7. State and explain the classification of connections in steel structures.

 Connections are structural elements used for joining different members of structural steel framework.
 The various elements of steel structures like tension members, compression members and flexibility members are connected by fasteners (connectors).
 Different types of fasteners available are rivets, bolts, pins, welds.

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Classification of
connections
 Classification based on means of connections Beam and Column Splice connections Bracket connections Classification based on forces to be transferred

Moment connections
Shear connections
Also known as simple connections Also known as rigid connections
Transfers shear forces and little or Carries a portion of the full moment
Rivetted Connections- Welded connections no moment to the connecting capacity of the supported member this
Bolted Connections- member this allowing end rotation preventing any end rotation of the member
It is the preferred method of connecting members on the site. Rare in modern construction practices. Are direct and efficient means of transferring
of the member. and also carries the shear component of the
Were predominantly used in railway bridges in India. forces from one member to the other
Applicable for members subjected to tension or shear or both Shear connections may be made to load.
tension and shear. Very similar to bearing type of bolted connections. Are generally made of melting base metal
the web of the supported member Relative rotation between the supporting
Structural rivets are driven hot and the river shank expands to fill from parts to be joined with the weld metal
This connection has the advantage of flexibility in assembling as while flanges remain unconnected. and supported member is negligee
the hole while being driven. which upon cooling form the connection.  Both the webs and the flanges are connected
well as dismantling the parts of the structure when necessary.
The length of the rivet should be sufficient to form a second head.

Types of bolts used in bolted connections

Advantages Disadvantages Classification of bolted connections
 Less manpower  Subjection to vibratory
required loads results in the
reduction in strength
and loosening of the Lap Joint-The two Butt Joint-
bolted connections. members are connected by  The two members are to be connected
 High strength bolts are  Unfinished bolts have overlapping. by placing the members end to end and
Unfinished/Black/C grade bolts ( 151364:2002) Precision (A- Ribbed High Turned much stronger than lesser strength because additional plates provided on either one
Most common type of bearing holts in the clearance grade) and bolts strength bolts- rivets, hence less of non-uniform or both sides to attach them properly.
holes semi- precision -rarely bolts (IS: expensive numbers of fasteners diameter.  The additional plate is called cover plate
Often referred to as ordinary bolts (B- grade) bots used in 3757- 1985 are required.  If the cover plates are provided on both
Popular since they are economical both in terms of (IS:  1364- ordinary and IS: 4000-  It is a cold process; the sides of the main plate then it is
material and installation costs. 1992)-They are steel 1992)- hence no risk of fire referred to as double cover butt jint.
use when no structures. friction type is involved.
Have adequate strength and ductility when used
slippage is connections  Bolting connections are
properly.
permitted. much quicker.
Mostly used in light structures under static load.

Advantages Disadvantages
Classification of rivetted joints  Can join dissimilar  High labour cost.
according to the arrangement of rivets materials Category Of Welded Connections
and plates
 Ability to make joints  Process is noisier
regardless of the
Advantages- Disadvantages
location Economical - in No provision for
Fillet welds - are Butt welds- are
made against two made by putting terms of both expansion or
 High shear strength,  Joints are bulkier than
surfaces of adjacent plate surfaces material and contraction,
good fatigue welding and brazing
plates to join them against one another labor cost therefore greater
resistance
Lap joint Butt joint Snap head rivet - together. and filling the gap 100 % efficiency chances of
Single riveted lap joint- has Single riveted single cover butt joint- has one Most commonly used type  Relatively inexpensive Do not make a leak between contact Provides rigid cracking
only one row of rivets row of river on each plate. of rivet method, the proof joint unless using surfaces with the joints. Uneven heating and
 Double riveted lap joint- has Single riveted double cover butt joint Used in large structural production of rivets is hot rivet or a sealant weld metal in the Easy fabrication cooling causes
two rows of rivets Double riveted double cover butt joint - has work where strength is cheap process fusing the of complex members to
two rows of rivets in each main plate of needed. base metal also structures. distort.
cover together. Defects like internal
air pockets slag
inclusion and
incomplete
penetration are