Introduction

What is an Electric Motor?

• Electromechanical device that converts

electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy used to e.g.
•Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
•Drive compressors
•Lift materials

• Motors in industry: 70% of electrical load

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 Preliminary notes
AC machines are AC motors and AC generators.
There are two types of AC machines:
Synchronous machines – the magnetic field current is
supplied by a separate DC power source;
Induction machines – the magnetic field current is
supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action)
into their field windings.
The field circuits of most AC machines are located on
their rotors.
Every AC (or DC) motor or generator has two parts:
rotating part (rotor) and a stationary part (stator).
 Type of Electric Motors
Classification of Motors

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) Motors

Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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 Type of Electric Motors
DC motors
• Speed control without impact power
supply quality
• Changing armature voltage
• Changing field current

• Restricted use
• Few low/medium speed applications
• Clean, non-hazardous areas

• Expensive compared to AC motors

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 Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors
• Electrical current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

• Speed difficult to control

• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor

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Basics of a Electric Motor

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Notations

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 AC MOTORS
Fundamental Operation

• AC Motors convert AC
energy into mechanical
energy
• Typical components
include
– Stator (field pole winding)
– Rotor

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 Stator/Rotor
Action
• The diagram to the
right demonstrates
one complete AC
cycle being applied
to the windings of an
AC motor

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 Stator Construction
• Two-phase operation is necessary to create the magnetic
field conditions needed to generate torque in an AC motor
• Phase 1 is applied to the vertical stator windings
• Phase 2 is applied to the horizontal stator windings

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The basic idea of an electric motor is to generate two
magnetic fields: rotor magnetic field and stator
magnetic field and make the stator field rotating. In this
situation, the rotor will constantly turning to align its
magnetic field with the stator field.
The fundamental principle of AC machine operation is
to make a 3-phase set of currents, each of equal
magnitude and with a phase difference of 120o, to
flow in a 3-phase winding. In this situation, a constant
magnitude rotating field will be generated.
The 3-phase winding consists of 3 separate windings
spaced 120o apart around the surface of the machine.
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 Three-Phase
• Three-phase power is commonly used in industrial
factories
• Three-phase power is ideal for powering rotating stator
fields in motors

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 Three-Phase Motors

Three-phase stator and three voltage sine waves.

 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between poles

1A and 1B.
 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between poles

of phases 1 and 2.
 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between poles

2A and 2B.
 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between phases

2 and 3.
 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between poles

3A and 3B.
 Three-Phase Motors

The magnetic field is concentrated between phases

1 and 3.
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