Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction To The Theory of Ferromagnetism: Exchange Interaction
Introduction To The Theory of Ferromagnetism: Exchange Interaction
of Ferromagnetism
Exchange interaction
The Hamiltonian
Hˆ μˆ H
or
Hˆ μ̂ z H
Isolated local magnetic moment
In the case S 1 the operator of magnetic moment μ̂ z has only
2
two eigenstates
0 1
1 0
gμ B
μ̂ z μ 0 μ̂ z μ 0 μ0
2
Isolated local magnetic moment
The eigenstates and eigenenergies of the Hamiltonian
Hˆ Hμ̂ z μ 0 H E μ 0 H
Hˆ Hμ̂ z μ 0 H E μ 0 H
State Sz μz E
1
+μ0 –μ0H
2
1
–μ0 +μ0H
2
ground state
excited state
Isolated local magnetic moment
Let us evaluate the value of μz at T ≠ 0
μ z T μˆ z T
μ 0 P μ 0 P
E
P C exp
T
E
P C exp
T
Finally, we have
μ H
μ z T μ 0 tanh 0
T
Isolated local magnetic moment
μ0 H
μ z T μ 0 tanh
T
Limiting cases:
1. H 0 μ z T 0 2. H 0 and T
at any temperature μ0 H T μz 0
3. H 0 and T 0 4. H 0 and T 0
μ z T μ 0 at H 0 μ z T μ 0
μ z T μ 0 at H 0
Isolated local magnetic moment
Resulting graphs look like this
Summary
In the simplest case, when the spin is equal to one-
half, the operator of magnetic moment has only
two eigenstates, corresponding to orientation of
the magnetic moment along the applied magnetic
field (“up”) and in the opposite direction (“down”),
respectively
If the magnetic field is greater than zero, the
ground state or the state with the lowest energy is
the “up” state
At zero temperature the system is always located in
ground state, but at non-zero temperatures the
probability to find the system located in the
excited state will become non-zero
μ0 H
z
μ T μ 0 tanh T