Chemistry – Is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substance combine and separate to

form other substance, and how substance interact with energy,  study the structures, physical
properties, and chemical properties of material substances.

Branches of Chemistry
 Organic Chemistry – Specifically studies compounds that contain the element carbon (C).
Organic chemistry is known as the “Chemistry of Life” because all the molecules that make up
living tissue have carbon as part of their makeup.

 Inorganic Chemistry – Study materials such as metals gasses that do not have carbon as part of
their makeup.

 Analytic Chemistry (Quantitative Analysis/Qualitative Analysis) – uses qualitative and

quantitative observation to identify and measure the physical and chemical properties of
substance.

 Physical Chemistry – Study on how matter and energy interact.

 Biochemistry – Is the study of chemical process that occur within living organism.

 Industrial Chemistry - is the manufacturing art concerned with the transformation of matter
into useful materials in useful amounts.

Matter – is usually described Qualitatively and Quantitatively.

Qualitative - A description of matter that deals with their physical properties.
Quantitative - A description of matter that deals with measurement. 

Accuracy – Is how close the measurement result to the true value or known value.
Precision - refers to how close two or more measurements are to each other, regardless of whether
those measurements are accurate or not. It is possible for measurements to be precise but not accurate.

Scientific Notation – is the method of writing really large or really small numbers in a more concise form
that removes all the extraneous zeroes.

Equivalence – both quantities measure the same thing or both quantities measure the same value.

Significant figures –Also known as significant digits, of a number are digits that carry meaning
contributing to its measurement resolution.

 All none zero digits are significant

Example: 12345 = 5 significant figures
23.21 = 4 significant figures
2.24 = 3 significant figures

 Zero between none zero digits are significant

Example: 1304 = 4 significant figures
505.1 = 4 significant figures
 12003 = 5 significant figures
10050100 = 6 Significant figures

 All leading zeroes are not significant

Example: 013 = 2 Significant figures
000212 = 3 Significant figures
0.51 = 2 significant figures
0.0314 = 3 significant figures
0.01 = 1 significant figures

 Trailing zero to the right of the decimal are significant

Example: 92.00 = 4 significant figures
1.0000 = 5 significant figures

 Trailing zero in whole number with decimal point are significant

Example: 2000. = 4 significant figures
320. = 3 significant figures
100. = 3 significant figures

 Trailing zero in whole number without decimal are not significant

Example: 2000 = 1 significant figures
320 = 2 significant figures

Matter – anything that occupy space and have mass and weight
Mass – is the quantity of matter containing in an object.
Weight – is the forced cause by the gravitational attraction that operates on the object.

Mixtures – A material made up of two or more different substance in which are physically combine.

Solution – is a homogenous mixture which is composes of solute and solvent.

Solute – is a substance that being dissolve by another substance.
Solvent – is a substance that dissolve another substance

 Homogeneous Mixture – Is characterized by one phase system only. All portions of a material
are in the same state, have no visible boundaries, and are uniform throughout. (Solution)
Example: Water and Salt, Water and Sugar, Air, corn oil, blood plasma, steel, alloys, brass, wine
vinegar
 Heterogeneous Mixture – 2 or more phase system. The composition of a material is not
completely uniform. (Colloids, Gel, Suspension)
Example: Salad dressing, red wine vinegar, air with clouds, water and sand, oil and water

Suspension – A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a

solvent-like phase sometime after their introduction. (Sedimentation)

Colloids –  is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles
is suspended throughout another substance. 
The Tyndall Effect is the effect of light scattering in colloidal dispersion, while showing no light in a true
solution. This effect is used to determine whether a mixture is a true solution or a colloid.
Sol – A Colloids in which the particles are solid and dispersion medium is fluid
Gel - A dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid in which liquid particles are dispersed in the
solid medium

Emulsion – is a mixture of two liquid that would not normally mix

Immiscibility is the property where two substances are not capable of combining to form a
homogeneous mixture. The components are said to be "immiscible." In contrast, fluids that do mix
together are called "miscible." Components of an immiscible mixture will separate from each other.

Pure Substance – cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical reaction.  Are defined as substances that
are made of only one type of atom or only one type of molecule (a group of atoms bonded together).

Compound – are pure substance that can be decomposed in 2 or more elements. Is a chemical
substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions that are chemically bonded. Two or
more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction.

 Acids – Are Compounds with Hydrogen Ion (H+) (Sour) Ex. Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric Acid,
phosphoric Acid.
 Base – are compounds with (OH) Hydroxide (Bitter) Ex. Sodium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide,
Ammonium Hydroxide
 Salt – usually the product of neutralization

Elements – are pure substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical reaction. Is a chemical
substance that is made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or
transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element.

 Metals – are elements that usually donate electrons and electrodes

Examples of Metal
Iron (Fe) Titanium (Ti) Magnesium (Mg)

Mercury (Hg) Sodium (Na) Silver (Ag)

Aluminium (Al) Gold (Au) Copper (CU)
Lead (PB) Lithium (Li) Calcium (Ca)

Properties of Metal
- Hardness
- Tensile strength
- Conductivity
- Ductility
- Malleability

 Non-Metals – are elements that usually accept electrons and electrodes

Example of none metals:

Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Carbon (C)
 Nitrogen (N) Helium (He) Sulfur (S)
Phosphorus (P) Bromine (Br) Neon (Ne)
Argon (Ar) Radon (Rn) Selanium(Se)
 Metalloids – are elements that have the property of Metals and Non-Metals

Examples of Metalloids:
Baron (B) Silicon (Si) Germanium (GE)
Arsenic (AS) Antimony (Sb) Tellurium (TE)
Polonium (Po)

State of matter
Solid – Are relatively rigid and have fixes shapes and volume

Liquid - it has definite volume but no definite shape it follows the shape of its container

Gas – Has no definite volume and definite shape

 Diffusibility property – the ability of gas to spread out faster
Plasma – is the state of matter with the properties of Solid, Liquid and Gas

Phase Change of Matter

 Melting – (Solid to liquid)
 Freezing – (Liquid to Solid)
 Vaporization – (Liquid to Gas)
 Condensation – (Gas to Liquid)
 Deposition – (Gas to Solid)
 Sublimation – (Solid to Gas)
 Ionization – (Gas to Plasma)
 Recombination – (Plasma to Gas)

Physical Change – A change in matter where the identity of matter does not change. Changes only
change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical composition.  A process that does not cause a
substance to become a fundamentally different substance.

Chemical Change - The identity of the substance change. Chemical changes cause a substance to
change into an entirely new substance with a new chemical formula.
Chemical reaction: A process involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds and the
transformation of a substance (or substances) into another.

Evidence of a Chemical Change

 Evolution of Gas
 Formation of Precipitate
 Change in color
 New substance form
 Formation of bubbles

Physical properties - can be measured without changing a substance’s chemical identity.

Extensive properties - such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter being measured. Any
characteristic of matter that depends on the amount of matter being measured.

Intensive properties - such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of the substance
present. Any characteristic of matter that does not depend on the amount of the substance present.

Chemical properties - can be measured only by changing a substance’s chemical identity. Chemical
properties can be measured only by changing a substance’s chemical identity. Any characteristic that
can be determined only by changing a substance’s molecular structure.

Atom – Is the smallest particle of the elements. “atomos” = Indivisible

Sub-atomic Particles
 Electrons – Negatively charge particle of an atom of element. Symbol (e-)
Found outside the nucleus of an Atom orbit
 Proton – Positively Charge particle of an atom of element. Symbol (p+)
 Neutron – No charge particle of an atom of an element. Symbol n֯

Atomic number = number of electrons

Number of electron = number of protons
Number of neutron = atomic weight – number of protons