This document discusses macroscopic urinalysis, including color, odor, and cloudiness of urine and what they may indicate. Color can range from light to dark yellow or take on other hues depending on concentration and substances present. Certain foods, drugs, and bacteria can alter the typical odor. Cloudiness in fresh urine usually means salts or crystals are precipitating, while cloudiness in other urine could mean bacteria or cells are present. Analyzing sediments is needed to identify the cause of cloudiness.
This document discusses macroscopic urinalysis, including color, odor, and cloudiness of urine and what they may indicate. Color can range from light to dark yellow or take on other hues depending on concentration and substances present. Certain foods, drugs, and bacteria can alter the typical odor. Cloudiness in fresh urine usually means salts or crystals are precipitating, while cloudiness in other urine could mean bacteria or cells are present. Analyzing sediments is needed to identify the cause of cloudiness.
This document discusses macroscopic urinalysis, including color, odor, and cloudiness of urine and what they may indicate. Color can range from light to dark yellow or take on other hues depending on concentration and substances present. Certain foods, drugs, and bacteria can alter the typical odor. Cloudiness in fresh urine usually means salts or crystals are precipitating, while cloudiness in other urine could mean bacteria or cells are present. Analyzing sediments is needed to identify the cause of cloudiness.
Cause: urea-splitting bacteria Depending on concentration, urine is light yellow to dark –– Smells foul, putrid yellow in color. A noticeable deviation in color from the Cause: urinary tract infection norm can indicate pathology or be harmless in nature. –– Smells of fruit, acetone Cause: ketonuria
4.1.1 Some Examples
4.3 Cloudiness –– Colorless to light yellow Cause: polyuria, glycosuria in diabetes mellitus Fresh urine at body temperature is normally clear. The colder –– Dark yellow to orange and more concentrated a urine sample becomes, the more Cause: oliguria, anuria, vitamin preparations salts and crystals precipitate and cause turbidity or cloudi- –– Dark yellow to brownish-yellow ness. Urine also becomes visibly cloudy in the case of a Cause: hemoglobin and hemoglobin degradation products pathological accumulation of bacteria or pyuria. (bilirubin, porphyrins), drugs Only by analyzing solid components in urine (as in uri- –– Milky/cloudy nary sediment analysis) is it possible to conclusively identify Cause: leukocyturia, salts, crystals the cause of cloudiness. –– Red to reddish-brown Cause: erythrocytes, myoglobin, urates, drugs, beetroot –– Dark brown to black 4.3.1 Some Examples Cause: erythrocytes, massive hemolysis –– Milky white Cause: bacteriuria, pyuria, phosphaturia, vaginal
4.2 Odor secretion –– Reddish (brick dust) upon cooling Certain foods, drugs, and bacteria alter the typical odor of Cause: uraturia urine. –– Red to reddish-brown Cause: macrohematuria –– Fat layer on the surface 4.2.1 Some Examples Cause: lipiduria in nephrotic syndrome, ointments,