Grammar Handbook

Lične zamenice i prisvojni pridevi:

I – ja  My – moj/moja/moje
You – ti  Your – tvoj/tvoja/tvoje
He – on  His – njegov/njegova/njegovo
She – ona  Her – njen/njena/njeno
It – ono  Its – njegov/njegova/njegovo

We – mi Our – naš/naša/naše
You – vi Your – vaš/vasa/vase
They – oni  Their – njihov/njihova/njihovo

The present simple and the present continuous

U srpskom jeziku izmeĎu ova dva vremena ne postoji razlika, meĎutim u engleskom postoji.
Iako se prevode isto, bitno je shvatiti kada se i za šta koje vreme koristi.

 Present simple:

Koristi se za činjenice i ustaljene radnje – nešto što se uvek isto dešava

npr. I go to work every day Svakoga dana idem na posao.

gradi se tako što se odbije to i na infinitiv se samo u 3. licu jednine dodaje slovo s:

to work  work
I work – Radim We work – Radimo
You work – Radiš You work – Radite
He/she/it works – Radi They work – Rade

to read  read
I read – Čitam We read – Čitamo
You read – Čitaš You read – Čitate
He/she/it reads – Čita They read – Čitaju

Ključni glagoli/key verbs

to be - biti
I am a student. – Ja sam student We are students. – Mi smo studenti
You are a student. – Ti si student You are students. – Vi ste studenti
He/she is a student. On/ona je student They are students. – Oni su studenti

to have – imati
I have a book. – Imam knjigu We have a book. – Imamo knjigu
You have a book. – Imaš knjigu You have a book. – Imate knjigu
 He/she/it has a book. – Ima knjigu They have a book. – Imaju knjigu
Pokušajte da smislite nekoliko rečenica u present simple vremenu sa glagolima:

to be ________________________________________________________
to have ________________________________________________________
to work ________________________________________________________
to do ________________________________________________________
to think ________________________________________________________

 Present continuous:

Koristi se za radnju koja se dešava u ovom trenutku/trenutku govora

Npr. I am going to work now.  Idem na posao upravo sada.

gradi se od pomoćnog glagola to be + -ing oblika glavnog glagola

to work to be + working

I am working – Radim We are working – Radimo
You are working – Radiš You are working – Radite
He/she/it is working – Radi They are working – Rade

to read to be + reading

I am reading – Čitam We are reading – Čitamo
You are reading – Čitaš You are reading – Čitate
He/she/it is reading – Čita They are reading– Čitaju

Pažnja! Glagoli to be i to have se generalno NE koriste uz present continuous npr. I

am being ili he is having. I kada se koriste, to im dosta menja značenje. Za sada je
najbolje zapamtiti da se ova dva glagola ne koriste uz present continuous.

Pokušajte da smislite nekoliko rečenica u present continuous vremenu sa glagolima:

to work ________________________________________________________
to do ________________________________________________________
to plan ________________________________________________________
to read ________________________________________________________
to help ________________________________________________________
The past simple and the past continuous

 Past Simple:

Radnja u prošlosti za koju znamo tačno kada se desila.

I went to the store yesterday.  Juče sam išao u radnju.

I was in Greece in 2014.  Bio sam u Grčkoj 2014. godine.

Last month, I started going to the gym. Prošlog meseca sam krenuo u
teretanu

Dobija se tako što se na pravilni glagol doda nastavak –ed a za nepravilne glagole se
konsultuje 2. kolona nepravilnih glagola (tzv. irregular verbs).

to be

I was. We were.
You were. You were.
He/she/it was. They were.

to have

I had. We had.
You had. ‘ You had.
He/she/it had. They had.

Pokušajte da smislite nekoliko rečenica u past simple vremenu sa glagolima:

to work ________________________________________________________
to do ________________________________________________________
to lose ________________________________________________________
to read ________________________________________________________
to help ________________________________________________________

 Past Continuous

Vreme koje se takoĎe odnosi na prošlost i ima nekoliko upotreba.

1. Pokazuje nam 2 paralelne radnje u prošlosti

npr. Mark was reading a book while Jenny was writing her paper.
Mark je čitao knjigu dok je Dženi pisala svoj rad.

2. Naglašava trajanje neke radnje u prošlosti

npr. I was reading the book all morning.
Celog jutra sam čitao knjigu.
 3. Koristi se u kombinaciji sa past simple vremenom kada imamo dve radnje u prošlosti
i jedna prekida drugu.
npr. I was reading my book when the phone rang.
Čitao sam knjigu kada je telefon zazvonio.

Gradi se od pomoćnog glagola to be u prošlom vremenu uz glavni glagol na koji

dodajemo nastavak –ing.

I was studying. We were studying.

You were studying. You were studying.
He/she/it was studying. They were studying.

Pokušajte da smislite nekoliko primera koji ilustruju svaku od 3 glavne upotrebe ovog
vremena:

1. 2 paralelne radnje u prošlosti uz pomoć glagola:

to work/to sleep
to read/to write

2. Naglašavanje trajanja radnje:

to study/all week
to work/all night

3. Jedna radnja koja prekida drugu:

to sleep/to ring/the phone
to study/to come/my friends

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Iako u nazivu vremena stoji present ova vremena su podjednako vezana za prošlost kao i za
sadašnjost. Naime, predstavljaju vezu izmeĎu neke radnje koja je počela ili se desila u
prošlosti i koja je relevantna za sadašnjost.

 Present Perfect

Za razliku od past simple vremena kada znamo kada se tačno nešto desilo, u slučaju
present perfect vremena to nam nije bitno.

npr.

A: I have been to Belgrade. Bio sam u Beogradu.

B: Really? When? Stvarno? Kada?
A: I was there last month. Bio sam tamo prošlog meseca.

Na srpskom je vreme isto, na engleskom nije.

I have been there. Bio sam tamo. (Nije bitno kada, trenutno je samo bitna činjenica da
sam ja tamo bio)
 I have finished my homework.  Uradio sam domaći. (Nije bitno kada, bitno je da ga
imam sada pred sobom)

I have not finished my homework.  NIsam uradio domaći. (Trenutno nemam domaći
pred sobom)

I have read that book. Pročitao sam tu knjigu. (Znam o čemu se radi, sada mogu da
pričam o njoj, imam to znanje i iskustvo)

Gradi se uz pomoćni glagol to have u prezentu uz glavni glagol na koji dodajemo

nastavak –ed za pravilne glagole odnosno 3. kolonu nepravilnih glagola.

Pomoćni glagol have se obično skraćuje apostrofom npr. I’ve, you’ve, she’s, we’ve itd.

to be

I have been. We have been.

You have been. You have been.
He/she/it has been. They have been.

to have

I have had. We have had.

You have had. ‘ You have had.
He/she/it has had. They have had.

Pokušajte da prevedete sledeće rečenice, pazite kada ide past simple a kada ide present
perfect.

- Radila je u toj firmi 5 godina.

- Napisao sam rad.
- Bili smo u Italiji.
- Bili smo u Italiji prošlog leta.
- Sinoć su završili sa poslom.
- Izgubio sam telefon.

 Present Perfect Continuous

Označava radnju koja je počela u prošlosti i koja i dalje traje.

npr. Where are you? I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour!
Gde si? Čekam te već pola sata! (Čeka i dalje)

She’s been living in Belgrade for 5 months.

Ona živi u Beogradu 5 meseci.

Primećuje se da se ovo vreme na srpski prevodi običnim prezentom.

Gradi se od pomoćnog glagola to have u prezentu + been + –ing oblik glavnog glagola.

I’ve been studying all day. Učim ceo dan. We’ve been studying all night.
You’ve been studying all night. You’ve been studying all night.
He’s/She’s been studying all night. They’ve been studying all night.

Pokušajte da smislite nekoliko rečenica u present perfect continuous vremenu sa glagolima:

to work ________________________________________________________
to do ________________________________________________________
to try ________________________________________________________
to read ________________________________________________________
to help ________________________________________________________
Moguća rešenja:

Present Simple:

to be I am a student/ My friend is a geoscientist/ We are oil engineers.

to have I have a book/ He has a lot of money/ We have everything we need.
to work I work from 9 to 5 every day/ He works at the laboratory/ They work very hard.
to do She never does that/ We do that all the time/ I do that often.
to think I think that is very interesting/ She never thinks about me.

Present Continuous:

to work I am working now/ We are very busy, we are working.

to do What are you doing? / He is doing his homework now.
to plan I am planning to change my job/ He is planning to read that book.
to read He is reading a very interesting paper about Earth Science.
to help They are helping me / He is helping his friend to study.

Past Simple:

to work He worked there from 2010 to 2013.

to do They already did that 5 minutes ago.
to lose Mark had a new phone but he lost it a couple of days ago.
to read I read that book when I was on holiday in Spain last summer.
to help She helped me to write my motivational letter last week.

Past Continuous:

1. She was working while the children were sleeping.

John was writing his essay while Nick was reading his notes.
2. You were studying all week?
I was studying all night.
3. The phone rang when I was sleeping.
I was studying but then my friends came.

Present Perfect:

- She worked at the company for 5 years.

- I’ve written a paper.
- We’ve been to Italy.
- We were in Italy last summer.
- They finished their work last night.
- I’ve lost my phone.

Present Perfect Continuous

to work He is a good employee. He’s been working here for a long time.
to do I’ve been doing the same job for too long and it’s boring.
to try Susan’s been trying to finish her scientific paper but with no success.
to read We’ve been reading a fascinating book in class recently.
to help We are very busy. Jack has been helping me finish all of the work.