Inside A Cell

What do all cells have?

1. ____cellular membrane______
2. ____DNA_______
3. _____ribosome_______
Size:
Bacterium: 1 um
Animal: 10 um
Plant: 100 um
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote?
Prokaryotes don’t have organelles, they are small, and their DNA are free-floating. Eukaryotic cells are larger,
have organelles, and have a nucleus to protect and hold the DNA

Click on https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/insideacell/

Organelle Role of the organelle Plant or Animal Prokaryote or

Eukaryote
Lysosome and Lysosomes: break down wastes Animal Eukaryote
Vesicles
Mitochondria Once free living –components include: membranes, Both Eukaryote
matrix
Cytoskeleton Carries vesicles Both Eukaryote

Golgi Apparatus Modifies proteins Both Eukaryote

Nucleus Protects and holds DNA Both Eukaryote

Endoplasmic Modifies proteins Both Eukaryote

Reticulum
 Cell Wall Structural support Plants Eukaryote

Chloroplast Once free living –components include: green Plants Eukaryote

pigments
Vacuole Breaks down wastes Plants Eukaryote

Cell membrane Helps control what enters and leaves cell Both Both

Nucleolus In the center of the nucleus Both Both

DNA Stores genetic information Both Both

Click on “Directing Traffic: How Vesicles Transport Cargo”

A vesicle forms when the membrane bulges out and pinches off. It travels to its destination then merges with another
membrane to release its cargo. In this way proteins and other large molecules are transported without ever having to cross
a membrane.
Watch the video --- “how vesicles travel cellular highways”. Complete the following.
Busy cells are often filled with thousands of traveling vesicles. To help organize these vesicles and get them pointed in the
right direction, the cell uses the ____rigid___ __filaments__ and tubes of the _____cytoskeleton_. Special motor
____proteins___ attach to cargo-filled vesicles and carry them along the cytoskeleton like trucks on a highway.
Motor proteins attach to ___vesicles____ and walk along a ____microtubule__ of the ___cytoskeleton___. Dyneins walk
toward the microtubule organizing center (MTOC, or centrosome) and kinesins walk away from the MTOC.

What is the real-time video showing? It shows vesicles traveling along the cytoskeleton highway

Click on “Membranes Organize Cellular Complexity”

Why are membranes so important for a cell?

Membrane ___proteins____ that contact the spaces on both sides of the membrane the __gate_ keepers of cellular

compartments. Each type of compartments has a specific population of membrane proteins that largely define its

____function__. On average, proteins make up about _half__ the mass of membranes.

The nuclear ___pore____ _____complex_ (see scanning electron micrographs at right) is a unique protein structure that
controls traffic flow in and out of the nucleus.

Draw the “Nuclear pore complexes on the nuclear membranes of frog oocytes”
Making Proteins

Making, modifying, and delivering proteins to the right location is crucial for cells. Eukaryotic cells in
particular have what we call the endomembrane system for coordinating these activities. Make a flow chart to
discuss what structures are involved in making the following types of proteins.

free ribosome pathway – for making proteins destined to be free floating in the cytoplasm

Nucleus --> Ribosome --> Cytoplasm

Nucleus: The DNA in the nucleus are copied transcribed to create mRNA with the intended genes.
Ribosome: The mRNA reaches a ribosome and the ribosome reads the codes on the mRNA and creates a
polypeptide based off the codes.
Cytoplasm: After the polypeptide is finished at the ribosome, it might fold itself and the protein is
released into the cytoplasm and used immediately

bound ribosome pathway – for making proteins destined to be or

______used by cell of other cells_______

Nucleus --> Ribosome -->ER-->Golgi-->Destination

Nucleus: The DNA in the nucleus are copied transcribed to create mRNA with the intended genes.
Ribosome: The mRNA reaches a ribosome attatched to the ER and the ribosome reads the codes on the
mRNA and creates a polypeptide based off the codes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: After the polypeptide is finished, it might fold and then the protein is released
into the ER, where it gets modified and folded more.
Golgi: After the protein is released into the ER, a vesicle will transport it to the Golgi, where the protein
gets modified even more.
Destination: After the Golgi finished its work with the protein, a vesicle carries the protein from the Golgi
to wherever it needs to go: outside cell, into cellular membrane, into other parts of the cell