)(1-.8) ]2 = .9604 and Ru = 1 - (1-.9) (1 - .82 ) = .964

5-5
Click to access Free Study
Material for your Course »
 5.26 (a) Φ(XA XB XC ) = XA [1 - (1- XB) (1 - XC ) ]XD = XA XD ( XB + XC - XB XC )

= XA XD XB + XA XD XC - XA XD XB XC

(b) Rsys = E[Φ(XA XB XC XD)] = E [XA XD XB + XA XD XC - XA XD XB XC ]

= RA RD RB + RA RD RC - RA RD RBRC = 2 [ (.95) (.98) (.9) ] - (.95) (.92 )(.98) = .92169

(c) Min Path Sets Min Cut Sets

A, B, D A
A, C, D D
B, C

(d) Rl = (.95) (.98) [ 1-(1-.9)2 ] = .92169 and Ru = 1 - [1 - (.95)(.9)(.98)]2 = .9737

5.27 (a) λsys = .27 x 10-3 ; Rsys(1000) = e-.27 = .7634; Rredund(1000) = 1 – (1-.7634)2 = .9440, MTTF = 1.5 /
λ = 5555

m
(b) RA(1000) = e-.12 = .8869 ; RB(1000) = e-.15 = .8607; Rredund(1000) = [1 – (1-.8869)2 ] [1 – (1-.8607)2 ]
e-.05 = .9208

o
Let x = exp(-.12) and y = exp(-.15) and ignoring for the moment the switching reliability function:
R = [1 – (1- x)2] [1 – (1- y)2] = [1 – (1 – 2x + x2)] [1 – (1 – 2y + y2)] = (2x - x2) (2y - y2) = 4xy - 2xy2 –

.c
2x2y + x2y2 or R = {4 exp(-.27) - 2 exp(-.42) - 2exp(-.39) + exp(-.54) } exp(-.05) = 4 exp(-.32) - 2 exp(-
.47) - 2 exp(-.44) + exp(-.59)
Integrating to get the MTTF: 4/.32 - 2/.47 - 2/.44 + 1/.59 = 5.394 or 5,394 hrs.

ie
(c) R(1000) = p(2) + p(3) = 3 (.7634)2 (1-.7634) + (.7634)3 = .4136 + .4449 = .8585; MTTF = 1 / (.27 x
10-3 ) (.5 + .3333) = 3086 (eq. 5.10)

5.28
h
(a) R = 1 – (1 - .8187)2 = .9671 and MTTF =1.5 x 1/.2 = 7.5; (b) R = [1- (1- .9231)2 ] [1- (1- .8869)2 ]

c
= .9814

e
Letting x = exp(-.08) and y = exp(-.12): R = [1 – (1- x)2] [1 – (1- y)2] = [1 – (1 – 2x + x2)] [1 – (1 – 2y +
y2)] = (2x - x2) (2y - y2) = 4xy - 2xy2 – 2x2y + x2y2 or R = 4 exp(-.20) - 2 exp(-.32) - 2exp(-.28) + exp(-
.40)
T
e
Integrating to get the MTTF: 4/.2 - 2/.32- 2/.28 + 1/.4 = 9.107

c
(c) Rsubassemby = exp(-.2) = .8187 or Rsubassemby =exp(-.08) exp(-.12) = (.9231) (.8869)= .8187

4
⎛4⎞
A 1 ⎛1 1 1⎞
R = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ (.8187 ) (1 − .8187 ) = .9794 and MTTF = ⎜ + + ⎟ = 5.42
x =2 ⎝ x ⎠
x 4− x

.2 ⎝ 2 3 4 ⎠

5.29 Rsystem = [1-(.98)(.97)] [1-(.95)(.94)] [1- (1- .94) 2] (.99) = .9812

5.30 If component g fails: Pfail = .10 and Rsys = (.98)(.97)(.94)(.98) = .8757

If component g does not fail: Rg = .9 and Rsys = {1 – [1-(.98)(.97)(.94)][1 – (.95)(.94)]} (.98) = .9688
Rsys = (.10) (.8757) + (0.90) (.9688) = 0.9595

5-6
5.31 R(1) = 1 – (1-exp(-λ) ) = .99; λ = .24268; MTTFunit = 4.12
3

∞ ∞
MTTF = ∫ ⎡⎣1 − (1 − e − λt )3 ⎤⎦dt = ∫ ⎡⎣1 − (1 − e − λt )(1 − e − λt ) 2 ⎤⎦dt
0 0
∞ ∞
= ∫ ⎣⎡1 − (1 − e − λt )(1 − 2e − λt + e −2 λt ) ⎦⎤dt = ∫ 1 − ⎣⎡1 − 3e − λt + 3e −2 λt − e −3λt ⎤⎦ dt
0 0
∞
= ∫ ( 3e − λt − 3e −2 λt + e −3λt ) dt =
3 3 1 11
− + = = 7.55
0
λ 2λ 3λ 6λ

5.32 (a)

m
o
(b) Rs = {1 - (1-.9) [1 - .9 (1-.152 ) ]} (.98) (.95) = (.987975 ) (.98) (.95) = .9198

.c
(c) Let Rp = reliability of processor. Then .987975 x Rp x .95 = .93 or Rp = .9908625
Therefore: R(t) = e- .0001 t = .9908 or t = -ln .9909 / .0001 = 91.4 minutes.

ie
5.33 (a)
R=.8855 R=.8855

h
R=.8855
c R=.8855

e
T
Rsystem = [1 – (1-.88552) ]2 = .974 – a form of low-level redundancy

e
(b) K(2) out of N(4) system: R = p(2) + p(3) + p(4): R =
4
⎛ 4⎞
∑ ⎜ i ⎟ .8855 (1 − .8855)
i 4 −i
= .9945

c i=2 ⎝ ⎠

A
5.34 Load sharing system with the two front engines in series.

λ1 = 2(.0039) = .0078, λ2 = .0054, λ1+ = 2(.02) = .04, λ2+ = .012 ; R(9) = .9890,
MTTF = 135.23

5-7
5.35 (a) high level redundancy:

−2(.0054 ) (9) −2(.0039 ) (9)

Router eng = e = .9074; Rinner eng = e = .9322
Rsys = 1 − (1 − .9074)(1 − .9322) = .9937

( )( )
Rsys = 1 − 1 − e −2(.0054)t 1 − e −2(.0054)t = e −2(.0054)t + e −2(.0054)t − e −2(.0054+.0039)t
1 1 1
MTTF = + − = 167.03
2 (.0054 ) 2 (.0039 ) 2 (.0054 + .0039 )
(b) Low level redundancy:

m
o
.c
ie
Rinner eng = e −(.0039)( 9) = .9655; Router eng = e −(.0054)( 9) = .9526

Rsys = ⎡⎣1 − (1 − .9655 )(1 − .9526 ) ⎤⎦ = .9967

2

MTTF = 363.33 (expand Rsys(t) and integrate)

h
c
5.36 Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .74127)3 = .98268; Rlow level = Π [1 – (1-Ri)2] = .98221

e
5.37 Rlow level = [1 – (1-.9) ] = .9135; Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .99)n = 1 – (1 - .38742)n
2 9

T
For n = 5; Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .38742)5 = .91374.

e
5.38 For two-engine aircraft, reliability = R2 ; For 4-engine aircraft, reliability = R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R)

c
Find value for R in which R2 > R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R) or R2 - [R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R)] > 0

A
R2 - R4 - 4 R3 + 4 R4 = R2 - 4 R3 + 3 R4 = R2 (1 - 4R + 3R2) = R2 (1-R) (1-3R) > 0
Since 0<R<1, then 1-3R > 0 or R < 1/3

5.39 (a) Case I.  Component   fails: Probability =   ‐ R  = . :  RI = R  x R  x R  =  . . .  = .  
Case II.  Component   does not fail:  Probability = R  = . : RII =   ‐ [ ‐R  x R  ][  ‐ R  ] =   ‐ [  ‐ 
. . ] [  ‐ . ] = . .  Note that component   does not enter into the calculation since we would 
obtain the same value for RII regardless of whether component one fails or does not fail. 
Rsys =  ‐R  RI + R  RII = .  + . .  = .  
 
 

5-8
 (b) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 System Prob Prob
count 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 failure
1 S S S S S S 0.46656 0
1 S S S S F S 0.05184 0
2 S S S F S S 0.05184 0
3 S S F S S S 0.11664 0
4 S F S S S S 0.05184 0
5 F S S S S S 0.11664 0
1 S S S F F S 0.00576 0
2 S S F F S F 0.01296 0.01296
3 S F F S S S 0.01296 0
4 F F S S S S 0.01296 0
5 S S F S F F 0.01296 0.01296
6 S F S S F F 0.00576 0.00576
7 S F S F S F 0.00576 0.00576
8 F S S S F S 0.01296 0
m
o
9 F S S F S F 0.01296 0.01296
10 F S F S S S 0.02916 0

.c
1 S S F F F F 0.00144 0.00144
2 S F F F S F 0.00144 0.00144

ie
3 F F F S S S 0.00324 0
4 S F F S F F 0.00144 0.00144
5 S F S F F F 0.00064 0.00064
6 F S S F F
h F 0.00144 0.00144

c
7 F S F F S F 0.00324 0.00324
8 F S F S F F 0.00324 0.00324
9 F F S
e S F F 0.00144 0.00144

T
10 F F S F S F 0.00144 0.00144
1 S F F F F F 0.00016 0.00016
2 F S
e
F F F F 0.00036 0.00036

c
3 F F S F F F 0.00016 0.00016
4 F F F S F F 0.00036 0.00036

A
5 F F F F S F 0.00036 0.00036
1 F F F F F F 0.00004 0.00004
32 totals 1 0.0676
Rsys = 0.9324
 

5-9
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