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Science Quarter 1 Module 4 PDF
Science Quarter 1 Module 4 PDF
9
Science
Quarter 1, Wk 4 - Module 1:
Non – Mendelian Inheritance
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COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE CONTENTS
WHAT THIS MODULE ABOUT
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE
GUIDELINES AND REMINDERS
What I Need to Know
What I Know
Introductory Message
Welcome to the Science 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Non-Mendelian
Inheritance.
To the teachers:
This module presents a simpler version of the contents found inside the textbooks;
thus, it would also help you in delivering the lessons in the learners’ level of
understanding. Hence, it makes the teaching-learning process simpler yet meaningful
and enjoyable.
To the parents:
This module presents ideas that are not too broad and can be easily understood by
you. In that case, you will be able to assist and help your child in the learning process
and most especially, gives you time to create or strengthen the affection between you
and your child.
To the learners:
This module was designed for you to fully understand the different non-Mendelian
patterns namely: Incomplete Dominance, Codominance and Multiple Alleles through
series of activities. These activities were planned and created to enhance your higher
order thinking skills as well as your creativity and innovativeness in solving problems
that are related to the lesson. Furthermore, this module will help you face and surpass
the real life scenarios and challenges that you thought would not make sense but really
do.
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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
ii
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
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What I Need to Know
Multiple Choice: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter
of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Codominance
B. Multiple Allelism
C. Polygenic Inheritance
D. Incomplete Dominance
7. In the ABO blood group systems in humans, what two alleles are codominant?
A. A & A
B. A & B
C. A & O
D. B & O
8. ABO blood types are an example of____.
A. codominance
B. dominance
C. incomplete dominance
D. multiple alleles
9. All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant
have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele
for white flowers.
A. codominant
B. dominant
C. incompletely dominant
D. pleiotropic
10. What would be the genotype of a pink flower if it follows the rules for incomplete
dominance, given that R= red and W= white?
A. p
B. pp
C. rw
D. RW
11. Pink four o’ clock flowers are obtained from a cross between pure bred red flower
(RR) and white flower (WW) plant? What is the genotype of the pink flowers?
A. RR
B. RW
C. WW
D. red and white
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12. A black chicken and a white chicken mate and produce a gray chick. Which type
of inheritance would this be an example of?
A. Codominance
B. dominance
C. Incomplete dominance
D. recessive
13. A cross between a white rooster and a black hen results in 100% gray offspring.
When two of these gray offspring are mated, the probable phenotypic percentage seen
in the offspring would be
A.100% gray
B. 75% black, 25% white
C. 75% gray, 25% white
D. 25%black, 50% gray, 25%white
14. A non - Mendelian pattern which results when one allele is not dominant over the
other which means both alleles are shown equally in the phenotypes of the
heterozygote.
A. Codominance
B. Dominance
C. Incomplete Dominance
D. Multiple Alleles
15. If one of your parents is blood type A and the other is type B, which of the following
blood types would you likely be?
A. A
B. AB
C. B
D. O
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Lesson
Incomplete Dominance
1
What’s In
In your Grade 8, you have learned that gametes and somatic cells divide
to produce new cells. Yet, it is the gametes that are responsible in passing the genes
from generation to generation through the process called meiosis. You have also
learned that Mendel proposed different laws on inheritance that explained how the
traits from your parents are being passed on to you and even to your siblings.
However, there are some traits that we can say that violate his patterns of inheritance.
In this new lesson, you will discover new patterns of inheritance that does not
follow Mendel’s and some of their real – life examples.
What’s New
In Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not
observed when the dominant gene is present. However, there are some traits that do
not follow Mendel’s principles. Assigning one allele with a capital letter and the other
in lowercase does not work because neither allele is completely dominant over the
other.
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To better understand this lesson, read and analyze the given problem in the activity
below. Try to answer it using your knowledge in previous grade about Punnett square.
Problem: In four o’clock plants, R is the allele for red color and W is the allele for white
color. Construct a Punnett square showing this cross between red and white flowers.
What are the genotypes of the offspring? Identify the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.
What Is It
For the traits that Mendel have studied, one allele is completely dominant over
the other. Thus, the phenotype of the resulting heterozygote offspring is identical to
that of the homozygous dominant parent. However, there are some genes in
heterozygote offspring that do not share the phenotype of either parent.
Just like the one given in the problem above. Let us try to see and discover. If
we are going to make a Punnett Square from it, it would look like the figure below.
Figure 1. A Punnett square showing a cross between a red and a white four o’clock
flower and its offspring
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What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
In incomplete dominance, one-half of the gametes of the heterozygotes (pink
flowers) carry the allele for the red flower and the other one-half of it carry the allele
for the white flower. Thus, the results of a heterozygote self-cross can still be predicted
both the genotypic and phenotypic ratios is 1:2:1. In this case, the genotypic ratio
would be 1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW, and the phenotypic ratio would be 1:2:1 for red:
pink: white.
What’s More
For you to better understand more about incomplete dominance, work on the
activity that follows.
Activity
Incomplete Dominance: Pheno and Geno On the Go!
Objectives:
1. Explain the pattern of Incomplete Dominance.
2. Solve problems involving Incomplete Dominance.
3. Describe Incomplete Dominance.
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Procedure:
1. Read and analyze the given problem. Answer the questions that follow.
2. Write your answers neatly in a sheet of paper.
Problem: Two pink bougainvillea flowers were crossed and they produced offspring
with 3 different colors. (RW is the allele for color pink). The Punnett square for this
cross is given below with the genotypes of the offspring.
R W
R RR RW
W RW WW
Questions:
1. What would be the phenotypes of the offspring?
_____________________________
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
______________________________
Now that you have gained knowledge about incomplete dominance, complete the
paragraph below. Choose from the given words found in the word bank.
Word Bank
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What I Can Do
Goal: Predict the phenotype and genotype of the offspring using the
principle of Incomplete Dominance.
Instruction.
5
Lesson
Codominance
2
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned that there are some genes in which
the heterozygous offspring do not share the phenotype of either parent. Instead, they
have intermediate phenotypes. This intermediate pattern of inheritance is called
incomplete dominance.
In this new lesson, you are going to get in touch and eventually discover another
intermediate pattern of inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s principles.
What’s New
CW CW
CR
CR
6
What Is It
In cattle, there are 3 different phenotypes. Those with red coats are
homozygous for the red coat allele. Those with white coats are homozygous for the
white coat allele. Lastly, those cattle with red hairs mixed with white hairs are said to
be heterozygous and appears roan. The appearance of roan coats is due to the
codominance of the red and white coat color alleles.
In summary:
Cattle and Horse Coat Color
Genotype Resulting Phenotype
CRCR Red coat
W
C C W White coat
R
C C W Roan coat (red hairs mixed with white)
As shown in the Punnett Square above, if a pure red bull mates with a pure
white cow, all their offspring will express both the alleles of the red bull and white cow.
Thus, cattle with roan coat are produced with the said mating of parents. The white
coat has red patches on it.
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Therefore, the trait is neither dominant nor recessive. Just like in incomplete
dominance, the genotypic ratio becomes the phenotypic ratio. Examples of this include
A and B blood types in humans, sickle-cell disease, and coat color in cattle and horses.
What’s More
A good practice makes perfect. So, try to answer the enrichment activities
below for you to get a perfect score on Codominance.
Activity
Codominance: Mysterious Fishes
Objectives:
1. Solve the given problems involving codominance by using Punnett squares;
and
2. Give the phenotypic percentages of the offspring.
Materials: Pen, Paper
Procedure:
Read and analyze the given problems. Answer the questions that follow.
In a certain fish, blue scales (FBFB) and red scales (FRFR) are codominant.
When a fish has the hybrid genotype, it has a patchwork of blue and red scales.
Problem: A patchwork fish was crossed with a fish that has blue scales. A Punnett
square is given below with the genotypes of the offspring.
FB FB
FB FBFB FBFB
FR FBFR FBFR
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What I Have Learned
Now, let us see how well-versed you are when it comes to the mastery of ideas
about codominance. Answer the given questions below based on what you have
learned about the lesson.
1. What is Codominance?
___________________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about the phenotype of the offspring?
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the phenotypic ratio in this pattern of inheritance?
___________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Instruction: Solve the given problem below and write your answer in a piece of
paper.
A male cattle with roan coat (CRCW) mates with a female which has a red
coat (CRCR). A Punnett square of the cross is given below with the genotypes of
the offspring.
CR CR
CR CRCR CRCR
CW CRCW CRCW
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Lesson
Multiple Alleles
3
What’s In
What’s New
The work of Mendel on garden peas and his proposal on his genetic laws
suggested that a specific gene is controlled by just two alleles. In our case today, we
can say that it’s not always the situation. Multiple alleles may exist in a population level
and different individuals in the population may have different pairs of alleles despite
the fact that humans and other diploid organisms can only have two alleles controlling
a gene.
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Let’s consider this situation in the human ABO Blood Group system.
A homozygous A male marries a heterozygous B female. Fill up the Punnett
square below and answer the question.
IB i
IA
IA
What Is It
In summary:
Phenotypes Genotypes
Type A IAIA (homozygous), IAi (heterozygous)
Type B IBIB (homozygous), IBi (heterozygous)
Type AB IA IB
Type O ii
Let us try to solve the problem presented earlier in this lesson by making a Punnett
square to show the cross between parents. It would look like the one shown below.
FEMALE
MALE IB i
IA IA IB IA i
IA IA IB IA i
What’s More
Activity
What’s Your Blood Type, Baby?
Objective:
Infer the unknown phenotypes of individuals on the basis of the known
phenotypes of their family members.
Procedure:
Read the instructions carefully. Analyze the problems. Write your answers in a
clean piece of paper.
The table below shows the blood type of an individual. Predict using a Punnett
square the possible blood type on the basis of the given phenotypes of their family
members.
Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type
A A
2 B AB
AB B
O O
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What I Have Learned
Now, let us try to evaluate how much you have learned about Multiple Alleles.
Try to identify which among the sentences below are facts about the pattern and
which are not.
What I Can Do
As mentioned beforehand, there are some traits that are coded for by more than two
alleles. One of common examples is blood type in humans. This is a violation of Mendel’s
Principle of unit characteristics. A case is given below for you to solve.
A male individual whose blood type is AB marries female whose blood type
is A. Is it possible to bear a child whose blood type is O? Prove your answer by
making a Punnett square.
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Summary
The inheritance of some characteristics are not as simple as those that were
studied by Mendel in his garden pea plants. That’s why geneticists usually call them
those that violate Mendel’s principles. They are associated with phenomena such as
codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits (to be
discussed on the next module).
Incomplete Dominance is the expression of blended (or intermediate)
traits in a heterozygous individual or offspring. The blended traits are coded
for by two alleles inherited from both parents. Each of the two homozygous
genotypes (refers to the parents) shows a different phenotype since they
are still distinct and separated from each other.
Codominance is another form of inheritance in which the alleles of a gene
pair in a heterozygote offspring are fully expressed or exhibited. As a result,
the offspring’s phenotype is the combination of the parent’s phenotypes.
Therefore, the trait is neither dominant nor recessive.
Multiple Alleles, a specific gene pair is controlled by more than two alleles.
Thus, there are more than two phenotypes that are exhibited or expressed
in the offspring. The ABO Blood Group system is the most common
example of the character governed by this inheritance.
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Select the correct answer from the
choices given. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL
LETTER only of your answer.
1. The blending of colors among the bougainvillea flowers (bumbel) is an example of what
pattern of non-Mendelian Inheritance?
A. Codominance
B. Multiple Alleles
C. Incomplete Dominance
D. Both B and C
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4. All of the following are examples of codominance EXCEPT _________.
A. roan fur in cattle
B. coat color in horses
C. ABO Blood Group system
D. A and B alleles in human blood
6. If one of your parents is blood type A and the other is type B, which of
the following blood types would you likely be?
A. A
B. AB
C. B
D. O
8. A black chicken and a white chicken mate and produce a gray chick. Which type
of inheritance would this be an example of?
A. recessive
B. dominance
C. codominance
D. Incomplete dominance
9. A cross between a white rooster and a black hen results in 100% gray offspring.
When two of these gray offspring are mated, the probable phenotypic percentage
seen in the offspring would be
A. 100% gray
B. 75% gray, 25% white
C. 75% black, 25% white
D. 25%black, 50% gray, 25%white
10. What would be the genotype of a pink flower if it follows the rules for incomplete
dominance, given that R= red and W= white?
A. p
B. pp
C. rw
D. RW
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11. Pink four o’ clock flowers are obtained from a cross between pure bred red
flower (RR) and white flower (WW) plant? What is the genotype of the pink flowers?
A. RR
B. RW
C. WW
D. red and white
13. In ABO Blood Group system, O is recessive. Therefore, for this blood type to be
expressed, ___________.
A. Two O alleles must be present.
B. The alleles A, B and O must all be present.
C. The alleles A, B and O must all be present.
D. One O allele and One B allele must be present.
______14. What type of non-Mendelian inheritance is shown in the picture below?
a. Codominance
b. Multiple Allelism
c. Polygenic Inheritance
d. Incomplete Dominance
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Additional Activities
A. Identify what is asked. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
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Lesson 2: What’s New
CW CW
Lesson 3: What’s New
CR CR CW CR CW
IB i
CR CR CW CR CW
IA IA IB IA i
IA IA IB IA i
Lesson 2: What I Can Do
1. Blood types AB and A 1. 2 red coat, 2 roan coat
2. 0% for blood type O 2. 2:2
Lesson 2: What I Have Learned
Lesson 3: What I Have 1. Codominance-is a form of inheritance
Learned where the alleles of a gene pair in a
1. T heterozygote offspring are fully expressed
2. T or exhibited.
3. F- IA and IB 2. A combination of phenotypes of the
4. T parents
5. T 3. 1:2:1
LESSON 3: What’s More Lesson 2: What’s More
1. A, AB, O 1. 0
2. A, AB 2. 2
3. A, AB
4. O PRE – TEST
1. B
Lesson 1: What I Have Learned 2. D
1. Incomplete Dominance, blended, 3. D
heterozygous 4. C
2. two, parents 5. A
3. distinct, separated 6. A
4. in between 7. B
5. 1:2:1 8. D
9. C
10. D
Lesson 1: What’s More 11. B
1. 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white 12. C
2. phenotype: 1:2:1 13. D
genotype: 1:2:1 14. A
15. B
Key Answers
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POST TEST
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. C
Additional Activities
A
1. Codominance
2. Multiple Alleles
3. Incomplete Dominance Lesson 3: What I Can Do
4. Multiple Alleles
5. Incomplete Dominance IA i
B IA IA IA IA i
1. Incomplete IA IB IB i
dominance IB
2. Codominance
3. Multiple Alleles Blood types of children: AB, A and B
4. Multiple Alleles
5. Codominance
References
Printed
Capco, Carmelita M. & Yang, Gilbert C.Biology (2nd Ed).927 Quezon Avenue , Quezon
City:Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1996.
Electronic Sources
PDF Files
Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles. PDF file. May 28, 2020.
https://www.cnhs.org/ourpages/auto/2017/3/15/40632433/NON%20MENDELI
AN%20INHERITANCE.pdf
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