QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  Results: What specifically did you find?
2nd SEM.MIDTERMS  Discussion: What do the results mean?
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
- Thorough study of a given phenomenon by act of
inquiry; allows rediscovery of mysteries in an event
- The world would progress through the act of
researching new truths
- Systematic process of collecting and logically
analyzing information for some purposes
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
- Begins with an interest on a problem about any
social, cultural or natural phenomena; an interest
driven problem
- Research Question: Must be important and
relevant
 Significant in relation to current problems
 Can be built upon existing knowledge
 Will it apply, test, or develop themes
- Research Topic: Situation that is in need of a
solution, improvement, or alterations
 Formulation of a good research is dependent
on selection of strong research questions
 Good research must have an impact on its
readers
TYPES OF RESEARCH
- Pure research: Personal research to enhance
one’s own knowledge
 At times cannot be applied into the real world
- Applied Research: Tries to solve practical
problems of the world
- Qualitative Research: Interested in understanding
the meaning of a certain social construct; follows
logic of applied research
 Methods: Participant observation, case studies
w/narrative, descriptive accounts of setting &
place
 Has set of interpretive, material practices that
make world visible
 Involves any research which indicates non-
ordinal values
 Puts emphasis on type of data generated
and/or used and includes many types of
data
 Characteristics
 Concerned with process rather than
outcome
 Meaning, experiences and structures are
observed
 Researcher is instrument of data collection
and analysis
 Involves fieldwork and is mainly descriptive
RESEARCH STRUCTURE
- IMRAD Method: Most commonly followed structure
in researches
 Introduction: Why are you doing it?
 Method: How will you do it?
- Hypothesis: Used in the form of a clear statement
concerning the problem to be investigated
 Qualitative research can lead to hypothesis-
testing and hypothesis-generating outcomes
 Hypothesis Indicators
 Statement can be either proven or not
 Makes a prediction to the conclusion
 Answers questions asked in the statement
of the problem
 Gives a guess of the study’s possible
outcomes
- The Five Chapters
 Introduction & Statement of Problem: States
main problem and thesis argument
 Mentions why it is important and whether it
will fill a gap in other studies
 Never provide length justification before
topic has been clearly stated :
 Limitations of The Study: Exhibits
what the researchers will and will not
do
 Literature Review: Discussion about what is
known of the subject and how it was acquired
 Methodology: States whether
qualitative/quantitative research methods were
employed
 Questions whether interviews or
questionnaires were administered
 Main Body: Longest part of the paper; where
author supports thesis and builds argument
 Should focus on rational development of
the thesis
 Conclusion: Brings everything together and
underscores all it means
 Hanging Conclusion: Has no actual point
and does not exhibit proper summarization
PHENOMENONS
- Natural Phenomena
 Manifest without human input; examples being
concepts like gravity, the tides, etc.
- Social Phenomena
 Manifest through the actions of groups of
humans; examples are the six degrees of
separation, social networking
- Psychological Phenomena
 Manifested through human behaviors and
response
- Visual Phenomena
 Includes optical illusions, such as the optical
drift illusion
PARTS OF A RESEARCH
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- Provides the question at hand; describing the gap
between the real and unreal
- Discovers the relationships and gaps between
© TAMARAY | 11-HUMSS/GA A
principle and practice (also known as ‘theoria and
practice’)
Effective Problem Statement
- Put the problem in context; asks what is already
known
- Describes the issue; asks what there is to know
- Shows relevance of the problem; asks why it
should be known
- Set objectives of the research; asks what will be
done
Components of A Problem Statement
- Must be brief to avoid confusion; problem itself is
stated clearly and with detail
- Background of research problem with experience
of researcher
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- Reviews background of the problem; “why ask
these questions?”
- Narrows the proposed title of the study; allowing
review of the thesis title
- Detects how far research materials have to be
acquired
- Cites purpose of the study; demonstrating its
significance to students/future researchers
 Thesis is for readers and not merely for
requirements
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
- Defines parameters and focus of the study; limiting
to a specific framework of action
 Deductive in nature; beginning with principle
leading to specific concern
 Surfaces principle and concept for discussion
- Directs researcher to include/exclude topics to be
lead to a directed goal
- Involves honest and sincere capacity of study;
projects variables
 Allows researcher to forsee problems of the
research
 Allows researcher to state forseen weaknesses
of the research
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- Takes into account different sources through
published journals and other works
 Task of researcher is to locate soruces in a
larger body of literature
 Gives sense on whether the study builds,
replicates or offers an entirely new concept
 Shows grasp and familiarity in a broader body
of knowledge
- Functions of the RRL
 Shares results of other studies related to the
reported study
 Relates study to the larger ongoing dialogue
about a topic; filling gaps/extending prior study
 Provides framework establishing importance of
study and benchmark as comparison of study
with other findings
Doing a Literature Review
- Usual tasks involve key elements of a research
study would be the ff.
 Stating problem being addressed
 Central purpose
 Information about sample/subjects
 Key results or findings
- Four Practical Suggestions
 Establish priority for researching the literature
 Delimit scope of the literature
 Decide the reference style
 Organize visual research map of the literature
COLLECTION OF DATA
- Research design is generally based on a social
constructivist perspective
 Research problems become research
questions based on prior research experience
- Data collection involves interview, observation,
archival data, and interpretation is based on a
combination of researcher perspective
Data Collection Procedure
- A critical factor of any research initiative in
qualitative research involves the ff.
 Direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-
one basis
 Direct interactions with individuals in a group
setting
- Qualitative Research Data Collection: Involves
time consuming data collection methods; have three
forms
 In-depth interview
 Direct observation
 Written documents
Visual Map
- Enables person to understand how his or her study
of the topic adds to, extends, or replicates research
already completed
- Also a flexible means to show connections
between different ideas with a singular topic
Data Sampling
- Convenience Sample: Selection of samples are
based on convenience of researcher; could be
biased
 Least rigorous sampling technique; poor quality
data and lacks intellectual credibility
- Purposive Sampling: Pinpointing specific group of
people related to the topic of researcher
- Snowball Sampling: Respondents look for research
based on the criteria given by the researcher
- Extreme/Deviant Sampling: Obtain information
through unusual cases or picking top/bottom of the
scale
- Maximum Variation: Purposely picking a wide
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range of variations or a lot of people; applies
whether or not it is convenient
- Stratified Sampling: Looking for individuals within a
certain group in order to apply to the research
(randomly picked)
 Leans more toward the quantitative form of
research
- Theoretical Sampling: Done to discover categories
and their properties to suggest interrelations into a
theory
 Not phenomelogical in nature

© TAMARAY | 11-HUMSS/GA A