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Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning Define the concept of a system
Outcomes Recognize the Earth as a system composed of subsystems
Identify the visible features of the different Earth System
Describe how the matter and energy flow across the Earth systems
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives Enumerate the four basic spheres of the Earth
Explain what the spheres of the Earth are made up of
Explain the spheres interact with each other
Explain how the Earth can be divided in terms of its bulk characteristics and
properties
Explain how the bulk composition and bulk characteristics of the earth relate to
each other
The online discussion will happen on October 20 and 21, 2020, from
09:00-10:00AM.
Level I Institutionally Accredited
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
Lecture Guide
“We are all connected. To each other, biologically. To the earth, chemically. To
the rest of the universe atomically.”
The quote above is said by Neil DeGrasse Tyson, an American astrophysicist.
Do you agree with him? Why do you think he said that we are all connected?
A certain group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts that work
together to form a complex whole is called a system. The scientists around the
world try to study our planet through the smaller systems it have and fit them
together to form a whole picture which is known as the Earth System Science.
Specifically, Earth System is commonly referred as the spheres which are
divided into four: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. These
four spheres regulate the different functions of Earth which makes it habitable
which is similar on how a human body system works. All human body systems
Offline Activities work together to maintain a well-functioning and healthy body. On Earth, each
(e-Learning/Self- of the four spheres or systems must keep itself in balance. A change in one
Paced) system will affect other systems.
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on each Earth subsystem
1. Biosphere: This sphere is associated with living systems such as biomes or
ecosystems. This includes life on land, in the oceans and rivers, and even life that we
cannot see with the naked eye.
Features: coastal biomes, forests, desert, grasslands, and other ecosystems.
Processes: photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen
cycle..)
2. Hydrosphere: This sphere is associated with water in solid (ice) and liquid states. It
composed of all waters on the surface (oceans, rivers, and lakes) and also the water
underground (in wells and aquifers) and may also include moisture in air (visible as
clouds and fogs).
Features: oceans, icebergs, lakes, rivers, glaciers, snow, and so on.
Processes: hydrologic cycle (condensation, evaporation..), ocean circulation
3. Atmosphere: This sphere relates to meteorological features and phenomena such
as weather,
Level clouds,
I Institutionally or
aerosols (particles in the air). It includes an ever‐changing
Accredited
mixture of gas and small particles located above and surrounding the Earth’s surface.
Features: clouds, weather, aurora, air pollution/aerosols, dust, and so on.
Processes: atmospheric circulation
Layers of the Atmosphere
Layer Major Features
Troposphere Densest part. Almost all weather types are in this region.
Stratosphere Location of ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar
ultraviolet radiation.
Mesosphere Region where meteors usually burn up and become “shooting
stars”
Ionosphere It is where radio communications possible.
Thermosphere It is the area of aurora and satellites.
Exosphere Upper limit of the atmosphere separating Earth and space.
4. Geosphere: This sphere is associated with solid portions of the Earth. It includes
rocks, sediments, soils, and surface landforms. It is predominantly classified as the
lithosphere: the upper mantle and crust.
The associated features of the geosphere based on types are:
Fluvial & Alluvial processes: deltas, river channels, canyons, alluvial fans
Aeolian processes: sand dunes, yardangs, wind streaks
Tectonic Processes: folds, faults, mountains
Volcanic Processes: volcanoes, central vents, volcanic deposits
Impact Processes: impact craters
Other Processes: mass wasting processes, erosional processes
Processes: weathering, erosion, mantle convection, volcanic eruption, and so
on.
Earth’s Interior Layers:
Crust – upper portion composed of 2 types: Oceanic crust (underlies the ocean
basin) and Continental crust (underlies the continents) which is most
abundant composition is oxygen and silicon.
Mantle – solid rock layer between crust and crust.
Core – it is an iron-rich sphere divided into 2 parts: outer core (liquid iron-
nickel-sulfur, generates magnetic field) and inner core (solid ironnickel alloy)
Earth as the only planet that supports life suggest that it must be composed of
materials, resources and energy that could sustain all its processes in order to keep all
the organisms living on it alive. It is therefore not by accident that God, when He
created the Earth placed here subsystems which makes earth conducive for living.
These four subsystems present in our planet are working harmoniously to assure that
none of them will fail to perform its function because the Earth could not afford to
survive if even one of these interacting subsystem will fail. Sustaining life is therefore
not a job of one or two parts but a collaborative effort of the four.
What
Level is a System?
I Institutionally Accredited
A system is an interconnected set of components that are linked through
interconnections that function to create an outcome. The interaction of components
and their interactions create system behavior. A bicycle is a system composed of a set
of components that interact to provide transportation, much like the organ systems in
our body that have a coordinated function which enable all the physiological processes
for life possible.
CLOSED SYSTEM
Matter Matter
input output
TwoI Institutionally
Level basic types of systems.
a) Earth’s subsystems are open systems. Open systems
Accredited
involve the inputs and outputs of both energy and matter b.)Earth is basically a closed
system. Closed system allows only energy to pass in and out.
The geosphere is considered that portion of the Earth system that includes the Earth's
interior, rocks and minerals, landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's
surface. The Earth itself is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, with a radius of
6,357 kilometers (km) from the Earth's center to the North Pole and 6,378 km from
the center to the Equator.
CRUST
The crust is everything we can see and study directly. The thinnest layer of the Earth,
the crust still measures about 40 km on average, ranging from 5–70 km (~3–44 miles)
in depth. But at the scale of the planet, that’s less than the skin of an apple. There are
two types of crust: continental and oceanic crust. Oceanic crust can be found at the
bottom of the oceans or below the continental crust; it is generally harder and deeper,
consisting of denser rocks like basalt, while continental crust contains granite-type
rocks and sediments. The continental crust thicker on land. The crust is not one rigid
thing, but it’s split into several tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are not stationary,
but are in relative motion one from another. Depending on the relationship and
geologic setting, there are three types of tectonic plate boundaries: convergent
(moving one toward the other), divergent (moving away from the other) and
transform (moving laterally). These plates “float” on the soft, plastic upper mantle. The
boundary that separates the upper mantle from the crust is called Mohorovicic
discontinuity.
MANTLE
The mantle is Earth’s second layer. The mantle has two main parts, the upper mantle
and the lower mantle. The upper mantle is attached to the layer above it called the
crust. Together the crust and the upper mantle form a fixed shell called the
lithosphere, which is broken into sections called tectonic plates. Directly below the
lithosphere is a less fixed, warmer region of the upper mantle called asthenosphere.
Here the temperatures are so high that the rock that makes up the asthenosphere
melts into liquid. Only tiny parts of the asthenosphere are liquid but it is soft enough to
move pushing around the plates above. Gutenberg discontinuity is the boundary
between the lower mantle and the outer core.
CORE
When the earth was formed, the heaviest materials sank to the center. These materials
form the Earth’s core which are divided into outer and inner core. The outer core is
made mostly of iron and nickel. The outer core is approximately 2300 km thick. It is
veryI Institutionally
Level hot with Accredited
a temperature
between 40000C and 50000C. Because of the very high
temperature, the outer core is liquid. Earth’s molten metallic core gave rise to
magnetic field which is very crucial to life on our planet. It protects the planet from the
charged particles of the solar wind. Without the shield of the magnetic field, the solar
wind would strip earth’s atmosphere of the ozone layer that protects life from harmful
ultraviolet radiation.
The inner core is about 1250 km thick and is the hottest layer. The temperature of the
inner core is believed to be approximately 5400 degrees Celsius. This heat is caused by
three elements: residual heat from the formation of the earth, gravitational forces
from the moon and the sun and the radioactive decay of the earth’s inner elements.
The nickel alloy that makes up the earth’s inner core are Nickel and iron. It must be
noted that even this is the hottest layer, it still exist as solid due to the extremely high
pressures that it is experiencing. The boundary between the outer and inner core is
also referred to as Lehmann discontinuity.
The hydrosphere is the sum of all water on Earth and the water cycle that distributes it
around the planet. Earth is unique in the solar system for its abundant surface waters.
Our orbital distance from the sun, in addition to our unique atmosphere, gives Earth
the right temperature in our middle-aged solar system to have water as a liquid, and
lots of it. It's because of the hydrosphere that life flourishes on Earth.
Just as important as the existence of water is the hydrologic cycle that moves water
around the globe. See the figure below:
Driven by solar energy, surface waters evaporate into the atmosphere, condense, and
fall back to the surface as precipitation, shaping continents, creating rivers, and filling
lakes.
The biosphere contains the entirety of Earth’s living things. It is sometimes referred to as
the “zone of life”. From a geophysical standpoint, biosphere is the global ecological
system integrating all living things and their relationship including their interactions
with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
TheI Institutionally
Level biosphereAccredited
is divided
into biomes. Biomes are the world’s major communities.
They are classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by
adaptations of organisms to that particular climate.
1. Aquatic –includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers) and marine (ocean, estuaries).
The aquatic region houses numerous species of plants and animals.
2. Forest- can be tropical, temperate, boreal forest and taiga. Each type of forest has
distinctive features dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees.
3. Desert- characterized by low rainfall (less than 50 cm) per year. Most deserts have
specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition.
4. Tundra- coldest of all biomes. It has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation.
5. Grassland- made of rolling hills of various grasses and could be divided into
savannas and temperate grasslands. . They receive just enough rain to sustain grass
but not enough to grow many trees. There are few tress that grow in grasslands but
sporadic wildfires keep them under control.
Water
Engaging Activities
Procedures:
1. List down at least three features on each system, an example per system is given as
your guide.
System Key Word System Feature
Atmosphere Air
Biosphere Life
Geosphere Land
Hydrosphere Water
2. Observe the following astronaut photographs. You can also use a world map or open
Google Earth application to observe the following:
3. On the first column, write down at least 3 visible features of each astronaut
photographs, associated earth system and observations. Meanwhile, on the second
column, write down your miscellaneous observations and/or you can sketch a feature
you observed from the image.
Astronaut Photograph #2
Feature:________________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________
Astronaut Photograph #3
Feature:________________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________
Astronaut
Level I Institutionally Photograph
Accredited #4
Feature:________________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________
b. Typhoon forms when there is an LPA which intensify as it absorbs the water vapor
in the Pacific Ocean which in turn causes landslide and destruction of organisms.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
c. Global warming heats up the Pacific Ocean causing the glaciers to melt and adding
more water to the ocean.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1.3 Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen
Level letterAccredited
I Institutionally on a separate sheet of paper
2. What main system do you interact with when you are exploring an underwater
cave?
a. Biosphere
b. Cryoshpere
c. Geosphere
d. Hydrosphere
3. When volcanoes erupt, dust and ash particles spread through much of the air
blocking the sun. Which two spheres are interacting?
a. Atmosphere and atmosphere
b. Biosphere and atmosphere
c. Geosphere and atmosphere
d. Hydrosphere and atmosphere
4. When plants draw nutrients from the soil, the interaction is between which two
spheres?
a. atmosphere and geosphere
b. biosphere and geosphere
c. geosphere and hydrosphere
d. hydrosphere and atmosphere
5. When carbon dioxide dissolves from the air into the ocean-the interaction is
between
a. atmosphere and atmosphere
b. atmosphere and hydrosphere
c. atmosphere and geosphere
d. atmosphere and biosphere
6. Wind can carry seed to new places so more plants can grow are interactions
between
a. atmosphere and biosphere
b. atmosphere and geosphere
c. atmosphere and hydrosphere
d. geosphere and biosphere
d. hydrosphere
Level and biosphere
I Institutionally Accredited
8. Flooding moves soil and rock to new places are interactions between the
a. atmosphere and hydrosphere
b. geosphere and biosphere
c. hydrosphere and biosphere
d. hydrosphere and geosphere
9. Warm ocean currents cause major weather events, impacting animals and their
survival are interactions between the
a. atmosphere and geosphere
b. atmosphere and hydrosphere
b. geosphere and biosphere
d. hydrosphere and biosphere
10. Plants use essential elements such as water, carbon and nitrogen from the soil are
interactions between the
a. atmosphere and hydrosphere
b. atmosphere and biosphere
c. geosphere and biosphere
d. hydrosphere and biosphere
11. Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
a. Argon
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nitrogen
d. Oxygen
b. an
Level open system
I Institutionally Accredited
c. an isolated system
d. none of the above
19. How does the water cycle show how the hydrosphere and the atmosphere
interact?
a. Air evaporates to form water clouds
b. Heat and wind causes water in the pond to evaporate into thin air
c. Plants soak up water from the ground
d. Water filters through the soil into the ground water
21. All of the following are true about the interaction of the biosphere with other
subsystems, except _______.
a. Organisms in the biosphere maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere
through consumption and excretion of gases.
b. Organisms in the biosphere consume water from the hydrosphere for survival.
c. Organisms in the biosphere increase the amount of water in the hydrosphere.
d. Organisms in the biosphere form parts of the geosphere when they decompose into
smaller substance
22. Bacteria and algae convert nitrogen from the air into a form that is usable by plants
and animals are interactions between the _________.
a. atmosphere and geosphere
b. atmosphere and biosphere
c. geosphere
Level I Institutionallyand biosphere
Accredited
d. hydrosphere and geosphere
24. The remains of dead plants and animals can get buried under soil to form coal and
oil over long periods of time are interactions between the _________.
a. atmosphere and geosphere
b. atmosphere and biosphere
c. geosphere and biosphere
d. hydrosphere and geosphere
25. A students is making a model of how the biosphere and atmosphere interact.
Which model shows this?
a. a model of animals eating plants
b. a model of animals drinking water
c. a model of animals decaying in the ground
d. a model of plants giving off carbon dioxide
II. Explain Me
Explain
Level the statement:
I Institutionally “Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries
Accredited
matter and energy flow.” Elaborate your explanation with concepts and examples.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Create your own illustration on how the four spheres interact with each
other. Choose one process that may happen in any of the spheres then try to describe
how it will affect the other systems. Use the rubric as your guide in making your
illustration. This activity requires you to think critically and apply what you have
learned from this module. You can also be as creative as you can in making the
illustrations. It’s time to show what you have learned and your talent!
For example, “What if a volcanic eruption (a process in the geosphere) happens?” How it will affect the
atmosphere? biosphere? hydrosphere?
Additional Activities :
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Having learned that God created an Earth with essential subsystems for the
survival of man and other organisms. Write a short letter to God appreciating
Him for His wonderful and awesome creations.
LETTER OF GRATITUDE
Dear God,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Performance Tasks
List down at least three examples of earth system interaction that you always experience or observe in
your everyday living. You can include common scenarios at home, in the school or within your
barangay. Make sure to include all the four subsystems.
Earth-terrific! Systematic!
Directions: Write a reflective learning about what you have learned about the Earth Systems by
answering the questions inside the box. You may express your answers in a more critical and creative
presentation of your great learning. Have fun and enjoy!
Learning Resources
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES
Prepared by: JERRY CONCEPCION REYES
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Bayo-ang, R., Coronacion, M., Jorda, A., &Restubog, A. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School. (M. Moncada, Ed.) Quezon City, Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation.
Creative Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Planet_size_comparisons_%E2%80%93_Venus,_E
arth,_Mars.JPG
NASA. (n.d.). My NASA Data. Retrieved from https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/lessonplans/spheres-
earth-introduction-making-observations-earth-using-earth-system-science
Joselito P. Duyanen and Mylene O. Andaya Cand E Publishing, Inc. Towards Academic and Professional
Excellence
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