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ET / DC Circuits / Electrical Sources

Problem Set

P1.Q) The current of 2A is passing through a Resistor of resistance 15 Ω which is connected across a
Voltage source, Find the Source Voltage?

P2.Q) A voltage source of 18V having an internal resistance of 5 Ω is connected to a load resistor of a
resistance 54 Ω. Find the current passing through the
load resistance?

P3.Q) A terminal resistor of resistance 25 Ω is connected to a Current source. The voltage across current
source is 50V. Finf the source current?

P4.Q) A current source of 2.5A having an internal resistance of 50Ω is connceted to a terminal resistor of
resistance 15 Ω. Find the voltage across the terminal
resistance?

Examples

SAQ1) A Resistor of resistance 10 Ω is connected across a Voltage source of 12 V, Find the current
passing through the resistor?

Solu on:

Given that, Source voltage Vs = 12 V, R = 10 Ω

So current passing the through the resistor I = Vs/R = 12/10 = 1.2 A

SAQ2) A voltage source of internal resistance 12 Ω is connected to a resistor of resistance 24 Ω and

the current passing through the resistor is 2A, what is the
source Voltage?

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Solu on: Since the Voltage source is having an internal resistance, resistor can be connected
to a voltage source in series as shown in fig given
below

Given that internal resistance Rs = 2Ω, terminal resistance Rt = 24Ω, Current passes through
Rt is I= 2A
The terminal voltage of a voltage source with internal resistance is given by
Vt =Vs - (I*Rs) -- > (1)

By Ohm’s law,
Vt= I * Rt = 2 * 24 = 48 V

Substitute Vt in Eq (1)
48 = Vs – (2 * 2)
Vs = 48 + 4 = 52
V

SAQ3) A resistor of resistance 25Ω is connected across a Current source of 5A, Find the voltage across
the resistor?

Solu on: A resistor can be connected to a Current source is as shown in figure given
below

Given that Source surrent Is = 5A, Terminal resistance Rt = 25Ω

So, Terminal voltage across the resistor is Vt = Is * Rt
Vt = 5 * 25 = 75V

SAQ4) A current source of internal resistance 18 Ω is connected to a resistor of resistance 36 Ω and

the voltage across the resistor is 15V, what is the source
current?

Solu on: Since the Current source is having an internal resistance, resistor can be connected
to a current source in parallel as shown in fig given
below

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Given that internal resistance Rs = 75Ω, terminal resistance Rt = 30Ω, Voltage across Rt is
Vt= 15V
The current passes through a terminal resistor is given by
It =Is - (Vt/Rs) -- > (1)

By Ohm’s law,
Vt= It * Rt à It = Vt/Rt = 15/30 = 0.5A

Substitute It in Eq (1)
0.5 = Is – (15/75) --> Is = 0.5 + 0.2 = 0.7
A

Notes
Introduction:
In the introduction of the previous module it is seen that the electrical energy flows from the
source to load, during energy flow some of the energy gets lost which is represented by a component
called resistor, some of the energy gets stored in the form of kinetic energy which is represented by a
component called inductor, some of the energy gets stored in the form of potential energy which is
represented by a component called capacitor and some of the energy gets transformed to some other
form. In the previous module we have discussed about resistor, inductor and a capacitor. In this module
we will be focusing on the sources i.e. types of electrical sources, characteristics of electrical sources etc.
The most common electric sources that we come across is the wall outlet which supplies AC voltage,
batteries that we see in our mobile phones, laptops etc which supplies a DC voltage, solar photovoltaic
cells, generators etc.

Electrical Sources:
Electrical sources can be classified as
· Voltage Source
1. AC source
2. DC Source
· Current Source
1. AC source
2. DC source

DC Sources:
In DC sources whether it is voltage or current the supply voltage or current will not be varying with time. A
detailed explanation of DC sources is given below.

Voltage Source:
A voltage source is a two terminal element in which the supply voltage V is independent of the current
passing through the source, the current that is passing through the source is determined by the external
circuit connected across its terminals. A voltage source can be represented as

The symbolic representation in fig 3.1(a) says that the supply voltage V of the voltage source is the
measure of potential of the upper terminal with respect to the lower terminal similarly in fig 3.1(b) the

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voltage V is measure of potential of the terminal represented with + with respect to that of the terminal
represented with – and the symbol given in 3.1(c) is the symbolic representation of a battery. The v-i
characteristics of a voltage source is given as shown in the graph shown below

In the above graph the current supplied by the source is taken on x-axis and terminal voltage across the
source is taken on y-axis. One can observe from the graph that the terminal voltage across the source is
always constant whatever the current delivered by it. These characteristics are said to be ideal which is
not possible in case of practical source. A practical voltage source will have some internal voltage drop
which can be represented by series resistance which is nothing but the internal resistance of the voltage
source, hence a practical voltage source can be represented as

So from the above figure one can observe that there is a drop of iRs internal to the source, and hence the
terminal voltage across the source can be written as

Now the v-i characteristics of a practical voltage source is nothing but a graph between the terminal
voltage of the source and current through the source which will be as shown in figure

Current Source:

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A current source is a two terminal element in which the supplies current I is independent of the terminal
voltage across the source, the terminal voltage across the source is determined by the external circuit
connected across its terminals. A current source can be represented as

The symbolic representation in fig 3.5 says that the current delivered by the source is in the direction of
the arrow pointer. The v-i characteristics of a current source is given as shown in the graph shown below

In the above graph the terminal voltage across the source is taken on x-axis and the current delivered by
the source to the circuit is taken on y-axis. One can observe from the graph that the current delivered by
the source to the circuit is always constant whatever the terminal voltage across the source. These
characteristics are said to be ideal which is not possible in case of practical source. In practical current
source some of the current will be confined to within the source which can be represented by a internal
resistance in parallel to the source as shown in the figure

So from the above figure one can observe that Vt / Rsh is confined to the source only, and hence the
current that is delivered by the source to load can be written as

Now the v-i characteristics of a practical current source is nothing but a graph between the current
delivered by the source to external circuit and terminal voltage across the source which will be as shown
in figure

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AC sources:
AC sources whether voltage or current will have their supply voltage or current varying with time. We will
be dealing with the AC sources in the later modules so for now we will be concentrating on DC sources.

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