Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spatial Data
Model of the course
Using and
making maps
Navigating Map
GIS maps design
Interactive Map
Working with maps layouts Analyzing
spatial data Spatial data
Map
Animations Proximity
Spatial data analysis
infrastructure
Spatial Raster Data
analysis analysis mining
Geoprocessing File
geodatabases
3D GIS Network
analysis
Digitizing Geocoding
Spatial
regression
Outline
GIS coordinates
Map projections
Vector data formats
US Census geographic files
US Census data
Geospatial data sources
GIS COORDINATES
Spherical Coordinates
Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
Angles of rotation of a radius anchored at
Earth’s center
Latitude and longitude
Used by US Census,
other world and federal agencies
Prime meridian
Equator
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-80
State Plane
Local US governments
City of Pittsburgh
State plane coordinates
Sidewalks
MAP PROJECTIONS
Map projections
Way to represent the curved surface of the
earth on the flat surface of a map
Hundreds of map projections
Each map projection has advantages and
disadvantages:
Depends on the scale of the map
Depends on map’s purpose
Different projections good for small areas, areas
with a large east−west extent, or areas with a
large north−south extent
http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html#two
Example:
Robinson projection (1961)
good compromise projection for viewing
entire world
New York
New York
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Los
Angeles
US CENSUS GEOGRAPHIC
FILES
Census TIGER/Line files
http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/
Topologically Integrated Geographic
Encoding and Referencing files
US Census Bureau product for digital mapping
of the United States
TIGER maps available for the entire United
States and its possessions, including roads
and streets, railroads, rivers, lakes, political
boundaries, and census statistical boundaries
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
State tracts (2010)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
County tracts (2000 and 2010)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
City tracts (2000 and 2010)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
City block groups (2000 and 2010)
Subdivisions of a census tract
400 housing units, with a min of 250 and a max of 550
Follow clearly visible features (roads, rivers, and railroads)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Census blocks
Smallest geographic areas for which the Census Bureau
collects and tabulates decennial census information
Block boundaries visible (street, road, stream, shoreline,
etc.) or invisible (county line, city limit, property line, etc.)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Lecture 5
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Decennial Census Data
Year 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3)
Long form, 1 in 6 households, random
Income, poverty
Educational attainment
Citizenship
Employment, workplace, disability
Transportation, travel time to work
Detailed housing attributes, housing value, residency five
years previous
Languages spoken, ancestry
Tracts, block groups, NOT blocks
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
American Community Survey (ACS)
Replaces long form questionnaire and SF3
data
Randomly selects about 3 million
addresses each year to participate
Has rolling, 1-, 3, and 5-year estimates and
90% confidence intervals
Add and subtract Margin of Error (MOE) to/from
Estimate to get the confidence interval
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
ACS Data
Age
Sex
Race
Family and relationships
Income and benefits
Health insurance
Education
Veteran status
Disabilities
Where you work and how you get there
Where you live and how much you pay for certain
essentials
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
ACS 1 year estimates
Most current
Data with populations 65,000+
Smallest sample size
Less reliable than 3-5 year
Best used when currency is more important
than precision or when analyzing large
populations
Not available for tracts or block groups
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
ACS 3 year estimates
Data with populations 20,000+
Larger sample size than 1 year
More reliable than 1 year but less reliable
than 5 year
Best used when analyzing smaller
populations or geographies not available for
1 year estimates
Not available for tracts or block groups
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
ACS 5 year estimates
Data for all areas (tracts and block groups)
Largest sample size
Most reliable but least current
Best used when analyzing small populations
or when precision is more important than
currency
2005-2009, 2006-2010, etc.
Note: 2006-2010 only available for county, city, town,
place, American Indian Area, Alaska Native Area, and
Hawaiian Home Land, and tracts. Block group estimates
are available only in the ACS Summary File.
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Downloading block group data
http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/summary_file/
Find the tables of interest and their sequence number in the
"Sequenced Number and Table Number" spreadsheet
(http://www2.census.gov/ acs2010_5yr/summaryfile/)
Download the sequences that contain those tables
Population estimates
Data Ferret
http://dataferrett.census.gov/
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Lecture 5
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Spatial data packaging
Metadata
Documentation enabling intelligent use and interpretation
Data contents
Provided by geographic area (political, statistical, tile) or
seamlessly (with extraction by area)
Quality of geographic features
Vector maps are generalized for small-scale maps
Raster maps vary by pixel size (30m to a few inches) and
color depth 8 bits to 24 per pixel
Coordinate system
File format
Download or web service
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Classification of map layers
Earth as a system
Living things are on, under, or above Earth’s surface
They depend on Earth and its environment for life and well-being
They are organized in political, social, territorial, and other
arrangements
Map layers
Physical features:
Earth’s surface and sub-surface
Environmental features:
atmosphere, climate, and weather
Living thing populations:
people, animals, plants, and microbes
Organizational features:
political, legal, administrative, and ecosystem
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
National Map Orthoimagery
http://seamless.usgs.gov/
Replacing the Digital
Orthophoto Quadrangles
High-resolution, seamless
images in UTM coordinates
Rectified to remove
distortions
1m resolution with 0.5 m or 1
ft in urban areas, natural
color
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
National Elevation Data (NED)
http://ned.usgs.gov/
Replaces the Digital
Elevation Model (DEM)
Seamless raster map
with 30m resolution for
nation and 10m or
better in some areas
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Landcover
http://seamless.usgs.gov/
Natural and manmade surface
features
Collected from satellites in 1992,
2001, and 2006
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
National Hydrography Dataset
http://nhd.usgs.gov/
Water bodies, lines, and
points
Identifies segments
(reaches) with network
coding (flow and
direction)
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
USGS national water datasets
http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt
Streamflow conditions
5,000 stream gages with telemetry
transmits depth
Program estimates flow rate
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GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook
Example geospatial sources
Government websites (examples)
http://data.gov
http://www.geoplatform.gov/home/
http://nationalatlas.gov
http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/ - National Center for
Education Statistics
Universities
State clearinghouses
Local GIS departments
Libraries
For example, online business databases
GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 64
Example geospatial sources
Commercial resources
(Esri, Google, engineering companies etc.)
Historic GIS websites
http://www.nhgis.org/
http://www.aag.org/cs/projects_and_programs/hi
storical_gis_clearinghouse
http://peoplemaps.esri.com/pittviewer/