CHEMISTRY

: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions
Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

substance
only one kind with two or
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
makeup more kinds kinds of substances
are bonded it
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are chemically physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
polyatomic
Matter Flowchart
Examples:
• graphite
element
• pepper
hetero. mixture
• sugar (sucrose)
• paint compound
• soda hetero. mixture
solution
homo. mixture
Pure Substances
Element
• composed of identical atoms
• EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
Pure Substances
Compound
• composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed
ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
elements
• EX: table salt (NaCl)
Pure Substances
Law of Definite Composition
• A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of
elements.

Law of Multiple Proportions

• Elements can combine in different ratios to form different
compounds.
Pure Substances
For example…

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2

Two different compounds,

each has a definite composition.
Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more pure
substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Mixtures
Solution
• homogeneous
• very small particles
• no Tyndall effect
Tyndall Effect

– particles don’t settle

– EX: rubbing alcohol
Mixtures
Colloid
• heterogeneous
• medium-sized particles
• Tyndall effect
• particles don’t settle
• EX: milk
Mixtures
Suspension
• heterogeneous
• large particles
• Tyndall effect
• particles settle
• EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
Mixtures
Examples:
• mayonnaise
colloid
• muddy water
• fog
suspension
• saltwater colloid
• Italian salad dressing solution
suspension
Classification of Matter

Materials

Homogeneous
Heterogeneous

Substance Homogeneous Heterogeneous

mixture mixture

Element Compound Solution Mixture

Order / Disorder
Classification of Matter

MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)

Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen oxygen atoms

atoms hydrogen
atoms

(a) (b) (c) (d)

an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen
and oxygen) and oxygen)
 Mixture vs. Compound
Different Alike Different

Variable Involve Fixed

Composition substances Composition

Topic Topic
No bonds Contain Bonds
between Mixture two or more Compound between
components elements components

Can be Can be Can ONLY be

separated by separated separated by
physical means into chemical means
elements
Compounds vs. Mixtures
• Compounds have properties that are uniquely different
from the elements from which they are made.
• A formula can always be written for a compound
• e.g. NaCl  Na + Cl2

• Mixtures retain their individual properties.

• e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2

N2 O2 F2

Cl2

Br2

F2
Products made from Sulfur

SULFURIC
ACID 88%

Superphosphates
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
CARBON Mixed fertilizers
DISULFIDE 3%
GROUND &
Magazines and printing papers DEFINED 3%
Writing and fine papers Containers and boxes
Newsprint PULP 3% Autos
Wrapping and bag papers IRON & STEEL 1%
Pulp for rayon and film Appliances
Sanitary and tissue papers
Tin and other containers
Absorbent papers
Galvanized products
Rayon
Cellophane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ruber processing CHEMICAL 17%
chemicals
NONACID 12% PETROLEUM 2%
Explosives
Insecticides Tire Nonferrous metals
Synthetic detergents
Fungicides cords Synthetic rubber
Specialty steels Feed additives
Rubber vulcanizing Viscose Storage batteries
Magnessium Anti-knock gasoline Aluminum reduction Paints and Aviation
Soil sulfur textiles Textile finishing
Leather processing Synthetic resins Paper sizing enamels Gasoline
Acetate
Photography Protective coating Water treatment Linoleum and
textiles
Dyestuffs Dyestuffs Pharmaceuticals coated fabrics Lubricants
Blended
Bleaching Oil well acidizing Insecticides Paper
fabrics
Soybean extraction Petroleum catalysts Antifreeze Printing inks Other
Cellophane
Photographic Refinery
film products
• Rhombic sulfur
• “Brimstone” (when
molten) Sulfur
• Polyatomic (S8)
• Forms SO2

Amorphous sulfur
• (without shape)

The sudden cooling of m-sulfur

produces amorphous sulfur.
 Amorphous
Crystalline
(Glass)
The Haber Process
 Matter

Physically
Substance separable Mixture of
Definite composition Substances
(homogeneous) Variable composition

Chemically
separable Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
Element Compound
Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water.
also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane,
(Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate)
gold alloy) concrete, granite)
The Organization of Matter
MATTER

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES MIXTURE

Physical methods

PURE
SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS Chemical COMPOUNDS

methods
Top Ten Elements
in the Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms)
A typical spiral galaxy
1. Hydrogen 73.9 (Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
2. Helium 24.0
3. Oxygen 1.1
4. Carbon 0.46
5. Neon 0.13
6. Iron 0.11
7. Nitrogen 0.097
8. Silicon 0.065
9. Magnesium 0.058
10. Sulfur 0.044
The Composition of Air

Nitrogen

Helium Oxygen

Neon Air Water

vapor

Carbon
Argon
dioxide
Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen: N2

Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of O2

two atoms of oxygen:

Water consists of molecules consisting of two H2O

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:

Argon consists of individual argon atoms: Ar

Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting

of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom: CO2

Neon consists of individual neon atoms:

Ne

Helium consists of individual helium atoms: He

END