Per Unit (PU) system

 In power system all the quantities like Voltage, Current,

Voltamperes and impedances of an electric circuit are expressed in
per unit (or percentage) of base or reference values of these
quantities
 Per unit (pu) of any quantity is defined as:

the
actual value in units
any
the base or reference value in same units
the

 Both the actual value and base values are expressed in same units,
so that per unit value is dimensionless
 The base values are generally indicated by a subscript B and per
unit value by a subscript pu
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Consider a single-phase system, let
Base voltamperes = (VA)B VA
Base voltage = VB V
Then
Base current IB = (VA)B A
VB
2
VB V
B
Base impedance ZB = = ohms
IB (VA)B

If the actual impedance is Z (ohms), its per unit value is

given by
Z(pu) Z  Z(ohms)  VA B
Z VB2
B
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For a power system, of practical choice of base values
are:

Base megavoltamperes = (MVA)B

Or
Base kilovoltamperes = (kVA)B
Base kilovolts = (kV)B

Base Current IB = 1000(MVA)B

(kVA)B
(kV)B A

(kV)B
Base impedance ZB = 1000(kV)B
IB
 2
(kV)B 1000(kV)
2
 (MVA)B  B
ohms
(kVA)B
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 Z(ohms)(MVA)B
Per unit impedance Z (pu) = 2
(kV)B
Z(ohms)(kVA)B
=
(kV)B 1000
2

In a three-phase system rather than obtaining the per unit values using per
phase quantities, the per unit values can be obtained directly by using
three-phase base quantities. Let

Three-phase Base megavoltamperes = (MVA)B

Line to line Base kilovolts = (kV)B
Assuming star connection,

Base Current IB = 1000(MVA)B A

3(kV)B

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 Base impedance ZB =
1000(kV)B
3 IB
2
(kV)B 1000(kV)
2

 (MVA)B 
B
ohms
(kVA)B

Z(ohms)(MVA)B
Per unit impedance Z (pu) = 2
(kV)B

Z(ohms)(kVA)B
=
(kV)B 1000
2

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 When MVA base is changed from (MVA)B,old to (MVA)B,new
and kV base is changed from (kV)B,old to (kV)B,new, the per
unit impedance is given by:

Z  (MVA) B, (kV) 2

(pu)new Z new
 B,old

(MVA)B, old (kV) B,new

2
(pu)old
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 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT SYSTEM
 Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of
equipment’s in per unit of the equipment’s rating. If any
data is not available, it is easier to assume its per unit
value than its numerical value.

 When expressed in per unit, system parameters tend to

fall in a relatively narrow numerical ranges. Therefore,
any erroneous data can be easily identified.

 Per unit data representation yields important information

about relative magnitudes.

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  Power system contain a large number of transformer. The
ohmic value of impedance as referred to secondary is
different from the value as referred to primary. However
base values are selected properly, the per unit impedance
is the same on the two sides of the transformer.

 The transformer connections in 3-phase circuits do not

affect the per unit value of impedance although the base
voltages on the two sides do depend on the connections

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PER UNIT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM OF A POWER SYSTEM
 From a one-line diagram of a power system we can directly draw
the impedance diagram by following the steps given below:
 Choose an appropriate common MVA (or kVA) base for the system
 Consider the system to be divided into a number of sections by the
transformers. Choose an appropriate kV base in one of the
sections
 Calculate kV bases of other sections in the ratio of transformations
 Calculate per unit values of voltages and impedances in each
section and connect them up as per the topology of the one-line
diagram.
The result is the single-phase per unit impedance diagram
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 Ex 1: Two generators rated at 10 MVA, 13.2 kV and 15 MVA, 13.2 kV are
connected in parallel to a bus bar. They feed supply to two motors of input
8 MVA and 12 MVA respectively. The operating voltage of motors is 12.5 kV.
The percentage reactance for generators is 15% and that for motors is 20%
on its own rating. Assuming base quantities as 50 MVA and 13.8 kV, draw
the reactance diagram.

G1
M1

M2
G2

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Solution:
New Base values are 50 MVA and 13.8 kV
Generator 1:
10 MVA, 13.2 kV, X” = 0.15

Z (pu)new  Z (pu)old (MVA)B, new (kV) 2B,old


 (MVA)B, old (kV) 2B,new

(50) (13.2)
X"  0.15 2  0.6862 p.u.

 (10) (13.8)
Generator 2: 2

15 MVA, 13.2 kV, X” = 0.15

X"  0.15  (50) (13.2)

2  0.4575 p.u.

(15) (13.8)
2
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 Motor 1:
8 MVA, 12.5 kV, X” = 0.2
(50) (12.5) 2
X"  0.2  p.u.
 2
(13.8) 1.0255
 (8)
Motor 2:
12 MVA, 12.5 kV, X” = 0.2
(50)
X"  0.2  (12.5) 2
 0.6837 p.u.
 (13.8) 2

(12)

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 EX 2: Figure shows a generator feeding two motors through transformers
and line. The ratings and reactance are as under:

Generator: 90 MVA, 11 kV, 3 phase, X = 25%, T1: 100 MVA, 10/132 kV, X = 6%,
T2: Bank of 3 single-phase transformers, each rated at 30 MVA, 66/10 kV, X =
5%. M1: 50 MVA,10 kV, X = 20%, M2: 40 MVA, 10 kV, X = 20%. The line
reactance 100 ohms. Taking the Generator rating as base, draw the
reactance diagram. Indicate p.u. reactances on the diagram.

G
M1 

 T1  T2
M2 
 

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 Solution:
Base MVA 90
Base voltage for generators = 11kV

132
Base voltage for line = 11   145.2 kV
10

Line to line voltage ratio of T2 = √3 × 66 : 10 = 114.31 : 10 kV

Base voltage for motors 145.210

= 114.31 12.7 kV

For the above base values, the reactances are

Reactance of generator = 25% = 0.25 p.u.

(90) (10)2
6  (100)  (11)2  4.46%  0.0446 p.u.
Reactance of T1 =

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The reactance of T2 is 5% on √3 × 66 : 10 kV i.e. 114.31 : 10 kV
And 3 × 30 i.e. 90 MVA base
For 90 MVA base, 145.2 : 13.7 kV base
5  (90) 2
 (10)
Reactance of T2 =  3.31%  0.031p.u.
(90) (12.7) 2

Base reactance of line = (Bas kV) (145.2) 2

 ohm
e 2  234.26
Base 90
100 MVA
Reactance of line p.u.
=  0.427
234.26

(90) (10)2
Reactance of Motor M1 = 20  22.3%  p.u.
 
2
(12.7) 0.223
(50)
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 (90) (10)2
Reactance of Motor M1 = 20  27.9%  p.u.
 
2
(12.7) 0.279
(40)
Reactance diagram:
j0.223

E1
j0.25 j0.0446 j0.427 j0.031

Eg

E2
j0.279

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An evaluation version of novaPDF was used to create this PDF file.
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n of was used to create this PDF file. Purchase a license to generate PDF files without this notice.