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Method of Slices
Method of Slices
Method of Slices
2
3
1 Introduction
General comments
(1) In this method, the soil mass above the slip surface is subdivided into a number of vertical
slices and the equilibrium of each of these slices is considered.
(2) This method is useful for nonhomogeneous soil in which the shear strength is dependent
on the normal stress.
(3) The pore water pressure can be taken into consideration.
4
1 Introduction
1
2
𝑏i
3
Xi
4
θi
i Wi 𝐸i
n
𝐸i + 1 𝑑i
Xi + 1
𝛼i
5
1 Introduction
Wi =Weight of slice
θi
Wi 𝐸i
N’i =Effective normal force acting on the base of slice
𝐸i + 1 𝑑i
Ui =Pore water force acting on the base of slice
Xi + 1
Ti =Shear force acting on the base of slice
𝛼i
Ei , Ei+1 = Normal force acting on the vertical face of slice
rsinαi
𝑂
𝑏i
r Xi
r
r
1 Wi 𝐸i
3 2
i 𝐸i + 1
Wi 𝛼i
𝛼i
Xi + 1
n 𝛼i
𝛼i
𝛼i
8
2 Ordinary Method of Slices
• Assumption
The inter slice forces are zero
E=0, X=0 𝑛 𝑛
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑖 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑖
• Forces acting on failure surface
ΣFN’=0 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
N’i+Ui= Wicos𝛼i
N’i= Wicos𝛼i-Uili 𝑛
9
2 Ordinary Method of Slices
𝑛 𝑛
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑟 𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 +𝑟 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
• General comments
(1) The forces on the sides of the slices are neglected
(2) This method under estimates factor of safety.
[Fs]Fellenius=(0.4~0.9)[Fs]correct
(3) This method is convenient for hand calculations.
(4) This method only satisfies moment equilibrium.
10
11
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
𝑏i
• Assumption Xi
The forces on the sides of the slice are
assumed to be horizontal (i.e. there are
no shear stresses between slices) Wi 𝐸i
X=0 𝐸i + 1
Xi + 1
• Vertical Force Equilibrium ΣFv=0 (+)
tan𝜙𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑁𝑖′ cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 −
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
𝐶𝑙
𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝐹𝑖 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑠
𝑁𝑖′ = [C]
tan𝜙
cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑠
13
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
• Factor of safety
Taking moments about the center of slip circle,
the factor of safety can be expressed as follows
𝑀𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑠 = =
𝑀𝐷 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑟 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
14
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
𝑛 𝐶 𝑙
𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑖 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑛 𝐹𝑠
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
𝑏
Where 𝑙𝑖 = cos𝛼
𝑖
→ 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖
𝑖
𝑛 𝐶 𝑏
𝑛
𝑏 𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑖 𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖
𝐹𝑠
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
𝑛 𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑛
𝑏 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 𝐹𝑠
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
𝑛 tan𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 𝑛
1 𝐹𝑠 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 − tan𝜙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
15
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
𝑛 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 𝑛
1+ tan𝛼𝑖 − tan𝜙𝑖 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
𝑛
𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 +(𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠
𝑛
𝑀𝑅 𝑟 𝑖=1
𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
∴ 𝐹𝑠 = = 𝑛 ×
𝑀𝐷 𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 𝑀(𝛼 )
tan𝜙𝑖
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀(𝛼 ) = cos𝛼𝑖 (1 + 𝐹𝑠
tan𝛼𝑖 )
16
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
• General comments
(1) The inter slices forces are assumed to be horizontal
(2) This method requires a trial and error solution because the factor of safety (Fs)
appears on both sides of the equations.
o Convergence of trials is very rapid
o As a first trial
Fs = 1.1[Fs]Fellenius for total stress or effective stress analysis with low u
Fs = 1.2~1.25 [Fs]Fellenius for total stress or effective stress analysis with moderate
to high U
(3) This method gives fairly accurate results and hence this is recommended for
general practice
Soil 1
6 ɣ=0.115kip/ft3
10ft 5 C’=0.3ksf
4
Ф=20o
3
2 Soil 2
1 ɣ=0.125kip/ft3
C’=0.2ksf
b4 Ф=34o
ɣw=0.062kip/ft3
h4
d4
𝛼4
18
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
1 10 0.2 2.0 10.0 3.5 0.125 4.38 11 4.3 0.22 2.2 2.1 1.42 0.84
2 10.5 0.2 2.1 10.0 9.2 0.125 11.5 19 10.87 0.42 4.41 6.46 4.36 3.74
3 11.5 0.2 2.3 10.0 13.3 0.125 16.63 29 14.54 0.45 5.18 9.37 6.32 8.06
4 12.8 0.2 2.56 10.0 15.0 0.125 18.75 36 15.12 0.28 3.58 11.59 7.82 11.02
5 15.5 0.3 4.65 10.0 14.0 0.115 16.1 48 10.77 0 0 10.77 3.92 11.97
6 14.2 0.3 4.26 7.2 6.5 0.115 5.4 60 2.7 0 0 2.70 0.98 4.65
6 6
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 17.9 + 24.82
𝐹= 6 = = 1.06
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 40.3
19
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method
1 10.0 2.0 2.2 4.38 2.18 1.47 3.47 1.10 1.10 3.15 3.15 0.84
2 10.0 2.0 4.2 11.5 7.3 4.92 6.92 1.15 1.15 6.02 6.02 3.74
3 10.0 2.0 4.5 16.63 12.13 8.18 10.18 1.18 1.18 8.70 8.63 8.06
4 10.0 2.0 2.8 18.75 15.95 10.76 12.76 1.18 1.18 10.91 10.81 11.02
5 10.0 3.0 0 16.1 16.1 5.86 8.86 0.92 0.92 9.63 9.63 11.97
6 7.2 2.16 0 5.4 5.4 1.97 4.13 0.79 0.79 5.23 5.23 4.65
1st trial
43.64
Assume F1=1.10 Calculated 𝐹1 = 40.30 = 1.08
2nd trial
43.47
Assume F2=1.08 Calculated 𝐹2 = 40.30 = 1.08 ∴ 𝐹1 = 1.08
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21
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
slices) 𝛼i Wicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
X=0 𝐸i + 1
Xi + 1
𝑊𝑖 − 𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 = 0
𝛼i
𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
22
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
𝑁itan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 1 Wi 𝐸i
𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − − (𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 − Ui𝑙𝑖tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝐹0 𝛼i Wicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
𝐸i + 1
Xi + 1
tan𝜙𝑖 1
𝑁𝑖 (cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝑖 − (𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 − Ui𝑙𝑖tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝐹0
𝛼i
1
𝑊𝑖 − (𝐶 𝑙 sin𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝑖 𝑖
𝑁𝑖 = [C]
𝑀(𝛼 )
𝑁i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
𝑇i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i 𝛼i
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑀(𝛼) = cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 = cos𝛼𝑖 (1 + 𝐹 𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 )
0 0 𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
23
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
𝑏i
• Force Equilibrium parallel to the base of slice Xi
𝐹𝑇 = 0 → (+)
Wi 𝐸i
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝛼i Wicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
𝐸i + 1
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 [D]
Xi + 1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. 𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞. [𝐷]
𝛼i
𝐶𝑖𝑙𝑖 + (𝑁i − Ui𝑙𝑖)tan𝜙𝑖
(𝐸𝑖+1 −𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 −
𝐹0
1
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 − 𝐶 𝑙 + 𝑁i − Ui𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 sec𝛼𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖 𝑖
• Overall Force Equilibrium 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → (+) 𝑁i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
𝑛 𝑇i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i 𝛼i
(𝐸
𝑖=1 𝑖+1
− 𝐸𝑖 ) = 0 𝑁i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i
𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
24
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
n
1 n
i 1
Wi tan i [Ci l i (Ni Ui l i )tani ]sec i
F0 i 1 [E]
• F𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. 𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞. [𝐸]
n n
F0 Wi tan i cos i [Ci l i Ui l i tani Ni tani ]
i 1 i 1
𝑛 tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 (cos𝛼𝑖+ 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 )−𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖(cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖sin𝛼𝑖
0 0
= ( +
𝑀(𝛼)
𝑖=1
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑊𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 𝐹 𝑖 +𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 𝐹 𝑖
0 0
)
𝑀(𝛼)
25
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
𝑛
𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 +𝑊𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝑈𝑖𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 =
𝑖=1 𝑀(𝛼)
𝑏𝑖
Where = cos𝛼𝑖 → 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖
𝑙𝑖
𝑛
𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 +(𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 =
𝑖=1 𝑀(𝛼)
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
∴ 𝐹0 = 𝑛 ×
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 𝑀(𝛼 )
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
= 𝑛 ×
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 𝑛(𝛼 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑛 𝛼 = cos𝛼𝑀 𝛼 = cos𝛼(cos𝛼 + 𝐹 sin𝛼) = cos2𝛼(1 + 𝐹 tan𝛼)
0 0
26
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.5 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿
For c=0
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.31 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿
For ф=0
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.69 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿
28
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method
• General comments
(2) This method requires a trial and error solution because the factor of
(3) This method is suitable for analysis of a failure surface of any shape.
29