Model 1 Signaling pathways

Make sure to Include the type of signaling and the stages of signaling

 Show how anthrax would disrupt the signaling.

Direct signaling: The ligands binds directly to the receptor, which changes the shape of the receptor and passes on a
signal. The signal is passed onto a signal pathway when the signal is passed from protein to protein when the shape
change of one protein changes the shape of another and then another in a long pathway. Finally, the response occurs by
the shape changes of proteins and the final protein goes to the cytoplasm or nucleus to turn something on or off or it
activates or inhibits something.

 Explain how diabetes mellitus is a disease that involves a disruption in a cell signaling pathways
 Tetrodotoxin (TTX) found within the puffer fish how anthrax would disrupt the signaling.
 Nitric Oxide (NO) and its influence on smooth muscle.
 Diagram shows part of the epidermal growth factor signaling pathway,
 Diagram how caffeine works
 Pick any other signaling molecule.

Analysis questions

1. Draw out reception, transduction, and response

2. Explain why there are a limited number of types of ligands but an infinite number of responses.
There are a limited number of types of ligands because there are limited types of proteins and ligands are specific to
proteins. However, there are infinite number of responses because ligands cause some responses that may cause
others on their own. There are other responses that occur without meaning to.
3. Explain why drugs have side effects.
Drugs have side effects because it is difficult to control responses when a signal is passed and causes more than one
reaction. Drugs can cause the desired reaction, but it can also cause other responses that may not be so desired. The
other responses are uncontrollable, so drugs have side effects because they can cause undesired reactions that cannot
be controlled.
4. Explain how the signal can be amplified.
A signal can be amplified if it affects a lot of other reactions that keep passing on the signal and causes more signals.
Signals can be amplified when signals cause more signals and causes the reaction to keep going and spreading. A
signal to one protein can cause the protein to give out another signal that causes other proteins to have the reaction
and keep spreading the signal.
5. Explain how the signal is terminated.
A signal is terminated when the ligand leaves the receptor protein. The ligand causes the signal when it binds to the
receptor protein and changes its shape, but the shape changes back when the ligand leaves and the signal will not be
sent. If there is no ligand, the receptor protein is inactive and the signal is terminated.