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Computer Methods in Power Systems
Instantaneous Power
California State University Long Beach
Purely Resistive Load Instantaneous Power IDENTITY
1
cos cos cos( cos ) cos( )
A resistive load draws a current that is
in phase with the voltage
i(t) I max cos( t )
v(t) i(t)
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t ) ( t )] cos[( t ) ( t )]}
2
0
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t t )] cos[( t t )]}
2
cos(0) 1
1
p(t) Vmax I max [cos(0) cos(2 t 2 )]
2
Replacing the maximum voltage by the rms values
I max 2I rms
1
p(t) Vmax I max [1 cos(2 t 2 )] Vmax 2Vrms
2
1
p(t) ( 2Vrms 2I rms )[1 cos(2 t 2 )]
2
Applying the identity to the equations we could re‐write it as follow
2
p(t) I rms Vrms [1 cos(2 t 2 )]
2
p(t) Vrms I rms [1 cos(2 t 2 )]
DC component Double frequency (120 Hz) component
IDENTITY
p(t) v(t)i(t)
v(t) i(t)
p(t) Vmax I max cos( t ) cos( t 90)
Applying the identity to the equations we could re‐write it as follow
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t ) ( t 90)] cos[( t ) ( t 90)]}
2
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t t 90)] cos[( t t 90)]}
2
0 IDENTITY
1
p(t) Vmax I max [cos(90) cos(2 t 2 90)] cos( 90) sin( )
2
Replacing the maximum voltage by the rms values
I max 2I rms
1
p(t) Vmax I max [cos(2 t 2 90)] Vmax 2Vrms
2
1
p(t) ( 2Vrms 2I rms ) sin(2 t 2 )]
2
2
p(t) I rms Vrms sin(2 t 2 )
2
p(t) Vrms I rms sin(2 t 2 )]
Double frequency (120 Hz) sinusoid
IDENTITY
Purely Capacitive Load Instantaneous Power cos cos cos( ) cos( )
1
2
p(t) v(t)i(t)
v(t) i(t)
p(t) Vmax I max cos( t ) cos( t 90)
Applying the identity to the equations we could re‐write it as follow
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t ) ( t 90)] cos[( t ) ( t 90)]}
2
1
p(t) Vmax I max {cos[( t t 90)] cos[( t t 90)]}
2
0 IDENTITY
1
p(t) Vmax I max [cos(90) cos(2 t 2 90)] cos( 90) sin( )
2
Replacing the maximum voltage by the rms values
I max 2I rms
1
p(t) Vmax I max [cos(2 t 2 90)] Vmax 2Vrms
2
1
p(t) ( 2Vrms 2I rms ) sin(2 t 2 )]
2
Applying the identity to the equations we could re‐write it as follow
2
p(t) I rms Vrms sin(2 t 2 )
2
p(t) Vrms I rms sin(2 t 2 )]
Double frequency (120 Hz) sinusoid
IDENTITY
General RLC load cos cos cos( ) cos( )
1
2
p(t) v(t)i(t)
v(t) i(t)
p(t) Vrms I rms cos( )Vrms I rms cos( )cos[2( t )]Vrms I rms sin( )sin[2(t )]
Let:
I rms cos( ) I R
I rms sin( ) I X
pR (t) pX (t)