Frip 2 PDF

basketball knowledge
v 1.0 / oct 2017

FIBA Instructor Pre-Clinic
Home Study Book
LEVEL 2
BASKETBALL KNOWLEDGE
- REFEREES (LEVEL 2)
2017oct/v1.0
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Home Study Book
LEVEL 2
Preface - Basketball knowledge – referees (level 2)
This section has been written to provide prospective FIBA Referee Instructors with some information about basics of basketball terminology and individual offensive and defensive skills
ending with basic team tactics.
This content in the FRIP Level 2 is advanced version of the basketball content presented already at the level 1 Home-Study Book with addition of zone offense and defense.
It is intended as part of the FIBA Referee Instructor Programme (FRIP) leading for Level 2 qualification.
It has been obvious that basketball understanding is one of the key issues for successful officiating. Step by step the referee environment has started to talked about the game instead
of only the rules. This material has been created by World Association of Basketball Coaches (WABC) in close cooperation with FIBA Referee Department.
The part has been written in home study style, so that you can work through it in your own time and at your own pace through written material enriched with advanced more compre-
hensive material at WABC’s on-line platform.
The FRIP Basketball Knowledge includes 6 topic modules, with varying content in each 3 levels of the FRIP programme:
1. Offensive Patterns of Play
2. Defensive Patterns of Play
3. Creating Contact
4. Game Tempo
5. Individual Offensive Skills
6. Coach-Referee Relationship and Player-Referee Relationship.
For example, following discussion about defensive rotation (which identifies where “help” comes from to stop a dribbler when an initial defender is beaten), the material then discusses
how the referees use their court position, “mechanics” and line of vision to be in the best possible position to adjudicate any contact that does occur.
A referees’ ability to adjudicate situations of contact will be greatly enhanced by them understanding how team coaches deliberately create situations of contact both offensively (e.g.
screening situations) and defensively (e.g. rebounding contest). However, it is not only situations of contact that are explained in the resource and the curriculum also explains the tactics
utilised by teams to affect the tempo of the game and the teaching points when exercising the various skills of the game.
Referee instructors are not teaching referees how to coach or play basketball. However, by giving insight to referees on how the game is played, the instructors will assist the referees
to get in the best possible position to officiate the game and understand the action areas of the common set-ups and play situations during the game.
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In brief, the Level 2 modules include:

Offensive Patterns of Play: Different styles of play lead to different movement and spacing on the court, which impacts the mechanics employed by the officials.
Defensive Patterns of Play: Understanding how teams move defensively will help referees to determine whether a defender has established position.
Creating Contact: There are many situations where coaches specifically want to create contact. Being able to anticipate where that occurs will help referees to adju-
dicate the situation.
Game Tempo: Understanding how teams attempt to influence the tempo at which the game is played well help referees to anticipate when changes might be made
and therefore be ready to adjudicate.
Individual Offensive Skills: As different skills evolve it assist referees to review and discuss the application of those skills in a game.
Coach / Player –
Referee Relationships: Players are the game and referees and coaches “service” the game. Each role is different but all are equally important.
Understanding the perspective of each other will help to form positive relationships and avoid situations of antagonism.
Next you will find some guidelines how to navigate at the WABC on-line platform to enrich your learning experience. At the end of some of the sections you will find links to advanced
studying material provided by WABC.
WABC On-Line Platform References ADV Advance studying material available

Level 1 – Player
1. Basketball Skills ADV
Level 2 – Player
VID Video material available
1. Basketball Skills
Level 3 – Player EXT External material available
1. Basketball Skills
The colors correspond to different levels of WABC Online Platform´s Material. Symbols used in this material
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Contents
Offensive patterns of play........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Defensive patterns of play........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Creating Contact....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Game Tempo........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Individual offensive Skills....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Coach-Referee and Player-Referee Relationships.................................................................................................................................................................. 116
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Module 2B-1 Offensive patterns of play

B1.1. COMMON OFFENSIVE PATTERNS
There are several offensive patterns that are used throughout the world, sometimes as a team’s complete offence and at other times elements are incorporated into an offensive scheme.
Some of the more common patterns are:
• Horns (“A set”)
• Zipper
• Flex
B1.1.1. Characteristics of Horns (“A Set”)
“Horns” is perhaps the most common offensive pattern now. It has two screens set
for the dribbler at the top of the key and typically the other perimeter players sink to
the corner. The purpose of this is to make their defender choose whether to defend a
possible shot from the corner or help on dribble penetration.
It is also called an “A-set” based upon the alignment of the players, which forms the
letter “A”.
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It is also very common to see a single screen set at the top of the key, and many of the
principles discussed in relation to the “Horns” set equally apply.
When defending the Horns set, the defence may allow the dribbler to decide in which
direction they go. This is characterised by the defender simply being in front of the
dribbler.
More commonly though, the defender will force the dribbler away from one screen and
toward the other. Which direction they force is influenced by:
• Characteristics of the dribbler – forcing them away from their preferred direction
• Team preferences – forcing away from the side the offence tends to play
Officiating tips
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The team may use a “pick and roll” from a Horns set – the screener moving toward the
basket after the dribbler has moved past them. The other screener typically stays high.
If the dribbler is not able to penetrate the key they may:

• Pass to the corner for a shot (or pass to the screener)
• Pass to the other screener for a “high low” pass to the screener at the basket or
reversal to the other corner
Officiating tips
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Often it is the screener that is not used by the dribbler that dives to the basket.
Rather than “rolling” or “diving” to the basket the screener may cut off the other scree-
ner.
Officiating tips
There is likely to be significant contact at the top of the key. Officials should look to
see whether the screener has established position or is moving. Contact may occur
when the screener is moving for several reasons:
• The dribbler has moved early – before the screener has established position
• The screener is moving to block the defender who is attempting to move past
them
• The screener is moving toward the basket
It can be difficult to determine when the screening situation has “started” and when it
“ends” (and the screener is cutting toward the basket).
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There are two separate areas where contact is likely to occur:

• Near the area of the screen
• Near the basket as the screener has “rolled” or “dived”
There may also be a “re-screening” situation, where the dribbler’s defender has moved
past the screen (either going “over” or “under”) and the screener changes position to
set another screen (if the dribbler wishes to change direction).
This means that contact may occur simultaneously high (on the re-screen) and at the
basket (if the other screener “dives”).
Officiating tips
WABC On-Line Platform References – “Horns”

Level 3 – Team
1. Defensive Tactics and Strategies ADV
1.1 Common Defensive Patterns
1.1.2 Defending Horns set
2. Offensive Tactics and Strategies
2.1 Common Offensive Sets
2.1.5 “Horns”
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B1.1.2. Characteristics of “Zipper” Cut

“Zipper” is a continuity offence which was used extensively by the NBA’s Boston Celtics in the 1960s, however it is rarely used now as an offensive set. The offence was based on a “4
High” set, starting with two high post players and two wing players.
Whilst few teams use “Zipper” as an offence, a “Zipper” cut (which was the start of the offence) is commonly used.
The dribbler moves to the sideline, and the wing player on that side does a basket cut
and then cuts to the top. One of the post players sets a screen near the low post.
The screen may also be set at the free throw line; however, the wing player stills cuts
to the basket first.
The dribbler may pass the ball to either the player cutting to the top or to the low post
player. Generally, to pass to the low post player, the dribbler must first dribble toward
the corner to create a passing angle.
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If the ball is passed to 2, 1 may cut to the basket off a screen from the low post player.
3 and 4 may also step in to set screens, so that 1 can make a turn out cut off either 5’s
screen or a staggered screen by 3 and 4.
Officiating tips
WABC On-Line Platform References – “Zipper” Cut

Level 3 – Team
ADV
2.1.8 “Zipper”
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B1.1.3. Characteristics of “Flex”

“Flex” is a continuity offence which is still used by teams either in its entirety or using the basic “Flex Cut” which is the start of the offence.
“Flex” is essentially a “4 Out, 1 In” offence, although a second player may start in
the low post. The “Flex Cut” starts with the ball being reversed (1 passes to 2) and a
player from the corner cutting off a back screen from the low post player (5 screens for
3).
1 then sets a down screen for 5 (“screen the screener”). This screen often involves a
mismatch with a guard screening for a post player.
The “Flex” cut can then be run in the opposite direction.
The offence requires post players to play on the perimeter, which can create difficulties
for post defenders.
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Some teams have the second screen as a “back screen”, where the post player (5)
screens at the free throw line for the guard to cut to the basket.
Officiating tips
WABC On-Line Platform References – “Flex”

Level 3 – Team
2. Offensive Tactics and Strategies ADV
2.1.2 “Flex”
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B1.2. OFFENCE AGAINST ZONE DEFENCE

Zone defence is where the defenders do not guard a player and instead defend an area of the court. Zone defence can be played either full court or half court and are often used to
change the tempo of the game.
Half court zone defence tends to cause the offensive team to shoot more from the perimeter, as there is more “help” to defend dribble penetration. There are various alignments used
in zone defence, but each typically involves one defender guarding the ball and the other 4 defenders being in or near the key.
Some teams will have a specific offence to use against a zone defence and others will have principles they use. General principles of zone offence are:
• “Gapping” the zone and cutting from behind the zone
• Screening outside the zone
• Gap Dribble and Freeze Dribble
• On ball screens against the zone
• Dribble drag against the zone
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B1.2.1. “Gapping” the zone & Cutting from behind the zone
Because defenders are responsible for an area on the court rather than an individual
player, the offence will “gap” the zone, standing in between defenders so that there
may be indecision from the defenders on who is guarding that player.
A key “gap” is the area behind any back-line defenders (e.g. x3, x4 and x5) and the
baseline.
A common mistake made by zone defenders is to watch the ball and to lose visibility
on the offensive players that are “behind” the zone. For example, as the ball is passed
to 3, x2 may turn to face the ball and 2 can then cut into the gap.
There are many examples of cutting from behind the zone. Here, the ball is passed
to 4 at the high post which x5 defends. 5 steps toward the ball, which is particularly
effective if x4 is “ball watching” (looking at the ball).
Officiating tips
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B1.2.2. Screening outside the Zone

Against “man-to-man” defence, screens are often designed for the cutter to move toward the ball or toward the basket. Against a zone defence, the most effective screens are often
on the “outside” or “behind” the zone.
x2 moves to defend 1 as they catch the ball. This creates a “2v1” situation with 2 and
5 both in the area that x4 is defending.
If 2 screens x4, 5 can cut to the perimeter and is unguarded.
1 moves to the perimeter and screens from 2 and 5 results in 1 being undefended as
they catch the ball. This is an example of “overloading” the zone, by moving 3 offensi-
ve players into the area defended by 2 defenders (x4 and x2)
Another example of “overloading” the zone, is for 4 to cut to the corner and 5 to set a
screen on x4. If x2 move to defend the corner, 2 would be open on the wing.
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If x4 fights past the screen by 5 to defend 4 in the corner, 5 is open in the low post.
Rather than simply turn to face the ball, 5 should step into x5 to seal the defender.
Officials should be conscious of the contact as x4 fights past 5 (particularly if 5 is

moving) and the contact between 5 and x5.
Officiating tips
In this diagram, x4 moves to defend 2 as they receive the ball. 5 then screens x5 as 4
cuts to the short corner.
An “overload” can also be created by a player dribbling, which creates an opportunity

for screening on the outside of the zone.
1 dribbles toward 2 who drops to the corner. 5 screens x4 so that 2 will be open.
Again, if x4 could defend 2, then 5 should initiate contact and seal x5.
Officiating tips
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B1.2.3. Gap Dribble and Freeze Dribble
A “gap” dribble is where the dribbler attempts to dribble between two defenders.
Whichever defender moves to stop the dribble leaves an open player. Here x1 moves
to stop penetration, leaving a pass to 3 open.
As 3 receives the ball, x3 would need to defend 3, leaving 4 open in the corner. In this
example, the “gap dribble” has created a 2v1 overload, with 4 and 3 matched against
x3.
Similar situation here when 2 beats their defender (x2) and attacks the gap between x4
and x1. If x4 moves to stop the dribble, 5 is open. If x1 moves, 1 is open.
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A freeze dribble is used to maximise the effectiveness of “reversing” the ball from one
side to the other. If the ball is passed quickly from 3 to 1 to 2, x2 may move across to 2
without defending 1.
The intent of a freeze dribble is to commit the defender so that they cannot “slide
across” to defend the second pass.
Here, 3 passes to 1 who dribbles at x2 – attempting to “freeze” x2 and commit them to

defending the ball. 1 then passes to 2 who must be defended by x4.
2 and 5 have a 2v1 overload against x4 and 5 can either step to the short corner or step
in and seal against x5.
Officiating tips
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B1.2.4. On Ball Screens Against the Zone

On ball screens are increasingly being used against zone defence, particularly with teams using the same offensive structures against zone and “man-to-man” defences.
Often with a ball screen, the screener will not be defended by the zone defence. The
dribbler must be ready to shoot as they come off the screen.
The dribbler must also be aggressive and attack as they come off the ball screen. As 3
attempts to dribble into the key, x2 is forced to defend them.
This creates a 2v1 overload for 4 and 1 against x3. 5 should also roll to the free throw
line, creating another passing opportunity.
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The 2v1 overload created against x3 can lead to an open shot in the corner for 1, or an
opportunity for 1 to drive to the basket.
As they drive, there is likely to be contact between 1 and x5 and officials need to
determine if x5 establishes position prior to any contact.
Offences will commonly look to “re-screen” – setting a second screen on the ball.
Here, 3 dribbles and is defended by x1 who goes under the screen.
5 sets a second screen against x1 enabling 3 to drive to the elbow. If x2 stops 3 it

leaves 4 open on the perimeter.
The re-screening situation is particularly difficult to officiate as both the offensive and
defensive players are moving at the point of contact.
With some defences, x4 will move to stop the penetration, which leaves 2 open in the
corner.
Officiating tips
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B1.2.5. “Dribble Drag” Against the Zone

“Dribble Drag” is dribbling the ball from one area of the zone to another area. If the defender stays with the ball (which is often the case) it can create a gap in the zone or the possibility
of the offence overloading the zone.
2 is defended by x2 and dribbles to the point. If 2 passed to 1, it is likely that x1 would
move to defend 1. However, because the ball is dribbled, x2 may continue to defend it.
As 1 cuts to the wing, it can create a 2v1 overload for 5 and 1 against x4.
“Dribble drag” can also be used at the top of the key. x2 moves with the ball and
moves into the same area as x1.
x1 might “switch” and move toward 2, however that would leave 3 open. If x1 stays,
then 2 will be open and 2 and 5 will have an overload situation against x4.
Similarly, 2 dribbling out of the corner may “drag” x4 into the area that x2 is normally
responsible for. A screen from 5 will create 4 open in the corner.
Officiating tips
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WABC On-Line Platform References –

Level 2 – Team
ADV
2.4 Offence against zone defence
2.1.1 Motion Principles against Zone
2.1.2 Using Dribble against Zone
2.1.3 Screening the Zone
Level 3 – Team
2.4 Offensive movement
2.4.1 Pick and Roll (on ball screen) against Zone
2.4.2 Dribble Drag against Zone
2.4.3 1-3-1 Alignment against Zone
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Module 2B-2 Defensive patterns of play

B2.1. DEFENDING “PICK & ROLL”
There are several aspects to how teams will defend the “Pick & Roll”, whether the screen is set at the wing or at the top of the key:
• Stop or delay the roll
• Stop use of the ball screen
• Team defence against the roll
B2.1.1. Stop or Delay the Roll

The on-ball screen is designed by the offence to be a situation of contact. Defenders will also make contact which makes it a difficult situation to officiate.
There will often be a lot of contact between the screener (5) and the on-ball defender
(x1). Often, x5 will help on the dribbler and x1 will contact the screener.
The defence will often go “under” the screen to better contain the dribbler. Contact
between the screener and the on-ball defender is caused by both players!
x1 and x5 will then return to defend their original players.
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There are accordingly two “hot spots” where there is likely to be a high degree of
contact:
• On the dribbler, particularly if there is a mismatch x5 may use their body to
contact with the dribbler and stop penetration
• On the roll, as the screener attempts to delay the defender and as the defen-
der attempts to delay the roll (often by holding the screener).
Officiating tips
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B2.1.2. Stop use of the ball screen

This tactic is more common when the screen is set at the wing position but can also be used at the top of the key.
The defensive team may negate the ball screen by x1 changing position so that 1
cannot use the screen. To provide additional protection against dribble penetration, x5
moves directly into the path of 1.
If the screener cuts to the basket, x5 can adjust to defend that.
If x5 does need to help defend dribble penetration, 5 would be defended by rotation

from x3 with x2 helping x3. This is the same rotation used for any help on baseline
penetration.
Officiating tips
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B2.1.3. Team Defence Against the ball screen
Initially the Pick’N’Roll is defended by the screener and on ball defenders. Contact
near the point of the screen helps to stop the roll from being effective.
As 5 rolls to the basket, x3 moves across to defend them, while x1 returns to the ball
and x5 starts to return to 5.
It is usually x3 that defends 5 (rather than x2) as the ball is moving toward 2, so the
defence move across to defend any pass to 2.
There is likely to be a lot of contact in the key, especially if x3 is mismatched against

the post player.
x5 may return to defend 5, and x3 returns to defend 3. This gives 5 an opportunity to

“seal” x5 on the high side, creating a space between 5 and the basket. Again, consi-
derable contact can be expected.
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Alternatively, x3 remains on 5 and x5 switches to 3. This is most likely if the shot clock
is very low or if there is no mismatch between x3 and 5.
An alternate rotation would be for x4 to move across to deny 5, x3 to rotate to initially

defend 4.
Officiating tips
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WABC On-Line Platform References – Defending “Pick & Roll”

Level 1 – Team
ADV
1. Defensive Tactics and Strategies
1.2 Defending Screens
1.2.5 Defending on ball screens – “under”
1.2.6 Defending on ball screens – “over”
1.2.7 Defending on ball screens – “through”
1.2.8 Defending on ball screens – “switch”
1.2.9 Defending on ball screens – “double”
Level 2 – Team
1.2.1 Defending on ball screens – “push”
1.2.2 Defending on ball screens – “weak”
1.2.4 Team defence against “pick and roll”
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B2.2. LOW POST DEFENCE

B2.2.1. Fronting the Low post
Often defence against a low post player will allow a pass to be made – either standing
behind the post player or standing on one side of them (which forces the pass to be
made from the other side).
If a team wishes to deny the pass to the low post they must “front” the low post,
which is simply stand between the low post player and the player with the ball. A
defender can front a low post player “toes out” (where the defender faces the player
with the ball) or “toes in” (where the defender faces the low post player).
To play “toes out”, the defender needs to step with their inside foot across the body of
the post player. They step first with the foot that was behind the post player.
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The “toes out” defender will keep contact with the low post player but is looking at the
player with the ball.
To play “toes in” the defender uses different footwork, moving across the low post
player with the foot that was in front of the low post player.
The “toes in” defender is facing the low post player and usually keeps contact with an
arm bar.
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When “fronting” the low post, a team needs to have help defence behind the low post
player – x3 prevents a lob pass being thrown and can also move to intercept a pass
from 4 to the low post player.
This help defender must move to intercept passes and not simply stand in position
ready to defend if the low post player gets the ball. This means that there will often
be contact where both the help defender and the low post player are moving.
Offensive teams will try several tactics to move the help defender. 3 cutting to the
high post could move x3 from the help position, although this will often be defender by
x4 sagging.
Moving the player to the corner will often be more effective in moving the help defe-
nder and the low post defender may need to recover their position, before x3 moves
from the help position.
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One disadvantage of “fronting” the low post is that the defender is in a poor position
to “box out” the low post player when a shot is taken.
The defender will often move to the side of the low post position and attempt to move
the low post player toward the baseline. This is done pushing with the hips and body
rather than the hands and it can be difficult for the official in the lead position to see
the contact.
Officiating tips
B2.2.2. Double Team the Low post
An alternate method to defend the low post player is to double team, with the help
defender arriving as the ball is caught. If the post defender is “high” the help comes
from the low position.
If the post defender is on the baseline side, the help defence comes from the high split
line.
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B2.2.4. Crowding the Low post
When the ball is passed to the low post, the perimeter defender may step toward the
post player to “crowd” them and place pressure if they attempt to dribble.
If the post defender is on the baseline side, the perimeter player may stay high of the
post player. They must also keep vision of the perimeter player.
If the post defender is on the high side, the perimeter player should stay low of the
post player and to keep vision of the perimeter player should play “butt to the baseli-
ne” (i.e. facing away from the baseline).
Officiating tips
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WABC On-Line Platform References – Low Post Defence

Level 2 – Player
1. Defensive Basketball Skills ADV
1.1 Individual Defensive Movement and Position
1.1.2 Off ball defence – fronting the post
Level 2 – Team
1.1 Man to Man Defence
1.1.2 Help defence – help to defend low post
Level 3 – Team
1.4 Advanced Defensive Techniques
1.4.2 Double Team Post Players
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Module 2B-3 Creating Contact

B3.1. ADVANCED OFF BALL SCREENS
Offences commonly involve situations where multiple screens are used to get a player open:
• Staggered Screens
• Alternate Screens
• “Screen the screener”
There are many strategies that defences can adopt to defend a screening situation and often they will defend the multiple screens differently depending upon:
• Any mismatch that may be created (e.g. “big to little” screens are less likely to be switched);
• When in the shot clock the screens occur (e.g. switching is common late in the shot clock);
• Tendency of the player being screened (e.g. switching is more common if the offensive player is likely to “catch and shoot” off the screen;
• Where on the court the screen occurs (e.g. teams often switch close to the basket but adopt different tactic on the perimeter);
• Which player involved in the screening situation is more “dangerous” (e.g. offences will often have a scorer set a screen and then receive a second screen to confuse the defence).
Ultimately, what the offence do in a screening situation is often a reaction to how the situation is defended rather than a pre-determined movement. “Reading” the defence can often
look like the offence is running a series of different plays or sets when in fact it is the one structure but with different “reads”.
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B3.1.1. Staggered Screens

A staggered screen is where two or more screens are set for a player to use. The screens may be set in different areas of the floor or may be relatively close to each other.
Here 2 and 3 set staggered down screens for 1. The options taken by the cutter and the
screener will depend upon the defence.
Often the second screener may change position based upon what happens at the first
screen and this can be a difficult situation to adjudicate because the screener and the
defenders may be moving when there is a contact.
Here the same screens are set, however as the cutter goes “back door” on the first
screen they do not use the second screen.
Again, the cutter takes a different option at the second screen.
Each screen presents a situation of contact and if the screens are relatively close to
each other it can be difficult for officials to clearly see both situations.
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Officials should not assume what will happen in each screening situation as there are
multiple ways to defend the screens and multiple reactions that the cutter can take.
Staggered screens can be set in many areas of the court.
Three staggered screens can also be used.
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The previous screens tended to bring the cutter toward the ball, which often results
in catch and shoot. Screens can also be used where the player moves away from the
ball, which often results in them driving after they receive the ball.
Officiating tips
B3.1.2. Alternate Screens

Alternate screens are where a cutter has a choice of which screen to use, but it is not intended that they would use both. “Horns” is an example of an alternate screen – where the
dribbler can choose in which direction they wish to dribble.
A common example is where a player is in the key and can make a turn out cut in eit-
her direction. Here they have a single screen if they move left (set by 5) or a staggered
screen if they move right (screens by 3 and 4).
Officiating tips
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B3.1.3. Screen the Screener

“Screen the screener” is where a second screen is set for the first screener to make a cut. The two screens are set close to each other and there is usually offensive movement in two
directions. This can be difficult to officiate and is often a situation where defenders may hold or try to establish a position to stop an offensive player from moving where they want to.
The “Flex” offence incorporates a “screen the screener” situation. 5 screens for 3 who
cuts to the basket and then 1 screens for 5 who cuts toward the ball.
Timing is critical to the effectiveness of this situation and the second screener is often
moving to “head hunt” the defender (who may be moving or changing position in
response to the first screening situation).
A baseline inbound situation is another common situation where “screen the screener”
occurs. 5 screens for 2 and then 4 screens for 5.
If the defenders switch on the first screen this often results in the screening needing
to change their position to screen the different defender. Officials must be careful to
identify whether the screener has established position.
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“Screen the Screener” can also be used in conjunction with other multiple screens:
• 4 sets the first screen for 3, who then also cuts off screens from 5 and 2
• 4 then sets a screen for 5 when 3 moves to cut off the screen from 2
These situations create a lot of contact in a small area of the court and rarely can one
official adequate officiate each of the situations.
B3.1.4. Defending the Screens

“Screen the screener” is where a second screen is set for the first screener to make a cut. The two screens are set close to each other and there is usually offensive movement in two
directions. This can be difficult to officiate and is often a situation where defenders may hold or try to establish a position to stop an offensive player from moving where they want to.
Often the defensive team will guard each screen differently, adopting quite different
positions. x3 steps away from the screen so that x1 can go “through” but x2 is high of
the screen to stop 1 from curling to the basket.
Officiating tips
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LEVEL 2
B3.1.5. Double Screens and Elevator Screens

A double screen is set by two offensive players standing together and an elevator screen is a variant of that, which involves the screeners initially standing apart but then moving closer
together.
A double screen can be set anywhere on the court and is often set by two “big”
players for a player that will “catch and shoot” when they receive the ball.
The double screen can be effective simply because it is wider than a single screen. For
example, x2 may go “under” a single screen (2nd diagram) and be able to stop 2 from
receiving a pass.
However, with the wider double screen, x2 may not be able to get past to deny 2 the
ball.
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Even if x2 can go on the inside of the double screen, they may be a considerable
distance away from their opponent who can catch the ball and dribble away from the
defender.
With a single screen, this distance is minimised and may not present the same oppor-
tunity.
A double screen may be used twice, first cutting toward the basket and then cutting
back to the perimeter.
When used like this, the two screeners will usually face away from the cutter first and
then be facing the cutter for the second screen. This can make it harder to officiate in
terms of determining whether the screener has established legal guarding position.
The reason for facing the cutter for the second cut is because the screener may adjust
their position based upon where the defender is. Again, it is critical to establish whet-
her they had legal guarding position prior to any contact.
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Double screens may also be used for turn out cuts – presenting an alternate screening
situation. Here 2 can make a turn out cut off the single screen by 5 or the double
screen made by 3 and 4.
An “elevator” screen is a variant of a double screen, which is harder to officiate becau-

se of the late movement made by the screeners.
4 and 5 are at the free throw line and will set the elevator screen.
After cutting to the basket, 2 then fakes moving back to the perimeter before cutting
through the free throw line, between 4 and 5.
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4 and 5 move closer to each other (like an elevator door closing) to impede the
progress of x2, which can only work if x2 is several steps behind 2. Once they come
together 4 and 5 are the same as a double screen.
One of the reasons for using the “elevator” screen is that initially the defender does
not anticipate that it is a double screen, so does not attempt to go “under” or “inside”
the screens. Instead the move directly to where the screen will ultimately be.
A common way to create some separation between x2 and 2 (to enable the elevator
screen to work) is for 2 to initially cut off another screen.
Officiating tips
Page 105
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LEVEL 2
WABC On-Line Platform References – Advanced Off Ball Screens

Level 2 – Team
ADV
1.2.3 Defending staggered screens

2.2 Screening
2.2.3 Off ball screens - staggered screens
Level 3 – Team
2.2 Offensive Movement
2.2.2 Motion Offence – 3 Out, 2 In – multiple screens for the shooter
2.2.3 Motion Offence – 3 Out, 2 In – double screens
2.3 Screening
2.3.2 Off ball screens – “elevator” screens
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LEVEL 2
Module 2B-4 Game Tempo

Teams will have a tempo that they prefer and whichever team is able to have the game played at their preferred tempo will often win the game. However, within a game there are times
and situations where a team may wish to utilize a different tempo. Some common examples are:
• “Late shot clock”;
• Last possession plays;
• End of game – defending a lead / catching up
B4.1. LATE SHOT CLOCK

A “late shot clock” play is generally regarded as when there are 10 (or less) seconds remaining on the shot clock. With the relatively recent change of the shot clock only being reset to
14 seconds on an offensive rebound (instead of 24 seconds) the number of times in a match when an offensive team may be in a “late shot clock” situation has increased.
Like the players, officials need to have an awareness of the shot clock, so that they can anticipate when offensive or defensive tactics may change. Many teams will have a specific
structure for when the shot clock is at 10 seconds or less.
Individual players will often try to “draw” a foul either by using shot fakes or by moving their own body to effectively initiate contact with a defender. Some players will move their
legs or arms in an exaggerated manner when shooting to try to create contact with the defender and officials must focus on the “cylinder” principle and who is initiating contact when
adjudicating these situations.
A common tactic used by teams is to set a ball screen when the shot clock is low. This
is often done by a screener sprinting toward the ball and if the dribbler moves early
this can create a situation where the screener is still moving when contact is made
with the defender.
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A common alignment used by teams is “flat” where the dribbler has the ball at the top
of the key and the other 4 players are spread across the baseline.
This is intended to make it a 1v1 contest at the top of the key with little help. If a
defender does move to help, the ball may be passed to their opponent to shoot.
Teams will often set a ball screen from this alignment with either 4 or 5 sprinting to
set that screen.
Teams may simply have a rule to penetrate the ball into the key, to create a shot on
the perimeter (if help defenders step in to stop the dribble). Teams may have multiple
attempts at dribble penetration depending upon how much time is left.
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Defensively, teams may also have rules or structure to implement in a late shot clock.
One common rule is to switch any screening situation – whether that is an on-ball
screen or an off-ball screen.
Although this may create a “mismatch” situation it can be very effective because of
the additional pressure created by the small amount of time left.
Another common defensive tactic is to strongly deny a player that the offence may
want to have the ball – whether that is their best scorer or the “organiser” of the
team.
Officiating tips
Page 109
Home Study Book
LEVEL 2
B4.2. LAST POSSESSION PLAYS

“Last possession” plays are where a team is down by 1, 2 or 3 points and has possession of the ball and there is time for “one possession” – up to 24 seconds. There are two different
situations:
a. There are literally only seconds left and a shot needs to be taken very quickly;
b. There is more time and teams will often “run down” the shot clock until there is 5-7 seconds to go before shooting. This allows some time for an offensive rebound
and second scoring opportunity.
Either situation can occur in general play (e.g. taking a defensive rebound and the new offensive team having the last possession) or with the ball to be inbound from either the baseline
or sideline. The “flat” set is often used by teams to “run down” the shot clock.
Even before the last possession, officials need to be alert to the fact that scores are close. Often a team will call for a time-out after the opponent’s score, which in the last two minutes
of the final quarter advances the ball to the front court.
Coaches will often use the end of each quarter or half to practice their “last possession” plays even where the scores are not necessarily close.
There is an endless number of structures that an offensive team could use as a last possession play and the plays commonly involve:
• Use of dribble hand off to get the ball into the possession of a particular player;
• Screening the screener – with the person that they want to have the ball to first screen for a team mate and then to receive a screen
• Multiple screens for a player.
Defensively, teams will often switch screens or play strong denial to stop a particular offensive player from getting the ball. If a team has a 3-point lead, they may play strong denial on
the perimeter (to stop a 3-point shot) but allow a 2-point shot rather than fouling the shooter.
Defensive teams with a 3-point lead may also foul if they are in the bonus giving up two free throws but then having the last possession themselves. This is most likely to be done early
in the last possession rather than late.
B4.3. END OF GAME – DEFENDING A LEAD / CATCHING UP

Having the lead with a few minutes left in the game is what every team aims to do. In many games, the offensive team will seem to have a comfortable lead and the game will finish
relatively quickly.
However, some teams seemingly find it difficult to defend a lead when their opponent starts to catch up. Obviously, an opponent can only get back into the game if they are able to
outscore the team that has the lead and this places maximum importance on getting the best shot opportunity each possession. Making free throws is also very important and a team
with a lead should expect that they will be “put to the line” regularly as a team that is down will often foul their opponent so that little time is taken before the team that is down next
get a possession.
Page 110
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LEVEL 2
Once a team has established a lead it is often an opportunity to rest some starters and to give more court time to players that do not usually play as much. This can be particularly impor-
tant during a tournament to give key players a rest and it is also for the development of the other players. However, the danger is that the opponent may “catch up” whilst the substitutes
are on and then that team has the momentum even when the starters come back into the game. Officials cannot “switch off” because they think the game is won.
Some coaches will ask a team to be more patient in their offence – perhaps not taking a shot from outside the keyway unless it has first penetrated the keyway (either by dribble or pass
to a post player). The reason for this is because the quicker a shot is taken the more time that the opponent has for their “come back”. Conversely, the team that is down is likely to
want to quicken the tempo of the game and officials need to be ready for that. The tempo can be quickened for example by playing full court defence or taking shots more quickly than
they may usually do.
The team with the lead may deliberately attempt to slow the tempo for example walking the ball up the court, instead of quick transition.
The team with the lead may also want to ensure that their opponent cannot “steal seconds” which is commonly done when making an inbound pass by letting the ball bounce several
times before picking it up. This is simply avoided by having a defender up court so that the pass needs to be caught immediately and dribbled up court, with the shot clock running!
The team that is needing to catch up may use several different strategies, such as:
• Introducing full court defence or a trapping defence;
• Making a quick inbounds pass after a basket (officials must ensure that the team with the lead are not “delaying” the game by touching the ball after a basket)
• Running “quick hitter” offences, which often involve dribble hand-offs or multiple screens
• Fouling the opponent
• Getting to the free throw line (players will often move their arms or legs in an exaggerated fashion when shooting to attempt to create contact with a defender).
The officials need to be aware of the game situation and to anticipate possible changes that either team might make in response to that situation.
Officiating tips
Page 111
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LEVEL 2
WABC On-Line Platform References – Game TEMPO

Level 3 – Team
2. Offensive Tactics and Strategies ADV
2.5 Offensive structure for special situations
2.5.3 Late shot clock
2.5.4 Last possession plays
4. Game Coaching
4.1 Finishing the game
4.1.1 Defending a lead
4.1.2 Catching up – reducing an opponent’s lead
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Module 2B-5 Individual offensive Skills

B5.1. POST MOVES
There are two common situations in the low post that present some difficulty for officials:
• “Backing in”;
• Spin moves.
For more offensive post moves please refer to the FRIP Level 1 Basketball Knowledge content
B5.1.1. “Backing in”

The “back in” move is used to dribble into the key, while keeping the player’s back to the basket. It is most effective when the defender has their feet too far away so that a drop step
will not work. By dribbling in, the post player tries to get to a position where they can step past the defender, or they are close enough to shoot.
When “backing in” the post player:

• Angles their body slightly so that one shoulder is closer to the defender – this creates some space to protect the ball;
• Dribbles close to their body and between their feet. If the right shoulder is closest to the defender, dribble with the left hand (and vice versa);
• Turn their “chin to shoulder” so that they can see the defenders – whichever shoulder is closest to the defender is the direction they should look;
There is often a high degree of contact as the offensive player pushes back into the defender and the defender attempts to “stand their ground” and may initiate contact with an “arm
bar”. The defender may also try to use their hip to push or hold the offensive player.
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The post player will often take one or two steps away from the traditional low post
area and then dribble (“back in”) into the key.
Contact is likely to occur throughout the distance travelled by the post player and
officials must determine who has initiated any contact and whether it is legal.
B5.1.2. Spin Moves

The post player will often use a spin move at the end of “backing in” and the footwork used must be checked by the officials as it is a common situation where players may commit a
travelling violation.
A common spin move is to:
“drop step” (reverse pivot) with the high foot into the middle of the key;
Step with the baseline foot to the basket;
Step again with the first foot, bringing it next to their second foot.
This movement can be legal, depending upon when the player stopped their dribble
and picked up the ball.
The same move may also be made, first moving to the baseline and then spinning back
to the middle.
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Other footwork that might be used is to drop step to the middle with the high foot and
then bring the second foot next to the first foot.
This is less likely to be a travelling violation, however the point where the ball is
picked up is still important.
The forward spin move is less likely to be used at the end of “backing in” (although it
could be) and is more likely to be used when the ball is caught at the traditional low
post.
The player turns 180° and steps past their defender with their high foot – stepping
behind the defender.
The offensive player will often “hook” with their arm to keep the defender out of posi-
tion and this needs to be looked at by the officials.
WABC On-Line Platform References – Individual offensive Skills

Level 2 – Player
2. Offensive Basketball Skills ADV
2.6 Offensive Moves
2.6.1 Post move – “backing in”
2.6.2 Post move – forward spin move
Page 115
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LEVEL 2
Module 2B-6 Coach-Referee and Player-Referee Relationships

B6.1. GETTING HELP FROM THE COACH / PROPER COMMUNICATION STYLE
Coaches are being trained to communicate appropriately with the referees. This includes: form, style, timing and the content. Similarly, the officials need to apply the same principles of
a mutual respect, tone of the voice, body language, timing and content.
For example, whenever the officials give a team or player a warning for “delay of game” or “faking” they must also inform the coach. The officials should avoid exaggerated movements
or emotion. However, this should not be the only time that the referees pro-actively speak with the coaches and players.
If the officials feel that there is an undue amount of physical contact or if players are beginning to complain the officials may speak to the coach asking for the behaviour to be reduced.
Again, ideally this should not be conducted in a demonstrative manner. Instead, at an appropriate time (e.g. during free throws), the referee can have a conversation with the coach
pointing out the problem and asking for their assistance. If this does not help, the referees may take more strict measures as assigned for them by the rules.
Another aspect of the communication and the game control is when officials look overly concerned with “technical” matters which seem to the coaches and players to be of little impor-
tance. For example, when players stand up momentarily after the successful basket or the assistant coach stands up momentarily to provide information to the coach.
The officials should be conscious of the intent of the rule and the reason why a person or persons may be standing for a few seconds. If substitute players and assistant coaches in a
team bench area are not addressing the referees or questioning their decisions the officials should not be overly concerned by that.
When enforcing such a rule, the officials should do so in a manner commensurate with what is happening and work as a team. It is unnecessary and unprofessionally to run across the
court waving arms at a player or coach that is standing. Instead, the closest official should move toward the coach and when close enough to speak and be heard easily, remind the
coach to have people on the bench sitting down.
WABC On-Line Platform References – COMMENTARY

Level 1 – Coach
ADV
1. Roles and Values
1.2 Working with officials
Level 2 – Coach
1. Roles and Values
Level 3 – Coach
1. Roles and Values
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basketball knowledge

v 1.0 / oct 2017

Preface - Basketball knowledge – referees (level 2)

In brief, the Level 2 modules include:

WABC On-Line Platform References ADV Advance studying material available

Module 2B-1 Offensive patterns of play

B1.1.1. Characteristics of Horns (“A Set”)

If the dribbler is not able to penetrate the key they may:

There are two separate areas where contact is likely to occur:

WABC On-Line Platform References – “Horns”

B1.1.2. Characteristics of “Zipper” Cut

WABC On-Line Platform References – “Zipper” Cut

B1.1.3. Characteristics of “Flex”

The “Flex” cut can then be run in the opposite direction.

WABC On-Line Platform References – “Flex”

B1.2. OFFENCE AGAINST ZONE DEFENCE

B1.2.2. Screening outside the Zone

If 2 screens x4, 5 can cut to the perimeter and is unguarded.

Officials should be conscious of the contact as x4 fights past 5 (particularly if 5 is

An “overload” can also be created by a player dribbling, which creates an opportunity

B1.2.3. Gap Dribble and Freeze Dribble

Here, 3 passes to 1 who dribbles at x2 – attempting to “freeze” x2 and commit them to

B1.2.4. On Ball Screens Against the Zone

5 sets a second screen against x1 enabling 3 to drive to the elbow. If x2 stops 3 it

B1.2.5. “Dribble Drag” Against the Zone

WABC On-Line Platform References –

Module 2B-2 Defensive patterns of play

B2.1.1. Stop or Delay the Roll

x1 and x5 will then return to defend their original players.

B2.1.2. Stop use of the ball screen

If the screener cuts to the basket, x5 can adjust to defend that.

If x5 does need to help defend dribble penetration, 5 would be defended by rotation

B2.1.3. Team Defence Against the ball screen

There is likely to be a lot of contact in the key, especially if x3 is mismatched against

x5 may return to defend 5, and x3 returns to defend 3. This gives 5 an opportunity to

An alternate rotation would be for x4 to move across to deny 5, x3 to rotate to initially

WABC On-Line Platform References – Defending “Pick & Roll”

B2.2. LOW POST DEFENCE

B2.2.2. Double Team the Low post

B2.2.4. Crowding the Low post

WABC On-Line Platform References – Low Post Defence

Module 2B-3 Creating Contact

B3.1.1. Staggered Screens

Again, the cutter takes a different option at the second screen.

Staggered screens can be set in many areas of the court.

Three staggered screens can also be used.

B3.1.2. Alternate Screens

B3.1.3. Screen the Screener

B3.1.4. Defending the Screens

B3.1.5. Double Screens and Elevator Screens

An “elevator” screen is a variant of a double screen, which is harder to officiate becau-

WABC On-Line Platform References – Advanced Off Ball Screens

2. Offensive Tactics and Strategies

Module 2B-4 Game Tempo

B4.1. LATE SHOT CLOCK

B4.2. LAST POSSESSION PLAYS

B4.3. END OF GAME – DEFENDING A LEAD / CATCHING UP

WABC On-Line Platform References – Game TEMPO

Module 2B-5 Individual offensive Skills

B5.1.1. “Backing in”

When “backing in” the post player:

B5.1.2. Spin Moves

WABC On-Line Platform References – Individual offensive Skills