EE ------ Power System Analysis

Electrical Power System

An Introduction

Lecture No. 1: Power System Analysis

 Functions of Power
System?
What is Electrical Components of Power
Power System? System?

Introduction

Course Aim?
How power system
are organized?
Course contents?

2
 Course Outline as per SoS

This course is designed to teach students about the

analysis of electrical power system, which includes
comprehensive discussion of:

• Introduction of per unit system of calculations, One Line

Diagram, Impedance & Reactance Diagrams.
• Load Flow Problem Formulation & Solution
Methodologies
• Fault Analysis in Electrical Power System including
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults.
• Power system stability analysis including transient and
steady state stability.
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Lecture 1
 General Introduction to Power
Systems (EPS)
 What is an EPS?
 Functions
 Components
 How PS are operated/controlled?
 How PS are organized?

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

What is a Power System?

• A system dedicated to the business of
electric power:
– Generation (Production)
– Transmission (Transportation)
– Distribution (Retailing)
• A “Mission Critical System” that provides a
vital service to the society &, as such, should
be operated with the goal of achieving:
– Highest reliability standards
– Minimum environmental impacts
– Lowest operation cost
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Electrical Power System (EPS)

 Critical Infrastructure

 Highly Non-Linear

 Highly Complex

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Future Power System ---

Requirements
New Goals are being set for the Working
Philosophy of Individual Utilities.

Priorities for the Modernization of their Power

System in the Next 20 Years.

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power System of Future Should Enable

the Utilities To:
Be More Competitive With Overall Strategies.

Provide Better Service.

Better Manage Their Assets.

Extend Equipment Life.

Improve Diagnostics.

Develop Reliability-centered Maintenance

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power System Functions

Generation Transmission Distribution

Power Utility Ownership

Consumption
Electric Power System Components

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power
Generation

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Generation
• Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants
• Power plants normally house multiple generating units
• Generating units can operate based on different:
– Energy Sources
– Energy Conversion processes

Energy Energy Energy Electric

Power
Source Conversion 1 Conversion n

A Generation Unit
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Energy Sources
Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
Water
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Tidal
Chemical

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Energy Converters
• Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:
– Burners: Chemical energy  Thermal energy
– Boilers: Thermal energy  Mechanical energy
– Turbines:Mechanical energy  Kinetic energy (KE)
– Rotating machines: KE  Electrical energy

• With today’s technology, overall conversion

efficiency of a thermal power plant can
approach 33%

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power
Transmission

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Transmission
• Transmission networks are needed to :
– Connect generating plants to consumption points
– Create large power pools for increased reliability

• High voltage AC transmission offers:

– Higher transmission capacity / Km
– Lower line-voltage drop / Km
– Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
– Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
– Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Transmission Equipment

• Transformers
– Step-up transformers
– Voltage Regulators
– Phase Shifters
– Step-down Transformers
• Transmission Lines & Cables
• Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
• Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
• Static Var Compensators
• FACTS Devices
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power
Distribution

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Distribution
• Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV
levels at bulk power delivery points
• Supplies energy to customers:
– At standard voltage levels
– Single phase and/or three-phase
• Is made up of the following main equipment:
– Distribution transformers (DXF)
– Feeder sections (including underground cables)
Switches, fuses, reclosures
– Automatic load transfers
– Etc.

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

….Power Distribution
HV / MV
Commercial Residential
Network Large Industrial
& Municipal Customers
Industrial Customers
Customers Customers

Bulk
34.5/15 15/5 5/0.21
Power DXF DXF DXF

Point 208V
34.5 15 KV 5 KV
KV

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Key Operational Goals

• Power Balance: Generation must remain

balanced with demand
– Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)

• System Security: Equipment power flows

must not exceed equipment ratings, under
normal or a single outage condition:
– |pij(t)| < pij max

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Pg1(t) Pd1(t)
Transmission
Pg2(t) Pd2(t)
&
Distribution
Networks
Pgn(t) Pdm(t)

T&D
PG(t) PD(t)
Networks

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Quality Considerations

Frequency Regulation: System frequency,

must remain within its operational range
– f min < f(t) < f max
– 59.5 Hz < f(t) < 60.5 Hz
– 49.5 Hz < f(t) < 0.5 Hz
Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must
remain within their operational limits
– Vmin < V(t) < Vmax
– 0.95 pu < V(t) < 1.05 pu

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Quality Considerations

 Purity of Sine Wave

 Continuity of Supply

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power System
Organization

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

PS Organization
• Power Utility Structures:
Traditional
– Restructured (Deregulated)
• Traditional utilities:
– Operate as Monopolies (have “captive customers”)
– Have been “regulated” by the government
– Have to get regulators approval for rate increases
– Have little room to increase generation efficiency
– Have largely moved toward “Vertically Integrated”
(VI) business structures for improved profitability

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Regulated Power Utility

Production
Inputs

Transmission
Production
&
Distribution
Networks
Transportation

Distribution

Vertically Integrated (VI) Business Structure

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Power Industry Deregulation

• Has necessitated break-up of traditional
utility VI structures into independent
business units:
– Gencos (Generating Companies)
– Power Marketers
– Transco (Transmission Company – Owner)
– Independent System Operator (operating
the transmission network)
– Retail Service Providers
– Discos (Distribution Companies)
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Deregulation Industry Structure

Gencos Transco Discos Consumers

Retail Service Provider

Power Marketers

Transmission
Network
(run by
ISO/RTO)

Energy Market Participants

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction Dr.
 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Deregulated PS Structure
• Has been legislated by governments,
hoping that it results in:
– Increased competition (reduced rates)
– New technology utilization in generation,
Transmission & Distribution
– Influx of Private Capital or Increased
outside investment in PS infrastructure

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis
Restructured & Deregulated
Environment
Restructuring and Deregulation

is
the Working Environment

for

New Millennium Power System.

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

The Challenging Task

for
New Environment

is

Quick Decision Making.

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction

 EE ------ Power System Analysis

Thank You

Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction