Two equations 1x + 2y = 3  x  1


Two unknowns 4x + 5y = 6  y2
 x  2y  3 x  2y  3
2  4 1
  
4 x  5 y  6  3 y   6
 1.3 An Example of Gaussian Elimination
 2 1 1 5
 2u  v  w  5  2  21   2 2u1 v 1 w  5 
 4 4u6 6v0 22  
  0 88v 2 w  12

12
 2 7 2 9  
  3  1   0 88v 33w 14 
  2u  7 v  2 w  9  14 
u 1 v1
 2 2u1  v 
1 w  55    2u  v  w  5
  
 0 88v  22 w 
12    4u8v6v2w2 12
12
3  2  0 0 1 w 22   
    2u 8v7v3 w2w14
29
1.4 Matrix Notation and Matrix Multiplication
Definition An m  n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
with m rows and n columns. Each number in the matrix is an
entry.
the entry
 a11 a12  a1n 
  in the mth row and nth column
 a21 a22  a2 n 
A
   
 
 am1 am 2  amn 
 2 1 1 5
 
 4  6 0 2  3 4
 2 7 2 9 
 
a23  0 a21  4

a34  9 a12  1
  2u  v  w  5  2 1 1
  
 4u  6v  2 Coefficient matrix A  4 6 0 

 2u  7v  2w  9  2 7 2 
  

u  1
x  v  
The unknown is   The solution is x  1
 w  2 

A is a square matrix if m=n.

 Addition  
A  aij
mn
 
, B  bij
mn
,

 a11  b11 a12  b12  a1n  b1n 

 
 a21  b21 a22  b22  a2 n  b2 n 
A B 
     
 
 am1  bm1 am 2  bm 2  amn  bmn 

 12 3  5   1 8 9   12  1 38  5  9
     
 1  9 0    6 5 4   1  6 95 04 
3   3 2 1  3 3
 6 8     6 2 8  1 
 12 3  5  1 8 9  12  1 38  5  9
   
1 9 0   6 5 4    1  6 95 04 

 3 8   3 1   3 3 6 2 81 
 6 2  

 13 11 4
 
 7 4 4 .
 6 9
 8 
3 3 3 4

 12

 1
3
9
5   2
 
0  0
1
8
1
2
5 

12  
 3 8   2 9 
 6 7 2
1 A  B  B  A;
2  A  B   C  A  B  C .
  a11  a12   a1n 
 

 3  A  
 a21  a22   a2 n 
  aij ,
    
 
  am1  am1   amn 

4 A   A  0, A  B  A   B .
Multiplication
  a11  a12   a1n 
 
  a21  a22   a2 n   4 2 2
 A  A  .  
        8 12 0 
 
  am1  am1   amn   4 14 4 
 
 2 1 1  2 2 21 21 
   
A   4 6 0  2A   2 4 2  ( 6) 2  0 
 2 7 2   2  ( 2)   
   2 7 2 2 
 Multiplication of a Matrix and a Vector
 1
Row times column  2 1
 
1  1    2  1  1  1  1  3  6
 3
 
1 3 31 1 1
 0 
 
 2 1 1   1   2  0  1  1  1  (3)  2
 3 
 
This number is called the inner product of the two vectors.
  2 1 1 2  2  2  1 5  1 0 
   4  2  (6)  5  0  0
Ax by rows
 4 6 0   5   
 2 7 2   0  (2)  2  7  5  2  0
    
3 3 31
 9 
 
31   22 
 31 
 
The identity matrix I, with 1s on the diagonal and 0s everywhere
else, leaves every vector unchanged.
 1 0  1
0  1 0 0
 
    b   4
 0 1  0 I  0 1 0
I 
  0  7
1
 
   0   
 0 0  1

1 0 0 1  11  0  4  0  7   1

0   4    0  1  1 4  0  7 
   
Ib   0 1
 
  4
0   
1   7   0  1  0  4  1 7   7
 0
   
The elementary matrix Eij subtracts L times row j from row i.

1 0 0  1 0 0
   
I  0 1 0 E31  0 1 0
0 1  L 1
 0   0 

1 0 0
 
E32  0 1 0
0 L 1
 
  1 0 0    L  1 0 0 
  3 1 
I   0 1 0    0 1 0   E31
 0 0 1  L 0 1
   

 1 0 0   4   1 0 0 
  3 1
 
I   0 1 0    0 1 0   E31
 0 0 1  4 0 1 
   
  
A  aij
m s  
B  bij
s n

C  AB   cij  mn
s
cij  ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j    ais bsj   aik bkj
k 1

 i  1, 2,, m; j  1, 2, , n  , m  s sn
m n
  2 4   2 4 
C    
 1  2  22   3  6  22

2  2  4  (3) 2  4  4  (6)
   16  32 
 ?   8 16 

1 2  (2)  (3) 1 4  (2)  (
6)  2  2
  
A  aij
34
, B  bij 43, C   cij  33 .
 0 3 4 
 1 0 1 2  
  1 2 1 
C  AB    1 1 3 0 
 0  3 1  1
 5 1 4  
1 2 1 
 5 6 7
 
 10 2 6 .

 2 17 10 
 
Operation Laws
1  AB C  A BC ;
2 A B  C   AB  AC ,  B  C  A  BA  CA;
3   AB   AB  AB 
（  is constant）;

 4 AI  IA  A;
Matrix multiplication is not commutative
2 0
AB  BA , C ,
0 2
 1 1   1  1
A  B   1 1 
  1  1 1 1  D ,
 1 1 
 0 0  2 2   2  2
AB    , BA   , CD    2 2 ,
 0 0   2  2  

AB  BA.  2  2
DC   
CD  DC  2 2
  2 2  1 2 2   2 4 
     
 2 1 2  2 1 2 2   2 4  .
 3    3 6 
  3 1 3 2 
  1 0   1 0    2 1
2

    0 
A   2  .
 0  1  0  1  
2 2

 0 0   0 0   2 
   0 0  