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Phizikis Saphudzvlebi1 PDF
Phizikis Saphudzvlebi1 PDF
robert rezniki
jerli uolkeri
fizikis
safuZvlebi
ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti ))%)!'
2010
ფიზიკის საფუძვლები დევიდ ჰოლიდეი, რობერტ რეზნიკი, ჯერლი უოლკერი
ვერც ერთი სხვა წიგნი ვერ შეედრება ჰოლიდეის, რეზნიკისა და უოლკერის ‘ფიზიკის
საფუძვლების’ ოცდაათწლიან წარმატებას ბაზარზე! სახალისო, ადვილად გასაგები
სტილი ფიზიკის საფუძვლიან გაგებას გვთავაზობს და მკითხველს ამ
კონცეპტუალური ცოდნის რაოდენობრივი ამოცანების ამოხსნისას გამოყენებაში
ეხმარება. გამოცემა უკანასკნელი 100 წლის განმავლობაში ფიზიკის განვითარებას
მოიცავს. სახელმძღვანელო თეორიული შინაარსისა და სახალისო პრაქტიკის
უნიკალური კომბინაციაა. 2002 წელს ამერიკის ფიზიკოსთა საზოგადოებამ ‘ფიზიკის
საფუძვლები მე-20 საუკუნის გამორჩეულ სახელმძღვანელოდ დაასახელა.
nawili II
Tavi 12. wonasworoba da elastiuroba.....406 14.5. wnevis gazomva.......................................................482
12.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................406 14.6. paskalis principi................................................483
12.2. wonasworoba..........................................................346 14.7. arqimedes principi..............................................485
12.3. wonasworobisTvis saWiro pirobebi...............408 14.8. moZravi idealuri siTxeebi..............................488
12.4. mizidulobis centri..........................................409 14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba.......................................489
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime 14.10. bernulis gantoleba........................................491
magaliTi.................................................................411 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................496
12.6. statikurad ganusazRvreli kiTxvebi............................................................................497
konstruqcia.........................................................417 amocanebi..........................................................................498
12.7. elastiuroba.........................................................419
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................423
Tavi 15. rxevebi..................................................510
15.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................510
kiTxvebi............................................................................424
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba.........................510
amocanebi..........................................................................425
15.3. Zalis kanoni martivi harmoniuli
Tavi 13. miziduloba.........................................439 moZraobisTvis.......................................................514
13.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................439 15.4. energia martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi.........516
13.2. niutonis mizidulobis kanoni.........................440 15.5. kuTxuri martivi harmoniuli
13.3. miziduloba da zeddebis principi.................442 oscilatori...........................................................518
13.4. miziduloba dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos...444 15.6. qanqarebi.................................................................519
13.5. miziduloba dedamiwis SigniT.........................447 15.7. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba da
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuli energia.................449 erTgvarovani wriuli moZraoba.......................524
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris 15.8. milevadi martivi harmoniuli moZraoba......525
kanonebi....................................................................453 15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da rezonansi.....................527
13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da energia..............457 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................528
13.9. ainStaini da miziduloba..................................459 SekiTxvebi........................................................................529
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................461 amocanebi..........................................................................531
SekiTxvebi........................................................................462
Tavi 16. talRebi...............................................544
amocanebi..........................................................................464
16.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................544
Tavi 14. siTxeebi................................................476 16.2. talRebis saxeobebi.............................................545
14.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................476 16.3. ganivi da gaswvrivi talRebi.............................545
14.2. ra aris siTxe?.......................................................476 16.4. talRis sigrZe da sixSire.................................547
14.3. simkvrive da wneva.................................................477 16.5. moZravi talRis siCqare.....................................550
14.4. siTxeebi uZrav mdgomareobaSi.........................479 16.6. talRis siCqare daWimul Tokze......................553
16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis energia da 18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis
simZlavre.................................................................555 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi.............................640
16.8. talRis gantoleba..............................................557 18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqanizmebi........................642
16.9. talRebis superpoziciis principi................559 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................647
16.10. talRebis interferencia...............................560 SekiTxvebi........................................................................649
16.11. veqtorebi.............................................................563 amocanebi..........................................................................650
16.12. mdgari talRebi..................................................564
16.13. mdgari talRebi da rezonansi........................567 Tavi 19. airebis kinetikuri Teoria............ 661
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................569 19.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................661
SekiTxvebi........................................................................571 19.2. avogadros ricxvi................................................662
amocanebi..........................................................................572 19.3. idealuri airebi...................................................662
19.4. wneva, temperatura da saSualo kvadratuli
Tavi 17. talRebi............................................... 583 siCqare......................................................................666
17.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................583 19.5. winsvliTi kinetikuri energia.........................668
17.2. bgeris talRebi....................................................584 19.6. saSualo Tavisufali garbeni...........................669
17.3. bgeris siCqare.......................................................584 19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba.............671
17.4. moZravi bgeriTi talRebi..................................587 19.8. idealuri airis moluri kuTri
17.5. interferencia......................................................590 siTbotevadoba.......................................................674
17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis done...................592 19.9. Tavisuflebis xarisxis da moluri kuTri
17.7. musikaluri bgerebis wyaroebi........................596 siTbotevadoba.......................................................678
17.8. ritmebi....................................................................598 19.10. miniSneba qvantur Teoriaze...........................680
17.9. dopleris efeqti.................................................600 19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi
17.10. zebgeriTi siCqareebi, dartymiTi gafarToeba.............................................................681
talRebi...................................................................604 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................685
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................605 SekiTxvebi........................................................................686
SekiTxvebi........................................................................607 amocanebi..........................................................................687
amocanebi..........................................................................608
Tavi 20. entropia da Termodinamikis
Tavi 18. temperatura, siTbo da meore kanoni........................................696
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni ...............622 20.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................696
18.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................622 20.2. Seuqcevadi procesebi da entropia................696
18.2. temperatura..........................................................623 20.3. entropiis cvlileba...........................................697
18.3. Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni....................623 20.4. Termodinamikis meore kanoni...........................703
18.4. temperaturis gazomva.......................................624 20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi............704
18.5. celsiusis da farengeitis Skalebi................626 20.6. entropia realur samyaroSi: macivrebi........709
18.6. Tburi gafarToeba...............................................628 20.7. realuri Zravebis margi qmedebis
18.7. temperatura da siTbo.......................................631 koeficientebi........................................................711
18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos 20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva.................712
STanTqma...................................................................632 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................716
18.9. kidev erTxel siTbosa da muSaobis SekiTxvebi........................................................................717
Sesaxeb.......................................................................637 amocanebi..........................................................................718
18.10. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni....................639
nawili III
Tavi 21. eleqtruli muxti.............................727 22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli
21.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................727 eleqtruli veli...................................................759
21.2. eleqtruli muxti................................................728 22.7. damuxtuli diskos Sedegad warmoqmnili
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi............................729 eleqtruli veli...................................................764
21.4. kulonis kanoni.....................................................732 22.8. wertilovani muxti eleqtrul velSi...........765
21.5. muxti kvantirdeba...............................................738 22.9. dipoli eleqtrul velSi..................................767
21.6. muxti inaxeba.........................................................739 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................770
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................740 SekiTxvebi........................................................................771
SekiTxvebi........................................................................741 amocanebi..........................................................................773
amocanebi..........................................................................743
Tavi 23. gausis kanoni......................................783
Tavi 22. eleqtruli velebi......................... 7451 23.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................783
23.2. nakadi.......................................................................784
22.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................751
23.3. nakadi eleqtrul velSi.....................................785
22.2. eleqtruli veli..................................................752
23.4. gausis kanoni.........................................................787
22.3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi...........................753
23.5. gausis kanoni da kulonis kanoni.....................789
22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari.................791
eleqtruli veli...................................................755
23.7. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: cilindruli
22.5. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli
simetria...................................................................794
eleqtruli veli...................................................757
23.8. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: planaruli Tavi 27. wredebi..................................................909
simetria...................................................................795 27.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................909
23.9. gausis kanonis gamoyeneba: sferuli 27.2. `amotumbuli~ muxtebi.......................................909
simetria...................................................................798 27.3. muSaoba, energia da emZ.......................................910
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................800 27.4. denis gamoTvla erTkonturian wredSi.........912
SekiTxvebi........................................................................800 27.5. sxva erTkonturiani wredebi............................914
amocanebi..........................................................................802 27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba.....915
27.7. mravalkonturiani wredebi..............................919
Tavi 24. eleqtruli potenciali................812 27.8. ampermetri da voltmetri................................925
24.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................812 27.9. RC wredebi.............................................................926
24.2. eleqtruli potenciuri energia....................812 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................930
24.3. eleqtruli potenciali....................................814 SekiTxvebi........................................................................931
24.4. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi.............................816 amocanebi..........................................................................933
24.5. potencialis gamoTvla velis
saSualebiT..............................................................817 Tavi 28. magnituri velebi..............................946
24.6. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli 28.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................946
potenciali.............................................................819 28.2. ra warmoqmnis magnitur vels?.........................947
24.7. wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT gamowveuli 28.3. -s gansazRvreba.................................................947
potenciali.............................................................821 28.4. mkveTi velebi: eleqtronis aRmoCena.............951
24.8. eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli 28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti............................953
potenciali.............................................................822 28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki.........956
24.9. muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamowveuli 28.7. ciklotroni da sinqrotroni..........................960
potenciali.............................................................824 28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi magnituri
24.10. velis gamoTvla potencialis Zala...........................................................................962
saSualebiT..............................................................826 28.9. brunvis momenti denis konturze...................965
24.11. wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli 28.10. magnituri dipolis impulsi...........................967
potenciuri energia.............................................828 mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................969
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris SekiTxvebi........................................................................970
potenciali.............................................................830 amocanebi..........................................................................971
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................832 Tavi 29. deniT gamowveuli magnituri
SekiTxvebi........................................................................833 veli.................................................................982
amocanebi..........................................................................835 29.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................982
Tavi 25. tevadoba...............................................848 29.2. deniT gamowveuli magnituri velis
25.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................848 gamoTvla.................................................................983
25.2. tevadoba.................................................................849 29.3. or paralelur dens Soris moqmedi Zala......989
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla...........................................851 29.4. amperis kanoni.......................................................991
25.4. mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri 29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi.............................995
kondensatorebi.....................................................855 29.6. denis gamtari koWa, rogorc magnituri
25.5. eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia................860 dipoli......................................................................998
25.6. kondensatori dieleqtrikTan erTad...........863 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1000
25.7. dieleqtrikebi: atomisturi Sexeduleba.....865 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1001
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni.....................866 amocanebi........................................................................1003
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................869
Tavi 30. induqcia da induqciuroba.........1015
SekiTxvebi........................................................................870
30.1 .ra aris fizika?...................................................1015
amocanebi..........................................................................871
30.2. ori eqsperimenti................................................1016
Tavi 26. deni da winaRoba................................881 30.3. faradeis induqciis kanoni.............................1016
26.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................881 30.4. lencis kanoni......................................................1019
26.2. eleqtruli deni...................................................882 30.5. induqcia da energiis gadacema......................1023
26.3. denis simkvrive.....................................................884 30.6. inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi...............1027
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba.............................887 30.7. induqtorebi da induqciuroba.....................1031
26.5. omis kanoni.............................................................891 30.8. TviTinduqciuroba...........................................1033
26.6. omis kanonis mikroskopuli ganxilva............893 30.9. RL wredebi..............................................................1034
26.7. simZlavre eleqtrul wredebSi.......................895 30.10. magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia...............1038
26.8. naxevargamtarebi.................................................896 30.11. magnituri velis energiis simkvrive..........1039
26.9. supergamtarebi....................................................898 30.12. urTierTinduqcia...........................................1041
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................899 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1044
SekiTxvebi........................................................................900 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1045
amocanebi..........................................................................901 amocanebi........................................................................1047
Tavi 31. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da Tavi 32. maqsvelis gantolebebi: materiis
cvladi deni...............................................1060 magnetizmi.........................................................1093
31.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1060 32.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1093
31.2. LLC rxevebi xarisxobrivad...............................1060 32.2. gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis.......1094
31.3. eleqtrul-meqanikuri analogia...................1064 32.3. aRZruli magnituri velebi............................1096
31.4. LLC rxevebi raodenobrivad..............................1064 32.4. gadanacvlebis deni ..........................................1099
31.5. milevadi rxevebi RLC wredSi.........................1067 32.5. maqsvelis gantolebebi....................................1101
31.6. cvladi deni.........................................................1069 32.6. magnitebi..............................................................1102
31.7. iZulebiTi rxevebi.............................................1070 32.7. magnetizmi da eleqtronebi............................1103
31.8. sami martivi wredi.............................................1070 32.8. magnituri masalebi...........................................1108
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi....................................1077 32.9. diamagnetizmi.....................................................1108
31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis wredebSi..............1081 32.10. paramagnetizmi.................................................1110
31.11. transformatorebi.........................................1084 32.11. feromagnetizmi................................................1112
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1088 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1117
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1089 kiTxvebi..........................................................................1119
amocanebi........................................................................1090 amocanebi........................................................................1121
nawili IV
Tavi 33. eleqtromagnituri talRebi......1138 35.8. mixelsonis interferometri.........................1249
33.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1138 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1250
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela......................................1138 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1251
33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1140 amocanebi........................................................................1253
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1143
Tavi 36. difraqcia..........................................1267
33.5. energiis gadatana da pointingis
36.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1267
veqtori..................................................................1146
36.2. difraqcia da sinaTlis talRuri buneba...1268
33.6. gamosxivebis wneva .............................................1149
36.3. erTi xvreliT difraqcia: minimumis
33.7. polarizacia........................................................1152
mdebareobis dadgena..........................................1269
33.8. arekvla da gardatexa.......................................1156
36.4. xarisxobrivi intensivoba erTi xvreliT
33.9. sruli Sida arekvla..........................................1162
difraqciaSi..........................................................1273
33.10. polarizacia arekvliT..................................1164
36.5. raodenobrivi intensivoba erTi xvreliT
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1165
difraqciaSi..........................................................1274
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1166
36.6. wriuli xvreliT difraqcia...........................1277
amocanebi........................................................................1168
36.7. ori xvreliT difraqcia..................................1280
Tavi 34. gamosaxulebebi...............................1183 36.8. difraqciuli meseri.........................................1283
34.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1183 36.9. mesrebi: dispersia da
34.2. gamosaxulebis ori tipi...................................1185 gadawyvetunarianoba.........................................1288
34.3. brtyeli sarkeebi...............................................1187 36.10. rentgenis sxivebis difraqcia.....................1290
34.4. sferuli sarkeebi..............................................1189 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1293
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi.......................1193 kiTxvebi..........................................................................1294
34.6. sferuli gardamtexi zedapirebi..................1188 amocanebi........................................................................1295
34.7. Txeli linzebi....................................................1196
Tavi 37. fardobiTobis Teoria..................1308
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi......................................1202
37.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1308
34.9. sami mtkicebuleba.............................................1206
37.2. postulatebi ......................................................1309
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1208
37.3. movlenis gazomva...............................................1310
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1209
37.4. erTdroulobis fardobiToba.......................1312
amocanebi........................................................................1211
37.5. drois fardobiToba.........................................1313
Tavi 35. interferencia.................................1225 37.6. sigrZis farTobiToba......................................1319
35.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1225 37.7. lorencis gardaqmna.........................................1322
35.2. sinaTle, rogorc talRa.................................1226 37.8. lorencis formulebis zogierTi Sedegi..1324
35.3. difraqcia............................................................1231 37.9. siCqareebis fardobiToba...............................1326
35.4. iangis interferenciis eqsperimenti...........1231 37.10. dopleris efeqti sinaTlisTvis.................1327
35.5. Tanmimdevruloba..............................................1236 37.11. axali Sexeduleba impulsze.........................1331
35.6. daZabuloba ori xvreliT 37.12. axali Sexeduleba energiaze........................1332
interferenciaSi.................................................1237 mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1337
35.7. interferencia Txeli fenebidan..................1241 SekiTxvebi......................................................................1339
amocanebi........................................................................1340
erTeulTa sistema 1
1885 wlis ivnisSi GrdiloeT naxevarsferos caze adreuli RamiT Txeli,
molurjo-movercxlisfro Rrublebi gamoGnda. momdevno aTwleulebSi
aseTi Rrublebi kidev ramdenjerme SeamGnies. ukanasknel wlebSi maT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad vxedavT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom dedamiwis
atmosferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba.
fizikis gacnoba imis SeswavliT iwyeba, Tu rogor izomeba sxvadasxva sidideebi, maga
liTad: sigrZe, dro, masa, temperatura, wneva da denis Zala.
TiToeul fizikur sidides Tavisi zomis erTeuli aqvs, romelsac etalonTan vadarebT.
zomis erTeuli sididis raodenobrivad gamoxatvis saSualebaa. magaliTad, sigrZis er-
Teulia metri (m). etaloni sididis zustad erT erTeuls Seesabameba. SemdgomSi vnaxavT,
rom sigrZis erTeulis etaloni, romlis sigrZe zustad erTi metris tolia, aris manZili,
9
10 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
romelsac sinaTle gaivlis vakuumSi drois garkveul monakveTSi. zomis erTeuli da misi eta
loni CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi nebismieri gziT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT. Tumca, es ise unda
gavakeToT, rom am erTeulis mizanSewonilebasa da moxerxebulobas msoflios yvela mecnie
ri daeTanxmos.
mas Semdeg, rac etaloni, magaliTad, sigrZis etaloni ganvsazRvreT, unda SevimuSavoT
procedura, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba etalonis saSualebiT nebismieri sigrZis gamox-
atva, wyalbadis atomis diametri iqneba es, skeitbordis RerZis sigrZe Tu manZili romelime
varskvlavamde. sigrZis gazomvis erT-erT aseT proceduras uzrunvelyofs saxazavi, ro-
melic sizustiT sigrZis etalons uaxlovdeba. Tumca Cveni gazomvebis didi nawili advili
Sesasrulebeli ar iqneba. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, atomis radiusisa da or varskvlavs So-
ris manZilis saxazaviT gazomva.
fizikuri sidideebis didi raodenobis gamo maTi organizeba sakmaod rTulia. sabedni-
erod, yvela maTgani ar aris damoukidebeli. magaliTad, siCqare manZilisa da drois far-
dobaa. amitom, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, virCevT mxolod mcire raodenobis fizikur si-
dideebs, magaliTad, manZilsa da dros, da ganvsazRvravT etalonebs am sidideebisTvis.
Semdeg am sabaziso sidideebisa da maTi etalonebis (e.w. sabaziso etalonebis) safuZvelze
ganvsazRvravT sxva fizikur sidideebsac.
sabaziso etalonebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ucvleli. Tu manZilis etalons gansaz-
RvravT, rogorc manZils adamianis cxvirsa da saCvenebeli TiTis wvers Soris, es etaloni
namdvilad xelmisawvdomi, Tumca sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sxvadasxvanairi iqneba. mecnie
reba maqsimalur sizustes moiTxovs, magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda davuTmoT ucv-
lelobasac. amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas sabaziso etalonis aslebi, romlebic yvela msurveli
saTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba.
kovido sigrZis arabuli erTeulia, 1 kovi- = (1255 krani) 170.474 l 1000 sm3 1 kovido
1 krani 1l 48.26 sm
do = 48,26 sm. ra unda daweron britanelebma
sabaJo deklaraciaSi? = 1.903 × 103 kovido 3.
(pasuxi)
1.5 sigrZe
1792 wels safrangeTis axlad gamocxadebul respublikaSi SemoiRes erTeulTa axali
sistema. am sistemis qvakuTxedi iyo metri, romelic ganisazRvra, rogorc CrdiloeT polu-
sidan ekvatoramde manZilis erTi meaTedmemilionedi. mogvianebiT, praqtikuli mosazrebebis
gamo, es etaloni Seicvala da metri ganisazRvra, rogorc manZili or xazs Soris, romlebic
amoWrilia platinsa da iridi- cxrili 1.3
umis Senadnobisgan damzadebul zogierTi miaxloebiTi manZili
Zelakze. es metris etaloni
safrangeTSi, zoma-wonis saer- sidide sigrZe metrebSi
TaSoriso biuroSi inaxeba. misi manZili pirvel galaqtikebamde 2×1026
zusti aslebi mTeli msoflios
manZili andromedas galaqtikamde 2×1022
standartizaciis laborato-
manZili uaxloes varskvlav
riebSi daagzavnes.am aslebis 4×1016
proqsima centavramde
anu meoradi etalonebis
manZili plutonamde 6×1012
safuZvelze Seqmnes sxva, kidev
ufro xelmisawvdomi etalone- dedamiwis radiusi 6×106
bi, ase rom, yvela Tanamedrove mwverval everestis simaRle 9×103
sazomi xelsawyo grZeli da am gverdis sisqe 1×10-4
rTuli jaWviT metris etalons tipuri virusis sigrZe 1×10-8
ukavSirdeba.
wyalbadis atomis radiusi 5×10-11
mecnierebisa da teqnikis
protonis radiusi 1×10-15
ganviTareba TandaTan ufro
zust etalons iTxovda. 1960
wels metrisTvis SemuSavda axali, sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze dafuZnebuli etaloni. am et-
alonis mixedviT, metri gazganmuxtvis kameraSi kripton-86-is izotopis mier gamosxivebuli
narinjisfer-wiTeli talRis sirZeze zustad 1650763,73-jer metia. es rTuli ricxvi ise iqna
arCeuli, rom axali etaloni ZvelTan maqsimalurad axlos yofiliyo.
1983 wels sizusteze moTxovnam iseT dones miaRwia, rom mas kripton-86-is etalonic ve-
Rar akmayofilebda. amitom imave wels mecnierebma Zalian Tamami nabiji gadadges. metri gan-
isazRvra, rogorc sinaTlis mier ganvlili manZili drois konkretul monakveTSi. zomisa da
wonis me-17 saerTaSoriso konferenciaze damtkicda:
drois es monakveTi ise iqna arCeuli, rom sinaTlis siCqared miCneuli iyo:
C = 299 792 458 m/wm.
sinaTlis siCqaris gazomva sakmaod didi sizustiTaa SesaZlebeli, amitom sinaTlis siC-
qaris gansazRvrul sidided miCneva da misi gamoyeneba metris gansazRvrisTvis sakmaod
gonivruli gadawyvetileba iyo.
1.3 cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva manZili da sigrZei, samyaros saplanetaTaSoriso sivr-
ciT dawyebuli da umciresi sagnebiT damTavrebuli.
sididis Tanrigi aris aTis xarisxi, ro gis mixedviT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi A sididis
desac ricxvi mocemulia eqsponencialu uaxloesi Tanrigia 4, xolo B-si – 5. aseTi
ri gamoxatvis meTodiT. magaliTad, Tu Sefaseba miRebulia, rodesac gamoTvlebis
A=2,3×104 da B=7,8×104, maSin A da B meoTxe dros zusti monacemebi cnobili ar aris an
Tanrigis ricxvebia. Znelad sapovnelia. magaliTi mocemulia amo
inJinrebi da mecnierebi gamoTvlebis canis amoxsnis 1.3 nimuSSi.
Sedegebs xSirad afaseben uaxloesi Tanri-
magram es did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da Tan sams udris, es gamosaxuleba SegviZlia ga-
burTis Semqmnelsac gavanawyenebT. vinaidan vamartivoT da davweroT 4R3. ase rom, mivi-
mxolod uaxloesi Tanrigi gvWirdeba, ami- RebT:
tom nebismieri saWiro sididis daaxloebiT d 2L = 4R3
gamoTvla SegviZlia. an
4 R3 4(2 m)3
davuSvaT, burTi sferuli formisaa da L= =
misi radiusi R = 2 m. burTSi moTavsebuli
d2 (4 × 10–3 m)2
Zafi ar aris mWidrod Sekruli (e.i. Zafebs = 2 × 106 m ≈ 106 m = 103 km.
Soris gvaqvs uricxvi RriWo). es RriWoebi (pasuxi)
rom gaviTvaliswinoT, davuSvaT, rom Zafis (rogorc xedavT, aseTi martivi gamoTv-
ganivkveTi kvadratia da misi gverdis sigrZe lisTvis kalkulatori ar gvWirdeba). uax-
d = 4 mm ganivkveTis d 2 farTobiT da L sigrZ- loesi Tanrigis mixedviT, burTi daaxloe-
iT, mTliani moculoba, romelsac Zafi ika- biT 1000 km sigrZis Zafs Seicavs!
1.6 dro
dros ori aspeqti aqvs. samoqalaqo da, zogjer, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, drois codna
imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom movlenebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT davalagoT. seriozuli sa-
1.6 dro 15
mecniero muSaobisas gvainteresebs, ramden xans grZeldeba konkretuli movlena. maSasadame,
drois nebismieri etaloni or SekiTxvas unda pasuxobdes: `rodis moxda?~ da `ra drois man-
Zilze?~. 1.4 cxrilSi drois zogierTi monakveTia mocemuli.
cxrili 1.4
drois zogierTi miaxloebiTi monakveTi
drois Sualedi
sidide
wamebSi
protonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (savaraudo) 1×1039
samyaros asaki 5×1017
xeofsis piramidis asaki 1×1011
adamianis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 2×109
dRis xangrZlivoba 9×104
dro adamianis or guliscemas Soris 8×10-1
miu-mezonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 2×10-6
sinaTlis umoklesi impulsi 1×10-16
yvelaze aramyari nawilakis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 1×10-23
plankis droa 1×10-43
a
es aris dro didi afeTqebis Semdeg, romlidan moyolebuli SesaZlebelia
fizikis CvenTvis cnobili kanonebis gamoyeneba.
`erTi wami aris dro, romelic sWirdeba cezium-133-is atomis mier gamosxivebuli
sinaTlis talRas 9 192 631 770 rxevis Sesasruleblad.~
atomuri saaTebi Zalian stabiluria. ori aseTi saaTis maCvenebels Soris sxvaoba 1 wamze
meti rom gaxdes, amisaTvis daaxloebiT 6000 welia saWiro. Tumca es sizustec ki uferuldeba
Tanamedrove saaTebis sizustesTan SedarebiT – 1 wm cdomileba 1×1018 wm-Si (anu daaxloebiT
3×1010 weliwadSi).
1.7 masa
kilogramis etaloni
cxrili 1.5
SI sistemis masis etaloni – platina- zogierTi miaxloebiTi masebi
iridiumis cilindri (sur. 1.4) inaxeba
parizis zoma-wonis saerTaSoriso bi- sxeuli masa
kilogramebSi
uroSi da sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT aRi-
arebulia 1 kilogrami masis etalonad.
CvenTvis cnobili samyaro 1×1053
Cveni galaqtika 2×1041
masis etalonis zusti aslebi dagzavnil-
mze 2×1030
ia sxvadasxva qveynebis standartizaciis
mTvare 7×1022
laboratoriebSi. nebismieri sxeulis
asteroidi erosi 5×1015
masa am etalonTan SedarebiT ganisaz-
patara mTa 1×1012
Rvreba. 1.5 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi
saokeano laineri 7×107
sxeulis masa kilogramebSi.
spilo 5×103
kilogramis etalonis amerikuli as
yurZeni 3×10-3
li inaxeba NIST-is sacavSi. weliwadSi
mtvris nawilaki 7×10-10
erTxel mas sxva aslebis Sesamowmeblad
penicilinis molekula 5×10-17
iyeneben. 1889 wlis Semdeg etaloni or-
uranis atomi 4×10-25
jer waiRes safrangeTSi pirvelad etal- protoni 2×10-27
onTan Sesadareblad. eleqtroni 9×10-31
18 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
mimoxilva da Sejameba
gamoiyeneba pirvel sam TavSi. sabaziso saaTze naCvenebi zusti dro mTels msofli-
sideebisTvis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT oSi igzavneba radiosignalebis saxiT.
dadgenilia xelmisawvdomi da ucvleli et- masa. kilogrami gansazRvrulia pariz-
alonebi. es etalonebi gamoiyeneba rogorc Si Senaxuli platina-iridiumis etalonis
ZiriTadi, aseve meoradi sidideebis gazom- mixedviT. atomuri masStabis gazomvebis
vis dros. 1.2 cxrilSi mocemuli mecnieruli Casatareblad gamoiyeneba naxSirbad-12-is
Canawerebi da prefiqsebi gamoiyeneba gazom- atomis safuZvelze gansazRvruli atomuri
vis Sedegis Caweris gasamartiveblad. masa.
amocanebi
cxrili 1.6
amocana 6
*
1 iardi ≈ 0,914 m
**
1 duimi ≈ 25,4×10–3 m = 2,54 sm
20 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
isic Seegua). 1.6 suraTze naCvenebia smutebSi (S), uilebSi (W) da zeldebSi (Z) gazomili sami
paraleluri xazi. gamoxate 50 smuti a) uilebSi da b) zeldebSi.
•• 9 amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
0 32 212
Si inJiner-hidroteqnikosebi wylis
S
0 258 moculobis sazom erTeulad xSirad
W
60 216 iyeneben akr-futs. akr-futi ganisaz-
Z Rvreba, rogorc im wylis moculoba,
sur. 1.6 amocana 8.
romelic 1 akr miwas 1 fut simaRleze
dafaravs. kokipirulma wvimam 26km farTobis qalaqi 30 wuTSi 2 duimiT datbora. gamoTvale
2
faqtobrivi – miaxloebiTi
procentuli sxvaoba = 100,
faqtobrivi
•11 fortnaiti (fourteen nights – ToTx- gaizarda. gamoTvale misi zrdis tempi mik-
meti Rame) inglisuri drois sazomi erTeu- rometr/wamebSi.
lia da 2 kviras udris. drois es monakveTi, •13 laboratoriaSi xuT saaTs amow-
Tu mas sasiamovno sazogadoebaSi atareb, meben. ramdenime dRis manZilze, zustad
TavisTavad, sasiamovnoa, magram usiamovno SuadRisas, romlis dadgomasac WWV drois
kompaniaSi mikrowamebis mtanjvel wyebad signali gvauwyebs, saaTebi cxrilSi moce-
iqceva. ramdeni mikrowamia fortnaitSi? mul dros aCvenebs. daalage saaTebi maRa-
•12 yvelaze swrafad mzardi mcenare li sizustidan yvelaze dabal sizustemde.
hesperoika uiplei 14 dReSi 3,7 metriT daamtkice Seni arCevani. SSM.
•14 1883 wlamde amerikis SeerTebuli – 10 saaTisgan, erTi saaTi – 100 wuTisagan,
Statebis yvela qalaqs sakuTari, adgilo- xolo erTi wuTi – 100 wamisagan. risi tolia
brivi dro hqonda. dRes mogzaurebi saaTebs a) franguli aTobiTi kviris Sefardeba eta-
mxolod maSin asworeben, rodesac gansx- lonur kvirasTan? b) franguli aTobiTi wu-
vaveba 1 saaTi an metia. daaxloebiT grZedis Tis Sefardeba etalonur wuTTan?
ramdeni gradusi unda gaiaro, rom saaTis •16 drois etalonebi dafuZnebulia
gasworeba 1 saaTiT mogixdes? (dedamiwa 24 atomur saaTze. momavali etaloni, sa-
saaTSi 360°-ian bruns asrulebs.) varaudod, dafuZnebuli iqneba mbrunav
•15 safrangeTis revoluciidan 10 wlis neitronul varskvlavebze – pulsarebze.
Semdeg safrangeTis xelisuflebam drois zogierTi pulsari, romlis brunvis siC-
ZiriTad sazomebad daadgina aTis jeradebi: qare Zalian stabiluria, yoveli Semobrune-
erTi kvira Sedgeboda 10 dRisagan, erTi dRe bisas dedamiwaze radiosignals gzavnis.
21
magaliTad, pulsari PSR 1937+21 yovel •21 dedamiwis masa 5,98×1024 kilogramia.
1,55780644887275±3 mwm-Si erTxel Semobrun- dedamiwis Semadgeneli atomebis saSualo
deba. a) ramden bruns gaakeTebs es pulsari masaa 40 u. ramdeni atomia dedamiwaSi?
7 dReSi? b) ra dro dasWirdeba mas milioni •22 SuSis boTlis damzadebis rekordi
brunis gasakeTeblad? 1992 wels niu-jersis Statis qalaq melvilSi
•• 17 sami cifruli saaTi, A, B da C, sx- damyarda. boTlis moculoba 193 aSS galoni
vadasxva tempSi muSaobs da sxvadasxva dros iyo. a) ramdeniT naklebia es moculoba 1
aCvenebs. 1.7 suraTze mocemulia saaTebis milion sm3-ze? b) Tu boTls wyliT aavseben
Cvenebebi (magaliTad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi 1,8 g/wT siCqariT, ra dro dasWirdeba boT-
B aCvenebs 25 wm-s, xolo C – 92 wm-s). Tu A lis avsebas? 1 kuburi metri moculobis wy-
saaTze or movlenas Soris dro 600 wm-ia, ra lis masa 1000 kilogramia.
dro iqneba am movlenebs Soris a) B saaTze •23 1 kuburi santimetri moculobis
da b) C saaTze? g) rodesac A saaTi aCvenebs rkinis masa 7,87 gramia, xolo rkinis atomis
400 wm-s, ras aCvenebs B saaTi? d) rodesac masa – 9,27×10-26 kg. Tu atomebi sferulia da
C saaTi aCvenebs 15 wm-s, ras aCvenebs B saa- mWidrod ganlagebuli, maSin a) risi tolia
Ti? (dros nulovan wertilamde uaryofiTi rkinis atomis moculoba? b) ra manZilia
Cveneba mianiWe). gverdigverd ganlagebuli atomebis cen-
312 512 trebs Soris?
A (wm)
25.0 125 200 290 ••24 erTi kuburi santimetri Rrubeli
B (wm) Seicavs 50-dan 500-mde wylis wveTs, TiToeu-
92.0 142
C (wm) lis radiusi 10 mkm-ia. a) ramdeni kuburi
sur. 1.7 amocana 17. santimetri wyalia 3 km simaRlis da 1 km ra-
•••18 dedamiwis brunvis TandaTano- diusis cilindruli formis RrubelSi? b)
biT Senelebis gamo yoveli momdevno dRis ramden erTlitrian boTls aavsebs es wya-
xangrZlivoba izrdeba: yoveli saukunis li? g) erTi kuburi metri moculobis wylis
ukanaskneli dRe 1 mwm-iT ufro grZelia, masa 1000 kilogramia. ra masa aqvs RrubelSi
vidre saukunis dasawyisSi. 20 saukunis man- Semaval wyals?
Zilze sul ra droiT gaizarda dRis xangr-
Zlivoba? damatebiTi amocanebi
25 Zveli inglisuri sabavSvo leqsi am-
Tavi 1-7 masa bobs: `patara mis mafeti Camojda da xaWos
Wama daiwyo. oboba movida da gverdiT miu-
•19 a) davuSvaT, wylis kuburi santime-
jda...~ oboba Camojda ara xaWos gulisTvis,
tris masa zustad 1 gramia. gamoTvale wy-
aramed imitom, rom mis mafets Tan hqonda 11
lis erTi kuburi metris masa kilogramebSi;
tafeti gamomSrali buzebis maragi. 1 tafe-
b) davuSvaT, wyliT savse 5700m3 moculo-
ti = 2 peki = 0,5 imperiuli buSeli, xolo 1
bis rezervuaris daclas 10 saaTi sWirdeba.
imperiuli buSeli = 36,3687 litri (L). risi
risi tolia wylis masis Semcirebis siCqare
tolia mis mafetis mwerebis maragi a) pekeb-
kilogram/wamebSi?
Si, b) imperiul buSelebSi da g) litrebSi?
•20 oqros kuburi santimetris masa
26 atomur molSi 6,02×1023 atomia. daax-
19,32 gramia. oqro yvelaze rbili liTonia
loebiT ramdeni moli atomia did Sinaur ka-
da SeiZleba misi furceliviT gabrtyeleba
taSi? wyalbadis, Jangbadis da naxSirbadis
an boWkosaviT gawelva. a) Tu 27,63 gr oqros-
atomebis masebia Sesabamisad 1 u, 16 u da 12
gan gavakeTebT 1 mkm sisqis furcels, risi
u.
toli iqneba misi farTobi? b) Tu imave ra-
27 Zvelsa da axals, didsa da mcires So-
odenobis oqrosgan gavakeTebT 2,5 mkm radi-
ris kontrastis dasanaxad waikiTxe Semdegi:
usis cilindruli formis boWkos, ra iqneba
Zveli inglisis soflebSi 1 haidi (100 da 120
boWkos sigrZe?
22 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
akrs Soris) iyo miwis farTobi, romelic erTeulebi gamoiyeneboda. ramdenime maT-
daakmayofilebda 1 guTnis mqone 1 ojaxs (1 gani mocemulia 1.7 cxrilSi. cxrilis Ses-
akri = 4047 m2). 1 vapenteiki farTobis miwa avsebad ra ricxvebi (meaTasedis sizustiT)
daakmayofilebda 100 aseT ojaxs. kvantur unda Caiweros a) veis svetSi, b) Caldronis
fizikaSi birTvis ganivi kveTis farTobi svetSi, g) begis svetSi, d) potlis svetSi,
izomeba barnebSi, sadac 1 barni = 1×10 -28 2
m . e) gilis svetSi. 1 begi = 0,1091 m3. Zvel ing-
risi tolia 25 vapenteikis fardoba 11 barn- lisur moTxrobaSi jadoqari saZagel siTx-
sTan? es 1,5 Caldroni moculobis qvabSi xarSavs.
28 metruli sistemis SemoRebamde aSS- ras udris es moculoba m3-Si?
Si siTxis moculobis sxvadasxva sazomi
cxrili 1. 7
amocana 28
31 Zvel xelnawerSi naTqvamia, rom mefe bels gaaCnda 3 akri mosaxnavi miwa da piru-
arturis mmarTvelobis dros miwismflo- tyvisTvis damatebiTi farTobi, 25 perCi
*
1 mili = 1,609 km
23
4 perCze. risi toli iyo mTeli farTobi kvadratuli futis SeRebva SeiZleba. a) ga-
a) Zvel erTeulebSi – rudzebSi da b) Taname- mosaxe es sidide m2/litrebiT. b) gamosaxe es
2
drove erTeulebSi – m -ebSi? am SemTxvevaSi, sidide SI sistemis erTeulebiT (ixile dan-
1 akri = 40×4 perCi, 1 rudi = 40×1 perCi,
*
arTebi A da D). g) rogori iqneba sawyisi raode-
xolo 1 perCi = 16,5 futi**. nobis sididis Sebrunebuli mniSvneloba?
32 XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis aSS-Si d) ra fizikuri mniSvneloba aqvs mas?
gamoiyeneboda ori tipis bareli. vaSlis 36 warmoidgine, rom ekvatorTan axlos
bareli 7056 kuburi duimis toli iyo, xolo plaJze wevxar da wammzoms rTav, raTa mzis
StoSis*** bareli – 5826 kuburi duimisa. Tu Casvlamde darCenili dro daiTvalo. amis
vaWari StoSis 20 barel saqonels mihyidis Semdeg dgebi, ris Sedegadac Seni Tvalebi
klients, romelsac hgonia, rom saqonels H=1,70 m simaRleze aRmoCndeba, da kvlav elo-
vaSlis barelebSi yidulobs, ra gansxvaveba debi mzis wveris gauCinarebas. Tu gasuli
iqneba saqonlis raodenobebs Soris li- dro t = 11,1 wm, risi tolia dedamiwis r ra-
trebSi? diusi? (miniSneba: ixile amocanis amoxsnis
33 kaliforniis plaJis qviSis marcvle- nimuSi 1.4).
bi daaxloebiT 50 mkm radiusis sferoebia da 37 kordi aris moWrili xe-tyis mocu-
siliciumis orJangisgan Sedgeba. 1 m3 mocu- loba da 8 futi sigrZis, 4 futi siganisa da
lobis siliciumis orJangis kubis masa 2600 4 futi simaRlis xe-tyis moculobis tolia.
kg-ia. ra masis qviSis marcvlebs eqneba zeda- ramdeni kordia 1m3-Si?
piris iseTive farTobi (cal-calke sfer- 38 iaponiis tradiciuli sigrZis sazomi
oebis farTobebis jami), romelic 1 m wibos erTeulia keni (1 keni = 1,97 m). risi tolia
mqone kubis zedapiris farTobis tolia? a) kvadratuli kenis Sefardeba kvadratul
34 amerikuli Tojinas saxli namdvili metrTan da b) kuburi kenis Sefardeba ku-
saxlis 1/12-ia, xolo miniaturuli saxli bur metrTan? risi tolia 5 keni siRrmisa da
(kidev ufro patara saxli, romelic Tojinis 3 keni radiusis cilindruli formis wylis
saxlSi eteva) namdvili saxlis 1/144-ia. da- WurWlis moculoba g) kubur kenebSi da d) ku
vuSvaT, namdvili saxlis (sur. 1.8) sigrZe bur metrebSi?
20 m-ia, sigane – 12 m, simaRle – 6 m, xolo 39 wyrTa uZvelesi sazomi erTeulia da
daxrili Weris simaRle – 3 m. risi tolia utoldeba mzomelis idayvidan Sua TiTis
a) Tojinas saxlis da b) miniaturuli saxlis wveramde manZils. davuSvaT, rom es sidide
moculobebi kubur metrebSi? 43-dan 53 sm-mde icvleba, da warmovidgi-
noT, rom uZveles naxatze asaxulia 9 wyrTa
sigrZisa da 2 wyrTa diametris cilindruli
boZi. rogori iqneba minimaluri da maqsima
3.0 m
luri sidideebi, Sesabamisad, a) cilindris
sigrZisa metrebSi, b) cilindris sigrZisa
milimetrebSi da g) cilindris moculobisa
6.0 m
kubur metrebSi?
20 m
40 wylis erTi molekula (H2O) Seicavs
wyalbadis or da Jangbadis erT atoms. wyal
sur. 1.8 amocana 34. badis atomis masaa daaxloebiT 1 u, xolo
Jangbadis atomis masa – daaxloebiT 16 u.
35 erT-erTi saxeobis saRebavis aRwera- a) ra iqneba wylis erTi molekulis masa ki-
Si weria, rom am saRebavis erTi galoniT 460 logramebSi? b) wylis ramdeni molekulaa
*
1 akri = 4040 m2 ***
StoSi – tanmorCili buCqbalaxa mcenare. isxams wiTeli feris wvrilsa da
**
1 futi ≈ 30,48 sm mJave nayofs. ixmareba sakvebad, saWmlis Sesakazmad. samurabed, wvnisa da
sirofis dasamzadeblad (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, tomi VII).
24 Tavi 1 erTeulTa sistema
dedamiwis wylebSi, Tu maTi mTliani masa minis WurWelSi asxamen, romlis zomebia
1,4×10 kg-ia?
21
40 sm × 40 sm × 30 sm. WurWeli pirTamde unda
41 zRvaosnobaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba mo iyos savse. Rvinis SeZena SeiZleba cxrilSi
culobis sazomi erTeuli – tona. Tumca misi mocemuli zomis boTlebSi. rac ufro didia
gamoyeneba garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs, boTli, miT ufro iafi jdeba Rvino. mini
vinaidan arsebobs tonis, sul cota, sami maluri fasis misaRebad, a) ra zomis da ram-
nairsaxeoba: gadaadgilebis tona 7 bare- deni boTli unda iqnas SeZenili? rodesac
li moculobis tolia, tvirTis tona – 8 WurWeli gaivseba, ramdeni Rvino darCeba
bareli moculobisa, xolo registris tona b) standartul boTlebSi da g) litrebSi.
– 20 bareli moculobisa. bareli moculo- 1 standartuli boTli
bis kidev erTi sazomi erTeulia da udris 1 magnumi = 2 standartuli boTli
0,1415 m3. davuSvaT, tvirTis SekveTaSi weria 1 ieroboami = 4 standartuli boTli
`73 tona M&M kanfeti” da Tqven darwmunebuli 1 reoboami = 6 standartuli boTli
xarT, rom SemkveTi `tonaSi~ moculobas gu- 1 maTusala = 8 standartuli boTli
lisxmobs (nacvlad wonisa an masisa, rogorc 1 salmanazari = 12 standartuli boTli
es me-5 TavSia). Tu SemkveTi sinamdvileSi 1 balTazari = 16 standartuli boTli
gadaadgilebis tonas gulisxmobda, ramden = 11,356 l
zedmet amerikul buSel kanfets CatvirTav 1 nabuqodonosori = 20 standartuli
gemSi SecdomiT, Tu SekveTaSi warmoidgen boTli.
a) 73 tvirTis tonas da b) 73 registris
46 politikuri partiis yrilobisTvis
tonas? (1m3 = 28,378 amerikuli buSeli.)
produqtebis SeZenisas SecdomiT SeukveTe
42 malaiziaSi adgilobrivi sazomiT 28,9
wynari okeanis saSualo zomis xamanwkebi
pikuli wonis xari iyide. 1 pikuli udris 100
(erT amerikul pintaSi 8-12 cali), atlantis
jins, 1 jini – 16 tahils, 1 tahili – 10 Ciss da
okeanis saSualo zomis xamanwkebis nacvlad
1 Cisi – 10 hunas. 1 huna 0,3779 gramis tolia.
(pintaSi 26-38 cali). xamanwkiT savse WurW-
Tu am xaris saxlSi wayvanas da ojaxis gancvi-
lis zomebia 1m × 12 sm × 20 sm, xolo ameri-
frebas ganizraxav, ramdeni kilogrami masa
kuli pinta 0,4732 litris tolia. ramdeni
unda Cawero tvirTis deklaraciaSi?
xamanwkiT naklebi SegikveTavs?
43 drois tradiciuli sazomi erTeu
47 astronomiuli erTeuli (AU) aris
lebi, magaliTad, dRis an weliwadis xan
dedamiwasa da mzes Soris saSualo manZili
grZlivoba, dafuZnebulia astronomiul
– 1,5 × 108 km. sinaTlis siCqarea 3 × 108 m/wm.
dakvirvebebze. Tumca, tibetSi SeiZleba ada
gamoxate sinaTlis siCqare astronomiul
mianze dafuZnebuli drois sazomi erTeu-
erTeul/wuTebSi.
lis naxvac, sadac dibugi aris CasunTqva-
48 ra masis wyali movida wvimis dros
amosunTqvas Soris saSualo dro. gamoTvale
qalaqSi me-9 amocanaSi? erTi kuburi metri
dibugebis raodenoba erT dReSi.
wylis masaa 1×103 kg.
44 brZaneba miiRe, rom Seni gemiT 24,5
49 am TavSi mocemuli monacemebis gamo
mili gacuro aRmosavleTisken, sadac me-
yenebiT gansazRvre 1 kg wyalbadis miRebi-
kobreebis gemi CaiZira. Tumca, rodesac
sTvis saWiro wyalbadis atomebis raodeno-
im adgilas Seni myvinTavebi gemis nasaxsac
ba. wyalbadis atomis masaa 1 u.
ver aRmoaCnen, mixvdebi, rom curvis man-
50 Saqris natexis gverdis sigrZea 1 sm.
ZilSi igulisxmeboda 24,5 sazRvao mili da
Sen rom gqondes kubis formis yuTi, ro
ara Cveulebrivi mili. gamoiyene D danarTSi
melSic 1 moli Saqris kubebi iqneba, rogori
mocemuli sigrZeebis cxrili, raTa gamoT-
iqneba am kubis gverdis sigrZe? (erTi moli =
valo, ramdeni kilometriT xar daSorebuli
6,02 × 1023 erTeuls).
mekobreTa gemidan.
51 dietaze myofma adamianma SeiZleba
45 qorwilebis dros Rvinos Tlili
kviraSi 2,3 kg daiklos. gamoxate masis da-
25
kargvis tempi miligram/wamebSi, TiTqos 56 miwis farTobis gasazomad xSirad
dietaze myofi yovel wams daklebul masas gamoiyeneben heqtars, romelic 104 m2-ia.
grZnobdes. qvanaxSiris Ria karieri yovelwliurad 75
52 marcvleul/Roris Sefardeba finan heqtar miwas moixmars 26 metris siRrmeze.
suri terminia da Rorebis bazarze gamoiye ra moculobis miwa (kubur kilometrebSi)
neba. is ukavSirdeba Roris Senaxvis xarjebs gadaiyreba am dros?
am Roris gasayidad gamoyvanamde. marcv- 57 astronomiuli erTeuli (AU) deda
leul/Roris Sefardeba ganisazRvreba, ro- miwidan mzemde saSualo manZilis – 92,9 × 106
gorc 1460 slagis masis Roris sabazro fasis milis tolia. parseki (pc) aris manZili, rom-
Sefardeba erTi amerikuli buSeli marcv- lis toli ferdebisa da 1 sekundis toli
leulis sabazro fasTan. amerikuli buSeli kuTxis mqone tolferda samkuTxedis fuZe
35,238 litris tolia. Tu marcvleul/Roris 1 AU-s tolia (sur. 1.9). sinaTlis weliwadi
Sefardeba bazarze 5,7-ia, ra iqneba metrul aris manZili, romelsac sinaTle 1 weliwad-
erTeulebSi 1-kilogrami Roris fasis Se- Si gaivlis 186000 mili/wm siCqariT. gamoxa
fardeba 1 litri marcvleulis fasTan? te manZili dedamiwasa da mzes Soris a) par
(miniSneba: ixile masaTa cxrili D danarTSi). sekebSi da b) sinaTlis weliwadebSi.
53 saxlis Sida kibis erTi safexuris 1 sekundis toli kuTxis mqone
tolferda samkuTxedi
simaRle 19 sm-ia, xolo sigane – 23 sm. in- 1 pc
Jinrebi irwmunebian, rom safexurebi ufro 1 AU
1 pc
usafrTxo gaxdeba, Tu maTi sigane 28 sm
iqneba. Tu kibis simaRle sul 4,57 m, rogor
58 a) mikroskopul fizikaSi zogjer
gaizrdeba mTlianad kibis sigrZe, Tu axali
gamoiyeneba drois sazomi erTeuli – Seiki.
siganis safexurebs gavukeTebT?
erTi Seiki 10–8 wamis tolia. ra ufro metia
54 Zlieri wvimis dros mTis ferdobi,
– wamSi Seiki Tu weliwadSi wami? b) adamiani
romlis sigane 2,5 kilometria, sigrZe – 0,8 km
daaxloebiT 106 weliwadia arsebobs, samyaro
da sisqe – 2m, mewyris saxiT velze Camocur-
ki 1010 wlisaa. Tu samyaros asaks ganvsaz-
deba da Tanabrad vrceldeba 0,4 km × 0,4 km
RvravT, rogorc `samyaros 1 dRes~, romelic
zomebis velze. erTi kuburi metri talaxis
Sedgeba `samyaros wamebisgan~, zustad ise,
masaa 1900 kg. ra masis talaxi Camova 4m2 far-
rogorc Cveulebrivi dRe Sedgeba Cveu-
Tobze?
lebrivi wamebisgan, maSin ramdeni samyaros
55 Sen unda moamzado sadili meqsikuri wamis win gaCnda adamiani?
saWmlis 400 moyvarulis TavyrilobisTvis.
59 mzis dabnelebis dros mzes mTlianad
recepti moiTxovs erT adamianze 2 ialape-
mTvare faravs. davuSvaT, mzemde manZili 400-
nos wiwakas, Tumca Sen mxolod habaneros wi-
jer metia mTvaremde manZilze. a) ipove mzis
wakebi gaqvs. wiwakis sicxare izomeba skovi-
diametris fardoba mTvaris diametrTan.
lis sicxaris erTeulebSi (SHU). saSualod,
b) ipove mzis moculobis fardoba mTvaris
erTi ialapenos wiwakis sicxarea 4000 SHU,
moculobasTan. g) daiWire patara moneta ise,
xolo habaneros wiwakisa – 300000 SHU. sa-
rom mTvare mTlianad dafaros, da gazome
surveli sicxaris misaRwevad, ramdeni haba-
Seni Tvalsawieris kuTxe, romelsac es mo-
neros wiwakiT unda Secvalo ialapenos wi-
neta faravs. am sididesa da dedamiwasa da
wakebi 400 adamianisTvis sadilis mozadebis
mTvares Soris manZilze (3,8 × 105 km) dayrd-
dros?
nobiT ipove mTvaris diametri.
2 wrfivi moZraoba
2.2 moZraoba
samyaroSi yvelaferi moZraobs. erTi SexedviT uZravi sagnebic ki, magaliTad, gza, dedami-
wis brunvasTan erTad moZraobs. dedamiwa mzis garSemo moZraobs, mze _ irmis naxtomis
galaqtikis garSemo, da TviT es galaqtikac moZraobs sxva galaqtikebis mimarT. moZraobebis
klasifikacia da Sedareba (e.w. kinematika) xSirad sakmaod rTulia. ras vzomavT da rogor
vadarebT erTmaneTs?
26
2.3 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba 27
vidre pasuxis gacemas SeecdebodeT, ganvixiloT moZraobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, rom-
lebic sam punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
1. moZraoba xdeba mxolod wrfis gaswvriv. wrfe SeiZleba iyos vertikaluri (magali-
Tad, qvis vardna), horizontaluri (magaliTad, manqanis moZraoba trasaze) an iribi,
magram is aucileblad wrfe unda iyos.
2. moZraobas Zalebi iwvevs, magram am sakiTxs me-5 TavSi ganvixilavT. am TavSi ki Sevexe-
biT mxolod moZraobasa da cvlilebebs moZraobis dros. aCqardeba Tu Seneldeba sxe-
uli, gaCerdeba Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT wava? Tu moZraoba icvleba, ra dro
sWirdeba am cvlilebas?
3. moZravi sxeuli an nawilakia (igulisxmeba umciresi sxeuli, magaliTad, eleqtroni)
an sxeulia, romelic nawilakiviT moZraobs (anu misi yvela nawili moZraobs erTnai-
rad da erTi mimarTulebiT). magaliTad, rodesac Rori bavSvebis saTamaSo moedanze
Semorbis, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc nawilakiviT moZravi, xolo mori, romelic
mdinares moyveba – ara, vinaidan misi sxvadasxva wertilebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
moZraobs.
x (m)
mocemuli Canaweri niSnavs, rom t1 droSi zRarbis mdebareoba aris x1, xolo t2 droSi _
x2. vsaS-s erTeulia metri wamSi (m/wm). amocanebis amoxsnisas sxva erTeulebic SeiZleba Segvx-
vdes, Tumca forma manZili/dro yovelTvis daculi iqneba.
x-is t-sadmi damokidebulebis grafikze vsaS aris im xazis daxriloba, romelic x(t) grafi-
kis or wertils akavSirebs. erTi wertili Seesabameba x2-s da t2-s, meore wertili _ x1-s da
t1-s. gadaadgilebis msgavsad, vsaS-s gaaCnia rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTule-
ba (e.i. veqtoruli sididea). misi ricx-
viTi mniSvneloba daxrilobis sididea.
dadebiTi vsaS (da daxriloba) gveubneba, ν = am xazis daxriloba
saS
amoxsna: davuSvaT, rom moZraoba xdeba x `sadguri~. rogorc viciT, saSualo siC-
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, saTavidan qare am ori wertilis SemaerTebeli
(x1=0) sadguramde, romlis mdebareoba unda xazis daxrilobis tolia. vsaS aris Δx-is
iyos x2= 8,4 + 2 = 10,4 km. x RerZze Seni Δx (Δx = 10,4 km) fardoba Δt-ze (Δt=0,62 sT), anu
gadaadgilebis gamosaTvlelad meore pozi- gvaZlevs vsaS = 16,8 km/sT.
cias pirveli unda gamoaklo. 2.1 formuli-
dan gvaqvs: d) warmoidgine, rom benzinis Casasxme-
Zis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT iqneba 10,4 km. da. risi tolia saSualo siCqare mgzavrobis
amoxsna: ukve viciT, rom fexiT siarulis amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic saSualo siCqa
dro iyo Δtfex= 0,50 sT, magram ar viciT manqa- re tolia mTliani ganvlili manZilis Se
niT mgzavrobis dro Δtman. samagierod, viciT, fardebisa im drosTan, rac am manZilis
rom manqaniT mgzavrobisas Δxman gadaadgile- gavlas daWirda. mTliani manZili tolia
baa 8,4 km, xolo saSualo siCqare (vsaS.manq.) – 8,4 + 2 + 2 = 12,4 km-isa, mTliani dro ki
70 km/sT. gamoviyenoT formula 2.2. saSualo – 0,12 + 0,5 + 0,75 = 1,37 sT-isa. maSasadame,
∆t = ∆tmanq. + ∆tfex.
uli
siar iT
dro (sT)
amoxsna: aq mTavari kvlav 2.2 formulaa:
mgzavrobis mTliani vsaS mTliani gadaadg-
sur. 2.5. `manqaniT siaruliT~ da `fexiT siaru
ilebisa (10,4) da mTliani drois Sualedis liT~ aRniSnuli xazebi, manqanis tarebis da
fexiT siarulisas mdebareobis droze damo
fardobis tolia:
kidebulebis grafikebia. aTvlis wertilisa da
vsaS = ∆x = 10.4 km
benzingasamarTi sadguris damakavSirebeli xa-
zis daxriloba mTliani mgzavrobis saSualo
∆t 0.62 sT siCqarea.
= 16.8 km/sT ≈ 17 km/sT (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 2 mocemul amo-
grafikulad vsaS-is sapovnelad Tav- canaSi davuSvaT, rom satvirTo manqana-
dapirvelad avagoT x(t) funqciis grafi- Si benzinis Casxmis Semdeg x1 wertilSi
ki, rogorc es naCvenebia 2.5 suraTze, sa- 35 km/sT siCqariT dabrundi. ras udris
dac sawyisi da saboloo wertilebia, Seni saSualo siCqare mTeli mgzavrobisa-
Sesabamisad, aTvlis saTave da wertili vis?
2.5 myisi siCqare 31
mdebareoba (m)
bulia. bc intervalSi daxriloba mudmivia
da ar udris nuls, vinaidan liftis kabina x(t)-s daxriloba ∆x
Seneleba
v
“pliusi” niSnavs, rom liftis kabina
dadebiTi x mimarTulebiT moZraobs. es Su- b c
udris siCqare, rodesac t = 3,5 wm-s? siCqare rodesac t = 3,5 wm, wertili moZraobs x-is
mudmivia Tu icvleba? uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 68 m/wm siCqariT.
vinaidan t sidide Sedis 2.6 formulaSi, ami-
amoxsna: simartivisTvis 2.5 formulidan tom ν siCqare damokidebulia t-ze da drois
erTeulebi amoRebulia, Tumca, Tu gsurT, mixedviT icvleba.
SegiZliaT koeficientebis nacvlad daw-
eroT 7,8 m, 9,2 m/wm da –2,1 m/wm3. unda gaviT-
sakontrolo wertili 3 qvemoT mocemu
li formulebi gvaZlevs wertilis x(t)
valiswinoT, rom siCqare aris x(t) mdebareo-
mdebareobas oTx SemTxvevaSi (yovel for
bis funqciis pirveli xarisxis warmoebuli.
mulaSi x izomeba metrebSi, t – wamebSi,
aqedan gamomdinare, vwerT:
t>0): (1) x = 3t – 2; (2) x = –4t2 – 2; (3) x = 2/t 2
dx d da (4) x = –2. a) romel SemTxvevaSia wer-
ν = dt = dt (7.8 + 9.2t – 2.1t ),
3
2.6 aCqareba
rodesac wertilis siCqare icvleba, amboben, rom wertili ganicdis aCqarebas (anu Cqa-
rdeba). RerZis gaswvriv moZraobis dros asaS (saSualo aCqareba) Δt drois SualedSi tolia:
ν2 - ν1 ∆ν
asaS = = (2-7)
t2 - t1 ∆t
sadac ν1 aris wertilis siCqare t1 droSi da ν2 – t2 droSi. myisi aCqareba (an ubralod aCqareba)
aris siCqaris warmoebuli droiT:
dν (2-8)
a=
dt
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris tempi, romliTac siC-
qare am momentSi icvleba. grafikulad, aCqareba nebismier wertilSi aris ν(t) grafikis daxri-
loba am wertilSi.
SegviZlia SevaerToT formulebi 2.8 da 2.4 da davweroT
dν d dx d 2x
= a= = (2-9)
dt dt dt dt 2
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris misi x(t) mdebareobis
meore xarisxis warmoebuli droiT.
aCqarebis erTeulia m/wm2. amocanebSi SeiZleba SegxvdeT sxva erTeulebi, magram forma
manZili/dro2 daculi iqneba. aCqarebas gaaCnia rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimar-
Tuleba (e.i. veqtoruli sididea). misi algebruli niSani aRniSnavs x RerZis gaswvriv mimar-
Tulebas, rogorc es iyo gadaadgilebisa da siCqaris SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs, rom dadebiTi
mniSvnelobis aCqareba mimarTulia RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, xolo uaryofiTi mniSvn-
elobisa – uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT.
2.6 g suraTze mocemulia aCqarebis grafiki liftisa, romlis moZraobac ganxiluli
iyo amocanis 2.2 nimuSSi. Seadare a(t) grafiki ν(t) grafiks. yoveli wertili a(t) grafikze
gviCvenebs ν(t) grafikis warmoebuls (daxrilobas) Sesabamis momentSi. rodesac ν mudmivia
34 Tavi 2 wrfivi moZraoba
(0 an 4 m/wm-is SemTxvevaSi), warmoebuli da, maSasadame, aCqareba nulis tolia. rodesac lift-
is kabina moZraobas iwyebs, ν(t) grafiks aqvs dadebiTi warmoebuli (daxriloba dadebiTia),
rac niSnavs, rom a(t) dadebiTia. rodesac liftis kabina Cerdeba, ν(t) grafikis warmoebuli da
daxriloba uaryofiTia da, maSasadame, a(t)-c uaryofiTia.
amis Semdeg Seadare ν(t) grafikis daxrilobebi aCqarebis or periodSi. liftis Senelebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli daxriloba ufro cicaboa, vinaidan gaCerebas orjer ufro naklebi dro
dasWirda, vidre siCqaris matebas. cicabo daxriloba niSnavs, rom Senelebis ricxviTi mniSvn-
eloba ufro maRalia, vidre aCqarebisa, rogorc es naCvenebia 2.6 g suraTze.
sur. 2.7. polkovniki j.p. stapi Cqa is, rasac liftis kabinaSi igrZnob, zemoT mocemul
rosnul kameraSi, rodesac is aRw-
suraTzea naCvenebi. rodesac kabina aCqardeba, geCveneba,
evs Zalian maRal siCqares da Sem-
deg wrafadve muxruWdeba. TiTqos zevidan gawvebian, xolo rodesac kabina damuxru-
Webas iwyebs, iseTi grZnoba giCndeba, TiTqos zeviT geqa-
Cebian. am mdgomareobebs Soris ki bevrs arafers igrZnob.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Seni sxeuli reagirebs aCqarebaze da ara siCqareze. rodesac 90 km/sT
siCqariT moZrav manqanaSi an 900 km/sT-iT mfrinav TviTmfrinavSi xar, Seni sxeuli moZrao-
bas ver grZnobs. Tumca, Tu manqana an TviTmfrinavi swrafad Seicvlis siCqares, maSin araTu
mkveTrad igrZnob, aramed SegeSindeba kidec. gasarTob atraqcionebze mZafri SegrZnebebi
swored siCqaris swrafi cvlilebiTaa gamowveuli. ufro saintereso magaliTi mocemulia 2.7
suraTze, rodesac Cqarosnuli kamera swrafad aaCqares da Semdeg mkveTrad daamuxruWes.
didi aCqarebebi zogjer gamoisaxeba g erTeulebSi:
1 g = 9,8 m/wm2 (2.10)
(g aris dedamiwaze Tavisufali vardnisas sxeulis aCqareba. amas ganvixilavT 2.9 TavSi).
atraqcion `rusul mTebze~ SeiZleba ganicado aCqareba daaxloebiT 29 m/wm2-mde, rac namd-
vilad amarTlebs am atraqcionis Rirebulebas.
*
vombati – CanTosani cxoveli. gavrcelebulia av
straliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
2.7 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba: gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva 35
bi gamosadegia mxolod Tanabari aCqarebis dros (an situaciebSi, rodesac aCqarebis mniSvn-
eloba miaxloebulia TanabarTan).
rodesac aCqareba Tanabaria, saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba erTmaneTis tolia. amis
gamo formula 2.7 SegiZlia Semdegnairad SevcvaloT:
ν - ν0
a = asaS = t - 0
aq ν0 aris siCqare, rodesac t = 0, xolo ν – siCqare nebismieri momdevno t-sTvis. Cven Segvi-
Zlia es formula gadavweroT, rogorc
ν = ν0 +at. (2.11)
Sesamowmeblad gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac t = 0, ν = ν0. Semdgomi SemowmebisTvis ga-
vawarmooT 2.11 toloba. miviRebT: dν/dt = a, rac a-s gansazRvrebaa. 2.8 b suraTze naCvenebia
formula 2.11-is ν(t) funqciis grafiki. funqcia wrfivia da, maSasadame, grafikic wrfea.
aseTive xerxiT SegviZlia gadavweroT formula 2.2 (aRniSvnebSi mcireodeni cvlile
bebiT): x – x0
vsaS =
t–0
saidanac viRebT:
x = x0 + vsaS t , (2.12)
sadac x0 wertilis mdebareobaa t = 0 momentSi, xolo vsaS – saSualo siCqare drois rome-
lime monakveTSi (vTqvaT, t = 0-sa da romelime momdevno t-s Soris).
formula 2.11-Si mocemuli siCqaris wrfivi funqciisTvis, saSualo siCqare drois nebis-
mier monakveTSi (vTqvaT, t = 0-sa da romelime momdevno t-s Soris) aris sawyis siCqaresa (ν0) da
drois monakveTis bolos wertilis siCqaris (ν) saSualo mniSvneloba. t = 0-dan t-mde saSualo
siCqare iqneba 1 (ν + ν).
vsaS = (2.13)
2 0
x – x0 = νt – 1 at 2 (2.18)
2
yuradReba miaqcieT am formulasa da formula 2.15-s Soris arsebul mcire gansxvavebas.
erTi Seicavs sawyis siCqares ν0-s, xolo meore – ν siCqares t droSi.
ν = ν0 + 2a(x – x0)
2 2 SegiZlia gamoiyeno am siaSi
2-16 t
mocemuli formulebi (Tu sia
2-17 x – x0 = 12 (v + v0)t a Tan gaqvs). airCie formula,
1 2 romelSic ucnobi sidide amo-
2-18 x – x0 = vt – 2 at ν0
canaSi sapovneli cvladia.
* sanam cxrilSi mocemul formulebs gamoiyeneb, darwmundi, rom aC- ufro martivia daimaxsovro
qareba marTlac Tanabaria formulebi 2.11 da 2.15 da
gamoiyeno isini, rodesac dag-
Wirdeba. magaliTi mocemulia
amocanis amoxsnis 2.5 nimuSSi.
dν = a dt
vinaidan a aCqareba mudmivia (Tanabaria), misi gamotana integralidan SeiZleba. Semdeg mi-
viRebT
dν = a dt
an ν = at + C (2.20)
integrirebis C mudmivas gamosaTvlelad, davuSvaT, rom t = 0 da am momentSi ν = ν0. Cavs-
vaT es mniSvnelobebi formula 2.20-Si, miviRebT ν0 = (a)(0) + C = C
CavsvaT es formula 2.20-Si da miviRebT formula 2.11-s.
formula 2.15-is misaRebad gadavweroT siCqaris gansazRvreba (formula 2.4), rogorc
dx=νdt
orive mxares davweroT ganusazRvreli integrali:
dx = ν dt
zogadad, ν ar aris mudmivi, ase rom, misi gamotana integralidan ar SeiZleba. Tumca, ν-s
Secvla SegviZlia formula 2.11-iT:
dx = (ν0 + at) dt
dx = ν0 dt + a t dt
maRla moZraobis dros pomidvris dadebiTi siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvneloba mcirdeba, vidre
0-s ar miaRwevs. vinaidan pomidori am dros Cerdeba, amitom es misi maqsimaluri simaRlea.
daSvebis dros siCqaris (axla ukve uaryofiTi) ricxviTi mniSvneloba izrdeba.
vi: 3,1 da -3,1. Cven avirCieT dadebiTi fesvi, ν2 = ν 02 - 2g (y - y0 ) = 0 - (2) (9.8 m/wm2) (- 48 m),
vinaidan mandei wylis zedapirs namdvilad ase rom,
ν = - 30.67 m/wm ≈ - 31 m/wm = - 110 km/sT
t = 0 momentSi vardnis dawyebis Semdeg aRw-
evs. (pasuxi)
vardnis sami wami, magram ver dainaxa ra man- rom siCqares uaryofiTi mimarTuleba aqvs.
2.9 Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba 41
d) ra siCqariT moZraobda mandei yovel = 0 - (9.8 m/wm2 (1.0 wm) = - 9.8 m/wm. (pasuxi)
wams? grZnobda Tu ara is siCqaris zrdas? sxva Sedegebi naCvenebia 2.10 suraTze.
mandei Tavisufali vardnis procesSi
amoxsna: sawyisi monacemebiT siCqareebis iyo da siCqaris zrdas ver grZnobda, vinaid-
sapovnelad, amocanis b) nawilSi miRebuli an aCqareba yovelTvis iyo -9,8 m/wm2. Tumca
mdebareobebis mniSvnelobaTa gamoyenebis mandeim mkveTrad igrZno wyalze dacema,
gareSe, davuSvaT, rom formula 2.11-Si radgan aCqareba uecrad Seicvala (mandei ga-
a = –g, da rig-rigobiT CavsvaT t-s mniSvn- darCa, magram didi jarimis gadaxda mouxda
elobebi t = 1, 2 da 3 wm. magaliTad: daudevari qmedebisTvis).
ν = ν0 - gt
ν - ν0 0 - 12 m/wm umaRles
t= = = 1.2 wm (pasuxi)
a - 9.8 m/wm 2 wertilSi
b) risi tolia burTis frenis maqsimal-
uri simaRle?
rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs sxeulis aCqarebis droze damokidebulebis grafiki, misi inte-
grirebiT SegviZlia vipovoT sxeulis siCqare drois nebismier momentSi. vinaidan a aCqareba
ganisazRvreba, rogorc dv , amitom
dt t1
ν1 - ν0 = a dt (2.22)
t0
Tu aCqarebis erTeulia 1 m/wm2, xolo droisa – 1 wm, maSin farTobis sidide grafikze iqneba
(1 m/wm2) (1 wm) = 1 m/wm, rac, arsebiTad, siCqaris erTeulia. rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois
RerZs zemoTaa, farTobi dadebiTia, xolo rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois RerZs qvemoTaa
– uaryofiTi.
2.10 grafikuli integrali moZraobis SeswavlaSi 43
analogiurad, vinaidan ν siCqare ganisazRvreba, a farTobi
ν = dx/dt, amitom
t1
x1 - x0 = v dt, (2.24)
t0
sadac x0 aris mdebareoba t0 momentSi, xolo x1 – t1 mo-
t
t0 t1 a)
mentSi. formula 2.24-is marjvena mxares gansazRvruli
integrali SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT ν(t) grafikidan, ro- ν
gorc es naCvenebia 2.12 b suraTze. kerZod:
farTobi
t1 farTobi siCqaris mrudsa da
v dt = drois RerZs Soris t -dan t -mde (2.25)
t0 0 1
t
t0 t1 b)
Tu siCqaris erTeulia 1 m/wm, xolo droisa - 1 wm,
farTobis sidide grafikze iqneba sur. 2.12. farTobi grafiksa da hor-
(1 m/wm) (1 wm) = 1 m, izontalur drois RerZs Soris t0-
rac, arsebiTad, manZilisa da gadaadgilebis erTeu- dan t1-mde naCvenebia: a) a aCqarebis t
lia. farTobi dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi, ganisazRvreba droze damokidebulebis grafikisT-
iseve, rogorc 2.12 a suraTze mocemuli a(t) grafikisT- vis; b) ν siCqaris t droze damokidebu-
lis grafikisTvis.
vis aRvwereT.
1
farTobi B = 2 (0,060 wm)(50 m/wm2) anu ν1 = 2 m/wm = 7,2 km/sT (pasuxi)
= 1,5 m/wm Tavis moZraobis dawyebisas mkerds ukve
mesame nawils, 100-dan 110 mwm-mde, marT- aqvs 7,2 km/sT siCqare. mecnierebi amtkice-
kuTxedis forma aqvs, romlis farTobia ben, rom uknidan Sejaxebis dros siCqareeb-
farTobi C = (0,010 wm)(50 m/wm2) = 0,5 m/wm Si swored es gansxvaveba iwvevs kisris da-
am mniSvnelobebisa da ν0-is 2.26 formu- zianebas. Tavis ukan gadavardna mogvianebiT
laSi CasmiT miviRebT: xdeba da, rom ara savarZlis Tavmisadeblebi,
ν1 – 0 = 0 + 1,5 m/wm + 0,5 m/wm, dazianeba ufro mZime iqneboda.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
formulebi?
5. 2.17 suraTze mandarini maRla aagdes d) mandarinis Δν siCqaris cvlilebis mixed-
sami Tanabari zomis fanjris gavliT. daal- viT.
age fanjrebi: a) maTSi mandarinis saSualo 6. rodesac t = 0, x RerZis gaswvriv moZ-
siCqaris (ssaS) mixedviT; b) maTi gavlis drois ravi wertilis mdebareobaa x = –20 m. wer-
mixedviT; g) maTi gavlis dros mandarinis tilis ν0 sawyisi siCqaris (t0 momentSi) da a
aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT; Tanabari aCqarebis niSnebia: 1) +, +; 2) +, –;
46 Tavi 2 wrfivi moZraoba
amocanebi
ramdenime amocanaSi davalebuli gaqvs mde- (`vazrovneb, ese igi swrafad mivdivar!~).
bareobis, siCqarisa da aCqarebis droze 2001 wels, sem uitingemma haberis rekordi
damokidebulebis grafikis ageba. rogorc daamxo (mis siCqares 19km/sT-iT gadaaWarba).
wesi, ubralo monaxazebi sakmarisia, Tu naT- ra droSi gaiara uitingemma 200 m manZili?
lad Cans wrfivi funqciebi da mrudebi. Tu • 3 avtomobili 40 km-s gadis 30 km/sT
kompiuteri da grafikuli kalkulatori siCqariT. Semdeg imave mimarTulebiT kidev
gaqvs, SegiZlia grafikebis asagebad gamoiy- 40km-s gadis 60 km/sT siCqariT. a) ras udris
eno. avtomobilis saSualo siCqare 80 km-is gav-
Tavi 2-4 saSualo velocity (vsaS) da saSua- lis Semdeg? (dauSvi, rom is dadebiTi x
lo speed (ssaS). mimarTulebiT moZraobs); b) ras udris sa-
• 1 Zlieri ceminebisas Tvali 0,5 wm-iT ix- Sualo siCqare? g) aage x-is t-ze damokideb-
uWeba. Tu ceminebis dros manqanas 90km/sT siC- ulebis grafiki da aCvene, rogor vipovoT
qariT marTav, ra manZils gaivli am droSi? grafikze saSualo siCqare. SSM WWW
m/wm-mde (sur. 2.19). ras udris misi aCqareba, • • 30 manqana moZraobs x RerZis gaswvr-
romelic Tanabradaa miCneuli? (msgavsi iv 900 m-is manZilze. moZraobas iwyebs x = 0
procesi mimdinareobs Zvel televizoreb- wertilSi da amTavrebs x = 900 wertilSi.
Si). SSM. distanciis pirvel meoTxedSi manqanis aC-
qarebaa +2,25 m/wm2, darCenil manZilze ki
Tanabari moZraobis aCqarebis
monakveTi monakveTi –0,75m/wm2. risi tolia: a) 900 m-is gavlis
dro? b) maqsimaluri siCqare? g) aage x mde-
bareobis, ν siCqarisa da a aCqarebis t-ze
eleqtronis damokidebulebis grafikebi.
moZraobis • • 31 2.20 sura- x (m)
wiri
Tze naCvenebia x Re-
rZis gaswvriv Tana-
baraCqarebulad
moZravi wertilis
maRali Zabvis
wyaro moZraoba. ras udris
wertilis aCqarebis t (s)
sur. 2.19 amocana 25 a) ricxviTi mniSvn-
eloba da b) mimar-
• 26 siCqaris msoflio rekordi ekuT- Tuleba? sur. 2.20 amocana 31
vnis polkovnik jon p. staps, romelmac 1954 • • 32 warmoid-
wlis martSi reaqtiuli Zravis mqone manqan- gine, rom manqana migyavs da mobiluri tele-
iT 1020km/sT siCqares miaRwia. manqana 1,4wm- foniT emociurad saubrob, am dros ki Sens
Si gaCerda (ix. sur. 2.7). ramdeni g-s toli aC- win 25 m-is daSorebiT policiis manqana mid-
qareba ganicada pilotma gaCerebisas? is. Senc da policiac 110km/sT siCqariT moZ
• 27 56 km/sT siCqariT moZravi manqana 24 raobT. telefoniT laparakis gamo polici-
m-iT iyo daSorebuli barieridan, rodesac is manqana 2 wm-is ganmavlobaSi ver SeamCnie.
mZRolma daamuxruWa. manqana bariers 2 wm-is am 2 wamis dawyebisas policielma uecrad
Semdeg Seaskda. a) rogoria Sejaxebamde man- daamuxruWa 5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. a) ra manZili
qanis Tanabari aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvn- iqneba or manqanas Soris, roca policias
eloba? b) ra siCqare aqvs manqanas Sejaxebis SeamCnev? warmoidgine, rom kidev 0,4 wm dag-
dros? SSM ILW Wirda xifaTis gasaazreblad da amis Semdeg
• 28 Seni manqanis muxruWebs SeuZlia daamuxruWe. b) Tu Senc 5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT
Tanabrad Seanelos moZraoba 5,2 m/wm2-iT. daamuxruWe, rogori iqneba Seni siCqare,
a) Tu midixar 137 km/sT siCqariT da uecrad rodesac policiis manqanas daejaxebi?
patruli dainaxe, ra minimaluri dro dag- • • 33 manqanebi A da B erTi da imave mimar-
Wirdeba siCqaris 90 km/sT limitamde Sesam- TulebiT moZraobs. A manqanis x mdebareoba
cireblad? (pasuxSi Cans, rom damuxruWebas 0-dan 7 wm-mde monakveTSi mocemulia 2.21
azri ara aqvs, vinaidan siCqares radari an suraTze. rodesac t = 0, B manqana imyofeba
50 Tavi 2 wrfivi moZraoba
v (m/wm)
s am mniSvnelobisas ramdenjer aRmoCndeba t (s)
manqanebi erTmaneTis gverdiT? g) aage x mde-
bareobis t droze damokidebulebis grafiki
B manqanisTvis. ramdenjer aRmoCndeba manqa-
nebi gverdigverd, Tu aBB aCqarebis ricxviTi sur. 2.22 amocana 35
mniSvneloba d) metia da e) naklebia a) kiTx- • • 36 2.23 suraTze, wiTeli da mwvane man-
vis pasuxze? qana erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraobs
x RerZis paralelurad. rodesac t = 0, wi-
Teli manqana xwT = 0 wertilSia, xolo mwvane
- xmw = 200 m wertilSi. Tu wiTeli manqana
moZraobs 20 km/sT mudmivi siCqariT, manqa-
nebi erTmaneTs Cauvlian x = 44,5 m wertilSi,
x (m)
t (wm)
sur. 2.21 amocana 33
y
riT. a) ra dro dasWirdeba qvas Zirs dacem-
isTvis? b) ra siCqare eqneba qvas dacemisas?
• 39 samSeneblo moedanze qanCsaWeri gad-
movarda da miwas 24 m/wm siCqariT daeca. a) ra t (wm)
simaRlidan Camovarda qanCsaWeri? b) ramden sur. 2.25 amocana 45
xans ecemoda? g) aage qanCsaWeris y-is, ν-s • • 46 2.26 suraTze naCvenebia y RerZis
da a-s t droze damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaswvriv maRla asrolili burTis ν siCqa-
SSM ris y simaRleze damokidebulebis grafiki.
• 40 wvimis wveTebi miwaze 1700 m simaR- yAA simaRleze siCqarea νA, xolo yBB simaRleze
leze myofi Rrublidan ecema. a) rom ara – 1/3 νA. ras udris νA siCqare?
haeris winaaRmdegoba, ra siswrafe eqneboda
wveTebs miwaze dacemisas? b) usafrTxo iqne- v
boda Tu ara wvimis dros gareT gasvla?
• 41 a) ra siCqariT unda iqnas burTi
dedamiwis zedapiridan asrolili, 50 m si- 1 ν
3 A
maRles rom miaRwios? b) ramden xans iqneba
burTi haerSi? g) aage y-is, ν-s da a-s t droze
yB
damokidebulebis grafikebi. pirvel or yA
grafikze aCvene dro, rodesac burTi 50 m-s
sur. 2.26 amocana 46
miaRwevs. SSM WWW
• 42 SeSinebuli maCvi haerSi axta da
pirvel 0,2 wm-Si 0,544 m simaRles miaRwia. • • 47 gasaRebi gadmovarda 45 m simaRlis
a) ras udris maCvis sawyisi siCqare? b) ras xididan da mudmivi siCqariT moZrav navze
• 43 cxeli haeriT savse burTi 12 m/wm li. risi tolia navis siCqare? SSM ILW
ovarda. a) ra droSi gaivlis WanWiki dacemis uleba droze vardnis dasawyisidan miwaze
ukanasknel 20%-s? rogori iqneba misi siC- dacemamde. a) burTidan mowyvetis wertili-
qare, b) rodesac iwyebs dacemis ukanasknel dan ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs yuTi?
(m)
2 m simaRleze axta. burTi iataks 12 mwm-is tikalurad aisro
y
ganmavlobaSi exeboda. a) risi tolia Sexebis les. 2.28 suraTze
periodSi saSualo aCqarebis ricxviTi mniS- naCvenebia y-is t-ze
vneloba? b) zeviTaa saSualo aCqareba mimar- damokidebulebis
t (wm)
Tuli Tu qveviT? SSM. grafiki burTisT-
sur. 2.28 amocana 58
•• 52 43,9 m simaRlis xididan mdinareSi qva vis, sadac y bur-
Caagdes. 1 wamis Semdeg kidev erTi qva is- Tis avardnis simaRlea, xolo burTis gaS-
roles vertikalurad qveviT. orive qva vebis momentSi t = 0. ras udris a) planetaze
mdinareSi erTdroulad Cavarda. a) risi Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba da b) burTis
tolia meore qvis sawyisi siCqare? b) aage sawyisi siCqare?
siCqaris droze damokidebulebis grafiki
TiToeuli qvisTvis. nulovani dro miiCnie Tavi 2-10 grafikuli integrireba
pirveli qvis vardnis dawyebis drod. moZraobis Seswavlisas
•• 53 onkanidan wyali 200 sm-iT daSorebul • 59 amocanis 2.8 nimuSSi Tavis maqsimal-
iatakze wveTavs. wveTebi drois Tanabar Su- uri aCqarebis dros, risi tolia: a) Tavis da
aledebSi ecema da, amasTan, pirveli wveTi b) mkerdis siCqare?
iataks maSin exeba, rodesac meoTxe wveTi •• 60 karatistis muSti dartymisas moZra
vardnas iwyebs. pirveli wveTis dacemisas obas iwyebs welidan da swrafad win var-
ra manZiliT aris daSorebuli a) meore da b) deba mxris srulad gaSlamde. 2.29 suraTze
mesame wveTi onkanidan? naCvenebia muStis ν(t) siCqare. ra manZilze
•• 54 sagani h simaRlidan ecema. manZilis gadaadgilda muSti: a) rodesac t = 50 mwm da
naxevars is 1 wm-Si gadis. ipove: a) vardnis b) rodesac muStma maqsimalur siCqares mi-
dro da b) simaRle. g) axseni, ratomaa dauS- aRwia?
vebeli kvadratuli gamosaxulebidan miRe-
buli t-s mniSvneloba.
•• 55 mTvlemare kata uecrad yvavilis qo-
v (m/wm)
y
• • 62 rodesac fexburTeli Camowodebul
burTs Tavs urtyams, Tavis aCqareba SeiZle-
ba sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyos. 2.31 suraTze
naCvenebia fexburTelis Tavis a(t) aCqareba, t (wm)
SiSveli da qudiani TavisTvis. ra gansxvave-
sur. 2.32 amocana 65
baa SiSveli da qudiani Tavebis siCqareebs
Soris, rodesac t = 7 mwm?
66 videoTamaSSi wertili daprogramebu-
lia ekranze gadaadgilebisTvis x = 9t – 0,75t3
SiSveli Tavi formulis Sesabamisad, sadac x aris ekranis
2
qana gaCerebuli? d) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze 73 200 km/sT siCqariT moZravi manqanis
damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaCereba SesaZlebelia 170 m-Si. davuSvaT,
69 yinulmWreli mudmivi siCqariT aR- aCqareba Tanabaria. ipove misi ricxviTi mniS-
mosavleTisken miemarTeboda, rodesac ue- vneloba a) SI sistemaSi da b) g erTeulebSi.
carma qarma mas Tanabari aCqareba mianiWa g) ra Tmux droa saWiro dasamuxruWeblad?
3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi. 2.33 suraTze naCvenebia Seni reaqciis droa 400 mwm, romelic gWird-
x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki, sadac eba, raTa situacia aRiqva, fexi muxruWis
t = 0 aris momenti, rodesac qarma daubera, pedals daado da daamuxruWo.
xolo x RerZi mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken. 74 sportis saxeoba, romelSic burTi
a) risi tolia yinulmWrelis aCqareba 3 wm-is yvelaze swrafad moZraobs, jei-alaia. bur-
ganmavlobaSi? b) risi tolia yinulmWrelis Tis siCqare 303 km/sT-s aRwevs. Tu jei-al-
siCqare 3-wamian monakveTSi? g) Tu aCqareba ais moTamaSe, romelsac burTi uaxlovdeba,
Tanabari rCeba kidev 3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi, Zalauneburad Tvals daxuWavs 100 mwm-is
ra manZils gaivlis yinulmWreli am meore 3- ganmavlobaSi, ra manZils gaivlis am droSi
wamian monakveTSi? burTi?
75 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi wertilis
aCqarebaa a = 5t, sadac t mocemulia wamebSi,
xolo a - m/wm2-ebSi. rodesac t = 2 wm, wer-
tilis siCqarea +17 m/wm. ras udris siCqare,
x (m)
rodesac t = 4 wm?
76 plekoptera frTebs Zlierad ver
iqnevs da amitom am mwers frena ar SeuZlia.
t (wm)
magram, rodesac wylis zedapirze imyofeba,
sur. 2.33 amocana 69 is frTebs haerSi swevs da gemiviT micuravs.
warmoidgine, rom plekoptera mudmivi siC-
70 qva Camovarda 100 m simaRlis kldidan. qariT moZraobs garkveuli sigrZis swor xa-
ra dro dasWirdeba qvas a) pirveli 50 m-is da zze. ialqaniviT gaSlili frTebiT am manZi-
b) bolo 50 m-is gasavlelad? lis gavlas 7,1 wm sWirdeba, xolo dakecili
71 SuqniSanze yviTeli Suqi ainTo. Seni frTebiT _ 25 wami. a) risi tolia fardoba
manqanis siCqare zustad siCqaris daSvebuli νgaSlili/νdakecili? b) ra droSi gaivlis
zRvris, ν0= 55 km/sT-s tolia. Seni manqanis mweri pirvel 2 m-s gaSlili da dakecili
Senelebisas AaCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvnelo- frTebiT?
ba 5,18 m/wm2-is tolia. Seni reaqciis dro 77 aSS-s nacionaluri satransporto
damuxruWebis dawyebamde T = 0,75 wm-s udris. usafrTxoebis sabWos mier sahaero katas
SuqniSanze wiTeli sinaTlis anTebis dros trofis kvlevisas yvelaze mniSvnelovania
xazis gadakveTis Tavidan asacileblad, TviTmfrinavis frenis Sesaxeb informaciis
unda ganagrZo 55 km/sT-iT moZraoba Tu Camwerze ganTavsebuli informacia. am Cam-
unda daamuxruWo, rodesac xazamde manZili wers `Savi yuTi~ ewodeba, miuxedavad imisa,
da yviTeli Suqis anTebis xangrZlivoba aris rom forToxlisferia. Camwerma unda gauZ-
a) 40 m da 2,8 wm; b) 32m da 1,8wm? los katastrofas 3400 g aCqarebis dros 6,5
72 matareblis ori sadguri erTmane- mwm-is ganmavlobaSi. Tu aseTi katastrofis
Tisgan 1100 m manZilzea. Tu matarebeli dros Camwersa da TviTmfrinavs nulovani
distanciis pirvel naxevarze aCqardeba siCqare aqvs drois monakveTis dasasruls,
+1,2 m/wm -iT da meore naxevarze Seneldeba
2
rogori iqneba maTi siCqare Sualedis dawye-
–1,2 m/wm -iT, risi toli iqneba a) mgzavrobis
2
bisas?
dro da b) maqsimaluri siCqare? aage x-is, ν-s 78 2.34 suraTze mocemulia wrfivad
da a-s t-ze damokidebulebis grafikebi. moZravi wertilis x-is t-ze damokidebulebis
55
grafiki. a) risi tolia wertilis saSualo 82 2.35 suraTze mocemulia x RerZis gas-
siCqare 0-dan 4,5 wm-mde? b) risi tolia wer- wvriv moZravi wertilis a aCqarebis t droze
tilis myisi siCqare t = 4,5 wm momentSi? g) damokidebulebis grafiki. rodesac t = 0,
risi tolia wertilis saSualo aCqareba 0- wertilis koordinatia 4 m, xolo siCqare –
dan 4,5 wm-mde? d) risi tolia wertilis myisi 2 m/wm. a) ra siCqare eqneba wertils, rodesac
aCqareba t = 4,5 wm momentSi? t = 2 wm? b) dawere gamosaxuleba ν(t)-sTvis
(m/wm-ebSi), romelic gamosadegi iqneba Su-
aledisTvis 2 ≤ t ≤ 4.
(m)
a (m/wm 2)
x
t (wm)
t (wm)
sur. 2.34 amocana 78
sur. 2.35 amocana 82
xolo t – wamebSi. ipove a) saSualo siCqare vlobaSi matarebeli midioda 30 m/wm siC-
da b) saSualo aCqareba t = 1-dan t = 2 wm-mde. qariT, xolo Semdeg 160 m 50 m/wm siCqariT
Semdeg ipove g) ν myisi siCqare da d) a myisi gaiara. gamoTvale a) aCqareba, b) 160 m-is gav-
aCqareba, rodesac t = 1 wm. amis Semdeg ipove lis dro, g) 30 m/wm siCqaris miRwevis dro da
e) ν da v) a, rodesac t=2 wm. z) Seadare myisi da d) manZili, romelic matarebelma gaiara uZ-
vevaSi axseni, ratom aris erTi meoreze meti. wevamde. e) aage x-is t-ze da ν-s t-ze damokide-
grafikebi da aCvene maTze a)-s pasuxi. 84 120 m simaRlis Senobis bolo sarTul-
80 tyviis burTi 5,2 m simaRlis tram- ze gaCerebuli carieli liftis bagiri gaw-
plinidan tbaSi Cavarda. is wyals garkveuli yda. a) ra siCqariT daecema lifti miwaze?
siCqariT daeca da fskerzec imave Tanabari b) ramden xans gagrZeldeba vardna? g) rogo-
siCqariT CaiZira. burTma fskers Camovard- ri iqneba liftis siCqare, rodesac naxevar
nidan 4,8 wm-Si miaRwia. a) ra siRrmisaa tba? gzas gaivlis? d) ra dro dasWirdeba gzis
ze kvlav 4,8 wm-Si ecema. gamoTvale burTis mizniT. aseTi manqana 1,8 wm-Si 1600 km/sT siC-
sawyisi siCqaris d) ricxviTi mniSvneloba da qares aRwevs. gamoTvale a) aCqareba g-s er-
gaiara 30600 kilometri uSuaiadan (samxre- raobas daiwyebs, maqsimalur siCqares 12 m-is
pradhous yuremde (aliaska). ramden m/wm-s iani trasis bolomde inarCunebs. a) ra droSi
udris misi saSualo siCqare? gaivlis sprinteri 100 m-s? b) drois gasaum-
56 Tavi 2 wrfivi moZraoba
jobeseblad sprinteri cdilobs maqsimal- ze. Semdeg megobari muyaos xels gauSvebs,
uri siCqaris miRwevis manZili Seamciros. xolo Seni amocanaa _ is rac SeiZleba male
risi toli unda iyos es manZili, rom man daiWiro. niSani im adgilze, romliTac muy-
trasa 10 wm-Si dafaros? aos daiWer, reaqciis dros gaCvenebs. a) mar-
87 sportuli avtomobili 60 km/sT siCqa- cxena wertilidan ra manZilze moaTavsebdi
res 5,4 wm-Si aRwevs. a) ra aCqarebiT moZrao- 50 m/wm niSans? ra manZilze ganalagebdi niS-
bs avtomobili am periodSi? b) Tu aCqareba nebs b) 100 g) 150, d) 200 da e) 250 mwm? (mag-
Tanabaria, ra manZils gaivlis 5,4 wm-Si? g) ra aliTad, iqneboda Tu ara 100 mwm niSani Savi
dro dasWirdeba avtomobils 0,25 km-is gas- wertilidan 2-jer ufro Sors, vidre 50 mwm
avlelad, Tu aCqareba a)-Si miRebuli mniSvn- niSani?).
elobis tolia. reaqciis dro (mwm)
88 wertili moZraobas iwyebs aTvlis
saTavidan t = 0 momentSi da gadaadgildeba
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. siCqaris
droze damokidebulebis grafiki mocemu-
sur. 2.37 amocana 90
lia 2.36 suraTze. a) ra aris wertilis koor-
dinati, rodesac t = 5 wm? b) ra siCqare aqvs
91 60 m simaRlis Senobis saxuravidan qva
wertils, rodesac t = 5 wm? g) ra aCqarebiT
Camovarda. miwidan ra simaRleze imyofeba
moZraobs wertili, rodesac t = 5 wm? d) ra
qva davardnamde 1,2 wm-iT adre?
saSualo siCqare aqvs wertils t = 1-dan t = 5
92 36,6 m simaRlis Senobis saxuravidan
wm-mde? e) ra saSualo aCqareba aqvs wertils
burTi vertikalurad Camoagdes. burTma mi-
drois am monakveTSi?
widan 12,2 m simaRleze myof fanjaras Camog-
debidan 2 wm-is Semdeg Cauara. ra siCqare aqvs
burTs, rodesac fanjaras Cauvlis?
93 Jongliori burTebs H simaRleze is-
v (m/wm )
xelsawyo ubralo muyaoa, romelzec gamo- a) Seni reaqciis dro da b) aCqarebis ricxvi-
bars muyao vertikalurad uWiravs ise, rom 96 Tu beisbolis momwodebeli burTs 160
misi cera da saCvenebeli TiTebi marjvena km/sT siCqariT isvris horizontalurad, ra
wertils exeba, xolo Seni cera da saCvenebe- dro dasWirdeba burTs 18,4 m-iT daSorebul
swori xazze moZrav wertils SeiZleba hqondes ori mimarTuleba. SegviZlia erTi mi-
marTulebiT moZraoba dadebiTad miviCnioT, meore mimarTulebiT moZraoba ki – uaryofiT-
ad. magram, samganzomilebian sivrceSi moZravi wertilis mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad `plius~
an `minus~ niSani sakmarisi aRar aris. saWiroa veqtoris gamoyeneba.
veqtors aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da mimarTuleba. veqtori emorCileba masze moq-
medebis garkveul wesebs, romlebsac am TavSi ganvixilavT. veqtorul sidides aqvs ro-
gorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTuleba da, maSasadame, SeiZleba gamovsaxoT veqto-
ris saxiT. veqtoruli fizikuri sidideebia gadaadgileba, siCqare da aCqareba. am wignSi kidev
bevr veqtorul sidides gavecnobiT, amitom maTTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebebis wesebis Ses-
wavla momdevno TavebSi Zalian dagexmarebaT.
60
3.3 veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba 61
zogierT fizikur sidides, magaliTad, temperatu- B´´
ras, wnevas, energias, masas da dros, mimarTuleba ar
gaaCnia. aseT sidideebs skalaruls uwodeben da maT
Cveulebrivi algebris kanonebs miusadageben. skalaru- A´´ B
li sidide gamoisaxeba ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT da niSniT B´
(magaliTad, temperatura - 400 F). (a)
umartivesi veqtoruli sididea gadaadgileba anu A
mdebareobis cvlileba. veqtors, romelic gadaadgile- A´
muliT
= + , (3.1)
sur. 3.2 a) AC veqtori AB da BC veq-
torebis jamia. b) igive veqtorebi sxva
rac imas niSnavs, rom veqtori da veqtorebis
saxelebiT.
62 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
dasawyisi
+ vinaidan gulisxmobs ricxviT mniSvnelobasac da
dasasruli
+ mimarTulebasac.
3.2 suraTze naCvenebia organzomilebiani da
veqtorebis geometriuli Sekrebis procedura.
sur. 3.3. da veqtorebis Sekreba SeiZleba 1) daxaze SenTvis saWiro masStabis veqtori.
orive TanmimdevrobiT. ix. formula 3.2.
2) daxaze aseTive masStabis veqtori ise, rom
misi saTave veqtoris bolos emTxveodes.
3) veqtoruli jami aris veqtori, romelic gaivleba -s saTavidan -s bolomde.
veqtorTa Sekrebas ori Tviseba aqvs: 1) Sekrebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvnelobas ar aqvs. -s
+ +
+
+
+
+
(
(
+
+
)
)
sur. 3.4 a , b da c veqtorebis Sekrebisas maTi nebismieri mimdevrobiT dalageba
SeiZleba. ixile formula 3.3.
2) rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs orze meti veqtori, maTi Sekreba nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT
SeiZleba. maSasadame, Tu gvinda , da veqtorebis Sekreba, SegviZlia jer da SevkriboT
da maT jams mivumatoT , an jer da SevkriboT da mere mivumatoT . Sedegi orive SemTx-
vevaSi erTi da igive iqneba, rogorc es 3.4 suraTzea naCvenebi.
veqtor – -s aqvs -s Tanabari sidide, magram sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba (sur. 3.5). 3.5
suraTze naCvenebi ori veqtoris Sekreba mogvcems
+ (– ) = 0
– –
= –
(a)
torebi ganvixileT, Sekrebisa da gamoklebis wesebi saerToa yvela tipis veqtorisTvis, iqne-
ba es siCqare, aCqareba Tu raime sxva veqtoruli sidide. Tumca, dasaSvebia mxolod erTi tipis
veqtorebis Sekreba. magaliTad, SegviZlia SevkriboT ori gadadgileba, ori siCqare, magram
gadaadgilebisa da siCqaris Sekreba yovelgvar azrsaa moklebuli. es igivea, rom SevkriboT
21 wami da 12 metri.
y y
y y θ
θ θ
(g)
x x
x x
(a) (b)
y y y
ax ax ax
x x x
ay ay ay
y y y
ax ax
x x x
ay ay
ay
ax
(d) (e) (v)
100
samxreTiT iyo TviTmfrinavi aeroportidan
21
am momentSi?
nusisa da tangensis gansazRvrebebis codna, luri xazi 0,5-is gaswvriv da daakvirdi, sad
vinaidan isini xSirad gamoiyeneba mecniere- kveTs is sinusis funqcias.
baSi. 3.12 suraTze naCvenebia am funqciebis rogor ganvasxvavoT swori pasuxi? swori
+1
sin
- 900 0 900 1800 2700 3600
-1 +1
cos
+2 tg (b)
+1
(g)
- 900 0 900 1800 2700 3600
-1
sur. 3.13 sami saWiro funqcia. kalkulatoris ga-
moTvlis diapazoni Sebrunebuli trigonometriuli
-2
funqciebisTvis naCvenebia grafi-kebis gamuqebuli
nawiliT.
gamoTvla gvaZlevs Sedegs θh = 56°, magram θh reTve formula 3.6 tg θ-sTvis gamosadegia
= 236°(=180°+56°) kuTxis tangensi aseve 1,5- mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kuTxe izomeba
ia. romeli pasuxia swori? fizikuri situ- x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT.
aciidan gamomdinare (sur. 3.11a) 56° sworia, raime sxva mimarTulebisadmi kuTxis gazom-
= ax + ay (3 .7 )
z
da = bx + by (3.8)
sur. 3.14. , da erTeulovani veqtore-
es ori formula ilustrirebulia 3.15 suraTze. bi asaxavs mimarTulebebs marjvena koor-
dinatTa sistemaze.
sidideebs ax da ay uwodeben veqtoris veqtorul
3.6 veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis saSualebiT 69
komponentebs. ax da ay skalaruli sidideebia da veqtoris skalaruli komponentebi (an
ubralod komponentebi) ewodeba.
magaliTad, amocanis 3.3 nimuSSi erTeulovan veqtorebSi gamovsaxoT mRvimeebis mkvleva-
rebis gadaadgileba. Tavdapirvelad 3.11a suraTis mixedviT avagoT 3.14 suraTze naCvenebi
koordinatTa sistema. Semdeg , da mivmarToT, Sesabamisad, aRmosavleTisken, zeviT da
samxreTisken. maSasadame, mogzaurobis dasawyisidan dasasrulamde gadaadgileba erTeu-
lovani veqtorebis saSualebiT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:
y bx
θ 0 x
d
ay
θ
x b sur. 3.15
0
ax a) veqtoris komponentebi;
by
(a) (b) b) veqtoris komponentebi.
70 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
1
+ 2
-is komponentebis niSnebi x da y RerZebze? d1
0
x
da y komponentebis jami:
dasasr. y
dj, y = d1y + d2y + d3y + d4y + d5y . (3-15) saxli
analogiurad vafasebT xuTi veqtoris = √ (-8.2 sm)2 + (3.8 sm)2 = 9,0 sm.
y komponentebs 35. formulis daxmarebiT. kuTxis gasagebad (x RerZis dadebiTi
Sedegebi 3.1 cxrilSia mocemuli. am Sede- mimarTulebis mimarT) aviRoT Sebrunebuli
gebis 3.15 formulaSi CasmiT viRebT: tangensi:
dj, y = + 3,8 sm dj, y
θ = tg–1
dj, x
cxrili 3.1 = tg–1
3,8 sm
–8.2 sm = – 24.86°
dx (sm) dy (sm)
da θ = θ´ + φ. (3.19)
es imas niSnavs, rom koordinatTa sistemis arCevanSi sruli Tavisufleba gvaqvs, vinaidan
veqtorebs Soris kavSiri (magaliTad, veqtorebis Sekreba 3.1 formuliT) ar aris damokidebu-
li aTvlis saTavis mdebareobaze an koordinatTa sistemis RerZebis mimarTulebaze. igive Se-
exeba sxva fizikur sidideebs Soris kavSirebs: arc erTi maTgani ar aris damokidebuli koor-
dinatTa sistemis arCevaze. am yvelafers daumateT veqtorebis enis ubraloeba da simdidre
da mixvdebiT, ratom gamoisaxeba fizikis kanonebi TiTqmis yovelTvis am enaze. magaliTad,
mxolod 3.10 formulas SeuZlia warmoadginos sami (an meti) damokidebuleba, magaliTad,
formulebi 3.11, 3.12 da 3.13.
* am masalas mxolod mogvianebiT (me-7 da me-11 TavebSi) gamoviyenebT, amitom Tqven maswavlebels SeuZlia am
qveTavis Seswavla im droisTvis gadados.
74 Tavi 3 veqtorebi
skalaruli namravli
da veqtorebis skalaruli namravli (sur.
3.19) iwereba rogorc · da ganisazRvreba Sem- φ
degnairad:
roca or veqtors Soris φ kuTxe aris 0°, erTi veqtoris komponenti meoris
gaswvrivaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, veqtorebis skalaruli namravli maqsim-
aluria. Tu φ = 90°, maSin erTi veqtoris komponenti meoris gaswvriv nulia da ska-
laruli namravli nulis tolia.
· = · .
rodesac ori veqtori warmodgenilia erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT, maTi skalaruli nam-
ravli daiwereba Semdegnairad:
· = ax bx + ay by + azbz (3.23)
3.8 veqtorebis gamravleba* 75
veqtoruli namravli
da veqtorebis veqtoruli namravli iwereba, rogorc
× da aris veqtori, romlis sidide:
c = ab sin φ , (3.27)
sadac φ aris da -s Soris umciresi kuTxe (mcire kuTxes imi-
tom viyenebT, rom sin φ da sin(360° – φ) algebruli niSniT gansx- φ
vavdeba).
(a)
Tu da paraleluria an antiparaleluria, maSin
× =0.
× -s absoluturi sidide, romelic asec Sei-
Zleba daiweros × , maqsimaluria, Tu da erTmaneTis φ
perpendikularulia.
× = – ( × ) (3.28)
frCxilebis gaxsna SegviZlia jufTebadobis kanonis mixedviT. es imas niSnavs, rom pirve-
li veqtoris TiToeuli komponenti veqtorulad unda gamravldes meore veqtoris TiToeul
komponentze. erTeuli veqtorebis veqtoruli namravlebi mocemulia E danarTSi (ix. `veq-
torebis namravlebi~). magaliTad, 3.29 formulis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
ax × bx = ax bx ( × ) = 0
ax × by = ax by ( × ) = ax by
= 3 ×(–2 ) + 3 ×3 + (–4 )×(–2 ) + (–4 )×3 . vaCvenebT, rom · = 0 da · = 0. es niS-
navs, rom veqtoris komponenti -s an -s
Semdeg TiToeul wevrs gamoviTvliT 3.27
mimarTulebis gaswvriv ar arsebobs.
formuliT da mimarTulebas vipoviT mar-
mimoxilva da Sejameba
skalarebi da veqtorebi. skalarebs, mag- toruli komponentebi, xolo ax, ay da az – ska-
aliTad temperaturas, mxolod ricxviTi laruli komponentebi.
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini ganisazRvreba ricx-
veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebiT. veq
viTi erTeuliT (10°C) da emorCileba Cveu-
torebis komponenturi formiT Sesakrebad,
lebrivi ariTmetikisa da algebris kanonebs.
viyenebT wesebs:
veqtorebs, magaliTad, gadaadgilebas,
ricxviTi mniSvnelobac aqvs da mimarTule- rx = ax + bx , ry = ay + by , rz = az + bz (3.11- 3.13)
bac (5 m, CrdiloeTiT). isini veqtoruli al- aq da Sesakrebi veqtorebia, xolo – veq-
gebris kanonebs emorCileba. torTa jami.
veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba. veqtorebi da fizikuri kanonebi. nebi-
da veqtorebis geometriulad Sesakrebad smieri fizikuri mdgomareoba, romelic
saWiroa isini ise davalagoT, rom erTis sa- veqtorebs Seexeba, SeiZleba gamoisaxos
Tave meoris bolos emTxveodes. pirveli veq- bevr SesaZlo koordinatTa sistemaSi. Cveu-
toris saTavisa da meore veqtoris bolos lebriv, virCevT umartives koordinatTa
damakavSirebeli veqtori aris am veqtor- sistemas. Tumca, veqtorul sidideebs So-
Ta jami. -s rom gamovakloT, amisTvis ris kavSiri da fizikuri kanonebi ar aris
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT SevabrunoT damokidebuli Cvens mier arCeul koordi-
– -s misaRebad. Semdeg – davumatoT -s. natTa sistemaze.
veqtorebis Sekreba emorCileba gadanacv-
lebadobisa da uRlebadobis kanonebs. skalaris namravli veqtorze. s ska-
larisa da veqtoris namravli axali veqto-
veqtoris komponentebi. nebismieri or- ria, romlis sididea sν. mimarTuleba emTx-
ganzomilebiani veqtoris ax da ay skalaru- veva -s, Tu s dadebiTia, da sawinaaRmdegoa,
li komponentebi koordinatTa RerZebis Tu s uaryofiTia. -s s-ze gasayofad -s vam-
gaswvriv moiZebneba veqtoris boloebidan ravlebT 1/s-ze.
koordinatTa RerZebze perpendikularebis
daSvebiT. komponentebi moicema formule- skalaruli namravli. da veqtorebis
biT: skalaruli namravli iwereba ase: · b da
ax = a cos θ da ay = a sin θ , (3.5) skalaruli sididea, romelic moicema for-
sadac θ aris kuTxe x RerZis dadebiT mimar- muliT:
Tulebasa da veqtoris mimarTulebas · = ab cos φ, (3.20)
Soris. komponentis algebruli niSani mis sadac φ aris kuTxe -sa da -s mimarTule-
mimarTulebas aCvenebs Sesabamisi RerZis bebs Soris. skalaruli namravli aris erTi
mimarT. komponentebis saSualebiT SesaZle- veqtoris sididisa da am veqtoris mimar-
belia veqtoris sididisa da mimarTulebis Tulebaze meore veqtoris skalaruli kom-
dadgena: ponentis namravli.
ay erTelovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
a = √ ax2 + ay2 da tg θ = a (3.6)
x
· = (ax +ay +az )·(bx +by +bz ) (3.22)
erTeulovan-veqtoruli Canaweri. er- SegviZlia am formulis gavrcoba uRleba-
Teulovani veqtorebis , da -s sidideebi dobis kanonis gamoyenebiT. aRsaniSnavia,
erTis tolia, xolo mimarTulia, Sesabam- rom · = · .
isad, marjvena koordinatTa sistemis x, y da
z RerZebis dadebiT mimarTulebas emTxveva. veqtoruli namravli. ori da veqto-
veqtoris Cawera erTeulovani veqtorebis ris veqtoruli namravli iwereba ase: ·
saSualebiT SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT: da aris veqtori, romlis sididea:
c = ab sin φ, (3.27)
= ax + ay + az (3.7)
sadac φ aris -sa da -s mimarTulebebs So-
sadac ax , ay da az aris veqtoris veq-
79
veqtorul CanawerSi
ris umciresi kuTxe. -s mimarTuleba da
veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia × = (ax + ay + az )×(bx + by + bz ) (3.29)
da ganisazRvreba marjvena xelis wesiT,
am gamosaxulebis gavrcobac SeiZleba uRle
rogorc naCvenebia 3.20 suraTze. daimaxs-
badobis kanonis gamoyenebiT.
ovre, rom × = –( × ). erTeulovan-
SekiTxvebi
1
= (8 m) + (6 m) , 2
= (6 m) , 3
= (8 m)
`aligatoris ormos~ koordinatebia (8 m, 6 m).
2
Tu gundis romelime wevri burTs am ormoSi x
Caagdebs an ormoze gadaatarebs, es moTamaSe
avtomaturad gadaecema floridis Statis
universitets – mTavar mters. gadaadgile- 1
sur. 3. 23. KkiTxva 6.
bebis ra mimdevroba unda gamoiyenos univer-
sitetis gundis wevrma, rom burTi ormoSi ar
Cauvardes? 7 3.24 suraTze naCvenebi RerZebis romeli
y ganlagebaa marjvena koordinatTa sistema?
rogorc wesi, RerZis simbolo mis dadebiT
mimarTulebas aRniSnavs.
ormo
z x
`aligatoris
ormos~
sur. 3.22
kiTxva 1. x x y
x
2 SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ori veqtoris si- y z z
y
dideebis jami am veqtorebis jamis sididis
(a) (b) (g)
toli iyos? Tu ara, maSin ratom? Tu ki, maSin
x z
rodis?
x
3 3.2 formulaSi vxedavT, rom da veq-
torebis Sekreba emorCileba gadanacvleba- z y y
dobis kanons. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom – =
– ? z x
y
4 gamosaxe da veqtorebi ise, rom
(d) (e) (v)
a) + = da a + b = c;
sur. 3. 24. KkiTxva 7.
b) + = – ;
y y θ
θ θ
θ
x x x
amocanebi
•1 ras udris xy sibrtyeze mdebare veq- (d = 12,5) manZilze aacures 20°-iT daxril
toris a) x komponenti da b) y komponenti, Tu ficarze (θ = 20°). a) sawyisi mdebareo-
misi mimarTulebaa 250° x RerZis dadebiTi bidan ra simaRleze aacures meqanizmi?
mimarTulebis mimarT, saaTis isris sawinaaR- b) horizontalurad ra manZilze gadaad
•4 3.27 suraTze y
••7 oTaxis zomebia 3 m (simaRle) × 3,70 m
gadaadgilebis veqtori
× 4,3 m. buzi frenas erTi kuTxidan iwyebs,
xy sibrtyeSi Zevs. misi
θ Semoifrens oTaxis garSemo da Cerdeba di-
sididea 15 m, kuTxe ki x
agonalurad mopirdapire kuTxeSi. a) risi
sur. 3. 27. KkiTxva 4.
81
tolia misi gadaadgilebis sidide? SeiZleba (30, 40), (bx , –70), (–20, cy), (–80,–70). oTxi gar-
Tu ara misi traeqtoriis sigrZe b) naklebi benis mTliani gadaadgilebis xy komponente-
iyos gadaadgilebis sidideze? g) meti iyos bia (–140, –20). risi tolia a) bx da b) cy? risi
gadaadgilebis sidideze? d) toli iyos tolia mTliani gadaadgilebis g) sidide da
gadaadgilebis sididisa? e) airCie Sesabamisi d) kuTxe (x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
koordinatTa sistema da gamosaxe gadaadg- mimarT)?
ilebis veqtoris komponentebi erTeulovan-
•14 gvaqvs ori veqtori, =(3m) +(4m) da b =
veqtoruli saxiT. v) Tu buzi frenis nacv-
(5 m) +(-2 m) . warmoadgine + b : a) erTeulo-
lad fexiT dadis, gamoTvale traeqtoriis
van-veqtoruli saxiT, ipove misi b) sidide da
umoklesi SesaZlebeli sigrZe (miniSneba: am
g) kuTxe ( -s mimarT). axla warmoadgine b –
kiTxvaze pasuxi gamoTvlis gareSe SeiZleba
d) erTeulovan veqtoruli saxiT da ipove
gaices. oTaxi yuTs hgavs. gaSale misi kedle-
misi e) sidide da v) kuTxe.
bi da sibrtyeze ganalage). SSM WWW.
qveTavi 3-5. veqtoris Sekreba kompo-
•15 mocemulia ori veqtori:
nentebiT = (4 m) – (3 m) +(1 m)
•8 adamiani fexiT midis mocemuli marSru da = (–1 m) +(1 m) +(4 m)
tiT: 3,1 km CrdiloeTiT, Semdeg 2,4 km dasav- erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT warmoadgine:
leTiT, bolos ki 5,2 km samxreTiT. a) aage a) + , b) – b da g) mesame veqtori, rom-
veqtorebi am moZraobisTvis. b) ra manZilze lisTvisac – + c = 0. SSM.
da g) ra mimarTulebiT gafrindeboda Citi
•16 Sen akeTeb oTx wrfiv moZraobas brtyel
wrfivad imave sawyisi wertilidan imave sab-
zedapirze. moZraobas iwyeb xy koordinatTa
oloo wertilamde.
sistemis aTvlis saTavidan da amTavreb wer-
•9 adamianma ganizraxa mivides 3,4 km-iT da- tilSi (–140m, 30m). moZraobebis x da y kompo-
Sorebul adgilze, romelic 35° Crdilo-aR- nentebia (metrebSi): 20 da 60, bx da –70, –20 da
mosavleTiT mdebareobs. amisTvis man unda cy , –60 da –70. risi tolia a) bx komponenti
gaiaros Crdilo-samxreTiT an aRmosavleT- da b) cy komponenti? gamoTvale mTliani
dasavleTiT mimarTuli quCebi. ra minimal- gadaadgilebis g) sidide da d) kuTxe (x Rer-
uri manZilis gavlis Semdeg miaRwevs is dan- Zis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT).
iSnulebis adgils? •17 , da veqtorebidan TiToeulis si-
•10 manqana gadis 50 km-s aRmosavleTiT, Sem- didea 50 m da TiToeuli xy sibrtyeSi Zevs. x
deg 30 km-s CrdiloeTiT, bolos ki 25 km-s 30° RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT maTi
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. aage veqtorebi da kuTxeebia, Sesabamisad, 30°, 195° da 215°. ga-
gansazRvre manqanis mTliani gadaadgilebis moTvale + + -s: a) sidide da b) kuTxe. ga-
a) sidide da b) kuTxe. moTvale – + -s: g) sidide da d) kuTxe.
•28 mocemulia ori veqtori: =3 +5 Tu = p + q , rogori iqneba z) p-s da T) q-s
da = 2 + 4 . moZebne a) × , b) · , mniSvnelobebi?
g) ( + ) · da d) -s komponenti -s gas- ••36 mimebis Sexvedrisas, pirveli mimis
wvriv (miniSneba: d)-sTvis ganixile formula gadaadgilebaa =(4m) +(5m) ,
1
xolo me-
3.20 da sur. 3.19). orisa – =(–3m) +(4m) . gamoTvale a)
2 1
× 2
,
•29 mocemulia sami veqtori: = 3 + 3 – 2 , b) 1
· 2
, g) ( 1
+ 2
)· 2
da d) 1
komponenti
= –1 – 4 + 2 da = 2 + 2 + 1 . moZebne 2
-is mimarTulebis gaswvriv. (miniSneba:
a) · ( × ), b) · ( b + ) da g) × ( + ). d)-sTvis ixile formula 3.20 da sur. 3.19).
gadaadgilebis sidide misi moZraobis da- Tumca, mezRvauri Cerdeba sawyisi wertili-
52 1
gadaadgileba Zevs yz sibrtyeze, φ
y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi 63°
kuTxiTaa daxrili, aqvs dadebiTi z komponen-
y
ti da 4,5 m sidide. 2
gadaadgileba Zevs xz
sibrtyeze, x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebi- θ
-sTvis da (v) 2 × 1-sTvis? rogori iqneba Casagdebad saWiro gadaadgilebis (a) sidide
2
veqtoruli namravlis sidide (z) (e)-Si da (T) da (b) mimarTuleba?
sididea 3 m. ras udris 5 veqtoris (a) sidide – 6 m Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 60°-iT. airCie
da (b) mimarTuleba? ras udris –2 veqtoris koordinatTa sistema, sadac y RerZi aCvenebs
(g) sidide da (d) mimarTuleba? CrdiloeTs, xolo x RerZi – aRmosavleTs.
risi tolia -is (a) x komponenti da (b) y
58 Tu 1
+ 2
= 5 3
, 1
– 2
= 3 3
da 3
=2 +4 1
komponenti? risi tolia 2
-is (g) x kompo-
maSin rogori iqneba (a) 1
da (b) 2
erTeulo-
nenti da d) y komponenti? risi tolia 3
-is
van veqtorul CanawerSi?
(e) x komponenti da (v) y komponenti? risi
59 gamoTvale mocemuli oTxi veqtoris tolia wertilis mTliani gadaadgilebis
jami a) erTeulovan veqtorul CanawerSi, (z) x komponenti, (T) y komponenti, (i) sidide
misi b) sidide da g) kuTxe. da (k) mimarTuleba? Tu wertili sawyis mde-
= (2 m) + (3 m) bareobaSi brundeba, maSin (l) ra manZili
: 4 m, +65° unda gaiaros da (m) ra mimarTulebiT unda
imoZraos?
= (–4 m) – (6 m)
65 veqtori yz sibrtyeze Zevs, y RerZis
: 5m, –235°
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi daxrilia 63°-iT,
60 x RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtori
aqvs dadebiTi z komponenti da 3,2 erTeulis
unda davumatoT 7.0 m sididis veqtors. toli sidide. veqtori Zevs xz sibrtyeze, x
jami gvaZlevs mesame veqtors, romelic mi-
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi 48° kuTx-
marTulia y RerZis gaswvriv da misi sidide
iTaa daxrili, aqvs dadebiTi z komponenti da
3-jer metia -s sidideze. rogori iqneba -s
1,4 erTeulis toli sidide. ipove (a) · ,
sidide?
(b) × da (g) kuTxe -s da -s Soris.
61 sami veqtori mocemulia metrebSi:
66 (a) erTeulovan-veqtorul Cana
1
=3 +3 +2 werSi rogori iqneba = – + , Tu
=–2 –4 +2
= 5 + 4 – 6 , = –2 + 2 + 3 da
2
71 moZebne a gverdis sigrZis kubSi diago- xazs Soris moqceuli samkuTxedis (sur. 3.38)
nalebis TiToeul wyvils Soris kuTxe. ixile farTobia 1 | × |.
2
amocana 25.
72 Tu – = 2 , + = 4 da = 3 + 4 , ma-
Sin risi tolia (a) da (b) ? φ
73 davuSvaT, mimarTulia aRmosavleTis
ken, – CrdiloeTisken, xolo – zeviT. risi sur. 3. 38. Kamocana 77.
78 aCvene, rom formula 3.29 gardaiqmneba
tolia namravlebis (a) ( · ) (b) (– ) · (– ) da
3.30-ad.
(g) · (– ) sidide? saiTaa mimarTuli namrav-
79 aCvene, rom formula 3.22 daiyvaneba
lebi (d) × , (e) (– ) · (– ) da (v) (– ) × (– )?
3.23-ze.
74 ganixileba 3 m da 4 m sididis ori gadaadg-
ileba. aCvene, rogor unda dajgufdes gada
4 organzomilebiani da
samganzomilebiani
moZraoba
88
4.2 mdebareoba da gadaadgileba 89
wertilTan akavSirebs. erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaw- y
erSi veqtori iqneba:
(2 m)
(-3m)
= x + y + z , (4 .1 ) (5 m) x
0
sadac x , y da z -is veqtoruli komponentebia,
xolo x, y da z koeficientebi – -is skalaruli kom-
ponentebi.
x, y da z koeficientebi gviCvenebs wertilis mde- z
bareobas koordinatTa RerZebis gaswvriv da aTvlis sur. 4.1 wertilis mdebareobis veq-
saTavis mimarT, anu wertils gaaCnia marTkuTxa koor- tori aris wertilis veqtoruli kom-
ponentebis jami.
dinatebi (x,y,z). magaliTad, 4.1 suraTze naCvenebia
wertili mdebareobis veqtoriT:
= (–3m) + (2m) + (5m)
da marTkuTxa koordinatebiT (-3m, 2m, 5m). x RerZis gaswvriv wertili 3 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan (– ) mimarTulebiT. y RerZis gaswvriv wertili 2 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan + mimarTulebiT. z RerZis gaswvriv wertili 5 metriTaa
daSorebuli aTvlis saTavidan + mimarTulebiT.
wertilis moZraobasTan erTad misi mdebareobis veqtori ise icvleba, rom am wer-
tils yovelTvis aTvlis saTavesTan akavSirebs. Tu mdebareobis veqtori drois garkveul
monakveTSi Seicvala 1
-dan 2
-ze, maSin wertilis D gadaadgileba drois am monakveTSi
iqneba:
D r = 2
– 1. (4.2)
D 1
= Dx + Dy + Dz . (4.4)
1
= (–3 m) + (2 m) + (5 m) , 0
x
xolo momdevno mdebareobis: 1
2
2
= (9 m) + (2 m) + (8 m) .
D
rogori iqneba wertilis D gadaadgileba
-dan -mde? z
1 2
sur. 4.2 D = 2
– 1 gadaadgilebis veqtori
1
veqtoris bolos aerTebs 2 veqtoris bo-
amoxsna: D gadaadgileba miiReba 2
sab- losTan.
90 Tavi 4 organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraoba
40 40
t = 0 wm
20 20
0 -41 0
x m xm
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
-20 5 wm
-20
-40
r
-40 10 wm
-60 -60 15 wm
25 wm
(a) 20 wm (b)
sur. 4.3 a) kurdRlis mdebareobis veqtori, rodesac t =15 wm. -is skalaruli komponentebi naCvenebia
RerZebis gaswvriv. b) kurdRlis traeqtoria da misi mdebareobebi t-s xuTi mniSvnelobisTvis.
4.3 saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare 91
da y = (0,22) (15)2 – (9,1) (15) +30 = – 57 -is komponentebis niSnebis Seswavlam
gvaCvena, rom sasurveli kuTxe meo-
maSasadame, rodesac t = 15 wm,
Txe meoTxedSia, maSasadame 139°–180° =
(t) = (66 m) – (57 m) , (pasuxi) – 41°).
rac gamosaxulia 4.3a suraTze. b) aage kurdRlis traeqtoriis grafi-
-is sididisa da daxrilobis gamo ki t = 0-dan t = 25 wm-mde.
saTvlelad gamoviyenoT veqtoruli amoxsna: t-s ramdenime mniSvnelobisT-
kalkulatori an 3.6 formulis Tanax- vis SegviZlia a) nawils davubrun-
mad davweroT: deT da avagoT grafiki. 3.4.b suraTze
r= = asaxulia grafiki t-s xuTi mniSvnelo-
= 87 m, (pasuxi) bisTvis. aseve SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
grafikuli kalkulatori da avagoT
y (–57 m) parametruli anu y-is x-ze damokideb-
da θ = tg–1 = tg–1 = – 41° (pasuxi)
x 66 m ulebis grafiki, romlis koordinatebi
(miuxedavad imisa, rom kuTxeebis 139° drois funqciebis saxiT mocemulia 4.5
da –41° tangensebi erTmaneTis tolia, da 4.6 formulebiT.
rodesac wertili moZraobs erTi adgilidan meorisken, SeiZleba misi siCqaris gageba
dagvWirdes. rogorc me-2 TavSi vTqviT, siCqares ori sidide asaxavs: saSualo siCqare da
myisi siCqare. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi es sidideebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc veqtorebi
da gamoviyenoT veqtoruli Canaweri.
Tu wertili D gadaadgilebas asrulebs Δt drois SualedSi, maSin misi saS saSualo
siCqarea:
gadaadgileba
saSualo siCqare =
drois Sualedi
D
anu saS = Δt (4.8)
es formula gvauwyebs, rom saS-s (veqtori 4.8 formulis marcxena mxares) mimar-
Tuleba unda daemTxves D -is mimarTulebas (veqtori formulis marjvena mxares). 4.4
formulis gamoyenebiT 4.8 formula SeiZleba ase davweroT:
saS =
Dx + Dy + Dz = Dx + Dy + Dz (4.9)
Δt Δt Δt Δt
D (12 m) + (3 m)
saS = Δt = = (6 m/wm) + (1,5 m/wm)
2 wm
anu saSualo siCqaris (veqtoruli sididis) komponentebia 6 m/wm x RerZis gaswvriv da
1,5 m/wm z RerZis gaswvriv.
Cveulebriv, rodesac wertilis siCqareze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT wertilis myis
siCqares garkveul momentSi. aris sidide, romelsac saS zRvrulad uaxlovdeba, rode-
sac Δt intervali 0-mde mcirdeba. SegviZlia davweroT warmoebulis saxiT:
92 Tavi 4 organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraoba
d
= . (4.10)
dt
dx dx dz
vx = , v = da vz = . (4.12)
dt y dt dt
sakontrolo wertili 2
suraTze naCvenebia wertilis moZ- y
raobis wriuli traeqtoria. Tu wertilis myisi siCqa-
rea = (2 m/wm) – (2 m/wm) , romel meoTxedSia wertili am
momentSi, Tu is wris garSemo moZraobs a) saaTis isris x
moZraobis mimarTulebiT da b) saaTis isris moZrao-
bis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? orive SemTxvevisTvis
grafikze gaavle veqtori.
dy d -130 o
vy = = (0,22t2 – 9,1t + 30)
dt dt
= 0,44t – 9,1. (4.14) sur. 4.6 kurdRlis siCqare, rodesac t = 15 wm. si
Cqaris veqtori kurdRlis mdebareobis mxebia am mo
rodesac t = 15 wm, vy = –2,5 m/wm. amis Semdeg
mentSi. aqve naCvenebia -s skalaruli komponentebi.
4.11 formula mogvcems:
– Δv
anu = 2 1
= (4.15)
saS
Δt Δt .
Tu Δt-s romelime momentisTvis 0-s mivuaxlovebT, maSin am momentSi saS zRvrulad
uaxlovdeba myis aCqarebas (an ubralod aCqarebas), anu
d
= . (4.16)
dt
d
= dt (vx +vy +vz )
dv dv dv
= dtx + dty + dtz
nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) vinaidan aCqareba vy = 4 m/wm + (2,3 m/wm2) (5 wm) = 15,5 m/wm.
Tanabaria, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT formu-
maSasadame, rodesac t = 5 wm, damrgvalebis
la 2.11 (v = v0 + at); 2) vinaidan formula
Semdeg
2.11 miesadageba mxolod wrfiv moZraobas,
is unda gamoviyenoT x da y RerZebisadmi = (–12 m/wm) + (16 m/wm) . (pasuxi)
0
= v0x + v0y (4.19)
0x
da 0y
komponentebis povna SesaZlebelia, Tu viciT θ0 kuTxe 0
-sa da x RerZis
dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris:
4.5 Wurvisebri moZraoba 97
v0x = v0 cos θ0 da v0y = v0 sin θ0 (4.20)
monakveTSi. is, rom erTi burTi vardnis dawyebamde horizontalurad moZraobs, ar ax-
dens gavlenas mis vertikalur moZraobaze, anu horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZrao-
bebi erTmaneTze ar aris damokidebuli.
horizontaluri moZraoba
rogorc 4.13 suraTze Cans, horizontaluri aCqarebis arqonis gamo Wurvis siCqaris vx
komponenti mTeli moZraobis manZilze ucvlelia da v0x sawyisi sididis tolia. nebismier
t momentSi Wurvis x – x0 horizontaluri gadaadgileba
sawyisi x0 mdebareobidan mocemulia formuliT 2.15.
vinaidan a = 0, amitom es formula SeiZleba daiweros
Semdegi saxiT:
x – x0 = v0x t
x – x0 = (v0 cosθ0)t (4.21)
vy = v0 sin θ0 – gt (4.23)
rogorc 4.10 suraTze da 4.23 formulaSi Cans, vertikaluri siCqaris komponenti ise icv-
leba, TiTqos burTi vertikalurad maRla aisroles. is mimarTulia maRla da misi sidide
nuls uaxlovdeba traeqtoriis umaRles wertilamde. amis Semdeg, vertikaluri siCqaris
komponenti mimarTulebas icvlis da misi sididec drois mixedviT izrdeba.
traeqtoriis gantoleba
gx2
y = (tg θ0)x – (traeqtoria) (4.25).
2(v0 cos θ0)2
y
cxrili 4.1
II ori burTis traeqtoria a
I
v0
traeqtoria I traeqtoria II
(haerSi) (vakuumSi)
horizontaluri areali
rogorc 4.10 suraTze naCvenebi, Wurvis R horizontaluri areali aris Wurvis mier
ganvlili manZili sawyis simaRleze dabrunebamde. R arealis sapovnelad, 4.21 formu-
laSi CavsvaT x – x0 = R, xolo 4.22-Si – y – y0 = 0. miviRebT:
2v02
R= sin θ0 cos θ0
g
haeris zemoqmedeba
aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom Wurvis moZraobaze haeri zemoqmedebas ar axdens. Tumca,
gamoTvlebsa da Wurvis realur moZraobas Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba sakmaod didi iyos,
vinaidan haeri moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, 4.14 suraTze naCvenebia burTis
frenis ori traeqtoria, rodesac burTi moZraobas iwyebs 60° kuTxiT da 44,7 m/wm sawyisi
siCqariT. traeqtoria I gamoTvlilia haerSi frenis realur pirobebTan miaxloebiT.
traeqtoria II ki burTis vakuumSi frenis traeqtoriaa.
rac mogvcems:
amoxsna: reni da misi motocikli sur. 4.17 a) asafreni da dasaSvebi tramplinebi. afrenis
Wurvia. Tu maT ganvixilavT, ro- sawyisi ;
0
b) afrenis siCqaris 0 (θ0 kuTxisas) x komponentia
gorc erT wertils, maSin SegviZlia v0 cos θ0, xolod y komponenti _ v0 sin θ0; g) daSvebis wer-
tili tramplinis SuagulSia.
gamoviyenoT Wurvis formulebi.
4.6 Wurvisebri moZraobis analizi 103
gadaxtoma. xy koordinatTa sistema dro. vinaidan horizontalur RerZze jer-
ise gavavloT, rom aTvlis saTave pirveli jerobiT verafers mivaRwieT, amitom ver-
tramplinis Zirs daemTxvas. renis koordi- tikalur RerZze gadavideT. 4.22 formula
natebi naxtomis dawyebisas (rodesac t = 0) v0-s akavSirebs y – y0 gadaadgilebasTan:
iqneba x0 = 0 da y0 = H = 3 m. θ0 gadaxtomis
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0)t – 12 gt2 (4.33)
kuTxe tramplinis θR daxrilobis toli
iqneba (sur. 4.17b): θ0 = θR = 12°. 1,5 m – 3 m = (v0 sin 12°)t – 12 (9,8 m/wm2)t2.
daSveba. 4.17g suraTze tramplinis sig-
kvlav dabrkolebas mivadeqiT, vinaidan t-s
rZe L marTkuTxa samkuTxedis hipotenu-
gareSe v0-s ver gavigebT. Tumca, rogorc
zas qmnis. reni tramplinis SuagulSi anu
vxedavT, 4.32 da 4.33 formulebSi ucnobTa
wverodan L/2 manZilze wertilSi daeSva.
erTi da igive wyvilia: v0 (sasurveli) da t
SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom daSvebis wertili
(arasasurveli). maSasadame formula 4.32-
mdebareobs tramplinis H simaRlisa da
is t-sTvis amoxsna SesaZlebelia:
d horizontaluri sigrZis SuagulSi, ma-
Sasadame, daSvebis wertilis vertikaluri x – x0
t=
v0 cos θ0
koordinatia
H 3m Semdeg CavsvaT es Sedegi 4.33 formu-
y= = = 1,5 m laSi da gamovricxoT t:
2 2
daSvebis wertilis x horizontaluri
koordinatis sapovnelad gamovTvaloT
y – y0 = (v0 sin θ0) ( x – x0
) (
v0 cos θ0
– 1g
2
x – x0
v0 cos θ0 ) 2
g(x – x0)2
dasaSvebi tramplinis horizontaluri sig- = (x – x0) tg θ0 – ,
2(v0 cos θ0)2
rZe:
H 3m sadac gamoviyeneT igiveoba: tg θ0 = (sinθ0)/
d= = = 14,11 m
tg θR tg 12° (cos θ0). CavsvaT cnobili monacemebi da mi-
Semdeg vipovoT horizontaluri koordi- viRebT:
nati:
1,5 m – 3 m = (84,1 m)(tg 12°)
d 14,11 m (9,8 m/wm2)(84,1 m)2
x = D + = 77 m + = 84,1 m –
2 2 2
2 v0 (cos 12°)2
v0 gadaxtomis siCqaris povna. x – x0 gadaadg-
anu v0 = 43,2 m/wm ≈ 156 km/sT (pasuxi)
ilebis da v0-is dasakavSireblad viyenebT
4.21 formulas: napiridan aseTi siswrafiT gadaxtoma al-
2πr
T= (periodi) (4.35)
v
T-s brunvis periodi an, ubralod, periodi ewodeba. esaa dro, romelic wertils
sWirdeba erTi sruli brunis gasakeTeblad.
sur. 4.19. p wertili wreze moZraobs saaTis isris sawinaaRmego mimarTulebiT. (a) misi mdebareoba da siC-
qare mocemul momentSi. (b) siCqare da misi komponentebi. (g) wertilis aCqareba da misi komponentebi.
= – p
vy
r ( ) ( )+
vxp
r
. (4.37)
d
= dt = –(v dyp
r dt ) ( +
v dxp
r dt ) . (4.38)
axla gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yp-s cvlilebis tempi dyp /dt siCqaris νy komponentis to-
lia. analogiurad, dxp /dt = νx . 4.19b suraTidan vxedavT, rom νx = –ν sin θ da νy = ν cos θ.
CavsvaT es yvelaferi 4.38 formulaSi da miviRebT:
= – ( v2
r
cos θ ) ( + –
v2
r
sin θ ) . (4.39)
ay –(v2/r) sin θ
tg φ = = = tg θ.
ax –(v2/r) cos θ
es formula ase ikiTxeba: `P-s siCqare A-s mimarT vPA tolia P-s siCqares B-s mimarT
vPB mimatebuli B-s siCqare A-s mimarT vBA ~. vBA aris B sistemis siCqare A-s mimarT (vinaidan
moZraoba erTi RerZis gaswvrivaa, SegviZlia siCqaris komponentebi am RerZis gaswvriv
gamoviyenoT 4.41 formulaSi da ugulebelvyoT veqtoris isrebi).
Cven mxolod im sistemebs ganvixilavT, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siC-
qariT moZraobs. am SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom barbara (sistema B) aleqsis (sistema A)
mimarT moZraobs vBA mudmivi siCqariT. asea Tu ise, P manqanas (moZravi wertili) SeuZlia
Secvalos siCqare da mimarTuleba (anu aCqardes).
barbarasa da aleqsis mimarT P-s aCqarebis dasakavSireblad, 4.41 formulaSi gavawar-
mooT dro:
d d d
dt (vPA) = dt (vPB) + dt (vBA).
vinaidan vBA mudmivia, amitom formulis bolo wevri nulis tolia da gveqneba:
(ν = ν0 + at), raTa aCqareba davakavSiroT P-s viciT P-s sawyisi siCqare barbaras mimarT
sawyis da saboloo siCqaresTan. P-s sawyisi (νPB = –130 km/sT). P-s saboloo siCqare bar-
siCqare aleqsis mimarT aris vPA = – 78 km/sT, baras mimarT aris –52km/sT (gaCerebuli
xolo saboloo siCqarea 0. maSasadame, 2.11 manqanis siCqare moZravi barbaras mimarT).
formula gvaZlevs: maSasadame, kvlav 2.11 formulis Tanaxmad:
amoxsna: barbaras mimarT P-s aCqarebis erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siCqariT moZ-
gamosaTvlelad unda gamoviyenoT barbaras raoben, amitom maT mimarT manqanis aCqa-
= + . (4.43)
y = + . (4.44)
P
y am tolobis gawarmoebiT ki erTmaneTs
davukavSirebT damkvirveblebis mimarT P
wertilis da aCqarebas. Tumca, vinaidan
mudmivia, amitom misi warmoebuli drois
mimarT nulis tolia. maSasadame, miviRebT:
x
aTvlis sistema AB = (4.45)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
aq x , y da z veqtoris veqtoruli kompo- sadac ax = dνx /dt, ay = dνy /dt da az = dνz /dt.
SekiTxvebi
1 4.23 suraTze naCvenebia wertilis i sawy- zedapirs ar ecema. daalage mdgomareobebi
isi da f saboloo mdebareobebi. rogori Wurvebis saboloo siCqareebis klebadobis
iqneba wertilis (a) sawyisi mdebareobis mixedviT.
veqtori i
da (b) saboloo mdebareobis veq-
tori f
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
(g) D gadaadgilebis x komponenti?
y
3m
2m i (a) (b) (g)
1m sur. 4.25. SekiTxva 4.
x
4m
4m
5 vapirebT miwidan raketis gasrolas erT-
5m
erTi mocemuli sawyisi siCqaris veqtoriT:
3m f
(1) 0
= 20 + 70 , (2) 0
= –20 + 70 ,
3m
raobs 10 m/wm siCqariT. 30-wamian SualedSi desac A wertili y RerZs Cauvlis, B wer-
rogori iqneba velosipedistis gadaadg- tili aTvlis saTavidan moZraobas iwyebs
ilebis (a) sidide da (b) mimarTuleba? ro- nulovani sawyisi siCqariT da = 0,4 m/
gori iqneba saSualo siCqaris (g) sidide da wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT. -sa da y RerZis
(d) mimarTuleba? rogori iqneba saSualo dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris ra θ kuTxe
aCqarebis (e) sidide da (v) mimarTuleba?
y
••11 xy sibrtyeze moZravi wertilis
mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT: =
(2t – 5t) + (6 – 7t ) ,
3 4
izomeba metrebSi, A
xolo t – wamebSi. erTeulovan-veqtorul
CanawerSi, gamoTvale (a) , (b) da (g) , θ
rodesac t = 2 wm. (d) rogori iqneba kuTxe x
RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasa da wertilis
traeqtoriis mxebs Soris, rodesac t = 2 wm? B x
sur. 4.32 amocana 16.
••12 zomieri qari xy horizontalur sibr-
tyeze moZrav kenWs = (5 m/wm2) + (7 m/wm2) gamoiwvevs Sejaxebas?
Tanabar aCqarebas aniWebs. rodesac t = 0, qveTavi 4-6. Wurvisebri moZraoba
kenWis siCqarea (4 m/wm) . ras udris ken-
• 17 brtyeli zedapiridan 45 m simaRleze
Wis siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) kuTxe, ro
mdebare Tofidan tyvia horizontalurad
desac is gadaadgildeba 12 m-iT x RerZis
isroles 250 m/wm siCqariT. (a) ra drois
paralelurad?
ganmavlobaSi iqneba tyvia haerSi? (b) gasr-
••13 urika xy horizontalur sibrtyeze
olis adgilidan horizontalurad ra man-
moZraobs ax = 4 m/wm da ay = –2 m/wm2 aCqare-
Zilze daecema tyvia miwaze? (g) ras udris
bis komponentebiT. misi sawyisi siCqaris
tyviis siCqaris vertikaluri komponenti
komponentebia v0x = 8 m/wm da v0y = 12 m/wm.
miwaze dacemis dros?
rogori iqneba urikis siCqare erTeulovan-
veqtorul CanawerSi, rodesac is udides y
•18 1991 wels tokioSi, mZleosanTa msof
davardnis adgilamde d = 700 m-ia. (a) ram- 5 wamis Semdeg Wurvi miwaze daeca. (a) risi
den xans imyofeba satyuara haerSi? (b) ra tolia TviTmfrinavis siCqare? (b) horizon-
talurad ra manZils gaivlis Wurvi frenis
dros? rogori iqneba Wurvis siCqaris (g)
θ
horizontaluri da (d) vertikaluri kom-
ponentebi miwaze dacemis dros? SSM
••29 Wurvis sawyisi siCqare xuTjer me- roles. 1,5 wm-is Semdeg burTi miwaze dae-
tia, vidre misi siCqare maqsimalur simaR- ca, Senobidan d = 25 m manZilze da hori-
leze. ipove srolis θ0 kuTxe. zontidan θ = 60° kuTxiT. (a) gamoTvale h
••30 burTi kedlisken isroles 25 m/wm (miniSneba: erTi gzaa moZraobis ukan `gad-
axveva~, rogorc videofirze). risi tolia
siCqariT da horizontidan θ0 = 40° kuTxiT
burTis srolis siCqaris (b) sidide da (g)
(sur. 4.35). burTis srolis wertilidan
kuTxe horizontalis mimarT? (d) kuTxe
kedlamde manZilia d = 22 m. (a) srolis wer-
horizontis qveviT aris Tu zeviT?
tilidan ra simaRleze daejaxeba burTi
kedels? rogori iqneba kedelze moxvedris •• 34 golfis burTi miwaze ecema. misi
dros misi siCqaris (b) horizontaluri da siCqaris droze damokidebulebis grafi-
(g) vertikaluri komponentebi? (d) kedelze ki naCvenebia 4.37 suraTze. t = 0 momentSi
dajaxebis momentSi gavlili eqneba Tu ara burTi miwaze ecema. (a) horizontalurad
burTs traeqtoriis umaRlesi wertili? ra manZils gaivlis burTi miwaze dace-
mamde? (b) miwidan ra maqsimalur simaRles
miaRwevs burTi?
31
29
θ0
ν (m/wm) 27
25
d
23
21
sur. 4.35 amocana 30.
19
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (wm)
••31 SaSxana, romelic tyviebs 460 m/wm siC-
qariT isvris, 45,7 m-iT daSorebul samiznes sur. 4.37 amocana 34.
rad awvdis 161 km/sT siCqariT. momgerie- xolo simaRle d2 = 3,60 m. (a) burTi aRmar-
Tis Tavze daecema Tu aRmarTze? rodesac
beli misgan 18,3 m manZilzea. a) ra dro
daecema, rogori iqneba srolis wertili-
dasWirdeba burTs manZilis pirveli nax-
dan gadaadgilebis (b) sidide da (g) kuTxe?
evris gasavlelad? b) meore naxevris gas-
avlelad? g) rogoria burTis Tavisufali
vardnis manZili frenis pirvel naxevarSi?
burTi 0 d2
d) meore naxevarSi? e) ratom aris erTma-
neTis toli g) da d) sidideebi? d1
••33 4.36 suraTze h simaRlis saxuravis sur. 4.38 amocana 35.
marcxena napiridan burTi marcxniv gais-
••36 4.39 suraTze burTi h = 20 m simaRlis
saxuravze aisroles. 4 wamSi burTi saxur-
h
avze daeca. dacemamde burTsa da saxuravs
θ
Soris kuTxe iyo θ = 60°. (a) moZebne burTis
mier ganvlili horizontaluri d manZili
d
sur. 4.36 amocana 33. (ixile 33-e amocanis miniSneba). rogori
117
iqneba burTis sawyisi siCqaris (b) sidide siCqariT unda isrolon. 4.41 suraTze
da (g) kuTxe (horizontis mimarT)? naCvenebia R areali dartymis θ0 kuTxes-
Tan SedarebiT. θ0-is sidide burTis frenis
dros gansazRvravs. tmax iyos frenis maqsi-
θ
maluri dro. risi tolia burTis umciresi
siCqare frenis dros, Tu θ0 isea SerCeuli,
h
rom frenis dro 0,5 tmax-is tolia?
200
d
sur. 4.39 amocana 36.
R (m)
100
••37 momgeriebeli Camowodebul
burTs maSin urtyams, rodesac bur-
Tis centri miwidan 1,22 m simaRlezea. θ0
burTi miwidan 45° kuTxiT mifrinavs. sur. 4.41. amocana 40.
am dartymis Sedegad, burTis horizon-
taluri areali (dartymis simaRleze •••41 burTi 1,52 m/wm siCqariT horizon-
dabrunebisas) 107 m-ia. (a) gadalaxavs talurad migoravs kibis napirisken. safex-
Tu ara burTi 7,32 m simaRlis kedels, urebis simaRle da sigane 20,3 sm-ia. romel
romelic dartymis adgilidan 97,5 m-is safexurs daecema pirvelad burTi? SSM
moSorebiTaa? (b) rogori iqneba ked- •••42 gasrolidan 2 wamis Semdeg Wurvis
lis zeda nawilsa da burTis centrs horizontaluri gadaadgilebaa 40 m, xolo
Soris manZili, rodesac burTi kedels vertikaluri – 53 m. risi tolia Wurvis
miuaxlovdeba? SSM WWW sawyisi siCqaris (a) horizontaluri da (b)
•••38 burTi miwis donidan unda is- vertikaluri komponentebi? (g) miwidan
rolon x m-iT daSorebuli kedlisken maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevis momentSi
(sur. 4.40a). 4.40b suraTze naCvenebia horizontalurad ra manZilze gadaadgil-
burTis kedelze moxvedris νy siCqa- da Wurvi gasrolis wertilidan?
ris y komponenti, rogorc x manZilis •••43 4.42 suraTze beisbolis burTs
funqcia. ras udris dartymis kuTxe? daartyes h = 1 m simaRlidan da Semdeg imave
5 simaRleze daiWires. burTi mifrinavs ked-
y lis gaswvriv. dartymidan 1 wamis Semdeg
νy (m/wm)
•• 57 saeWvo garegnobis kaci moZravi bi- ••62 TviTmfrinavma 15 wuTi ifrina 42 km/
likis erTi bolodan meorisken garbis 2,5 sT siCqaris qarSi, romelic aRmosavleTidan
wm-is ganmavlobaSi. usafrTxoebis agentis 20°-iT samxreTiT uberavs. amJamad TviTm-
gamoCenis Semdeg kaci isev sawyisi werti- frinavi qalaqis Tavzea, sawyisi wertili-
lisken mirbis 10 wm-is ganmavlobaSi. risi dan CrdiloeTiT 55 km manZilze. risi to-
tolia kacis siCqaris Sefardeba bilikis lia TviTmfrinavis siCqare haeris mimarT?
siCqaresTan? ••63 matarebeli wvimaSi moZraobs 30 m/wm
qveTavi 4-9. organzomilebiani far- (miwis mimarT) siCqariT samxreTisken. wvima
dobiTi moZraoba qars samxreTisken miaqvs. TiToeuli wvi-
mis wveTis traeqtoria vertikalidan 70°
•58 ragbis moTamaSe burTTan erTad mowi-
kuTxiTaa daxrili miwaze mdgomi uZravi
naaRmdegisken mirbis x RerZis dadebiTi
damkvirveblis mimarT. matarebelze myofi
mimarTulebiT. moTamaSes TanagundelisT-
damkvirveblisTvis wvimis wveTebi verti-
vis burTis gadawodeba manamde SeuZlia,
kalurad ecema. gansazRvre miwis mimarT
sanam mindvris mimarT burTis siCqares
wvimis wveTebis siCqare. SSM
dadebiTi x komponenti ara aqvs. davuSvaT,
moTamaSe garbis 4 m/wm siCqariT mindvris ••64 4.43 suraTze mocemul zedxedze P
mimarT da burTs Tanagundels awvdis sa- da B jipi moZraobs wrfivad brtyel zeda-
kuTari Tavis mimarT siCqariT. Tu -s pirze da Cauvlian uZrav A mesazRvres.
sididea 6 m/wm, rogori iqneba pasis umci- mesazRvris mimarT B-s siCqarea 20 m/wm,
resi kuTxe wesebis darRvevis gareSe? xolo kuTxe θ2 = 30°. mesazRvris mimarT P-
s Tanabari aCqarebaa 0,4 m/wm2, xolo kuTxe
•59 Tovlis fifqebi miwaze ecema 8 m/wm
Tanabari siCqariT. vertikalidan ra kuTx-
θ1 = 60°. garkveul momentSi P-s siCqarea
rogorc t drois funqcia, sadac roca t = 0, mavlobaSi. am momentSi (a) ra manZilze xar
xomaldebi imyofebian zemoT aRweril mde- sawyisi wertilidan? (b) moZraobis sawyisi
bareobebze. (g) ra droSia xomaldebs So- mimarTulebisadmi ra mimarTulebiT xar?
ris daSoreba umciresi? (d) risi tolia 68 sikvdilis farda. liTonis didi aster-
umciresi daSoreba? oidi dedamiwaze ecema da miwaSi uzarma-
Crd
zar kraters amoTxris. dacemis wertili-
P aRm
dan caSi didi siCqariT da did manZilze
••• 66 200 m siganis mdinare 1,1 m/wm siCqa- ejaxeba t = 0 momentSi da x = 0 wertilSi
riT aRmosavleTisken miedineba junglebis (sur. 4.44). (a) rodesac t = 20 wm, rogori
gavliT. tyidan patara mindorze gamosul iqneba Seni mimarTulebiT gamosrolili
mkvlevars unda mdinaris samxreT napiri- qvebis (A-dan E-mde) x da y koordinatebi?
dan kateriT gadavides meore napirze. kat- (b) aRniSne es wertilebi da maTze mrudi
eri mdinaris mimarT 4 m/wm Tanabari siC- gaavle, romelSic Sesuli iqneba sxva siC-
meore mindori, romelic samxreT napiris grafikma unda mogces warmodgena, ras
dainaxav, rodesac qvebi mogiaxlovdeba, da
mindvris mopirdapire wertilidan 82 km-
ras xedavdnen dinozavrebi, rodesac uxs-
iT aris daSorebuli dinebis sawiaaRmdego
ovar dros asteroidi dedamiwas Seejaxa.
mimarTulebiT. (a) ra mimarTulebiT unda
waiyvanos kateri mkvlevarma, raTa pirda- qvebi siCqare (m/wm) kuTxe (gradusi)
pir CrdiloeT napiris mindors miadges? A 520 14
(b) ra dro dasWirdeba katers mdinaris B 630 16
gadasakveTad da mindvramde misasvlelad? C 750 18
0 x (m)
c
25 50
A C
-25
0
burTi
B
-50
sur. 4.47 amocana 71. sur. 4.49 amocana 74.
122 Tavi 4 organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraoba
Tis siCqare (g) miwis mimarT da (d) kabinis romliTac Wurvi mizans moxvdeba?
mimarT? 78 mdebareobis veqtori = 5t + (et + ft2)
75 4.50a suraTze ciga Tanabrad moZraobs wertilis mdebareobas gansazRvravs, ro
x-is uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da vs siCqa- gorc t drois funqcias. veqtori izomeba
riT. am dros cigidan Tovlis gunda is- metrebSi, xolo t – wamebSi. e da f koefici-
roles cigis mimarT 0
= v0x + v0y siCqa- entebi mudmivebia. 4.52 suraTze naCvenebia
riT. rodesac gunda miwaze ecema, misi wertilis moZra
40o
gadaadgileba Δxmiwa izomeba miwis mimarT obis mimarTule
(srolis adgilidan davardnis adgilamde). bis θ kuTxe, ro-
4.50 b suraTze Δxmiwa mocemulia, rogorc vs- gorc drois
is funqcia. davuSvaT, gunda daaxloebiT funqcia (θ izo
θ
srolis simaRleze daeca. risi tolia (a) meba x RerZis 0o
10 20
akeTebs, maSin (a) risi tolia varskvlavis 490 m gaxda. rogori iqneba am drois ganma-
ekvatorze mdebare wertilis siCqare da (b) vlobaSi TviTmfrinavis gadaadgilebis (a)
risi tolia wertilis centriskenuli aCqa- sidide da (b) mimarTuleba?
rebis sidide? (g) Tu neitronis varskvlavi TviTmfrinavi
ufro swrafad brunavs, (a)-s da (b)-s pa-
suxebi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba? Δθ
d2 d1
83 t = 0 momentSi qva miwidan isroles 16 m/wm
sawyisi siCqariT da θ0 kuTxiT. warmoidgine das θ1 aRm
M
mexs 30 m-iT maRla ganvalagebT?
vM bareobis veqtori – = –2 + 6 + 2 .
dM
(a) rogori iqneba protonis gadaadgilebis
P
vP
veqtori? (b) romeli sibrtyis parale-
x luria es veqtori?
torul CanawerSi? (b) risi tolia wamis srialis Semdeg kurdRlis a) siCqare
saS-s si-
dide da (g) da x RerZis dadebiT da b) mdebareoba erTeulovan-veqtorul
saS-sa
mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe? CanawerSi?
sidide da (b) kuTxe? (g) horizontidan trasis Tavze imyofeba. miwaze myofi dam-
maRlaa Tu dablaa es kuTxe? risi to- kvirvebeli pilots gadascems, rom uber-
lia srolidan 5 wamis Semdeg siCqaris (d) avs 70 mili/sT siCqaris qari, magram qaris
sidide da (e) mimarTuleba? (v) horizonti- mimarTulebas ar eubneba. piloti amCnevs,
dan maRlaa Tu dablaa kuTxe? rom, qaris miuxedavad, TviTmfrinavs 1 saa-
106 softbolis momwodebeli burTs mi- Tis ganmavlobaSi trasis Tavze 135 milis
widan 3.0 futis simaRlidan isvris. bur- gavla SeuZlia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mi-
Tis mdebareobis stroboskopuli grafiki wis mimarT siCqare qaris drosac igivea. (a)
mocemulia 4.57 suraTze. monacemebi asaxu- ra mimarTulebiT uberavs qari? (b) saiTken
lia 0,25 wamis intervalSi, xolo burTi aris TviTmfrinavi mimarTuli?
gaisroles t = 0 momentSi. (a) risi tolia 110 qalTa frenburTSi bade miwidan
burTis sawyisi siCqare? (b) risi tolia 2,24 m-is imaRlezea, xolo moednis zomebia
burTis siCqare miwis donidan maqsimaluri 9 m×9 m badis TiToeul mxares. Cawodebisas
simaRlis miRwevisas? (g) risi tolia maqsi- moTamaSe burTs artyams miwidan 3 m simaR-
maluri simaRle? leze da badidan horizontalurad 8 m-is
10 daSorebiT. Tu burTis sawyisi siCqare
horizontaluria, maSin (a) ra minimaluri
siCqare unda hqondes burTs, rom bades
y (futi)
5
gadaafrindes? (b) ra maqsimaluri siCqare
unda hqondes burTs, rom moednis meore
naxevris ukana xazs ar gascdes?
0 10 20 30 40
x (futi)
111 4.58 suraTze B
naCvenebia xy koor- y
sur. 4.57 amocana 106.
dinatTa sistemaSi
moZravi wertilis
107 aeroportis grZel derefanSi mgza-
wrfivi traeqto- A
vrebis gadasayvanad eskalatori muSaobs.
ria. wertili uZra- x
lari eskalatoris gamoyenebis nacvlad
vi mdgomareobidan sur. 4.58 amocana 111.
derefans 150 wm-Si fexiT gadis. karli,
Cqardeba Δt1 drois
romelic eskalatorze dgas, imave manZils
SualedSi. aCqareba Tanabaria. A wertilis
70 wamSi gadis. mo eskalatorze dgas da
koordinatebia (4 m, 6 m), xolo B wertilisa
Tan fexiTac midis. ra dro dasWirdeba mos
– (12 m, 18 m). (a) risi tolia aCqarebis kom-
derefnis gasavlelad? dauSvi, rom lari
ponentebis Sefardeba ay /ax? (b) risi to-
da mo erTi da imave siCqariT dadian.
lia wertilis koordinatebi, Tu moZraoba
108 fexburTelma burTs ise daartya, rom
grZeldeba kidev erT Δt1 drois SualedSi?
burTma haerSi 4,5 wami ifrina da 46 m-is
moSorebiT daeca. Tu burTi fexburTelis 112 sateliti dedamiwis zedapiridan 640 km
fexs miwidan 150 sm-is simaRleze mowyda, simaRleze wriul orbitaze moZraobs 98.0-
risi toli unda iyos burTis sawyisi siC- wuTiani periodiT. risi tolia satelitis
122 beisbolis moTamaSes surs burTi 124 blad? (g) imave grafikze, aRniSne matare-
futiT daSorebul pirvel bazas miawvdi- blisa da manqanis mdebareobebis cvlileba
nos. misi saukeTeso srolis siCqarea 85 drois mixedviT.
mili/sT. (a) Tu moTamaSe burTs miwidan 124 sawyisi wertilidan wylis velo-
3 futis simaRlidan horizontalurad is- sipediT tbaSi micurav. Tavdapirvelad,
vris, pirveli bazidan ra manZilze daecema moZraob 30° Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.
burTi miwaze? (b) igive sawyisi simaRlidan 1. gazarde siCqare 0,4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT 6
ra kuTxiT unda isrolos moTamaSem bur- wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
Ti, raTa sxva moTamaSem is miwidan 3 fut 2. am siCqariT imoZrave 8 wamis ganmavloba-
simaRleze daiWiros? (g) rogori iqneba Si.
frenis dro am SemTxvevaSi? 3. Semdeg 0,4 m/wm2-iT Seneldi 6 wamis gan-
123 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yovel- mavlobaSi.
wliurad avtomobilisa da matareblis Se-
amis Semdeg miemarTebi dasavleTisken. Sem-
jaxebis 4000 SemTxveva xdeba. umetesoba
deg ki:
maSin xdeba, rodesac avtomobilis mZRoli
4. gazarde siCqare 0,4 m/wm2 aCqarebiT 5
SeniSnavs momaval matarebels da cdilobs,
wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
liandagze matareblis mosvlamde gadaiar-
os (sakmaod suleluri gadawyvetilebaa).
5. am siCqariT imoZrave 10 wamis ganmav-
lobaSi.
ganvixiloTY Semdegi situacia: am 4000-dan
erT-erTi mZRoli trasis perpendikularu-
6. Semdeg 0,4 m/wm2-iT Seneldi gaCere-
bamde.
lad momaval matarebels SeniSnavs da
fiqrobs, rom matareblis siCqare misi man- sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi, risi tolia sa-
qanis siCqaris tolia da 30 m/wm-s udris. Sualo siCqare wertilidan mTeli moZ-
matarebelic da manqanac gadakveTis adgils raobis ganmavlobaSi?
uaxlovdebian (sur. 4.60). manqanis mZRoli 125 garkveul momentSi Citebis sabanaos
gadawyvets, rom, Tu manqanas 1,5 m/wm2-iT mimarT peplis mdebareobis veqtoria =
aaCqarebs, maSin pirveli gadakveTs lian- (2 m) + (3 m) + (1 m) . 40 wamis Semdeg pep-
dags. gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentSi elas mdebareobis veqtoria = (3 m) + (1 m)
manqanisa da matareblis daSoreba gadakve- + (2 m) . gamoTvale (Tu es SesaZlebelia)
Tis adgilamde 40 m-ia. manqanis sigrZea 5 m, (a) gadaadgileba erTeulovan-veqtorul
xolo matareblis sigane _ 3 m. (a) moxdeba CanawerSi, (b) gadaadgilebis sidide, (g)
Tu ara Sejaxeba? (b) Tu ara, ra droiT saSualo siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul
gaaswrebs manqana matarebels? Tu ki, ra CanawerSi, (d) 40 wamis ganmavlobaSi peplis
droa saWiro Sejaxebis Tavidan asacile- frenis saSualo manZili.
126 t = 0 momentSi kldidan burTi isroles.
burTis sawyisi siCqarea 15 m/wm, xolo kuTxe
horizonts qvemoT 20°. rodesac t = 2,3 wm,
matarebeli
risi tolia burTis (a) horizontaluri da
(b) vertikaluri gadaadgileba?
127 beisbolis burTs miwidan daartyes.
burTma maqsimalur simaRles dartymidan
3 wamis Semdeg miaRwia. 2,5 wamis Semdeg
burTi dartymis adgilidan 97,5 m manZilze
manqana
aRmarTul kedels gadaafrinda. davuSvaT,
miwis zedapiri brtyelia. (a) miwidan ra
sur. 4.60 amocana 123. maqsimalur simaRles miaRwia burTma? (b)
129
ra simaRlisaa barieri? (g) barieridan ra
manZilze daecema burTi miwas?
128 vivaraudoT, rom kosmosuri sakvlevi
raketa 20 g aCqarebas uZlebs. (a) rogori
iqneba Semobrunebis minimaluri radiusi
aseTi raketisTvis, Tu is sinaTlis siC-
qaris erTi meaTediT moZraobs? (b) aseTi
siCqariT moZraobisas ra dro dasWirdeba
raketas 90°-iT SemobrunebisTvis?
sur. 4.61 amocana 132.
129 manqana 12 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT wri-
ulad moZraobs. garkveul momentSi manqa-
nis aCqarebaa 3 m/wm2 aRmosavleTisken. ro- Caagdos? horizontaluri manZilebia d1 = 1
gori iqneba am momentSi manqanis daSoreba futi da d2 = 14 futi, xolo simaRleebia
da mimarTuleba wrewiris centridan, Tu h1 = 7 futi da h2 = 10 futi.
manqana moZraobs (a) saaTis isris moZrao- 133 vertmfreni brtyeli zedapiridan 9,5 m-
bis mimarTulebiT da (b) saaTis isris moZ- is simaRleze wrfivad mifrinavs 6,2 m/wm
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? siCqariT. iqidan agdeben pakets vertmfre-
130 golfis moTamaSe burTebs 20 m daSo- nis mimarT 12 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT da misi
rebis vertikalur kedels esvris da cdi- moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. (a)
lobs kedelze daxatul 30 sm diametris moZebne paketis sawyisi siCqare dedamiwis
wiTel rgolSi moaxvedros. samiznis cen- mimarT. (b) rogori iqneba horizontaluri
tri miwidan daaxloebiT 1.2 m simaRlezea. manZili vertmfrensa da pakets Soris, rode-
erTi cdisas, burTi moZraobs 15 m/wm sac paketi miwaze daecema? (g) rogori kuTxe
sawyisi siCqariT, horizontis mimarT 35° iqneba paketis siCqaris veqtorsa da dedami-
kuTxiT da kedels rgolis centrze gama- was Soris, rodesac paketi miwaze daecema?
val vertikalur xazze xvdeba. (a) ra dro 134 kinofilmebSi msaxiobebi haerSi var-
dasWirdeba burTs kedelTan misaRwevad? debian afeTqebis, motocikliT Sejaxebis,
(b) moxvdeba Tu ara burTi wiTel rgols tornados da bevri sxva ramis gamo. sinamd-
(gansazRvre rgolis centramde manZili)? vileSi, msaxiobebs haerSi agdebs sahaero
(g) risi tolia burTis siCqare kedelze tramplini, romelic Sedgeba liTonis daf-
moxvedrisas? (d) gaiara Tu ara burTma isa da SekumSuli haeris pnevaturi cilin-
traeqtoriis umaRlesi wertili kedelze drebisgan. rodesac msaxiobi dafas Seexeba,
moxvedramde? eleqtroCamrTveli irTveba, haeri awveba
131 Wurvis areali ara mxolod v0-sa da θ0-zea mxars, romelic dafas zeviT aagdebs. g-
damokidebuli, aramed Tavisufali vardnis ebSi moZebne msaxiobis saSualo aCqareba
aCqarebis g sididezec, romelic adgilm- Semdeg situaciebSi: a) aCqareba grZeldeba
debareobasTan erTad icvleba. 1936 wels 0,25 wamis ganmavlobaSi, msaxiobi isroles
berlinis olimpiur TamaSebze, sadac g = patara rkalze horizontidan 30° kuTx-
9,8128 m/wm2, jesi ouensma sigrZeze xtomis iT, xolo misi arealia 4 m. b) aCqareba
msoflio rekordi daamyara – 8,09 m v0-is da grZeldeba 0,29 wamis ganmavlobaSi, msax-
θ-is imave sidideebis pirobebSi, ramdenad iobi isroles did rkalze horizontidan
gansxvavebuli iqneboda ouensis rekordi 45° kuTxiT, xolod misi arealia 12 m.
1956 wels, melburnSi, sadac g=9,7999 m/wm2? 135 bostonis stadionze beisbolis burTi
132 ra sawyisi siCqariT unda tyorcnos `saxlidan~ 0,762 m simaRlidan isroles.
4.61 suraTze kalaTburTelma burTi hori- burTis sawyisi siCqarea 33,53 m/wm da is
zontisadmi θ0 = 55o kuTxiT, raTa kalaTSi horizonts zemoT 55° kuTxiTaa mimarTuli.
130 Tavi 4 organzomilebiani da samganzomilebiani moZraoba
dartymidan 5 wamis Semdeg burTi unda ga- SaSxanidan. tyviam manqanis gverdebSi gai-
dascdes 11,28m simaRlis Soreul kedels. ara da, rogorc manqanidan moCans, Sesvlis
(a) gamoTvale manZili `saxlsa~ da kedels da gasvlis xvrelebi zustad erTmaneTis
Soris. (b) vertikaluri manZili, romliTac mopirdapirea. liandagis mimarT ra mimar-
burTi kedels gadaaxteba. `saxlis~ mimarT TulebiT isroles tyvia? davuSvaT, manqa-
burTis (g) horizontaluri da (d) verti- naSi Sevardnis Semdeg tyviam mimarTuleba
kaluri gadaadgilebebi kedelze gadaxto- ar Seicvala da misi siCqare Semcirda 20%-
mamde 0,5 wamiT adre. iT. davuSvaT, ν1 = 85 km/sT da ν2 = 650 m/wm.
136 xis satvirTo vagoni swor liandagze (ratom ar aris saWiro satvirTo vagonis
moZraobs ν1 siCqariT. am dros snaiperi mas siganis codna?)
tyvias esvris (ν2 siCqariT) didi simZlavris
Zala da moZraoba 5
aviamzididan afrenisas mZlavri ZravebiT aRWurvil reaqtiul
TviTmfrinavs aviamzidis gembanze damontaJebuli sasroli meqanizmi
win ubiZgebs. amis Sedegad miRebuli didi aGqarebis gamo TviTmfrinavi
afrenisTvis saWiro siGqares mokle droSi aRwevs. samagierod, gembanidan
afrenis dros aseTi aGqareba pilots ubiZgebs, TviTmfrinavis cxviri
mkveTrad qveviT daxaros. pilotebs am impulsis ugulebelyofas aswavlian,
magram zogjer TviTmfrinavi mainc pirdapir okeaneSi vardeba.
131
132 Tavi 5 Zala da moZraoba
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, roca sxeuli uZravia, is uZravad rCeba, xolo roca moZraobs,
moZraobas imave siCqariT ganagrZobs (imave sididiT da imave mimarTulebiT).
5.4. Zala
axla Zalis erTeuli unda ganvsazRvroT. ukve viciT, rom
Zalas sxeulis aCqarebis gamowveva SeuZlia. maSasadame, Zalis
erTeuls ganvsazRvravT aCqarebiT, romelsac Zala 1 kg masis
sxeuls aniWebs (sur. 1.4.).
sxeuls horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
movaTavsebT da marjvnidan ise vubiZgebT, rom 1 m/wm2 aCqareba
sur. 5.1. F Zala 1 kg masis sxeuls a
mivaniWoT. amis Semdeg vambobT, rom 1 kg masis sxeulze aCqarebas aniWebs.
moqmedi Zala 1 niutoni (n) sididisaa.
SegviZlia amave sxeulze 2 n ZaliT vimoqmedoT, anu ise vubiZgoT, rom 2 m/wm2 aCqareba
mivaniWoT, da a.S. maSasadame, Tu standartuli sxeuli 1 kg masisaa da a sididis aCqareba aqvs,
maSin viciT, rom masze F Zala moqmedebs da am Zalis sidide (niutonebSi) aCqarebis sididis tolia
(m/wm2).
Zala mis mier miniWebuli aCqarebiT izomeba. Tumca, aCqareba veqtoruli sididea, e.i. sidide
da mimarTuleba aqvs. aris Tu ara Zala veqtoruli sidide? Zalas mimarTulebas iolad mivaniWebT
(ubralod aCqarebis mimarTulebas mivusadagebT), magram es sakmarisi ar aris. eqsperimentiT
unda dadgindes, rom Zala veqtoruli sididea. aseTi eqsperimenti ukve Catarda: Zala namdvilad
5.4. Zala 133
veqtoruli sididea, mas aqvs sidide da mimarTuleba da maTi Sekreba xdeba me-3 TavSi moyvanili
veqtoruli Sekrebis wesebiT.
rodesac sxeulze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs, veqtoruli SekrebiT jamuri Zalis anu Zalebis
tolqmedis povna SegviZlia. jamuri Zalis sididisa da mimarTulebis mqone erTi Zala sxeulze
imave zemoqmedebas axdens, rasac cal-calke moqmedi es Zalebi erTad. am movlenas Zalebis
zeddebis principi ewodeba. samyaro sakmaod ucnauri iqneboda, Tu Sen da Seni megobari 1 kg
masis sxeuls erTi mimarTulebiT ubiZgebdiT, TiToeuli 1 n ZaliT, da jamuri Zala rogorRac
14 n gaxdeboda.
am wignSi Zala veqtoruli simboloTia ( F ) warmodgenili, xolo tolqmedi _ simboloTi.
iseve, rogorc sxva veqtorebs, Zalisa da tolqmedis veqtorebsac aqvs komponentebi
koordinatTa RerZebis gaswvriv. rodesac Zalebi mxolod erTi RerZis gaswvriv moqmedebs, isini
erTkomponentiani Zalebia. am SemTxvevaSi Zalis simbolos isari SegviZlia movxsnaT da RerZebis
gaswvriv Zalis mimarTulebis saCveneblad `+~ da `–~ niSnebi gamoviyenoT.
5.3 qveTavSi mocemuli formulirebis nacvlad, niutonis pirveli kanoni tolqmedi Zalis
gamoyenebiT ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
niutonis pirveli kanoni: Tu sxeulze tolqmedi Zala ar moqmedebs ( = 0), maSin misi
siCqare ar Seicvleba, e.i. sxeuli ver aCqardeba.
sxeulze ramdenime Zala SeiZleba moqmedebdes, magram Tu tolqmedi Zala nulis tolia,
sxeuls aCqareba ar eqneba.
am wignSi vuSvebT, rom dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa da Zalebs da aCqarebebs swored
am sistemis mimarT vzomavT. Tu gazomvebi Catarda, magaliTad, dedamiwis mimarT aCqarebuli
liftis kabinaSi, maSin gazomvebi Catarebula aTvlis arainerciul sistemaSi da Sedegebic
sakmaod ucnauri iqneba. amis magaliTs amocanis amoxsnis 5.8 nimuSSi vnaxavT.
sakontrolo wertili 1. eqvsidan romel suraTzea F1 da F2 veqtorebis Sekreba sworad
naCvenebi, ise, rom miviRoT mesame veqtori, romelic tolqmedi iqneba?
5.5. masa
yoveldRiuri yofa gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli Zala sxvadasxva sxeuls sxvadasxva sididis
aCqarebas aniWebs. beisbolisa da keglis burTebi iatakze daawyve da orives erTi ZaliT daartyi.
Sedegi winaswar ici: beisbolis burTi keglis burTze did aCqarebas SeiZens SeiZens. aCqarebebs
Soris gansxvaveba masebs Soris gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli. ra aris masa?
SegviZlia ramdenime eqsperimentiT vaCvenoT, Tu rogor unda gavzomoT masa aTvlis inerciul
sistemaSi. pirvel eqsperimentSi Zala m0 = 1 kg masis sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, sxeuli 1 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sxeulze 1 n Zala moqmedebs.
Semdeg igive Zala ucnobi masis meore X sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, es X sxeuli 0,25 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. ukve viciT, rom naklebi masis mqone beisbolis burTi ufro did aCqarebas iZens, vidre
meti masis mqone keglis burTi, rodesac maTze erTi da igive Zala moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
mivdivarT Semdeg daskvnamde: ori sxeulis masebis Sefardeba maTi aCqarebebis Sebrunebuli
Sefardebis tolia, rodesac am sxeulebze erTi da igive Zalaa modebuli. X sxeulisa da 1 kg masis
sxeulisTvis gveqneba:
mx a0
m0 = ax .
mx-is amoxsna mogvcems:
a 1.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg) = 4 kg.
x 0.25 m/w2
Cveni daskvna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia swori, Tu is Zalis sididis Secvlis SemTxvevaSic samar-
Tliania. magaliTad, 1 kg masis sxeuls 8 n Zala movdeT da miviReT 8 m/wm2 aCqareba. igive Zala X
sxeuls movdeT da miviReT 2 m/wm2 aCqareba. Cveni daskvnis Tanaxmad:
a 8.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg) = 4 kg.
x 2.0 m/w2
es pasuxi pirveli eqsperimentis Sedegs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. rodesac bevri eqsperimenti erTsa
da imave Sedegs gvaZlevs, es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni daskvna saimedo da samarTliania nebismieri
sxeulis masis dasadgenad.
Cveni eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom masa sxeulis Sinagani maxasiaTebelia anu isaa, rac
sxeuls bunebrivad aqvs. igive eqsperimentebi aCvenebs, rom masa skalaruli sididea. Tumca kvlav
upasuxod rCeba kiTxva: `ra aris masa?~
vinaidan sityva `masa~ yoveldRiur saubarSi xSirad gamoiyeneba, albaT is ukve intuiciurad
gvesmis. ra aris masa _ sxeulis zoma, wona Tu simkvrive? arc erTi, Tumca sxeulis es
maxasiaTebelebi masaSi xSirad erevaT. mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom sxeulis masa aris
maxasiaTebeli, romelic sxeulze moqmed Zalas am moqmedebis Sedegad miRebul aCqarebasTan
akavSirebs. masas sxva gansazRvreba ara aqvs. masis fizikurad SegrZneba mxolod sxeulis
aCqarebisas SeiZleba, magaliTad, rodesac beisbolis an keglis burTs urtyam.
5.6. niutonis meore kanoni 135
niutonis meore kanoni: sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi sxeulis masisa da misi
aCqarebis namravlis tolia.
5.1 formulis Tanaxmad, Tu sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia, maSin sxeulis
aCqareba a =0. roca sxeuli uZrav mdgomareobaSia, uZravadve rCeba; roca moZraobs, moZraobas
Tanabari siCqariT ganagrZobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs
da am mdgomareobas wonasworuli ewodeba. aseve amboben, rom Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, magram
termini `gabaTileba~ ar aris zusti, vinaidan es ar niSnavs, rom Zalebi aRar arsebobs. yvela Zala
sxeulze kvlav moqmedebs.
cxrili 5.1
erTeulebi niutonis meore kanonSi (formulebi 5.1 da 5.2)
gare Zalac
sistemis aCqarebas davukavSiroT. es xdeba niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad _
Fnet = ma , sadac m mTliani sistemis masaa.
Saibis aCqareba TiToeul mdgomareobaSi? sur. 5.3. a)-g) am sam mdgomareobaSi Zalebi x RerZis
amoxsna: TiToeul mdgomareobaSi, niutonis gaswvriv moZrav Saibaze moqmedeben. d)-v) Tavisufali
meore kanonis F(net = ma ) saSualebiT a sxeulis grafikebi.
niutonis
meore kanoniTaa dakavSirebuli
F(net = ma ). maSasadame,
sur. 5.4. a) samidan ori Zala, romlebic namcxvris
F1 + F2 + F3 = ma , qilaze moqmedeben da mas a aCqarebas aniWeben. F3 ar
Cans. b) ma , - F1 da - F2 veqtorebis dalageba F3 -is
rac mogvcems: mosaZebnad.
F3 = ma - F1 - F2 (5.5)
taqtika 2:
ZalebTan dakavSirebuli
taqtika 4: romelia Seni sistema?
amocanebis wakiTxva
Tu niutonis meore kanons iyeneb, unda icode,
amocanis piroba ramdenjerme waikiTxe, raTa
romel sxeuls an sistemas miusadageb. amocanis
kargad gaiazro mocemuli mdgomareoba,
amoxsnis 5.1 nimuSSi es sxeuli hokeis Saibaa (da
monacemebi da isic, Tu ras moiTxovs Sengan
ara yinuli), amocanis amoxsnis 5.2 nimuSSi _
amocana. Tu ukve ici, ras Seexeba amocana,
namcxvris qila, amocanis amoxsnis 5.3 nimuSSi
magram ver xvdebi, ra unda gaakeTo, maSin
ki _ saburavi (da ara adamianebi).
amocana gverdze gadade da saswavlo teqsti
gadaikiTxe. Tu niutonis meore kanoni kargad
taqtika 5: RerZebi gonivrulad airCie
ver gaige, es Tavi kidev waikiTxe. Seiswavle
amocanis amoxsnis 5.3 nimuSSi uamravi Sroma
amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi da daimaxsovre,
davzogeT, roca koordinatTa RerZebi ise
rom fizikis amocanebis amoxsnas varjiSi
ganvalageT, rom y RerZi erT-erT
Zalis
sWirdeba (iseve, rogorc manqanis SekeTebas
an kompiuteruli sqemebis daproeqtebas). Sen
mimarTulebas daemTxva (y RerZi FB Zalas).
qveviT mimarTuli mizidulobis Zala da aCqareba SegviZlia erTmaneTs niutonis meore kanonis
( F = ma ) saSualebiT davukavSiroT. vertikalur y RerZs sxeulis moZraobis traeqtoriis
gaswvriv gavavlebT da zeda mimarTulebas dadebiTad miviCnevT. am RerZisTvis niutonis meore
kanoni Semdeg saxes miiRebs: Ft ,y = may . Cvens SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
–Fg = m(–g)
an Fg = mg (5.8)
anu mizidulobis Zala mg namravlis tolia.
imave sididis mqone mizidulobis Zala sxeulze maSinac moqmedebs, rodesac is Tavisuflad
ki ar vardeba, aramed, magaliTad, magidaze devs an magidaze moZraobs (mizidulobis Zalis
gasaqrobad dedamiwa unda gauCinardes).
veqtorul formaSi niutonis meore kanoni mizidulobis ZalisTvis ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
, (5.9)
wona
sxeulis wona W im tolqmedi Zalis sididea, romelic
sxeulis Tavisufali vardnis SesaCerebladaa saWiro.
magaliTad, miwaze dgomis dros burTis xeliT dasaWerad
unda warmoqmna zeviT mimarTuli Zala, romelic sxeulze
moqmed mizidulobis Zalas gaawonasworebs. davuSvaT,
mizidulobis Zalaa 2 n, maSin zeviT mimarTuli Zala
2 n unda iyos, da burTis W wonac 2 niutoni iqneba. am
SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom burTi 2 niutons iwonis.
3 n wonis burTis gaCerebas ufro didi Zala – 3 n
sur. 5.6. tolmxariani saswori. rodesac
dasWirdeba. amis mizezi ufro didi (3 n) mizidulobis
saswori gawonasworebulia, asawon
Zalaa. am SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom meore burTi pirvelze sxeulze moqmedi mizidulobis
gL
mZimea. Zala (marcxena TefSze) da miTiTebul
sxeulebze (marjvena TefSze) moqmedi
axla ki modiT situacia ganvazogadoT. ganvixiloT
mTliani mizidulobis Zala tolia.
sxeuli, romlis a aCqareba dedamiwis mimarT nulis tolia. gR
amgvarad, asawoni sxeulis mL masa da
dedamiwas miviCnevT aTvlis inerciul sistemad. sxeulze miTiTebuli sxeulebis mTliani mR masa
tolia.
moqmedebs ori Zala: qveviT mimarTuli Fg mizidulobis
Zala da misi gamawonasworebeli W sididis Zala. vertikaluri y RerZisTvis, romlis zeda
mimarTuleba dadebiTadaa miCneuli, niutonis meore kanoni Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba daiweros:
F t ,y =ma y
Cvens magaliTSi es iqneba:
W–F g =m·0 (5.10)
anu W=F g (wona, rodesac dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa) (5.11)
es toloba gvauwyebs, rom:
drekadobis Zala
leibze dgomisas dedamiwa qveviT geqaCeba, Sen ki mainc
uZrav mdgomareobaSi xar. amis mizezi leibia, romelic Sens
fexebs qvemoT deformirdeba da maRla gibiZgebs. aseve, roca
iatakze dgaxar, is deformideba (SeikumSeba an CaiRuneba) da
zeviT gibiZgebs. erTi SexedviT myari betonis iatakic ki aseve
iqceva (Tu is dedamiwaze myarad ar aris damagrebuli, bevri
adamianis dgomisas is SeiZleba Catydes kidec).
leibidan an iatakidan Senze moqmed Zalas FN drekadobis
Zala ewodeba. iatakidan Senze moqmedi drekadobis Zala sur. 5.8. a) magidaze dadebuli uZravi
iatakis perpendikularulia. sxeuli
magidis perpendikularuli
FN drekadobis Zalis moqmedebas
rodesac sxeuli zedapirs awveba, zedapiri (erTi SexedviT
ganicdis. b) Tavisufali sxeulis
myaric ki) deformirdeba da sxeulze FN drekadobis ZaliT grafiki am sxeulisTvis.
moqmedebs, romelic zedapiris perpendikularulia.
5.8a suraTze amis magaliTia naCvenebi. m masis sxeuli magidas awveba da mis deformacias Fg
mizidulobis Zalis gavleniT axdens. magida sxeulze FN drekadobis ZaliT moqmedebs.
5.8b
suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki. sxeulze vertikalurad moqmedebs g da FN
F
Zalebi. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi niutonis meore kanoni zeviT mimarTuli y RerZis pirobebSi
(Ft,y=may) Semdegi saxiT daiwereba:
F N– F g= m a y
142 Tavi 5 Zala da moZraoba
sakontrolo wertili 4. 5.8 suraTze FN drekadobis Zala mg-ze metia, naklebia Tu
tolia, rodesac sxeuli da magida liftiT zeviT moZraobs a) Tanabari siCqariT da b) zrdadi
siCqariT?
xaxuni
Tu sxeuls zedapirze gavasrialebT an gasrialebas
SevecdebiT, sxeulsa da zedapirs Soris winaaRmdegoba
gaCndeba (am winaaRmdegobas ufro dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi
ganvixilavT). es winaaRmdegoba erTi f ZaliTaa warmodgenili
da mas xaxunis Zala an, ubralod, xaxuni ewodeba. es Zala sur. 5.9. f xaxunis Zala zedapirze
mimarTulia zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobis sawinaaRmdego sxeulis srials ewinaaRmdegeba.
mimarTulebiT (sur. 5.9). situaciis gasamartiveblad xaxuns
zogjer ugulebelyofen (da amboben, rom zedapiri xaxunisgan Tavisufalia).
daWimuloba
an sxva msgavsi sagani) mimagrebulia sxeulze da Zlierad iWimeba,
rodesac Toki (Zafi, kabeli
amiT sxeulze moqmedebs T ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia sxeulidan gareT da Tokis gaswvriv
(sur. 5.10a). am Zalas xSirad daWimulobis Zalas uwodeben, vinaidan Toki daWimulia. Tokis
daWimuloba sxeulze moqmedi T Zalis sididea. magaliTad, Tu Tokidan sxeulze moqmedi Zalaa
T=50 n, maSin Tokis daWimulobac 50 n yofila.
vuSvebT, rom Tokis masa nulovania (anu misi masa sxeulis masasTan SedarebiT umniSvneloa),
Tavad Toki ki araelastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi Toki ubralod or sxeuls akavSirebs. is orive
sxeulze erTi da imave T ZaliT moqmedebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac sxeulebi da Toki
g
sawyisi siCqare (ν0=0), saboloo siCqare g j
2
misad, viyenebT 2.16 formulas (ν2= ν 0 +2a(x–x0))
sur. 5.11. a) marjvniv mimarTuli hor Zala pilotze
da vwerT: afrenis drosaa modebuli. pilots eCveneba, rom Tavi
(85 m/wm)2 = 02 + 2ax(90 m) wyvetili zolis gaswvriv gadaixara. b) veqtorebis
jami j (= g + hor) vertikalisadmi φ kuTxiTaa dax
anu a x = 40,1 m/wm2.
rili.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, Fhor= m(40
m/wm2). CavsvaT es Sedegi da Fg=m(9,8 m/wm2) 5.15
formulaSi, miviRebT:
gadaxris iluzia eqmneba anu eCveneba, rom
φ (pasuxi)
TviTmfrinavis cxviri 76°-iT aiwia. am
maSasadame, aviamzidis gembanze TviT iluziam pilots SeiZleba afrenis Semdeg
mfrinavis aCqarebisas pilots 76°-iT ukan TviTmfrinavis cxviris 76°-iT daxra aiZulos.
= –
BC CB
(Tanabari sidideebi d a sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebi)
CE
= – EC
(dedamiwa-nesvis urTierTqmedeba)
CT = – TC
(nesvi-magidis urTierTqmedeba)
(g)
sami Zala
niutonis meore kanonis saSualebiT
F(net = ma )kvanZis aCqarebas davukavSiroT da
davweroT:
sur. 5.17. a) M masis bloki sami TokiT K kvanZzea
Camokidebuli. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki blo T1 + T2 + T3 = mk a k .
kisTvis. g) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki kvanZisTvis.
ak aCqarebis nacvlad 0-is Casma mogvcems:
T1 + T2 + T3 = 0
, (5.22)
5.9. niutonis kanonebis gamoyeneba 149
rac niSnavs, rom kvanZze moqmedi sami Zala
152° aris T1 -sa da x-is dadebiT mimarTulebis
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. T3 -is sidide da
Soris kuTxe).
kuTxe cnobilia, T1 -isa da T2 -is ki mxolod
5.22 formula y RerZisTvis Semdegi saxiT
kuTxeebi viciT. ori ucnobis gamo veqtoruli
gadaiwereba:
kalkulatoris saSualebiT 5.22 formulis
T 1y+T 2y+T 3y=0
amoxsna am ori veqtorisTvis SeuZlebelia.
an T1sin28°+T2sin47°–T3=0
amis nacvlad, 5.22 formula x da y
T3-is adre miRebuli Sedegis Casma mogvcems:
komponentebis saSualebiT gadavweroT. x
RerZisTvis gveqneba: T1sin28°+T2sin47°–147 n = 0 (5.24)
g) risi tolia sasworis Cveneba, Tu kabina Ft= FN–Fg = 939 n – 708 n = 231 n (pasuxi)
3,2 m/wm aCqarebiT moZraobs zeviT da 3,2 m/wm -
2 2
magram mgzavris ap,kab aCqareba liftis aTvlis
iT aCqarebiT moZraobs qveviT? sistemis mimarT nulis tolia. maSasadame,
amoxsna: a=3,2 m/wm -isTvis formula 5.28
2 aCqarebuli liftis arainerciul sistemaSi
gvaZlevs: Ft ar aris map,kab-is toli da niutonis meore
kanonis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba.
FN = (72,2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2+3,2 m/wm2)=939 n (pasuxi)
a = –3,2 m/wm2-isTvis formula 5.28 gvaZlevs:
sakontrolo wertili 8. amocanis
FN = (72,2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2–3,2 m/wm2) = 477 n (pasuxi) amoxsnis am nimuSSi rogori iqneba sasworis
zeda mimarTulebiT aCqarebisas (rodesac Cveneba, Tu liftis bagiri gawydeba da
kabinis zeviT mimarTuli siCqare izrdeba an kabina Tavisuflad vardnas daiwyebs?
qveviT mimarTuli siCqare mcirdeba) sasworis
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
3.
sur. 5.21. SekiTxva 1. 5.23 suraTze
F1 da F2 Zalebi
2. ori horizontaluri Zala: F1 =(3n) î –(4n) ˆj moqmedebs yuT
da F2 =–(1n) î –(2n) ˆj , xaxunisgan Tavisufal ze, romelic xa
magidaze moTavsebul namcxvarze moqmedebs. xunisgan Tavisu
sur. 5.23. SekiTxva 3.
kalkulatoris gamoyenebis gareSe gansaz fal zedapirze
154 Tavi 5 Zala da moZraoba
saukeTesod 5.24 suraTze da me-5 SekiTxvaSi
mudmivi siCqariT misrialebs. F1 -is sidi
mocemul mdgomareobebs?
dis cvlilebis gareSe unda SevamciroT θ
kuTxe. yuTis Tanabari
siCqariT srialis
SesanarCuneblad, F2 -is sidide unda gavzar
doT, SevamciroT Tu SevinarCunoT?
4. t=0 momentSi mudmivi sididis F Zala
kosmosSi x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZrav qvaze moqmedebas iwyebs. qva am RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobas ganagrZobs. a) rodesac
t>0, romeli x(t) funqcia SeiZleba asaxavdes
qvis mdebareobas: 1) x=4t–3, 2) x=–4t 2 +6t–3,
3) x=4t 2 +6t–3 ? b) romeli funqciisTvisaa
F qvis moZraobis sawyisi mimarTulebis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli?
amocanebi
Zala moqmedebs. eleqtronis masaa 9,11×10-31 kg. horizontaluri ZaliT. risi tolia a) cigis
vertikalurad ra manZiliT Seicvlis kurss aCqareba da b) gogonas aCqareba? g) gogonas
eleqtroni 30 mm-is horizontalurad gada sawyisi mdebareobidan ra manZilze Sexvdebian
adgilebis Semdeg? SSM. gogona da ciga erTmaneTs?
••49. 10 kg masis
maimuni umniSv
nelo masis mqone
Tokze micocavs.
sur. 5.48. amocana 44. Toki Semoxveulia
••45. 5.49 suraTze sam gadabmul bloks xaxu xaxunisgan Tavi
nisgan Tavisufal zedapirze T3=65n ZaliT sufal totze da
horizontalurad marjvniv miaTreven. mibmulia miwaze
m1=12 kg, m2=24 kg da m3=31 kg. gamoTvale mdgar, 15 kg masis
a) sistemis aCqareba, b) T1 daWimuloba da yuTze (sur. 5.52).
g) T2 daWimuloba. a) ra minimaluri
aCqareba unda
hqondes maimuns, sur. 5.52. amocana 49.
raTa yuTi miwidan
awios? Tu yuTis awevis Semdeg maimuni co
sur. 5.49. amocana 45.
cvas Sewyvets da Toks Camoekideba, risi
••46. 5.50 suraTze sami yuTi TokebiTaa toli iqneba maimunis aCqarebis b) sidide da
gadabmuli. erT-erTi Toki xaxunisgan Tavi g) mimarTuleba? d) risi toli iqneba Tokis
sufal da umniSvnelo masis mqone blokzea daWimuloba? SSM
161
••50. 5.53 suraTze 10 kg. roca yuTebs xels gavuSvebT, risi toli
naCvenebia skam iqneba marjvena Tokis daWimuloba?
ze mjdomare kaci. •••53. M masis sahaero burTi qveviT mimarTuli
skami Camokide a aCqarebiT vertikalurad qveviT eSveba.
bulia umniSvnelo ra masis zedmeti tvirTi unda gadmoagdon
masis mqone Tok burTidan, raTa man zeviT mimarTuli a aCqareba
ze, romelic Se SeiZinos? davuSvaT, rom haeridan moqmedi
moxveulia xaxu zeviT mimarTuli Zala masis Semcirebisas ar
nisgan Tavisufal icvleba. SSM ILW.
blokze, xolo
•••54. 5.56 suraTze naCvenebia m2 = 1 kg masis
misi meore bolo
yuTi xaxunisgan Tavisufal, θ = 30° kuTxiT
kacs xelSi uWi sur. 5.53. amocana 50.
daxril zedapirze. es yuTi umniSvnelo masis
ravs. kacisa da
TokiT dakavSirebulia m1 = 3 kg masis meore
skamis saerTo masaa 95 kg. ra ZaliT unda
yuTTan, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal
imoqmedos kacma Tokze, raTa aiwios
horizontalur zedapirze Zevs. bloki
a) Tanabari siCqariT da b) zeviT mimarTuli
xaxunisgan Tavisufalia da umniSvnelo masa
1,3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT? (miniSneba: Tavisufali
aqvs. a) Tu horizontaluri F Zalis sididea
sxeulis grafiki namdvilad dagexmarebaT).
2,3 n, maSin risi tolia damakavSirebeli Tokis
Tu Tokis marjvena mxare miwamde eSveba da
daWimuloba? b) ra maqsimaluri sididisa
kacis mewyvile Toks qaCavs, ra ZaliT unda
SeiZleba iyos F Tokis gawydomis gareSe?
imoqmedos mewvilem Tokze, raTa kaci awios
g) Tanabari siCqariT da d) maRla mimarTuli
1,3 m/wm2 aCqarebiT? risi tolia blokis
sistemidan Werze moqmedi Zala e) a) nawilSi,
v) b) nawilSi, z) g) nawilSi da T) d) nawilSi?
••51. m1 = 3,7
sur. 5.56. amocana 54.
kg masis yuTii
xaxunisgan Ta •••55. 5.57 suraTze naCvenebia x RerZis
visufal, θ = 30° gaswvriv moZravi 3 kg masis yinulis blokze
kuTxiT daxril moqmedi Zalis Fx komponenti, rogorc t drois
zedapirze TokiT sur. 5.54. amocana 51. funqcia. t = 0 momentSi bloki RerZis dadebiTi
dakavSirebulia m2 mimarTulebiT 3 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. risi
= 2,3 kg masis vertikalurad dakidul yuTze. tolia blokis a) siCqare da b) moZraobis
Toki Semoxveulia umniSvnelo masis mqone, mimarTuleba, rodesac t = 11 wm?
xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokze (sur. 5.54).
risi tolia a) TiToeuli yuTis aCqareba, b)
dakiduli yuTis aCqarebis mimarTuleba da g)
Tokis daWimuloba?
siCqaresTan, Tu macivars garkveuli t drois kg) 1,5 sm-is manZilze Tanabar aCqarebas
91. raketisa da misi sasargeblo tvirTis 99. 5.70a suraTze naCvenebia Werze Camo
saerTo masaa 5×104 kg. ra sididisaa Zravis mier kidebuli konstruqcia. is liTonis ori
warmoqmnili Zala (dartyma), rodesac raketa nawilisgan (m1=3,5 kg da m2=4,5 kg) Sedgeba,
6.2. xaxuni
xaxuni Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis
gareSe yvela moZravi sagani gaCerdeboda. avtomobilSi moxmarebuli sawvavis 20% Zravasa da
transmisiaSi arsebuli xaxunis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba. meores mxriv, xaxunis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi avtomobili saerTod ver imoZravebda da, ufro metic, fexiT an velosipediT
gadaadgilebac ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ver daviWerdiT fanqars da, Sesabamisad, verc
davwerdiT. WanWikebi da lursmnebi gamousadegarebi gaxdeboda, moqsovili tansacmeli nawil-
nawil daiSleboda da kvanZebic ki TavisiT gaixsneboda.
amjerad Cven SevexebiT mSral, myar zedapirebs Soris moqmed xaxunis Zalebs, rodesac zedapirebi
168
6.2. xaxuni 169
erTmaneTisadmi uZravni arian an mcire siCqariT moZraoben.
CavataroT sami martivi eqsperimenti:
1. wigni grZel, horizontalur zedapirze gavacuroT. rogorc
mosalodnelia, wigni Seneldeba da Semdeg gaCerdeba. es
niSnavs, rom wigns mxebi zedapiris paraleluri da sakuTari
(a)
siCqaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis mqone aCqareba
aqvs. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, wignze mxebi
zedapiris paraleluri da misi siCqaris sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebis Zala moqmedebs. es aris xaxunis Zala.
moZraoba 2. wigns horizontalurad ubiZgeT, raTa man mxebi zedapiris
(b) ar gvaqvs
gaswvriv mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos. SeiZleba Tu ara Tqveni
Zala wignze moqmedi erTaderTi horizontaluri Zala iyos?
ara, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi wigni aCqardeba. niutonis
meore kanonidan gamomdinare, wignze meore Zala moqmedebs,
romelic Tqveni Zalis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis da
(g)
igive sididisaa. maSasadame, Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs.
wignze moqmedi meore Zala xaxunisaa da is mxebi zedapiris
paraleluria.
3. mZime yuTs horizontalurad ubiZgeT. yuTi ar moZraobs.
(d) niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, yuTze meore Zala
moqmedebs da Tqvens Zalas ewinaaRmdegeba. ufro metic,
es Zala Tqvens sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli da igive
aCqareba sididisaa, radgan Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs. yuTze
moqmedi meore Zala kvlav xaxunis Zalaa. Semdeg scadeT
(e) da yuTs ufro Zlierad ubiZgeT. yuTi kvlav ar moZraobs.
cxadia, xaxunis Zalis sidide Seicvala da Zalebi kvlav
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. amjerad mTeli Tqveni Zala CarTeT
mudmivi saqmeSi. yuTi moZraobas iwyebs. maSasadame, xaxunis Zalas
siCqare
maqsimaluri sidide aqvs da Tu am sidides gadaaWarbebT,
(v)
yuTi amoZravdeba.
6.1 suraTze naCvenebia zemoT aRwerilis msgavsi mdgomareoba.
fs-is maqsimaluri mniSvneloba
fk miaxloebiT 6.1a suraTze bloki magidaze Zevs da
Fg mizidulobis Zalas
xaxunis Zalis
mudmivia
FN drekadobis
Zala awonasworebs. 6.1b suraTze gamosaxul
sidide
erT zedapirze ganlagebuli mravali atomi meore zedapirze sur. 6.2. srialis xaxunis me
ganlagebul mraval atomTan urTierTqmedebs, zedapirebi qanizmi. a) zeda zedapiri qveda
zedapirze marjvnisken misria
wamierad civad SeduRdebian da liTonis erTi naWeri
lebs. b) naCvenebia civi SeduRebis
warmoiqmneba. specialurad gaprialebuli dagraduirebuli ori adgili. SenaduRi nakerebis
Suasadebebis erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas (haerSi), atomebs garRvevisa da moZraobis gagrZe
Soris kontaqti naklebia, magram Suasadebebi erTmaneTs myarad lebisTvis Zalaa saWiro.
vcadoT da davuSvaT, rom manqana x RerZis 6.2 formulidan gamomdinare, xaxunis Zalis
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobda: sididea fk=μkFN , sadac FN aris gzidan manqanaze
ν 2 =ν 0 2 +2a(x-x 0 )
(6.3) moqmedi drekadobis Zala. vinaidan manqana
Cven ukve viciT, rom x-x0 gadaadgileba 290m- vertikalurad ar Cqardeba, 6.3b suraTidan
ia, saboloo ν siCqared 0-s miviCnevT da ν0-is da niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare
FN
gamoTvla gvsurs. manqanis a aCqareba CvenTvis Zala manqanaze moqmedi Fg mizidulobis Zalis
ucnobia. tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, FN=mg.
a-s gamoTvlisTvis gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tu amjerad 6.4 formula a-sTvis amovxsnaT da fk-s
manqanaze haeris moqmedebas ugulvebelvyofT, nacvlad fk=μkFN=μkmg CavsvaT:
maSin a aCqarebas mxolod gzidan manqanaze f μkmg
a = – mk = –
moqmedi f k kinetikuri xaxunis Zala iwvevs, m = – μkg,
romelic manqanis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod minus niSani asaxavs, rom aCqareba x RerZis
aris mimarTuli (6.3b suraTi). Zalas da uaryofiTi mimarTulebisaa anu siCqaris
aCqarebas Soris kavSiri niutonis meore mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa. amis Semdeg,
kanonis (ft,x=max) saSualebiT Caiwereba: 6.3 formulaSi Sesuli a zemoT miRebuli
–f k =ma (6.4) formuliT SevcvaloT, gavixsenoT, rom ν=0
da ν0-sTvis amovxsnaT:
sadac m aris manqanis masa. minus niSani
kinetikuri xaxunis Zalis mimarTulebas ν0 =
asaxavs.
= 58 m/w = 210 km/sT (pasuxi)
amoxsna:
1. vinaidan marxili mudmivi siCqariT (a)
D= 1 CρAν 2 , (6.14)
2
sadac ρ aris haeris simkvrive (masa moculobis erTeulze), xolo A - sxeulis ganivi
kveTis faqtiuri farTobi ( siCqaris perpendikularuli ganivi kveTis farTobi). C wevis
koeficientis mniSvneloba 0,4-dan 1-mde meryeobs da mocemuli sxeulisTvis mudmivi ar aris. ν
siCqaris mniSvnelovnad Secvlis dros C-s mniSvnelobac SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tumca Cven amgvar
garTulebebs mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT.
moTxilamureebma kargad ician, rom wevis Zala A-sa da ν2-zea damokidebuli. maRali siCqaris
ganviTarebisTvis moTxilamure `kvercxis formas~ iRebs da A-s Semcirebis Sedegad D-sac
amcirebs.
6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo siCqare 175
rodesac blagvi sxeuli haerSi vardeba, D wevis Zala
maRlaa mimarTuli. misi sidide sxeulis siCqaris zrdasTan
erTad TandaTanobiT izrdeba. maRla mimarTuli
D Zala
qvemoT mimarTul Fg mizidulobis Zalas ewinaaRmdegoba. am
Zalebis da sxeulis aCqarebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba kvlav
niutonis meore kanoniT SeiZleba, romelic y vertikaluri
RerZisTvis Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
sur. 6.7. haerSi vardnil sxeulze sadac m aris sxeulis masa. 6.7 suraTze Cans, rom xangrZlivi
moqmedi Zalebi a) vardnis dawyebisas vardnis SemTxvevaSi D gautoldeba Fg-s. 6.15 formulidan
da b) odnav mogvianebiT, wevis Zalis gamomdinare es niSnavs, rom a = 0 da sxeulis siCqare aRar
gaCenisas. g) wevis Zala izrdeba da
sxeulze moqmed mizidulobis Zalas
izrdeba. amis Semdeg sxeulis siCqare mudmivia da mas νt
awonasworebs. amis Semdeg sxeuli saboloo siCqare aqvs.
mudmivi siCqariT ecema. νt - s gamoTvlisTvis 6.15 formulaSi a = 0 CavsvaT da 6.14
formulidan D aviRoT:
1 CρAν 2 – Fg = 0
2 t
es formula gvaZlevs:
νt (6.16)
cxrili 6.1
cxrili 6.1. saboloo siCqareebi haerSi
1. moZraoba manqaniT. Tqven manqanis ukana savarZlis centrSi zixarT da manqana swor gzaze
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg mZRoli marcxniv uxvevs da wriul rkals Semowers. am dros
Tqven savarZlis marjvena mxareze gacurdebiT da mTeli mosaxvevis ganmavlobaSi fanjaras
aekrobiT. ra aris amis mizezi?
rodesac manqana wriul rkals Semowers, is Tanabarwriulad moZraobs. es niSnavs, rom manqanas
wris centrisken mimarTuli aCqareba aqvs. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, aCqarebas
Zala iwvevs. garda amisa, es Zala mimarTulia wris centrisken da maSasadame centriskenulia.
moyvanil magaliTSi centriskenuli Zala gzidan saburavebze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa.
Tu manqanasTan erTad Tanabar wriul moZraobas ganicdiT, maSin centriskenuli Zala Tqvenzec
moqmedebs. savarZlidan Tqvenze moqmedi xaxunis Zala ar aris sakmarisad didi, raTa manqanasTan
erTad wriulad imoZraoT. aqedan gamomdinare, savarZeli Tqvens qvemoT curdeba da manqanis
marjvena fanjaras ejaxebiT. Semdeg fanjridan miRebuli biZgi saWiro centriskenul Zalas
qmnis da Tqven manqanis Tanabar wriul moZraobas uerTdebiT.
sakontrolo wertili 4. `eSmakis bor
= 5,1 m/w (pasuxi) balze” mudmivi siCqariT moZraobisas ra
diavolo winaswar darwmunda, rom misi siCqare a aCqarebas da Tqvenze
mimarTuleba eqneba
rgolis zeda nawilSi 5,1m/wm-ze meti iqneboda moqmed FN drekadobis Zalas, rodesac
da Camovardnis safrTxe ar daemuqreboda. a) umaRles wertils da b) udables wertils
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom diavolos da misi CauvliT?
180 Tavi 6 Zala da moZraoba
( νR )
taluri Zala trasidan saburavebze moqmedi
2
xaxunis Zalaa. maSasadame, centriskenuli μsFN = m (6.23)
Zala xaxunis Zalaa.
amis Semdeg bolidze moqmedi vertikaluri
3. vinaidan bolidi ar curdeba, xaxunis Zala
Zalebi ganvixiloT. 6.12b suraTze, FN
f s statikuri xaxunis Zalaa (sur. 6.12a).
drekadobis Zala mimarTulia
y maRla,
4. bolidi mocurebis zRvarzea, amitom fs
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisken. Fg = mg
Zalis mniSvnelobaa fs,max=μsFN, sadac FN aris mizidulobis Zala da FL uaryofiTi weva
trasidan bolidze moqmedi drekadobis mimarTula qvemoT. y RerZis gaswvriv bolidis
Zala. aCqareba nulia, amitom y RerZis gaswvrivi
6.12b suraTze komponentebisTvis niutonis meore kanoni ase
gamosaxul Tavisufali
sxeulis grafikze f s xaxunis Zalaa naCvenebi. SeiZleba Caiweros:
182 Tavi 6 Zala da moZraoba
( )
bolidis Werze gatarebisTvis? Tavdapirvelad
(28,6 m/w)2
= (600 kg) – 9,8 m/w2 gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolidze moqmedi
(0,75)(100 m)
mizidulobis Zalaa
= 663,7 n ≈ 660 n (pasuxi)
Fg = mg = (600 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)
b) uaryofiTi wevis FL sidide da wevis Zala =5880 n.
bolidis siCqaris kvadratzea damokidebuli bolidis amotrialebis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi
(6.14 formula). maSasadame, uaryofiTi weva weva 6600n sididis maRla mimarTuli Zalaa.
metia, rodesac manqana swrafad moZraobs. es Zala 5880n sididis qvemoT mimarTul
ra sididisaa uaryofiTi weva 90m/wm siCqaris mizidulobis Zalas aWarbebs. maSasadame, bo
SemTxvevaSi? lids Teoriulad SeuZlia amotrialebulad
amoxsna: FL proporciulia ν -is. maSasadame,
2 gadaadgileba, Tu misi siCqare daaxloebiT
ν=90m/wm siCqareze FL,90 uaryofiTi wevis 90m/wm-ia (324km/sT).
–FN sin θ = m – ( νR )
2
(6.25) miRebuli formula kvlav Seicavs FN
m ucnobebs, magram 6.25 formulis 6.26
da
mimoxilva da Sejameba
swrafad mcirdeba:
xaxuni. rodesac F Zala sxeulis zedapirze
fk = μkFN (6.2)
gasrialebas cdilobs, zedapiridan sxeulze
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. xaxunis Zala zedapiris sadac μk aris kinetikuri xaxunis koefi
paraleluria da srials ewinaaRmdegeba. am cienti.
Zalas sxeulisa da zedapiris Sewebeba iwvevs.
wevis Zala. rodesac sxeulsa da haers (an
Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs, xaxunis Zala fs
raime sxva siTxes) Soris fardobiTi moZraoba
statikuri xaxunis Zalaa. moZraobis Sem
arsebobs, sxeulze moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
TxvevaSi xaxunis Zala f k kinetikuri xaxunis
da siTxis dinebis mimarTulebis
D wevis Zala
Zalaa.
moqmedebs. D Zala da ν fardobiTi siCqare
erTmaneTs eqpserimentulad gansazRvruli C
xaxunis sami Tviseba:
wevis koeficientis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba:
1. Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs,
f s statikuri D = 1 CρAν2, (6.14)
2
xaxunis Zala da F -is zedapirisadmi sadac ρ aris siTxis simkvrive (masa moculobis
paraleluri komponenti tolia, xolo
erTeulze), xolo A – sxeulis ganivi kveTis
f s Zalis mimarTuleba F-is komponentis faqtiuri farTobi ( siCqaris perpen
sapirispiroa. komponentis zrdisas fs-ic
dikularuli ganivi kveTis farTobi).
izrdeba.
saboloo siCqare. rodesac blagvi sagani
2. f s Zalis fs,max mniSvnelobaa:
haerSididi xnis ganmavlobaSi vardeba,
fs,max = μsFN , (6.1) D wevis Zala da sxeulze moqmedi Fg
sadac μs aris statikuri xaxunis mizidulobis Zala Tanabrdeba. amis Semdeg
koeficienti, xolo FN - drekadobis Zala. sxeuli νt saboloo siCqariT vardeba:
Tu F -is zedapirisadmi paraleluri
νt (6.16)
komponenti fs,max-s aWarbebs, sxeuli
zedapirze moZraobs.
Tanabarwriuli moZraoba. Tu wertili
3. Tu sxeuli zedapirze moZraobs, xaxunis wreze an R radiusis wriul rkalze ν mudmivi
Zalis sidide fk mudmiv mniSvnelobamde siCqariT moZraobs, wertili Tanabrwriulad
184 Tavi 6 Zala da moZraoba
SekiTxvebi
1. bloki zedapirze Zevs da masze sam eqspe 5. meoTxe SekiTxvas Tavidan gaeciT pasuxi,
riments atareben, romelTa drosac blokze roca wina variantisgan gansxvavebiT. F Zala
sami sxvadasxva horizontaluri Zala mo maRlaa mimarTuli.
qmedebs. ZalTa sidideebia F1 = 12 n, F2 = 8 n
6. 6.16 suraTze
da F3 = 4 n. arcerT eqsperimentSi bloki
daxrili sibrtyi
moZraobas ar iwyebs. daalageT Zalebi a) zeda
dan moqmedi xaxu-
piridan blokze moqmedi fs statikuri xaxunis
nis Zala m masis
Zalis mixedviT da b) am Zalis fs,max maqsimaluri sur. 6.16. SekiTxva 6.
bloks uZravad
mniSvnelobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
aCerebs. amis Semdeg blokze F Zala iwyebs mo
2. 6.14 suraTze qmedebas. am Zalis zrdis dros rogor icvleba
10n sididis hori
blokze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sidide da
zontaluri F1 mimarTuleba?
Zala yuTzea mo
sur. 6.14. SekiTxva 2. 7. meeqvse SekiTxvas pasuxi Tavidan gaeciT,
debuli, romelic
oRond F Zala sapirispirod
amjerad
ar moZraobs. amis Semdeg vertikaluri F2
mimarTeT. F -is zrdasTan erTad rogor
Zala iwyebs moqmedebas. a) yuTze moqmedi f s
icvleba blokze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sidide
xaxunis
Zala, b) zedapiridan yuTze moqmedi
da mimarTuleba?
FN drekadobis Zala, g) yuTze moqmedi
statikuri xaxunis Zalis fs,max maqsimaluri 8. 1987 wels, orma paraSutistma helouinis*
mniSvneloba izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu ucvleli aRsaniSnavad gogrebi daiWira da ise gadmoxta.
rCeba? d) iwyebs Tu ara yuTi moZraobas? mogvianebiT, ukan momavalma paraSutistma
sakuTari paraSuti gaxsna da gogra xelidan
3. Tu yuTs kedelTan miitanT da xels
gausxlta. gogram daaxloebiT 0,5 km ifrina,
ise miaWerT, rom yuTi ar Camovardes,
saxlis saxuravs daeca, samzareulos
ra mimarTuleba eqneba a) kedlidan yu
fanjaraSi Sevarda da yvelaferi mosvara.
Tze moqmed fs statikuri
xaxunis Za
ratom gaeSva xelidan gogra paraSutists
las da b) kedlidan yuTze moqmed FN
gogris da paraSutistis TvalTaxedvidan?
drekadobis Zalas? ufro Zlierad miwo
lis SemTxvevaSi rogor Seicvleba g) fs , 9. 6.17 suraTze 10kg masis firfita xaxunisgan
d) FN da e) fs,max? Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad devs da masze
100n sididis horizontaluri Zala iwyebs
4. 6.15 suraTze
moqmedebs. firfitaze 10kg masis blokia
yuTi uZravia da
moTavsebuli. bloksa da firfitas Soris
horizontalsa da
μ xaxunis koeficienti ucnobia da bloki
F Zalas Soris sur. 6.15. SekiTxva 4.
θ kuTxe izrdeba.
a) Fx , b) fs , g) FN , d) fs,max izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu
ucvleli rCeba? e) Tu yuTi moZraobs da θ
sur. 6.17. SekiTxva 9.
izrdeba, yuTze moqmedi xaxunis Zala izrdeba,
mcirdeba Tu ucvleli rCeba? *
helouin (Halloween) _ yvela wmindanis dRis wina dRe.
185
SeiZleba gasrialdes. a) mniSvnelobaTa eqtoria R0, 2R0 da 3R0 radiusebis xuTi
ra arealSi SeiZleba moxvdes firfitis af wriuli rkalisgan Sedgeba. daalageT rkalebi
aCqarebis sidide? (miniSneba: mravalricxovani adamianze moqmedi centriskenuli Zalis
gamoTvlebi saWiro ar aris. ubralod mixedviT dididan mcireze.
μ-s ukiduresi mniSvnelobebi ganixileT).
11. eSmakis borbalze mjdomi adamiani zeda,
b) mniSvnelobaTa ra arealSi SeiZleba moxvdes
qveda da Sua mdebareobebs gadis. borbali
blokis ab aCqarebis sidide?
Tanabari tempiT moZraobs. daalageT
10. 6.18 suraTze es sami mdebareoba a) adamianze moqmedi
naCvenebia parkSi centriskenuli aCqarebis, b) adamianze moqmedi
moseirne adamianis jamuri centriskenuli Zalis sididis da g)
traeqtoria. ada adamianze moqmedi drekadobis Zalis sididis
sur. 6.18. SekiTxva 10.
miani mudmivi mixedviT dididan mcireze.
siCqariT moZraobs da misi moZraobis tra
amocanebi
••21. 6.30 suraTze ••25. 3,6 n da 7,2 n wonis ori bloki umniSvnelo
gamosaxuli B blo masis TokiTaa gadabmuli da 30°-iT daxril
kis wonaa 711n. sibrtyeze srialebs. msubuq bloksa da sibrtyes
bloksa da magi Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,1,
das Soris stati xolo mZime bloksa da sibrtyes Soris igive
kuri xaxunis koe koeficienti 0,2-ia. davuSvaT msubuqi bloki
ficientia 0,25, θ mZimeze win aris. gamoTvaleT a) blokebis
kuTxea 30°, xolo aCqareba da b) Tokis daWimuloba. SSM
sur. 6.30. amocana 21.
B-sa da kvanZs Soris
••26. 6.34 suraTze gamosaxuli ori yuTi
gabmuli Toki horizontaluria. gamoTvaleT
erTmaneTTan blokze gadakidebuli TokiT
A blokis maqsimaluri wona, romlisTvisac
aris dakavSirebuli. A yuTis masaa 10kg, xolo
sistema uZraobas SeinarCunebs. SSM WWW
A-sa da daxril
••22. 6.31 suraTze gamosaxulia `Ciriouzebis~ sibrtyes Soris
yuTi (mc=1kg) da `uitiebis~ yuTi (mw=3kg). kinetikuri xaxunis
`Ciriouzebis~ yuTze horizontaluri F koeficientia 0,2.
Zala moqmedebs da daxris θ kuTxea
yuTebi aCqarebulad 30°. A yuTi mudmivi
moZraobs. `Ciriuo siCqariT qvemoT
zebis~ yuTze moqme sur. 6.31. amocana 22.
srialdeba. ra masa sur. 6.34. amocana 26 da 27.
di xaxunis Zalaa 2n, aqvs B yuTs?
xolo `uitiebis~ yuTze 4n sididis xaxunis
••27. 6.34 suraTze gamosaxuli A yuTi
Zala moqmedebs. Tu F Zalis sididea 12n,
102n-s iwonis, xolo B yuTis wona 32 n-ia.
ra Zala moqmedebs `Ciriouzebis~ yuTidan
A-sa da daxril sibrtyes Soris xaxunis
`uitiebis~ yuTze?
koeficientebia μs = 0,56 da μk = 0,25. θ kuTxea
••23. 6.32 suraTze 40°. risi tolia A yuTis aCqareba erTeulovan-
gamosaxuli sami veqtorul CanawerSi, Tu Tavdapirvelad a) A
bloki 0,5m/wm2 aCqa uZravia, b) daxril sibrtyeze maRla adis da
rebas iZens. pirveli b) qvemoT srialdeba? SSM
blokis masaa M,
sur. 6.32. amocana 23 da 79. ••28. 6.35 suraTze
xolo meore da
gamosaxuli A blo
mesame blokebis masebia 2M. risi tolia meore
kis wonaa 44 n,
bloksa da magidas Soris arsebuli kinetikuri
xolo B bloki
xaxunis koeficienti?
22 n-s iwonis. a) ra
••24. 6.33 suraTze minimaluri wona
gamosaxul sam yuTs unda hqondes C
sur. 6.35. amocana 28.
440 n sididis hori bloks, raTa A ar
zontaluri F Zala gasrialdes? magidasa da A-s Soris statikuri
sur. 6.33. amocana 24.
betonis zedapirze xaxunis koeficientia 0,2. b) davuSvaT C bloki
gadaadgilebs. yuTebis masebia m1=30kg, A-dan aiRes. ra aCqarebas SeiZens A bloki,
m2=10kg da m3=20kg. zedapirsa da TiToeul Tu A-sa da magidas Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
yuTs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia koeficientia 0,15?
0,7. a) ra F32 Zala moqmedebs mesame yuTidan
••29. 6.36 suraTze
meoreze? b) Tu yuTebi gaprialebul
gamosaxuli ori
zedapirze moZraoben, sadac kinetikuri
bloki (m1 = 16 kg
xaxunis koeficienti 0,7-ze naklebia, F32 Zalis
da M = 88 kg) erT
sidide metia, naklebia Tu ar icvleba? sur. 6.36. amocana 29.
maneTze damagre
189
buli ar aris. blokebs Soris statikuri ••34. davuSvaT 6.14 formula pilotsa da
xaxunis koeficientia 0,38, xolo mo katapultirebad savarZelze moqmed wevis
zrdili bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal ze
Zalas gvaZlevs, rodesac piloti 1300 km/
dapirzea ganlagebuli. ra minimaluri F sT siCqariT moZravi TviTmfrinavidan
horizontaluri Zalaa saWiro, raTa patara gadmoxteba. savarZlisa da pilotis masa da
bloki dididan ar Camosrialdes? ILW wevis koeficientebi Tanabaria. pilotis
masa Tqven SearCieT, xolo Sesabamisi νt 6.1
•••30. 6.37 suraTze gamosaxuli m1 = 40 kg
cxrilidan aiReT. gamoTvaleT a) pilotze
masis firfita
da savarZelze moqmedi wevis Zala da b) maTi
xaxunisgan Tavi
horizontaluri Seneleba TviTmfrinavidan
sufal zedapirze sur. 6.37. amocana 30.
gadmoxtomis dros.
uZravad Zevs, xo
lo firfitaze m2 = 10 kg masis blokia gan ••35. meoTxe amocanis gagrZeleba. amjerad
lagebuli. bloksa da firfitas Soris 6.14 formula 20 kg masis qvaze moqmed haeris
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,6, xolo wevis Zalas gvaZlevs. qvas 0,4 m2 farTobis
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,4. blok vertikaluri ganivi kveTi aqvs da misi C wevis
ze 100 n sididis F horizontaluri Zala koeficientia 0,8. haeris simkvrivea 1,21 kg/
moqmedebs. risi tolia a) blokis da b) m3, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia
firfitis aCqareba erTeulovan-veqtorul 0,8. a) dedamiwis gaswvriv qaris ra V siCqarea
CanawerSi? saWiro, raTa qva moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg ar
gaCerdes? dedamiwis gaswvriv mqrolav qars
•••31. 1000 kg masis navi 90 km/sT siCqariT
dedamiwa anelebs, amitom qaris siCqare xSirad
moZraobs, rodesac misi Zrava gamorTulia.
10 m simaRleze izomeba. davuSvaT qaris siCqare
wyalsa da navs Soris arsebuli f k xaxunis Zala
dedamiwis gaswvriv siCqaresTan SedarebiT
navis ν siCqaris proporciulia da fk = 70ν,
2-jer metia. b) a) kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis qaris
sadac ν m/wm-ebSia, xolo fk – niutonebSi. ra
ra siCqare gaizomeba Stormis dros? g) aris
droSi Semcirdeba navis siCqare 45 km/sT-mde?
Tu ara es siCqare realuri? (istoria 53-e
SSM
amocanaSi grZeldeba).
paragrafi 6.4. wevis Zala da saboloo
paragrafi 6.5. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba
siCqare
•36. saburavebsa da gzas Soris statikuri
•32. gaSlilfrTebiani arwivis mdgomareobaSi xaxunis koeficientia 0,6 da manqanaze uar
paraSutistis saboloo siCqarea 160 km/sT, yofiTi weva ar moqmedebs. ra siCqaris dros
xolo pikirebis dros igive siCqare 310 km/ iqneba manqana mosrialebis zRvarze, Tu is
sT-s aRwevs. davuSvaT paraSutistis C wevis 30,5 m radiusis rkals Semowers?
koeficienti sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi ar •37. ra umciresi radiusis mqone mosaxvevSi
icvleba. gamoTvaleT orive mdgomareobis SeZlebs Sesvlas velosipedisti, Tu is 29 km/
ganivi kveTis faqtiuri A farTobebis Sefar sT siCqariT moZraobs, saburavebsa da trasas
deba. Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,32
••33. gamoTvaleT 1000 km/sT siCqariT da 10 km da trasa daxrili ar aris? ILW
simaRleze mfrinav reaqtiul TviTmfrinavze •38. bobsleis Sejibris dros iamaikelebis
moqmedi wevis Zalis Sefardeba amis naxevar gundi 7,6 m radiusis mosaxvevSi 96,6 km/sT
siCqareze da simaRleze mfrinav propelerian siCqariT Sedis. gamoTvaleT am gundis aCqareba
TviTmfrinavze moqmed wevis ZalasTan. 10 km g-s erTeulebSi.
simaRleze haeris simkvrivea 0,38 kg/m , xolo 3
•39. kata uZravad gaCerebul atraqcionze
5 km simaRleze – 0,67 kg/m3. davuSvaT, rom Tvlems da atraqcionis centridan 5,4 m
orive TviTmfrinavis ganivi kveTis faqtiuri manZiliT aris daSorebuli. Semdeg atraqcioni
farTobi da, agreTve, C wevis koeficienti CarTes da is yovel 6 wamSi erT srul bruns
erTi da igivea.
190 Tavi 6 Zala da moZraoba
•40. atraqcion `rusuli mTebis~ manqana ••45. 660n wonis studenti `eSmakis borbalze~
1200 kg-s iwonis, rodesac mgzavrebiT savsea. zis. umaRles
wertilSi
savarZlidan
18 m radiusis wriuli borcvis mwvervalze studentze moqmedi FN drekadobis Zala
gavlisas manqanis siCqare ar icvleba. ra 556 n-ia. a) am dros studenti `simsubuqes~
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs trasidan grZnobs Tu `simZimes”? b) ra sididis FN Zala
manqanaze moqmed drekadobis Zalas borcvis moqmedebs atraqcionis udables wertilSi?
mwvervalze, Tu manqana ν = 11 m/wm siCqariT Tu borblis siCqares gavaormagebT, ra iqneba
moZraobs? ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs FN sidide g) umaRles da d) udables wertilSi?
drekadobis Zalas, Tu ν = 14 m/wm? SSM ILW
•41. 6.38 suraTze gamosaxuli manqana wriuli ••46. manqana 9,1 m radiusis brtyel mosaxvevSi
formis goraksa da velze mudmivi siCqariT 16 km/sT siCqariT Sedis. vertikalisadmi ra
moZraobs. gorakis mwvervalze, manqanis kuTxes adgens Tavisuflad Camokidebuli
savarZlidan mZRolze moqmedi drekadobis usafrTxoebis Rvedi?
Zala nulis tolia. mZRolis masaa 70 kg.
••47. TviTmfrinavi
ra drekadobis ZaliT imoqmedebs manqanis
horizontalur wre
savarZeli mZRolze, rodesac manqana velis
ze 480km/sT siCqariT
udables wertils gaivlis?
mifrinavs (sur. 6.39).
misi frTebi hori
zontisadmi θ =
40° kuTxiT aris
daxrili. ri sur. 6.39. amocana 47.
si tolia wris ra
sur. 6.38. amocana 41. diusi? dauSviT, rom saWiro Zalas frTis
••42. damnaSavisTvis dadevnebuli policiis zedapirisadmi perpendikularuli `aerodina
oficeri 300 m radiusis mosaxvevSi 80 km/sT mikuri weva~ uzrunvelyofs. SSM WWW
mudmivi siCqariT Sedis. misi masa 55 kg-ia. ••48. WanWiki viw-
WanWiki
risi tolia oficridan manqanis savarZelze ro, horizonta
moqmedi jamuri Zalis a) sidide da b) kuTxe luri Zelakis erT Zelaki
(vertikalis mimarT)? (miniSneba: ganixileT bolozea damagre
horizontaluri da vertikaluri Zalebi). buli da Zelaki ganaTebis
poziciebi
••43. 80 kg masis adamiani `eSmakis borbalze~ meore bolos gar
10 m radiusis vertikalur wreze 6,1 m/wm Semo horizonta sur. 6.40. amocana 48.
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. a) risi tolia lurad brunavs.
moZraobis periodi? ra drekadobis Zala inJineri stroboskopul sanaTs Zelaksa da
moqmedebs savarZlidan adamianze, rodesac WanWiks anaTebs da moZraobas akvirdeba.
savarZeli wriuli traeqtoriis umaRles ganaTebis tempi imgvaria, rom Zelaki da WanWiki
wertils da g) udables wertils gaivlis? erTi sruli Semobrunebis ganmavlobaSi 8-jer
naTdeba (sur. 6.40). ganaTebis tempi wamSi 2000
••44. atraqcionis kabina vertikalur wreze
ganaTebaa. WanWikis masaa 30 g, xolo radiusia
moZraobs. kabina xist Zelakzea damagrebuli.
3,5 sm. ra Zala moqmedebs Zelakidan WanWikze?
manqanis da mgzavrebis saerTo wonaa 5 kn, xolo
wris radiusia 10 m. wris umaRles wertilSi ra ••49. m = 1,5kg masis Saiba xaxunisgan Tavisufal
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebis Zala moqmedebs magidaze r = 20 sm radiusis wreze srialebs
191
da M = 2,5kg masis balansiris masaa 0,04 kg, xolo Tokis
Camokidebul cilin masa umniSvneloa da misi sigrZea L=0,9 m.
drzea damagrebuli. balansiri 0,94 m sigrZis wriul traeqtorias
Toki magidis Sua Semowers. risi tolia a) Tokis daWimuloba da
gulSi gakeTebul b) moZraobis periodi?
xvrelSi gadis
53. me-4 da 35-e amocanebis gagrZeleba.
(sur. 6.41). Saibis ra
amoucnobi movlenis meore axsna imaSi mdgo
siCqaris SemTxvevaSi
mareobs, rom qvebi mxolod maSin moZraobs,
iqneba cilindri sur. 6.41. amocana 49.
rodesac Stormis Sedegad darCenili wya
uZravi? SSM
li yinulis did, Txel firfitad iqceva.
••50. trasis mosaxveviani nawili daxrilia qvebi yinulSi rCeba. Semdeg, rodesac qari
da 60km/sT siCqariT moZraobisTvis aris wamouberavs, yinulze da qvebze moqmedi
gankuTvnili. mosaxvevis radiusia 200m. manqana haeris wevis Zala orives gadaadgilebs
wvimian dRes 40km/sT siCqariT moZraobs. ra da qvebic nakvalevs tovebs. haeris wevis
minimaluri xaxunis koeficienti unda iyos Zala Dice = 4Cice ρAice ν2, sadac Cice aris wevis
saburavebsa da trasas Soris, raTa manqana koeficienti (2×10–3), ρ - haeris simkvrive
mosaxvevSi ar mosrialdes? (davuSvaT, rom (1,21 kg/m3), Aice – yinulis horizontaluri far
manqanaze uaryofiTi weva ar moqmedebs). Tobi da ν – qaris siCqare yinulis gaswvriv.
•••51. 6.42 suraTze davuSvaT yinulis firfitis zomebia
gamosaxuli 1,34 kg 400 m × 500 m × 4 mm, miwasTan misi kinetikuri
masis burTi ver xaxunis koeficientia 0,1 da simkvrivea
tikalur, mbrunav 917 kg/m3. aseve davuSvaT, rom meoTxe
ZelakTan masis ar amocanaSi mocemuli qvebis identuri 100 qva
mqone, L = 1,7 m si yinulSia darCenili. firfitis moZraobis
grZis ori TokiTaa SesanarCuneblad ra siCqaris qaria saWiro
dakavSirebuli. a) firfitasTan axlos da b) 10 m simaRleze?
Zelakze Tokebis g) aris Tu ara realuri miRebuli mniSvnelo
damagrebebs So sur. 6.42. amocana 51. bebi Stormis SemTxvevaSi?
ris manZilia 54. trasis mosaxvevis daproeqteba. Tu
d = 1,7 m. zeda Tokis daWimulobaa 35 n. manqana mosaxvevSi metismetad swrafad
risi tolia a) qveda Tokis daWimuloba,
Sedis, mocurebis albaToba didia. daxrili
b) Tokidan burTze moqmedi F jamuri Zala da
mosaxvevis SemTxvevaSi swrafad moZrav
g) burTis siCqare? d) ra mimarTuleba aqvs F manqanaze xaxunis Zala moqmedebs da mocurebas
Zalas? SSM ILW ewinaaRmdegeba. ganvixiloT R = 200 m radiu
damatebiTi amocanebi. sis wriuli mosaxvevi da daxrilobis θ kuT
xe, rodesac saburavebsa da trasas Soris
52. 6.43 suraTze
statikuri xaxunis koeficientia μs . manqana
gamosaxulia konu-
mosaxvevSi 6.13 suraTis msgavsad Sedis.
suri qanqara, ro
a) daadgineT manqanis maqsimaluri νmax siCqaris
mlis balansiri Tok
gamosaxuleba, rodesac manqana mocurebis
zea Camokidebuli
zRvarzea. b) aageT 0°-dan 50°-mde arealSi
da horizontalur
νmax-is θ kuTxeze damokidebulebis grafiki
wreze mudmivi si
μs = 0,6 (mSrali trasa) da μs = 0,5 (sveli an
CqariT moZraobs
yinuliani trasa) koeficientebisTvis. νmax
(balansiris brun
siCqare θ = 10° daxrisTvis da g) μs = 0,6 da
vasTan erTad Toki
d) μs = 0,5 koeficientebisTvis km/sT-ebSi
konuss Semowers).
sur. 6.43. amocana 52.
192 Tavi 6 Zala da moZraoba
gamoTvaleT (axla xom xvdebiT ratom xdeba dapiris gapoxva θ1-s gazrdis, Seamcirebs Tu ar
avariebi moyinul gzaze, rodesac mZRolebi Secvlis? d) risi tolia θ1, rodesac μs = 0,6?
safrTxes ar iTvaliswineben?)
59. daudevari
55. 556 n wonis karada iatakze uZravad Zevs. mosamsaxure
Sva
massa da iataks Soris statikuri xaxunis bris tars F Za
koeficientia 0,68, xolo kinetikuri xaxunis liT awveba. tari
koeficientia 0,56. karadas a) 222 n, b) 334 n, vertikalisadmi θ
g) 445 n da d) 556 n horizontaluri ZalebiT kuTxes adgens, xo
ubiZgeben. gamoTvaleT iatakidan karadaze lo μs da μk Sva
moqmedi xaxunis Zala TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. brasa da iataks
sur. 6.46. amocana 59.
e) romeli mcdelobis Sedegad daiZvreba Soris statikuri
karada? da kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientebia.
Svabras taris masa ugulebelyaviT da
56. manqana SuadRisas quCazea gaCerebuli,
dauSviT, rom mTeli m masa Svabras bolozea
romelic horizontisadmi 35°-iT daxril
koncentrirebuli. a) Tu Svabra iatakze
gorakze Cadis. am dros quCasa da saburavebs
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs, risi tolia F?
Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,725.
b) daamtkiceT, rom Tu θ kuTxe garkveul θ0
SEebindebisas wvima wamovida, temperatura
daeca da xaxunis koeficientic Sesabamisad
mniSvnelobaze naklebia, F Zala Svabras
gadaadgilebas ver SeZlebs. gamoTvaleT θ0.
Semcirda. ra procentiT unda Semcirdes
koeficienti, raTa manqanas Camosrialebis 60. Surdulis msroleli 0,01kg masis Sur
safrTxe gauCndes? dulSi 0,25kg masis qvas debs da qvis sasrolad
0,65 m radiusis vertikalur wres akeTebs.
57. 6.44 suraTze
Surdulis gaWimuli Tokis masa umniSvneloa
gamosaxul bloksa
da gawydeba, Tu misi daWimuloba 33 n-s
da 60°-iT daxril
gadaaWarbebs. davuSvaT Surdulis msroleli
sibrtyes Soris
qvis srolis siCqares nel-nela zrdis. a) wris
kinetikuri xaxunis sur. 6.44. amocana 57.
umaRles wertilSi gawydeba Toki Tu udables
koeficientia 0,2.
wertilSi? b) qvis srolis ra siCqareze
ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs blokis
gawydeba Toki?
aCqarebas, Tu bloki qvemoT curdeba? ra
g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba aqvs blokis 61. mt = 4 kg masis
aCqarebas, Tu bloki sibrtyeze maRla adis? bloki mb = 5 kg masis
blokze Zevs. zeda
58. 6.45 suraTze
blokis qvedaze ga
gamosaxul m masis
sasrialeblad (qve
yuTze F Zala mo sur. 6.47. amocana 61.
das daZvris gareSe)
qmedebs da yuTsa
zeda blokze sul mcire 12 n horizontalurma
da zedapirs Soris
sur. 6.45. amocana 58. Zalam unda imoqmedos. blokebi ganla
statikuri xaxunis
gebulebia horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavi
koeficientia μs. θ kuTxe Tavdapirvelad nu
sufal magidaze (sur. 6.47). gamoTvaleT:
lis tolia, xolo Semdeg ise izrdeba, rom
Zalis veqtori saaTis isris moZraobis mimar
a) maqsimaluri F horizontaluri Zala,
romliTac qveda blokze unda vimoqmedoT,
TulebiT brunavs. brunvis dros Zalis F
raTa orive bloki erTdroulad amoZravdes
sidide ise icvleba, rom yuTi yovelTvis
da b) Sedegad miRebuli blokebis aCqareba.
gasrialebis zRvarzea. Tu μs = 0,7, a) aageT
F/mg-s θ-ze damokidebulebis grafiki da 62. 6.48 suraTze m1 = 2 kg masis pirveli yuTi
b) gansazRvreT θ1 kuTxe, rodesac es fardoba da m2 = 3kg masis meore yuTi umniSvnelo masis
usasrulo mniSvnelobas uaxlovdeba. g) ze TokiT aris gadabmuli da ar moZraobs. meore
193
yuTi θ = 30° kuTxiT horizontalur zedapirs Soris kinetikuri
daxril, xaxunisgan xaxunis koeficientia 0,2. risi tolia Tokis
T a v i s u f a l daWimuloba?
zedapirzea gan
67. 6.50 suraTze yuTi daxril RarSi
lagebuli. pirvel
sur. 6.48. amocana 62. misrialebs. yuTsa da Rars Soris kinetikuri
yuTsa da horizon
xaxunis koeficientia μk. risi tolia yuTis
talur zedapirs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
aCqareba μk-s, θ-s da g-s erTeulebSi?
koeficientia 0,25. blokis masa da xaxuni
umniSvneloa. yuTebis amoZravebis Semdeg risi
tolia Tokis daWimuloba?
65. aeroportSi tvirTis gadatana eskala yuTsa da sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis
adgens. davuSvaT, amgvari mcire daxris g) rogor Seicvleba wina kiTxvebze pasuxi, Tu
rodesac daxris kuTxem 30°-s miaRwia, yuTi la kedelze da T) qvemoT kedelze? i) ro
4 wamis ganmavlobaSi 2,5 m manZilze mudmivi mel eqsperimentSia xaxunis Zala qvemoT
aCqarebiT Camosrialda. risi tolia a) sta mimarTuli?
tikuri xaxunis koeficienti da b) kinetikuri
75. gzis mSeneblobis adgilze TamaSis
xaxunis koeficienti yuTsa da ficars Soris?
dros bavSvi horizontisadmi 35°-iT daxril
71. 5 kg masis qviT ormoSi Cavarda. Casrialebis ganmavlobaSi
xexaven Weris hori bavSvis aCqarebaa 0,5m/wm2 da misi mimarTuleba
zontalur zedapirs srialis sawinaaRmdegoa. ra kinetikuri xaxu
(sur. 6.53). Tu kine nis koeficienti arsebobs bavSvsa da daxril
sur. 6.53. amocana 71.
tikuri xaxunis koe zedapirs Soris?
ficientia 0,65 da qvaze moqmedi Zala θ = 70°
76. orTqlmavali 25 vagonian matarebels
kuTxiTaa daxrili, ra Zalam unda imoqmedos
swor liandagze aCqarebs. TiToeuli vagonis
qvaze, raTa man mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos?
masaa 5×104kg da yvela maTganze f=250ν xa
72. trasis mosaxveviani monakveTi 60 km/sT si xunis Zala moqmedebs, sadac ν siCqare m/wm-
Cqarezea gaTvlili. davuSvaT, mosaxvevSi Se ebSia, xolo f Zala niutonebSia. rodesac
sul manqanebze uaryofiTi weva ar moqmedebs. matareblis siCqarea 30km/sT, misi aCqareba
a) Tu mosaxvevis radiusia 150 m, ra kuTxiT unda 0,2m/wm2-s aRwevs. a) risi tolia orTqlmavalsa
iyos daxrili trasa? b) trasis dauxrelobis da pirvel vagons Soris jaWvis daWimuloba?
SemTxvevaSi ra minimaluri xaxunis koe b) Tu es daWimuloba orTqlmavalidan
ficienti unda arsebobdes saburavebsa da matarebelze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zalis
trasas Soris, raTa 60 km/sT siCqariT moZravi tolia, ra maqsimaluri siswrafiT SeiZleba
manqanebi mosaxvevSi ar mocurdnen? orTqlmavalma ubiZgos 30km/sT-iT moZrav
matarebels?
73. θ kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze mudmivi
siCqariT mosriale bloks ν0 sawyisi siCqariT 77. 2 g masis moneta horizontaluri mbrunavi
ukan ubiZgeben. a) ra manZils gaivlis sibrtyeze magidis centridan 5 sm manZilze moaTavses,
bloki gaCerebamde? b) gaCerebis Semdeg bloki romelic 3,14 wamSi sam bruns asrulebs. aseT
kvlav Camosrialdeba Tu ara? SekiTxvas pirobebSi moneta ar curavs. risi tolia
argumentirebuli pasuxi gaeciT. monetis a) siCqare, aCqarebis b) sidide da
g) mimarTuleba da monetaze moqmedi xaxunis
74. 6.54 suraTze
Zalis d) sidide da e) mimarTuleba? magidis
22 n wonis bloki
centridan 10 sm manZilze ganlagebis
60 n sididis F ho
dros moneta mocurebis zRvarzea. v) risi
rizontaluri Za
tolia monetasa da magidas Soris arsebuli
liT vertikalur
statikuri xaxunis koeficienti?
kedelze uZravad
sur. 6.54. amocana 74.
aris gaCerebuli. 78. 6.1 cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT 16
kedelsa da bloks Soris statikuri xaxunis funtiani tyviis diametri daadgineT, Tu
koeficientia 0,55, xolo kinetikuri xa C = 0,49 da haeris simkvrivea 1,2 kg/m3.
xunis koeficientia 0,38. blokze eqvsi eqs
79. 6.32 suraTze pirveli, meore da mesame
perimenti tardeba da masze kedlis pa
blokebi umniSvnelo masis TokebiTaa gada
raleluri da sxvadasxva sididis meore
bmuli. blokebis amoZravebis Semdeg maTi aCqa
P Zala moqmedebs. am Zalis sidideebi da rebebia 1,5 m/wm2. blokebis masebia m1 = 2 kg,
mimarTulebebia: a) 34 n, maRla, b) 12 n, maRla,
m2 = 4 kg da m3 = 4 kg. ra xaxunis Zala moqmedebs
g) 48 n, maRla, d) 62 n, maRla, e) 10 n, qvemoT,
meore blokze?
v) 18 n, qvemoT. TiToeul eqsperimentSi ra
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs blokze? romel 80. oTxkaciani bobslei (630 kg mTliani masis)
eqsperimentSi gadaadgileba bloki z) maR moZraobas swor trasaze iwyebs. trasis am
195
monakveTis sigrZe 80 m-ia da horizontisadmi mudmivi aCqarebiT misrialebs. yuTis mdeba
10,2° kuTxiT aris daxrili. davuSvaT xaxuni reoba 0,5 wm-is SualediT fiqsirdeba.
da haeris weva bobsleize 62 n mudmivi ZaliT a) ra aCqareba aqvs yuTs? b) Tu yuTi 240 n-s
moqmedebs, romelic daxris paralelurad iwonis, ra sididis kinetikuri xaxunis Zala
da bobsleis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod aris moqmedebs yuTze?
mimarTuli. upasuxeT Semdeg SekiTxvebs:
83. Tovlze dadebuli Txilamuri droTa
a) Tu moZraobis dawyebisas bobsleis siCqarea
ganmavlobaSi Tovls ewebeba, magram mo
6,2 m/wm, ra droSi gaivlis is trasis swor
Zraobis dros Txilamuri Tovls aTbobs da
monakveTs? b) davuSvaT sportsmenebma xaxunis
nawilobriv adnobs, rac kinetikuri xaxunis
da haeris wevis moqmedeba 42 n-mde Seamcires.
koeficients amcirebs da, Sesabamisad,
igive sawyisi siCqaris pirobebSi ra droSi
srials aadvilebs. Txilamuris cviliT
gaivlis bobslei trasis swor monakveTs?
dafarva mas wyalgaumtars xdis da wylis
81. saxli gorakis wverzea aSenebuli, xolo fenasaTan xaxunic mcirdeba. reklamaSi
axlomdebare daRmarTi θ = 45° kuTxes adgens amtkiceben, rom axali saxeobis plastmasis
(sur. 6.55). Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom Txilamuri gansakuTrebulad wyalgaumtaria
es daRmarTi unda Semcires, vinaidan masze da alpebis 200 m-ian saTxilamuro trasas
ganlagebuli miwis zeda fenebi qveda fenebze axali TxilamurebiT 61 wamis nacvlad
curdeba. Tu or amgvar fenas Soris statikuri 42 wamSi dafaravT. gamoTvaleT saSualo
xaxunis koeficientia 0,5, ra umciresi φ daxra aCqareba a) standartuli Txilamurebis da
unda hqondes daRmarTs, raTa miwis Cacureba b) axali Txilamurebis pirobebSi. davuSvaT
Tavidan aviciloT? saTxilamuro trasis daxrilobaa 3°. gamo
TvaleT kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti
g) standartuli TxilamurebisTvis da
d) axali TxilamurebisTvis.
da yovel 30 wamSi erT srul bruns akeTebs. v) FN ? amjerad davuSvaT, rom skamsa da iataks
199
200 Tavi 7 kinetikuri energia da muSaoba
7.4. muSaoba
Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares gazrdiT, sagnis kinetikuri energiac gaizrdeba.
aseve, Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares SeamcirebT, kinetikuri energiac Sesabamisad
Semcirdeba. kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis SefasebisTvis vambobT, rom Zalam energia Tqvenidan
saganze an piriqiT gadaitana.
Zalis saSualebiT energiis gadacemis dros Zala saganze W muSaobas asrulebs. muSaobis
gansazRvreba Semdegia:
kanoni CavweroT:
Fx = max , (7.3)
sadac m aris burTulis masa. Zala d gadaadgilebis
gavlis Semdeg burTulis siCqaris 0
sawyis mniSvnelobas
raime sxva mniSvnelobiT cvlis. vinaidan Zala mudmivia,
aCqarebac mudmivia. aqedan gamomdinare, x RerZis gaswvrivi
sur. 7.2.
mavTulze mosriale burTu komponentebisTvis 2.16 formula SeiZleba Caiweros:
laze d gadaadgilebisadmi
φ kuTxis
mdgeneli F mudmivi Zala moqmedebs ν 2 = ν02 + 2axd. (7.4)
da mis siCqares 0
-dan -ze cvlis. am formulis ax-sTvis amoxsna, Semdeg 7.3 formulaSi Casma
`kinetikuri energiis sawyao~ burTulis
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas asaxavs.
da gardaqmnebi mogvcems:
Ki sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa, xolo Kf 1 mν2 – 1 mν02 = Fxd (7.5)
– saboloo kinetikuri energia. 2 2
formulis marcxena mxaris pirveli wevri d gadaadgilebis
bolos burTulis Kf kinetikuri energiaa, xolo meore wevri - Ki kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis
dasawyisSi. 7.5 formulis marcxena mxare gvauwyebs, rom kinetikuri energia Zalis moqmedebiT
Seicvala, xolo formulis marjvena mxaris Tanaxmad es cvlileba Fxd-s tolia. maSasadame, Zalis
mier burTulaze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
W = Fxd (7.6)
Tu Fx da d sidideebi viciT, maSin am formulis gamoyenebiT Zalis mier burTulaze Sesrulebul
W muSaobas gamovTvliT.
ramdenime Zalis mier Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba. rodesac saganze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs,
jamuri muSaoba calkeuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaTa jamis tolia. jamuri muSaoba
ori meTodiT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT: 1) gamovTvaloT TiToeuli Zalis mier
Sesrulebuli
muSaoba da Semdeg SevkriboT, 2) Tavdapirvelad am Zalebis tolqmedis sidide Ft gamovTvaloT,
Semdeg ki 7.7 formulis gamoyenebiT F-is nacvlad Ft CavsvaT, xolo φ-s nacvlad - Ft -sa da d -s
Soris kuTxe.
ΔK = Kf – Ki = W (7.10)
(
wertilis kinetikuri
energiis cvlileba ) (
=
wertilze Sesrulebuli
jamuri muSaoba ).
Kf = Ki + W (7.11)
es formula gvauwyebs:
ΔK = Kf – Ki = Wa + Wg , (7.15)
F Zala sagans
sur. 7.7. a) modebuli
sadac Kf aris kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis dasasruls, maRla
wevs. sagnis d gadaadgileba
F mizidulobis Zalisadmi f=180°
xolo K – kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi. igive
i
g
kuTxes adgens. modebuli Zala
formula sagnis dabla dawevis SemTxvevaSic gamosadegia, saganze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs.
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mizidulobis Zala sagans energias b) modebuli F Zala sagans dabla
gadascems, xolo Cvens mier modebuli Zala sagans energias wevs. sagnis d gadaadgileba Fg
mizidulobis Zalisadmi f=0° kuTxes
arTmevs. adgens. modebuli Zala saganze
gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa, rodesac awevamde da awevis uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
Semdeg sagani uZravia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom wigns
iatakidan Taroze debT. am SemTxvevaSi Kf da Ki kinetikuri energiebi nulis tolia da 7.15
formula Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
Wa + Wg = 0
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom igive Sedegs miviRebT, Tu kinetikuri energiebi erTmaneTis tolia.
orive SemTxvevaSi miRebuli Sedegi niSnavs, rom modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia anu modebuli Zala sagans
igive raodenobis energias gadascems, rasac mizidulobis Zala sagans arTmevs. 7.12 formulis
gamoyenebiT 7.16 formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
a) ra Wg muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Fg mizi
dulobis Zala gadaadgilebisas?
(a)
da WT = 368 j (pasuxi)
b) ra WT muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Tokidan
moqmedi T Zala gadaadgilebis dros?
sakontrolo wertili 3. davuSvaT, yuTs
amoxsna: 7.7 formulaSi (W = Fd cos φ) F-is
igive h simaRlemde, oRond ufro grZel
nacvlad T-s ver CavsvamT, vinaidan T-s mniS
daxril sibrtyeze vamoZravebT. a) T Zalis
vneloba ar viciT. samagierod SegviZlia yuTi
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba metia, naklebia
nivTier wertilad miviCnioT da mas muSaoba-
Tu ar icvleba?
b) yuTis moZraobisTvis
kinetikuri energiis Teorema (ΔK = W) mivu
saWiro T Zalis sidide metia, naklebia Tu
sadagoT. awevamde da awevis Semdeg yuTi
ar icvleba?
uZravia, amitom misi kinetikuri energiis ΔK
b) 12m-iani vardnis ganmavlobaSi ra WT muSao sur. 7.10. liftis kabina νi siCqariT qvemoT eSveba da
bas asrulebs kabinaze liftis
gvarlis aCqarebas iwyebs. a) kabina d manZils a = g/5 mudmivi
gaswvriv zemoT mimarTuli T Zala? aCqarebiT gadis. b) Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki
kabinisTvis. naCvenebia gadaadgilebac.
amoxsna: 7.7 formulis (W = Fd cosφ) sa
7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 209
SualebiT WT muSaobas gamovTvliT, Tu Sesabamisad, kinetikuri energiac icvleba.
Tavdapirvelad T sididis gamosaxulebas aqedan gamomdinare, 7.16 formula am
miviRebT. am gamosaxulebis miReba y RerZis SemTxvevaSi gamousadegaria.
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore
g) ra jamuri W muSaoba sruldeba kabinaze
kanonis CaweriT SeiZleba:
vardnis ganmavlobaSi?
T – Fg = ma
amoxsna: jamuri muSaoba kabinaze moqmedi
es formula T-sTvis amovxsnaT, Fg-s nacvlad Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamia:
mg CavsvaT da miRebuli Sedegi 7.7 formulaSi
W = Wg + WT = 5,88×104 j – 4,7 × 104 j
gadavitanoT:
= 1,18×104 j ≈ 12 kj
WT = Td cos φ = m(a+g)d cos φ
Semdeg qvemoT mimarTuli a aCqarebis nacvlad d) risi tolia kabinis kinetikuri energia
–g/5 CavsvaT, xolo T da mg Zalebs Soris φ 12m-iani vardnis dasasruls?
kuTxis nacvlad 180°: amoxsna: kabinis kinetikuri energia icvleba,
( )
g 4 vinaidan masze jamuri muSaoba sruldeba. 7.1
WT = m – + g d cos φ = mgd cos φ
5 5 formulidan gamomdinare, vardnis dasawyisSi
1
4 kinetikuri energiaa Ki= 2 mνi2. amis Semdeg 7.11
= (500 kg)(9,8 m/w2)(12 m) cos 180°
5 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
= –4,7 × 104 j ≈ –47 kj (pasuxi) 1
Kf = Ki + W = mνi2 + W
2
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom WT ar aris Wg-s 1
= (500 kg)(4 m/wm)2 + 1,18×104 j
Sebrunebuli. amis mizezi is aris, rom kabina 2
vardnis dros Cqardeba, misi siCqare da, = 1,58 × 104 j ≈ 16 kj (pasuxi)
drekadobis Zala
7.11 suraTze naCvenebia moSvebul mdgomareobaSi myofi zambara anu rodesac zambara SekumSuli
an daWimuli ar aris. zambaris erTi bolo damagrebulia, xolo meore boloze nivTieri wertilis
magvari sagani, magaliTad, blokia mibmuli. Tu bloks marjvniv gavwevT da zambaras davWimavT
(7.11b suraTi), zambara bloks marcxnisken ubiZgebs (vinaidan drekadobis Zala zambaras pirvandel
mdgomareobaSi abrunebs, mas aRmdgen Zalasac uwodeben). Tu bloks marcxnisken vubiZgebT da
zambaras SevkumSavT (7.11g suraTi), zambara bloks marjvnisken ubiZgebs.
zambaraze
Catarebuli mravali eqsperimentiT gamarTlebulia daSveba, rom zambaridan moqmedi
Fs Zala zambaris Tavisufali bolos d gadaadgilebis proporciulia.
Fs = - k d (hukis kanoni) , (7.20)
sadac Fs aris drekadobis Zala. es formula hukis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. robert huki
ingliseli mecnieri iyo, romelic me-17 saukuneSi moRvaweobda. 7.20 formulaSi gamoyenebuli
minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom drekadobis Zala yovelTvis zambaris Tavisufali bolos
gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sapirispiroa. k mudmivas zambaris sixiste ewodeba da igi zambaris
elastiurobis maxasiaTebelia. rac ufro metia k, miT ufro araelastiuria zambara anu miT
ufro meti Zalaa saWiro mocemuli gadaadgilebis misaRwevad. SI sistemaSi k-s erTeulia n/m.
210 Tavi 7 kinetikuri energia da muSaoba
, (7.22)
sadac j aris segmentebis rigiTi nomeri. zRvarSi Δx nulisken miiswrafis da 7.22 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
. (7.23)
7.7. drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba 211
7.21 formulidan gamomdinare Fx Zalis sididea kx da gveqneba:
x
= (– 1k)[x2]xf = (– 1k)[x2]xi (– 1 k)(xf2 – xi2 ). (7.24)
2 i 2 2
gadamravlebis Semdeg miviRebT:
Ws = 1 kxi2 – 1 kxf2 (drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba) (7.25)
2 2
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Ws muSaoba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, rac
imazea damokidebuli blokidan gamodis energia Tu bloks gadaecema. gafrTxileba: xf saboloo
mdebareoba 7.25 formulis marjvena mxaris meore wevria. aqedan gamomdinare, 7.25 formula
gvauwyebs:
sakontrolo wertili 4. 7.11 suraTze gamosaxuli blokis x RerZis gaswvriv sawyisi da saboloo
mdebareobebia: a) –3sm, 2sm; b) 2sm, 3sm da g) –2sm, 2sm. TiToeul mdgomareobaSi drekadobis Zalis
mier blokze Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis tolia?
formulidan gamomdinareobs:
= 0,03 j = 30 mj (pasuxi)
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
Ws = – 1 kx22 = – 1 (408 n/m)(17 × 10–3 m)2
2 2
dadebiTia, vinaidan drekadobis Zala xi = +17 mm
= – 0,059 j (pasuxi)
koordinatidan moSvebuli mdgomareobisken
gadaadgilebis dros ufro met dadebiT
b) Semdeg paketi marcxniv gadaadgildeba
muSaobas asrulebs, vidre moSvebuli mdgo
x3 = –12 mm koordinatze. ra muSaobas asrulebs
mareobidan xf = –12 mm koordinatze gadaad
drekadobis Zala paketze am gadaadgilebis
gilebis dros uaryofiTi muSaoba sruldeba.
dros?
. (7.30)
. (7.31)
SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos y-ze, magram ara x-ze an z-ze; 3) Fz SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos z-ze,
magram ara x-ze an y-ze. am SemTxvevaSi wertilis gadaadgilebis nazrdi iqneba:
(7.34)
dr gadaadgilebis dros wertilze F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli dW muSaobis nazrdi 7.8
formuliT gamoiTvleba:
dW = F · dr = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz (7.35)
ri sawyisi mdebareobidan
(xi, yi, zi koordinatebi) rf saboloo mdebareobisken (xf ,yf ,zf koordinatebi)
gadaadgilebis dros F Zalis mier wertilze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
(7.36)
Tu F -s mxolod x komponenti aqvs, maSin 7.36 formulaSi y da z wevrebi nulis tolia da formula
7.32 formulamde daiyvaneba.
, (7.37)
sadac niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT F(x) Zala ma-iT SevcvaleT. 7.37 formulaSi ma dx
sidide ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
dv
ma dx = m dx (7.38)
dt
gamoTvlis jaWvuri wesidan gamomdinare:
dv dv dx dv
= = v , (7.39)
dt dx dt dx
7.38 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
dv
ma dx = m v dx = mv dv, (7.40)
dx
7.40 formula 7.37 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
W = Kf – Ki = ΔK ,
rodesac x 0-dan zrdas iwyebs, kani nemss suraTze gamosaxuli grafikis qveda arealis
( )
Zala sakmarisad Zlieria da nemsi kanSi aRwevs. farTobi Zalis grafiksa da
W= x RerZis Soris, xi-dan xf-mde
amis Semdeg saWiro Zala Semcirebas iwyebs.
nemsi zurgis tvinis iogs gakveTs, rodesac Cveni grafiki wrfivi segmentebisgan Sedgeba,
x = 18 mm, xolo rodesac x = 30 mm, nemsi amitom SesaZlebelia, rom grafikis qveda
SedarebiT myar myesSi SeaRwevs da Semdeg areali marTkuTxa da samkuTxa regionebad
nemsis wveri epiduralur sivrceSi xvdeba. davyoT (sur. 7.14b). magaliTad, samkuTxa A
swored am momentSi Zalis sidide mkveTrad regionis farTobia
ecema. damwyebma eqima Zalis gadaadgilebaze
farTobiA=1 (0,008 m)(12 n) = 0,048 n·m = 0,048 j
damokidebulebis Tviseba kargad unda 2
Seiswavlos, raTa mixvdes rodis Sewyvitos mas Semdeg rac yvela dasaTaurebuli regionis
nemsis wveris Seyvana. ra W muSaoba unda farTobs gavigebT, jamuri muSaobis gamoTvla
Seasrulos nemsze modebulma Zalam, raTa ar gagviWirdeba:
nemsis wveri x = 30 mm mdebareobaze anu W = (A-K regionebis farTobebis jami)
epiduralur sivrceSi moxvdes? = 0,048 + 0,024 + 0,012 + 0,036 + 0,009 + 0,001
amoxsna: cvladi F(x) Zalis mier Sesrulebul + 0,016 + 0,048 + 0,016 + 0,004 + 0,024
muSaobas gamovTvliT, Tu gamoviyenebT 7.32 = 0,238 j (pasuxi)
formulas:
(a) (b)
sur. 7.14. a) epiduraluri proceduris dros nemsis x gadaadgilebaze Zalis F sididis damokidebulebis grafiki.
b) grafiksa da gadaadgilebis RerZs Soris teritoria regionebad aris dayofili, raTa farTobis gamoTvla
SesaZlebeli gaxdes.
7.9. simZlavre
muSam jalambaris saSualebiT agurebi Senobis saxuravze unda aitanos. Cven SegviZlia
jalambaridan tvirTze moqmedi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamovTvaloT, rac tvirTis
awevisTvis aris saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, muSisTvis muSaobis Sesrulebis temps ufro aqvs
mniSvneloba, vidre mis sidides. Cndeba SekiTxva: 5 wuTs waiRebs samuSao Tu mTel kviras?
Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis temps simZlavre ewodeba. Tu Zala Δt droSi W muSaobas
asrulebs, saSualo simZlavrea:
W
PsaS = (saSualo simZlavre) (7.42)
Dt
P myisi simZlavre muSaobis Sesrulebis myisi tempia:
W
P= (myisi simZlavre) (7.43)
Dt
davuSvaT Zalis mier Sesrulebuli W(t) muSaobis droze damokidebulebis funqcia viciT.
magaliTad, t = 3 wm droSi P myisi simZlavris gamoTvlisTvis W(t)-s pirveli rigis warmoebuli
unda gavigoT da Semdeg t = 3 wm drosTvis gamovTvaloT.
SI sistemaSi simZlavris erTeulia j/wm. es
erTeuli Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba da amitom mas
vati (vt) ewodeba. jeims uati cnobili mecnieri iyo,
romelmac orTqlis Zravebis muSaobis tempi Zalian
gazarda da amiT gaiTqva saxeli. britanul sistemaSi
simZlavris erTeulia futi•funti/wm. aseve xSirad
gamoiyeneba cxenis Zalac. erTeulebs Soris Semdegi
urTierTkavSiria:
da
sur. 7.15. satvirTo avtomobilis Zalis
Sedegad miRebuli simZlavre tvirTze Zalis 1 cxenis Zala = 1cxZ = 550futi · funti/wm
mier muSaobis Sesrulebis tempia
= 746vt (7.45)
7.42 formulaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom muSaoba droisa da simZlavris namravlia. aqedan
gamomdinare:
1 kilovati · sT = 1kvt · sT = (103 vt)(3600 wm) = 3,6 × 106j = 3,6 mgj (7.46)
vati da kvt · sT ZiriTadad eleqtroxelsawyoebTan asocirdeba, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba sxva
xelsawyoebisTvisac SeiZleba. magaliTad, iatakidan wignis aRebisa da magidaze dadebis Semdeg
SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqven 4 × 10-6 kvt•sT muSaoba SeasruleT.
Zalis mier nivTier wertilze muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi am Zalisa da nivTieri wertilis
siCqaris saSualebiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos. wertilisTvis,
romelic wrfivad moZraobs da
masze am wrfisadmi raime φ kuTxiT mimarTuli mudmivi F Zala moqmedebs, 7.43 formula Semdeg
saxes iRebs:
P=
dW F cos φ dx
dt
=
dt
= F cos φ
dx
dt ( )
anu P = Fν cos φ (7.47)
7.9. simZlavre 217
7.47 formulis marjvena mxare F · skalaruli namravlis saxiTac SegviZlia warmovadginoT:
P= F · (myisi simZlavre) (7.48)
7.15 suraTze gamosaxuli satvirTo avtomobili drois romeliRac momentSi siCqariT moZrav
tvirTze F ZaliT moqmedebs. F -iT gamowveuli myisi simZlavre drois momentSi F -is mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempia da 7.47-7.48 formulebiT gamoiTvleba. xSirad misaRebia gamoTqma:
`satvirTo avtomobilis simZlavre~, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom simZlavre Zalis mier muSaobis
Sesrulebis tempia.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
x = x1 mdebareobebs Soris wertilis gada fiki (K kinetikuri energiis t droze da
adgilebis dros Zalis mier Sesrulebuli mu mokidebuleba) 7.21b suraTze gamosaxul
Saobis mixedviT dididan mcireze. romel grafiks Seesabameba?
amocanebi
•26. zambara da bloki 7.11 suraTze gamo •••30. 7.11a suraTze gamosaxuli bloki xaxu
saxulis msgavsad aris ganlagebuli. ro nisgan Tavisufal, horizontalur zedapirze
desac bloks x = +4 sm koordinatisken Zevs da zambaris sixistea 50 n/m. Tavdapirve-
gamovwevT, mis gasaCereblad 360 n Zalaa lad zambara moSvebul mdgomareobaSia da
saWiro. Cven bloki x = 11 sm koordinatisken bloki x = 0 mdebareobaze imyofeba. amis Semdeg
gamovwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas 3 n mudmivi sididis Zala bloks x RerZis dadebi
asrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki Ti mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da zambara blokis
xi = +5 sm koordinatidan a) x = +3 sm, gaCerebamde iWimeba. gaCerebis Semdeg a) ra
b) x = –3 sm, g) x = –5 sm da d) x = –9 sm mdebareobazea bloki, b) ra muSaoba Seasrula
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba? modebulma Zalam blokze da g) ra muSaoba
Seasrula drekadobis Zalam blokze? blokis
••27. 7.35 suraTze
gadaadgilebis dros d) ra mdebareobazea
naCvenebia Fx dreka
blokis kinetikuri energia maqsimaluri da
dobis Zalis x mde
e) risi tolia kinetikuri energiis maqsimaluri
bareobaze damo
mniSvneloba?
kidebulebis gra
fiki 7.11 suraTze paragrafi 7.8. cvladi Zalis mier
sur. 7.35. amocana 27. Sesrulebuli muSaoba
gamosaxuli ganla
gebisTvis. Cven bloki x = 12 sm koordinatisken •31. 10 kg masis
gamovwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas aguri x RerZis
asrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki gaswvriv moZraobs.
xi = +8 sm sawyisi koordinatidan a) x = +5 sm, 7.37 suraTze naCve
b) x = –5 sm, g) x = –8 sm da d) x = –10 sm nebia aguris aCqa
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba? rebis aguris mde
sur. 7.37. amocana 31.
••28. 7.11 suraTze bareobaze damoki
gamosaxuli bloki debulebis grafiki. ra muSaobas asrulebs
x = 0 koordinatidan agurze aCqarebis gamomwvevi Zala x = 0
x = +3 sm koordi koordinatidan x = 8 m koordinatisken
natisken gadavaa gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi? ILW
dgileT da uZravad •32. 5 kg masis blo
gavaCereT. 7.36 su ki xaxunisgan Ta
sur. 7.36. amocana 28.
raTze naCvenebia visufal, hori
Cveni Zalis mier blokze Sesrulebuli mu- zontalur zeda
Saoba. Semdeg bloki x = +5 sm koordinatisken pirze wrfivad
gavwieT da xeli gavuSviT. ra muSaobas moZraobs da masze
sur. 7.38. amocana 32.
Seasrulebs zambara blokze, rodesac bloki Zala moqmedebs.
xi = +5 sm sawyisi koordinatidan a) x = +4 sm, 7.38 suraTze gamosaxulia am Zalis cvlileba
b) x = –2 sm da g) x = –5 sm koordinatisken blokis mdebareobis cvlilebasTan erTad.
gadaadgildeba? ra muSaobas asrulebs Zala, rodesac bloki
••29. 2 kg masis sxeuli x RerZis dadebiTi aTvlis saTavidan x = 8 m koordinatisken
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da masze erTaderTi gadaadgildeba?
Zala moqmedebs, romlis x komponentia •33. wertilze moqmedi Zala x RerZis gaswvrivaa
Fx = –6x n, sadac x metrebSia mocemuli. x = 3m mimarTuli da F = F0(x/x0 – 1) formuliT aris
koordinatze sxeulis siCqarea 8 m/wm. a) ra mocemuli. gamoTvaleT Zalis mier wertilze
iqneba sxeulis siCqare x = 4 m koordinatze? Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac wertili
b) x-is ra dadebiTi mniSvnelobis dros iqneba x = 0 koordinatidan x = 2x0 koordinatisken
sxeulis siCqare 5 m/wm? SSM ILW WWW gadaadgildeba. amisTvis a) aageT F(x) grafiki
225
da muSaoba grafikis mixedviT gamoTvaleT da mibmuli Toki. yuTi
b) moaxdineT F(x) integrireba. SSM WWW xaxunisgan Tavi
sufal, horizon
••34. sardinebiT savse bidoni x = 0,25 m koor
talur zedapirze
dinatidan x = 1,25 m koordinatisken gadaad
moZraobs, romlis
gildeba da masze F = exp(–4x2) Zala moqme sur. 7.40. amocana 39.
gaswvriv x RerZia
debs, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi, xolo F
gavlebuli. Tokis marcxena bolo umniSvnelo
– niutonebSi. ra muSaobas asrulebs bidonze
masis da xaxunis mqone blokzea damagrebuli.
Zala?
bloki h = 1,2 m simaRlezea ganlagebuli da
••35. 3 kg masis nivTieri wertilis magvar yuTi x1 = 3 m koordinatidan x2 = 1 m koor
saganze erTaderTi Zala moqmedebs da sag dinatisken gadaadgildeba. moZraobis gan
nis mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis mavlobaSi Tokis daWimuloba ar icvleba
funqciaa x = 3t – 4t + t , sadac x mocemulia
2 3
25 n-s tolia. gamoTvaleT yuTis kinetikuri
metrebSi, xolo t – wamebSi. ra muSaobas Sea energiis cvlileba moZraobis ganmavlobaSi.
srulebs saganze Zala 0-dan 4 wm-mde drois
paragrafi 7.9. simZlavre
SualedSi?
•40. liftis 3×103kg masis datvirTuli kabina
••36. 1,5 kg masis bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal,
23 wamis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi siCqariT 210 m-
horizontalur zedapirze uZravad aris
iT maRla adis. ra saSualo tempiT asrulebs
ganlagebuli da masze x RerZis gaswvriv
muSaobas gvarlidan moqmedi Zala kabinaze?
mimarTuli horizontaluri Zala iwyebs
moqmedebas. Zala (x) = (2,5 – x2) n formuliT •41. 100 kg masis bloki 5 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT
gamoisaxeba, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi, horizontalur zedapirze gadaadgildeba da
xolo blokis sawyisi mdebareobaa x = 0. a) masze horizontisadmi 37° kuTxiT daxrili
ra kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks x = 2 m 122 n Zala moqmedebs. ra tempiT asrulebs
koordinatis Cavlisas? b) ra maqsimaluri muSaobas Zala blokze? SSM ILW
kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks x = 0 da x = 2 m •42. moTxilamure Tokis saSualebiT
koordinatebs Soris? xaxunisgan Tavisufal aRmarTze adis. aRmarTi
horizontisadmi 12º kuTxiTaa daxrili. Toki
••37. 7.39 suraTze
aRmarTis paralelurad aris gadaWimuli
naCvenebia 2 kg
da 1 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. 8 m
masis wertilis
manZilis gavlis dros Tokidan moqmedi Zala
aCqareba, rode
moTxilamureze 900 j muSaobas asrulebs.
sac masze Fa Za sur. 7.39. amocana 37.
a) Tu Toki 2 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT imoZravebs,
la moqmedebs da x = 0 koordinatidan x = 9 m
ra muSaobas Seasrulebs igive manZilis gavlis
koordinatisken gadaaadgilebs. ra muSaoba
dros Tokidan moqmedi Zala moTxilamureze?
Seasrula Zalam wertilze, rodesac wertili
ra tempiT asrulebs muSaobas Tokidan moqmedi
a) x = 4 m, b) x = 7 m da g) x = 9 m koordinats
Zala moTxilamureze, rodesac Toki b) 1 m/wm
miaRwia? ra siCqare aqvs wertils da ra
da g) 2 m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs?
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, rodesac is d) x = 4 m,
e) x = 7 m da v) x = 9 m koordinats miaRwevs? •43. 15 kg masis uZrav sxeulze 5 n Zala moq
medebs. gamoTvaleT Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
••38. F = (cx – 3x2) Zala wertilze moqmedebs
muSaoba a) pirvel wamSi, b) meore wamSi, g) mesame
da wertili x RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba.
wamSi da gamoTvaleT d) mesame wamis dasasruls
F Zala niutonebSia mocemuli, x metrebSia,
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavre. SSM
xolo c mudmivaa. x = 0 koordinatze wertilis
••44. a) garkveul momentSi, nivTieri wertilis
kinetikuri energiaa 20 j, xolo x = 3 m
magvar saganze F = (4 n) – (2 n) + (9 n) Za
koordinatze _ 11 j. gamoTvaleT c.
la moqmedebs da sagnis siCqarea = –(2 m/wm)
•••39. 7.40 suraTze naCvenebia yuTi da masze + (4 m/wm) . ra myisi tempiT asrulebs muSaobas
226 Tavi 7 kinetikuri energia da muSaoba
adgildeba. gamoTvaleT a) Zalis mier saganze Tokidan blikze Tokis daWimulobaze orjer
Sesrulebuli muSaoba drois am SualedSi, b) meti jamuri Zala moqmedebs).
Zalis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo simZlavre
64. 2 kg masis sagani Tavdapirvelad uZravia,
drois igive SualedSi da g) kuTxe di da d f
Semdeg Tanabrad Cqardeba da 3 wamis gan
veqtorebs Soris.
mavlobaSi 10 m/wm siCqares anviTarebs. a) ra
61. 7.11a suraTze, muSaobas asrulebs saganze misi amaCqarebeli
m masis bloki xa Zala 3 wamis ganmavlobaSi? risi tolia am
xunisgan Tavisu Zalis Sedegad miRebuli myisi simZlavre
fal, horizon b) Sualedis dasasruls da g) Sualedis pirveli
talur zedapir sur. 7.47. amocana 61. naxevris dasasruls?
ze Zevs da hori
65. ra muSaobas asrulebs F = (2x n) + (3 n)
zontaluri zambaris (k sixistis) erT bo
Zala (x metrebSia), romelic sagans ri =
lozea damagrebuli. zambaris meore bolo
(2m) +(3m) mdebareobidan r f = – (4 m) – (3m)
fiqsirebulia. bloki Tavdapirvelad uZravia
mdebareobaze gadaadgilebs?
(x = 0), xolo Semdeg x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebis F horizontaluri Zalis 66. lifts 660 n wonis 100 mgzavri 60 wamis
moqmedebas ganicdis. 7.47 suraTze naCvenebia ganmavlobaSi 150 m simaRleze mudmivi siCqa
blokis kinetikuri energiis x mdebareobaze riT ahyavs. ra saSualo simZlavre unda uz
damokidebulebis grafiki. a) ra sididisaa F ? runvelyos wevis Zalam?
b) risi tolia k? 67. yuTebi sawyobSi eskalatoris saSualebiT
62. 10 n Zala xy sibrtyeSi moZrav 2 kg masis gadaadgildeba, romelic 0,5 m/wm mudmivi
saganze moqmedebs da x RerZis dadebiT siCqariT moZraobs. erT-erT adgilze eska
mimarTulebasTan (saaTis isris moZraobis latori 2 m sigrZis da horizontisadmi
sawinaaRmdegod) 150° kuTxes adgens. ra 10°-iT daxril aRmarTze adis, Semdeg 2 m-s
muSaobas asrulebs Zala saganze, rodesac horizontalurad moZraobs da sabolood
sagani aTvlis saTavidan im wertilisken 2 m sigrZis da horizontisadmi aseve 10°-
gadaadgildeba, romlis mdebareobis veqtoria iT daxril daRmarTze Cadis. davuSvaT
(2 m) – (4 m) ? eskalatoriT 2 kg masis yuTi gadaadgildeba
da ar srialebs. ra tempiT asrulebs muSaobas
63. 7.48 suraTze,
eskalatoris Zala yuTze, rodesac yuTi a) aR
Toki xaxunisgan
marTze adis, b) horizontalurad moZraobs da
Tavisufal, masis
g) daRmarTze Cadis?
armqone blokebzea
damagrebuli. erT 68. yinulmWreli xaxunisgan Tavisufal
blokze m = 20 kg ma gayinul tbaze uZravad dgas, rodesac
sis sagania Camokide qari dauberavs. qari aRmosavleTisken
buli, xolo Tokis uberavs da yinulmWrelze200 n ZaliT
Tavisufal boloze moqmedebs. qari yinulmWrels 8 m manZilze
F Zala moqmedebs. wrfivad gadaadgilebs da es wrfe Crdilo-
a) ra sididis unda sur. 7.48. amocana 63. aRmosavleTiT 20° kuTxiTaa mimarTuli. ra
iyos F Zala, raTa kinetikuri energia eqneba yinulmWrels am
sagani mudmivi siCqariT maRla aiwios? b) manZilis gavlis Semdeg?
sagnis 2 sm-iT maRla asawevad ra manZilze unda 69. bavSvi sasrialoze erToba da, rom
gamoiwios Tokis Tavisufali bolo? maRla ar SeSindes, deda iWers. dedidan Svilze
awevis dros ra muSaobas asrulebs saganze 100 n Zala moqmedebs, romelic srialis
g) Tqveni Zala da d) mizidulobis Zala? sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli. bavSvi
(miniSneba: rodesac Toki blokzea Semoxveuli, 1,8 m manZilze srialdeba da misi kinetikuri
229
energia 30 j-iT izrdeba. a) ra muSaobas 72. wertili wrfivad gadaadgilda
asrulebs bavSvze mizidulobis Zala am drois d = (8 m) + c da masze F = (2 n) – (4 n)
ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu deda gaiweva, ramdeniT Zalis moqmedebiT (wertilze sxva Zalebic
gaizrdeba bavSvis kinetikuri energia igive moqmedebs). risi tolia c, Tu wertilze F
manZilze Camosrialebis dros? Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba a) nulia,
b) dadebiTia da g) uaryofiTia?
70. 230 kg masis
yuTi L = 12 m si 73. liftis 4500 kg masis kabina maqsimum
grZis Tokze ki 1800 kg masis tvirTs uZlebs. Tu srulad
dia. Tqven yuTs datvirTuli kabina 3,8 m/wm siCqariT maRla
cvladi F ZaliT adis, ra simZlavre unda uzrunvelyos kabinis
ubiZgeT da d = 4 m mamoZravebelma Zalam amgvari siCqaris
manZiliT gverdze SenarCunebisTvis?
gadaadgileT (sur.
74. wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs da
7.49). a) ra sidide
masze RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis Zala
aqvs F Zalas, ro sur. 7.49. amocana 70.
moqmedebs. 7.51 suraTze naCvenebia F Zalis
desac yuTi gadaad
wertilis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis
gilebis saboloo wertils miaRwevs? yuTis
grafiki. F=a/x2, sadac a = 9 n · m2. gamoTvaleT
gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi b) ra jamuri
Zalis mier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba,
muSaoba sruldeba masze, g) ra muSaobas
rodesac wertili x = 1 m koordinatidan
asrulebs yuTze mizidulobis Zala da d) ra
x = 3 m koordinatamde gadaadgildeba.
muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Tokidan moqmedi
a) muSaoba grafikis saSualebiT gamoTvaleT
Zala? e) gadaadgilebamde da gadaadgilebis
da b) muSaoba Zalis funqciis integrebis
Semdeg yuTi uZravia. gamoiyeneT b), g) da
saSualebiT gamoTvaleT.
d) pasuxebi da Tqveni F Zalis mier yuTze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoTvaleT. v) ratom
ar aris Tqveni Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba horizontaluri gadaadgilebis da
a)-s pasuxis namravlis toli?
76. ricxviTi integreba. yuTi x RerZis qari mociguraves dasavleTisken ubiZgebs. 7.52
gaswvriv x = 0,15 m koordinatidan x = 1,2 m suraTze naCvenebia mociguravis x mdebareobis
koordinatamde gadaadgildeba da masze t droze damokidebulebis grafiki, sadac
F = exp(–2x2) Zala moqmedebs, sadac x moce t = 0 qaris amovardnis droa, xolo x RerZi
mulia metrebSi, xolo F – niutonebSi. ra aRmosavleTisken aris mimarTuli. a) ra
muSaobas asrulebs Zala yuTze? kinetikuri energia aqvs mociguraves, rodesac
t = 0? b) ra muSaobas asrulebs qaris Zala
77. cxeni urems 40 funti ZaliT eqaCeba. Zala
mociguraveze 0-dan 3wmde drois SualedSi?
horizontidan maRla, 30°-iT aris gadaxrili
da uremi 6mili/sT siCqariT moZraobs. a) ra 79. dedamiwis doneze momxdarma afeTqebam
muSobas asrulebs Zala 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi? Rrmuli datova, romlis diametri afeTqebis
energiis 1 xarisxis proporciulia. 1
b) risi tolia Zalis saSualo simZlavre (cxenis 3
ZalebSi)? megatona trotilis afeTqeba 1 km diametris
Rrmuls tovebs. miCiganSi, huronis tbis
78. 50 kg masis mocigurave xaxunisgan Tavi
fskerze 50km diametris Rrmulia, romelic
sufal gayinul tbaze mudmivi siCqariT
meteoris Sejaxebis Sedegad aris darCenili.
aRmosavleTisken srialebs. uecrad monaberi
risi tolia amgvari Sejaxebis kinetikuri
energia? pasuxi a) megatona trotilis (1
megatona 4,2 × 1015 joulia) da b) xirosimaSi
afeTqebuli bombis (daaxloebiT 13 kilotona
trotilis) energiis saSualebiT gamosaxeT?
(meteoris an kometis Sejaxebam SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad Secvala dedamiwis klimaturi
pirobebi da, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom
dinozavrebis da sicocxlis sxva formebis
gaqroba gamoiwvia).
231
232 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
mizidulobis Zala Caketili traeqtoriis tests abarebs. magaliTi 8.2 suraTze gamosaxuli
pomidoria. pomidori moZraobas ν0 sawyisi siCqariT da 1 mν02 kinetikuri energiiT iwyebs. masze
2
moqmedi mizidulobis Zala pomidors anelebs, aCerebs da Semdeg mis vardnas iwvevs. rodesac
pomidori asrolis wertils ubrundeba, misi siCqare kvlav ν0-ia, xolo kinetikuri energia isev
1
2
mν02 xdeba. maSasadame, mizidulobis Zala igive raodenobis energias arTmevs pomidors maRla
asvlis dros, rasac dabla Camovardnis ganmavlobaSi awvdis. mizidulobis Zalis mier pomidorze
Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba nulia.
Caketili traeqtoriis testi mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis
saSualebas iZleva:
or wertils Soris moZrav nivTier wertilze Semnaxveli sur. 8.4. a) nivTier wertilze
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba traeqtoriaze Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs da is
a da b wertils Soris pirveli an
damokidebuli ar aris. meore traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba.
b) nivTieri wertili a wertilidan b
8.4 suraTze nivTieri wertili a da b wertils Soris pirveli wertilisken pirveli traeqtoriiT
an meore traeqtoriiT moZraobs. Tu wertilze mxolod gadaadgildeba da Semdeg a wertils
meore traeqtoriiT ubrundeba.
Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs, maSin masze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
234 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
8.4b suraTze naCvenebia Caketil traeqtoriaze moZravi nivTieri wertili, romelzec erTaderTi
Zala moqmedebs. nivTieri wertili a sawyisi wertilidan b saboloo wertilisken pirveli
traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba da Semdeg a wertils meore traeqtoriiT ubrundeba. TiToeul
traeqtoriaze Zala nivTier wertilze muSaobas asrulebs. pirveli traeqtoriiT a-dan b-sken
moZrav nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba Wab,1 simboloTi gamovsaxoT, xolo b-dan
a-sken meore traeqtoriiT moZrav nivTier wertilze Sesrulebuli muSaoba Wba,2 iyos. Tu Zala
Semnaxvelia, mTeli traeqtoriis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba nulis tolia:
Wab,1 + Wba,2 = 0
aqedan gamomdinare:
Wab,1 = –Wba,2 (8.3)
modiT amjerad Wab,2 muSaoba ganvixiloT, romelsac Zala maSin asrulebs, rodesac nivTieri
wertili a-dan b-sken meore traeqtoriiT gadaadgildeba (sur. 8.4a). Tu Zala Semnaxvelia, es
muSaoba Wba,2 muSaobis Sebrunebulia:
Wab,2 = –Wba,2 (8.4)
vinaidan Fg Zala Semnaxvelia, a da b wertils
Soris raime sxva traeqtoria avirCioT
da gamoTvlebi gavamartivoT. modiT es
traeqtoria 8.5b suraTze gamosaxuli wyve-
tili xazi iyos. horizontaluri segmentis
gaswvriv φ kuTxe mudmivad 90°-ia. miuxedavad sur. 8.5. a) yvelis naWeri a wertilidan b wertilisken
imisa, rom am segmentis gaswvrivi gadaadgileba gadaadgildeba. b) mizidulobis Zalis mier yvelze
Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla ufro advilia, Tu
ar viciT, 7.12 formulis Tanaxmad masze
yvelis namdvil traeqtorias wyvetili traeqtoriiT
Sesrulebuli Wh muSaobaa: SevcvliT.
Wh = mgd cos 90° = 0
Wν = mgd cos 0°
gaswvriv d gada
vertikaluri segmentis
adgilebaa 0,8 m, Fg da d mimarTulia qvemoT = (2 kg)(9,8 m/wm2)(0,8 m)(1) = 15,7 j
da φ kuTxe mudmivad 0°-ia. 7.12 formulidan a-dan b-mde wyvetili traeqtoriiT gada
gamomdinare, wyvetili traeqtoriis ver adgilebisas Fg Zalis mier yvelze Se
(8.5)
(8.6)
8.6 formula Semnaxvel Zalasa da masTan dakavSirebul potenciur energias Soris zogadi
kavSiria. modiT misi gamoyeneba vcadoT.
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
ΔU = mg(yf – yi) = mg Δy (8.7)
mizidulobis potenciuri energiis mxolod ΔU cvlilebas aqvs fizikuri mniSvneloba. miuxedavad
amisa, simartivisTvis nivTieri wertili-dedamiwis sistemas zogjer raime U mniSvnelobas
vukavSirebT, rodesac nivTieri wertili garkveul y simaRlezea. amisTvis 8.7 formula Semdegi
saxiT gadavweroT:
U – Ui = mg(y – yi) (8.8)
amis Semdeg Ui-s sistemis mizidulobis potenciur energiad miviCnevT, rodesac sistema aTvlis
mdgomareobaSia anu nivTieri wertili yi aTvlis wertilze imyofeba. Cveulebriv miviCnevT,
rom Ui=0 da yi=0. 8.8 formulaSi am monacemebis Casmis Sedegad miviRebT:
am formulis Tanaxmad:
taqtika 1:
termin `potenciuri ener misaRebia, magram yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
rom sinamdvileSi potenciuri energia mTels
giis~ gamoyeneba
sistemas, am SemTxvevaSi ki vaSli-dedamiwis
potenciuri energia mTlianad sistemas
sistemas ukavSirdeba. aseve unda gaxsovdeT,
ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZloa
rom potenciuri energiis raime mniSvnelobis
SegxvdeT amocanebi, rodesac potenciuri
sagnisTvis an sistemisTvis miniWebas mxolod
energia mxolod sistemis nawilTan aris
maSin aqvs azri, rodesac potenciuri energiis
dakavSirebuli. magaliTad: `xeze Camo
kidebuli vaSlis mizidulobis potenciuri aTvlis mniSvneloba cnobilia.
energiaa 30 j~. msgavsi winadadeba xSirad
ΔK = W (8.13)
8.1 formulidan gamomdinare, potenciuri energiis ΔU
cvlilebaa:
ΔU = –W (8.14)
8.13 da 8.14 formulebis gaerTianeba gvaZlevs:
ΔK = –ΔU (8.15)
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi saxis energia imdeniT izrdeba, ramdeniTac meore saxis energia
mcirdeba.
8.15 formula aseTi saxiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
indeqsebi or sxvadasxva moments anu sistemaSi sagnebis or sxvadasxva ganlagebas asaxavs. 8.16
formulis gardaqmna gvaZlevs:
K2 + U2 = K1 + U1 (meqanikuri energiis Senaxva) (8.17)
( sistemis nebismier
mdgomareobaSi K-s da U-s jami ) (=
sistemis nebismier sxva
mdgomareobaSi K-s da U-s jami )
es formula marTebulia, rodesac sistema izolirebulia da sagnebze mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi
moqmedebs.
am wess meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi ewodeba (albaT mixvdiT, saidan modis saxelwodeba
Semnaxveli Zala). 8.15 formulis saSualebiT es principi sxva formiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
ΔEmeq = ΔK + ΔU = 0 (8.18)
meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi sakmaod rTul amocanebs amartivebs, romelTa amoxsna
mxolod niutonis kanonebis gamoyenebiT TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
rodesac sistemis meqanikuri energia inaxeba, garkveul momentSi kinetikuri da potenciuri
energiebis jami raime sxva momentSi energiebis jams SegviZlia davukavSiroT. Sualeduri
moZraobis da Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis ganxilva saWiro ar aris.
8.7 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi, rodesac meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba. qanqaris moZraobis dros dedamiwa-qanqaris sistemis energia K kinetikur energiasa da
U mizidulobis potenciur energias Soris mimoiqceva, K+U jami ki ar icvleba. Tu mizidulobis
potenciuri energia viciT, rodesac qanqaris balansiri umaRles wertilzea (sur. 8.7g), maSin
8.5. meqanikuri energiis Senaxva 239
e)
amoxsna: vinaidan Toki zambaris msgavsad cvlileba. 8.20 formulaSi mocemuli samive
iWimeba, masSi Semnaxveli drekadobis ZaliT cvlileba lideris sawyis da saboloo
gamowveuli elastiuri potenciuri energia mdebareobebs Soris unda gamoiTvalos.
inaxeba. meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis principi kinetikuri energia: vinaidan sawyis da
lideris sawyis mdebareobasa da saboloo saboloo mdebareobaze lideri wamierad
mdebareobas (Tokis maqsimaluri daWimvisas) Cerdeba, ΔK = 0.
Soris gamoviyenoT. Cvens sistemaSi (lideri- mizidulobis potenciuri energia: 8.7 for
dedamiwa-Toki) meqanikuri energia inaxeba, mulidan gamomdinare ΔUg = mgΔy, sadac Δy
Tu sistema izolirebulia da masSi energiis aris lideris mdebareobis cvlileba vardnis
gadacemas mxolod Semnaxveli Zalebi iwveven. ganmavlobaSi. lideri jer H manZilze ecema
modiT, SevamowmoT, sruldeba Tu ara es (gorgolaWamde), Semdeg kidev H manZils gadis
pirobebi. (rodesac Toki daWimvas iwyebs) da daWimvis
Zalebi: lidersa da dedamiwas Soris moqmed ganmavlobaSi kidev d manZils faravs (sur.
mizidulobis Zalas energia mizidulobis 8.9b). aqedan gamomdinare:
potenciuri energiidan kinetikur energiaSi ΔUg = mg Δu = mg(–2H – d)
gadaaqvs. rodesac Toki iWimeba, drekadobis
elastiuri potenciuri energia: vardnis
Zala Tokis elastiur potenciur energias
dasawyisSi Toki daWimuli ar aris, xolo
zrdis. mizidulobis Zala da drekadobis Zala
vardnis bolo d manZiliT iWimeba. 8.10
Semnaxvelebia.
formulidan (ΔU= 1 kxf2 – 1 kxi2) gamomdinare,
sistema: orive Zala sistemaSi Sedis da 2 2
elastiuri potenciuri energiis cvlilebaa:
energiis gadacemac masSi xdeba, amitom sistema
ΔUToki = 1 kd 2 – 1 k(0)2 = 1 kd 2
izolirebulia. 2 2 2
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, meqanikuri energiis miRebuli cvlilebebi 8.20 formulaSi
energiis Senaxvis principi am sistemisTvis CavsvaT da miviRebT:
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. 8.18 formulis 0+mg(–2H – d)+ 12 kd 2=0
1
Tanaxmad: anu
2
kd 2 – mgd – 2mgH = 0
miviReT kvadratuli gantoleba, romlis
ΔK + ΔUg + ΔUToki = 0 , (8.20)
zogadi amonaxsnia:
sadac ΔK aris lideris kinetikuri energiis
cvlileba, ΔUg – sistemis mizidulobis po
tenciuri energiis cvlileba, xolo ΔUToki
– sistemis elastiuri potenciuri energiis
242 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
8.10a suraTze gamosaxulia potenciuri energiis U(x) funqciis grafiki. grafiki agebulia
sistemisTvis, romelSic nivTieri wertili erT ganzomilebaSi moZraobs da F(x) Semnaxveli
Zala masze muSaobas asrulebs. sxvadasxva wertilebSi U(x) grafikis daxrilobis saSualebiT
F(x) Zalas iolad gamovTvliT (8.22 formulis Tanaxmad, F(x) Zala U(x) grafikis daxrilobis
Sebrunebulia). 8.10b suraTze am gziT miRebuli F(x)-is grafikia naCvenebia.
(a)
(b)
(g)
244 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
Semobrunebis wertilebi
am formulaSi K(x) aris sistemaSi arsebuli nivTieri wertilis kinetikuri energiis funqcia
(K(x) kinetikuri energiis nivTieri wertilis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis funqciaa). 8.23
formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
davuSvaT Emeq meqanikuri energia 5 joulia. 8.10a suraTze amgvari energia horizontaluri wrfiT
gamoisaxeba, romelic energiis RerZis 5j mniSvnelobaze gadis.
8.24 formula gvauwyebs Tu rogor gamovTvaloT K kinetikuri energia nivTieri wertilis
nebismieri x mdebareobisTvis. U(x) grafikze x-is am mdebareobisTvis U gamoTvaleT da Semdeg Emeq-
s gamoakeliT. magaliTad, Tu nivTieri wertili x5-is marjvniv nebismier wertilze mdebareobs,
maSin K = 1 j. K-s mniSvneloba udidesia (5 j), rodesac nivTieri wertili x2 koordinatze
mdebareobs da umciresia (0 j), rodesac nivTieri wertili x1 koordinatzea.
K ar SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos (vinaidan ν2 yovelTvis dadebiTia) da maSasadame nivTieri wertili
x1-dan marcxniv verasdros gadaadgildeba, sadac Emeq – U uaryofiTia. rodesac nivTieri wertili
x2-dan x1-sken gadaadgildeba, K mcirdeba da x1 koordinatze K = 0 (nivTieri wertili Cerdeba).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rodesac nivTieri wertili x1-s miaRwevs, 8.22 formuliT mocemuli masze
moqmedi Zala dadebiTia (vinaidan dU/dx daxriloba uaryofiTia). amgvarad nivTieri wertili
x1-ze ar rCeba da marjvnisken moZraobas iwyebs. aqedan gamomdinare x1 Semobrunebis wertilia,
sadac K=0 da nivTieri wertili moZraobis mimarTulebas icvlis. grafikis marjvena mxareze
Semobrunebis wertili (sadac K=0) ar arsebobs da marjvnisken moZraoba usasrulod grZeldeba.
wonasworobis wertilebi
8.10g suraTze naCvenebia 8.10a suraTze gamosaxuli potenciuri energiis U(x) funqciis grafikze
aRebuli Emeq-is sami sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. vnaxoT, rogor icvleba is. Tu Emeq = 4 j (iisferi),
Semobrunebis wertili x1-dan x1-sa da x2-s Soris inacvlebs. garda amisa, x5-is marjvniv mdebare
nebismier wertilze sistemis meqanikuri energia misi potenciuri energiis tolia anu nivTier
wertils kinetikuri energia ar gaaCnia, masze Zala ar moqmedebs da, maSasadame, uZravia. amgvar
mdebareobaze myof nivTier wertils neitralur wonasworobaSi myofi ewodeba.
Tu Emeq = 3 j (vardisferi wrfe), Semobrunebis wertili oria. erTi maTgani x1-sa da x2-s Soris aris
ganlagebuli, xolo meore maTgani - x4-sa da x5-s Soris. garda amisa, x3 koordinatze K = 0. Tu
nivTieri wertili swored x3 koordinatzea ganlagebuli, masze moqmedi Zala nulis tolia da
nivTieri wertili ar moZraobs. rodesac nivTieri wertili am koordinatis romelime mxares aris
ganlagebuli, Zala mas igive mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da nivTieri wertili moZraobas ganagrZobs.
amgvar mdgomareobaSi myofi nivTieri wertili arastabilur wonasworobaSia.
amjerad ganvixiloT nivTieri wertilis moqmedeba, rodesac Emeq = 1 j (mwvane wrfe). Tu
nivTier wertils x4-ze movaTavsebT, igi iqve darCeba. nivTieri wertili marcxniv an marjvniv
ar gadaadgildeba, vinaidan amisTvis uaryofiTi kinetikuri energiaa saWiro. Tu nivTier
wertils marcxnisken an marjvnisken vubiZgebT, aRmdgeni Zala mas kvlav x4-ze abrunebs. amgvar
mdgomareobaSi myofi nivTieri wertili stabilur wonasworobaSia. Tu nivTier wertils Wiqis
magvar potenciur ormoSi movaTavsebT, romlis centri x2-ia, nivTieri wertili or Semobrunebis
wertils Soris aRmoCndeba. mas moZraoba mxolod x1-sken an x3-sken SeeZleba.
8.7. gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba 245
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
W = ΔK + ΔU (8.25)
anu W=ΔEmeq (sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSoba xaxunis ararsebobis dros), (8.26)
sadac ΔEmeq aris sistemis meqanikuri energiis cvlileba. zemoT miRebuli ori formula 8.12
suraTzea asaxuli da erTmaneTis eqvivalenturia, rodesac gare Zala sistemaze muSaobas
asrulebs da xaxuni ar arsebobs.
F – fk = ma (8.27)
radgan Zalebi mudmivebia, a aCqarebac mudmivia. b)
zedapirze F Zala
maSasadame, 2.16 formulis gamoyenebiT vwerT: sur. 8.13. a) bloks
ν2 = ν02 + 2ad ubiZgebs, xolo f k kinetikuri xaxunis
Zala moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba. d
es gantoleba a-sTvis amovxsnaT, miRebuli Sedegi 8.27
gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi blokis
formulaSi CavsvaT da gardavqmnaT:
siCqarea ν 0 , xolo gadaadgilebis
dasasruls blokis siCqare ν xdeba.
Fd = 12 mν2 – 12 mν02+ fkd (8.28)
b) F Zala bloki-zedapiris sistemaze W
vinaidan blokisTvis 1 mν2 – 1 mν02=ΔK, gveqneba: dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, rac blokis
2 2
meqanikuri energiis ΔEmeq cvlilebas da
Fd = ΔK + fkd (8.29) blokisa da zedapiris siTburi energiis
eqsperimentis Sedegad dgindeba, rom bloki da zedapiris nawili moZraobis dros xurdeba.
me-18 TavSi ganvixilavT, rom sagnis temperatura sagnis EsiT siTbur energias (atomebisa da
molekulebis moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli energia) ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi blokisa da
zedapiris siTburi energia izrdeba, vinaidan maT Soris xaxuni arsebobs da bloki zedapirze
misrialebs. gavixsenoT, rom xaxuni zedapirebs Soris civi SeduRebiTaa gamowveuli. rodesac
bloki zedapirze misrialebs, bloksa da zedapirs Soris SeduRebis wertilebi Cndeba da orive
maTgani xurdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, sriali blokisa da zedapiris EsiT siTbur energias zrdis.
eqsperimentis Sedegad aseve dgindeba, rom siTburi energiis ΔEsiT zrda fk da d sidideebis
namravlis tolia:
es formula 8.13b suraTzea naCvenebi da gare Zalis mier sistemaze Sesrulebul muSaobas asaxavs,
rodesac xaxuni arsebobs.
7.7 formuliT SeiZleba (W = Fd cos φ). am da, amitom, misi kinetikuri energia icvleba.
SemTxvevaSi d manZili aris 45 m, F aris 25 aseve iolad misaxvedria, rom marxilsa
sidide, xolo φ = 0°. modiT SevTanxmdeT, rom xaxuni arsebobs, rac maTi siTburi energiis
energia icvleba. vinaidan yuTis siCqare misi kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaa, vinaidan
gare Zalas kinetikuri an potenciuri energiis Secvla saganze muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe anu
sagnisTvis energiis gadacemis gareSe SeuZlia. Tumca am Zalis
mier aris gamowveuli sagnis Siga energiis erTi saxeobidan
meoreSi gadasvla.
8.16 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi. Tavdapirvelad uZravi
mocigurave moajirs ubiZgebs da yinulze srialdeba (sur.
8.16a da b). mociguravis
kinetikuri energia izrdeba, vinaidan
moajiridan masze F gare Zala moqmedebs. am Zalas moajiridan yinuli
simZlavre
Cven ukve vnaxeT rogor gadadis energia erTi saxidan meoreSi da 7.9 paragrafSi mocemuli
simZlavris gansazRvreba SegviZlia ganvavrcoT. gaixseneT, rom simZlavre ganvsazRvreT,
rogorc Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis tempi. ufro zogadad, P simZlavre aris Zalis mier
energiis erTi saxeobidan meoreSi gadatanis tempi. Tu Δt droSi ΔE odenobis energiis gadacema
xdeba, Zalis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo simZlavrea:
ΔE
PsaS = Δt . (8.40)
rodesac Semnaxveli Zala sistemis Sida energiis Senaxvis principi ase SeiZleba
SekiTxvebi
monakveTzea naCvenebi. risi tolia ΔEmeq maT identuri gluvi mwvervalebi aqvT da
amocanebi
g) wignis vardnis dawyebisas da d) wignis xelSi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions daWerisas? Tu dedamiwis doneze U = 100 j,
Manual-Si.
risi tolia e) Wg , v) ΔU, z) U vardnis dawyebisas
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday da T) U wignis xelSi daWerisas?
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- •3. 8.30 suraTze 2 g
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. yinulis
com/college/halliday. masis yinulis natexi natexi
•5. 8.32 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 825 kg masis energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba igive energia
mimagrebuli. Rero
θ = 30° kuTxiT gadaxares da man 0
= 0 sawyisi
siCqariT daiwyo moZraoba. rodesac burTi
udables wertilamde Camova, a) ra muSaobas
sur. 8.32. amocanebi 5 da 11
Seasrulebs masze mizidulobis Zala da b)
•6. 1,5 kg masis burTi 12,5 m simaRlis rogor Seicvleba burTi-dedamiwis sistemis
kldidan isroles. burTis sawyisi siCqarea mizidulobis potenciuri energia? g) Tu
14 m/wm da horizontalidan zeviT 41°-iT udables wertilze mizidulobis potenciuri
aris gadaxrili. a) ra muSaobas Seasrulebs energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba igive energia
mizidulobis Zala burTze, vidre burTi burTis gaSvebis momentSi? d) θ kuTxis gazrdis
miwaze daecema? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba burTi- SemTxvevaSi rogor Seicvleba pasuxebi a)-g)
dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri kiTxvebze?
258 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
•10. a) ra iqneba wignis siCqare xelSi daWerisas grafiki. v) daWimvis ra manZilze eqneba kldeze
wigns CamovagdebT, ra iqneba misi siCqare •16. 700 g masis bloki moZraobas iwyebs
xelSi daWerisas? g) Tu wigns raime sawyisi k = 400 n/m sixistis da umniSvnelo masis
siCqariT dabla visvriT, a)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba, vertikaluri zambaridan aTvlili h0 simaR
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? lidan. bloki zambaras ecema, 19 sm-iT kumSavs
d) ra simaRleze ava manqana ukanasknel gorak g) risi tolia h0? d) Tu bloki 2h0 simaRlidan
amocanaSi burTs, raTa mas umaRles wertilze iT unda SeikumSos, raTa burTma 20 m manZilze
eqneba Toks qvis moZraobis ganmavlobaSi? mareobaSi dabrundeba (anu yuTsa da zambaras
g) Tu qanqara-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri Soris kontaqti gawydeba)? b) ra siCqare eqneba
energia udables wertilze nulis tolia, ra yuTs daxrili sibrtyis boloSi?
iqneba sistemis mTliani meqanikuri energia? ••31. m = 2 kg masis
••28. 8.40 suraTze naCvenebia zambaraze bloki θ = 30°
dadebuli 8kg masis kuTxiT daxril,
qva. zambaras qva xaxunisgan Tavi
10 sm-iT kumSavs. a) sufal sibrtyeze
risi tolia zambaris damagrebul zamba
sur. 8.43. amocana 31.
sixiste? b) qva kidev rasTan dades (sur.
30 sm-iT dabla Cawies sur. 8.40. amocana 28. 8.43). k = 19,6 n/m sixistis zambara 20 sm-iT
da Semdeg xeli gauSves. SekumSes da Semdeg xeli gauSves. a) ra iqneba
ra iqneba SekumSuli zambaris elastiuri SekumSuli zambaris elastiuri potenciuri
potenciuri energia xelis gaSvebamde? energia? b) ramdeniT Seicvleba bloki-deda
g) ramdeniT Seicvleba qva-dedamiwis sistemis miwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
mizidulobis potenciuri energia, rodesac energia gaSvebis wertilidan maqsimalur
qva gaSvebis adgilidan udides simaRles manZilze blokis moZraobisas? g) ra manZilia
miaRwevs? d) risi tolia gaSvebis adgilidan blokis gaSvebis wertilsa da gadaadgilebis
gazomili es udidesi simaRle? umaRles wertils Soris? ILW
••29. 8.41 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 12 kg masis ••32. 2 kg masis yuTi θ = 40° kuTxiT daxril,
bloki xaxunisgan xaxunisgan Tavisufal sibrtyeze Zevs da
Tavisufal, θ = 30° blokze gadakiduli Tokis saSualebiT
kuTxiT daxril k = 120 n/m sixistis zambarasTan aris da
sibrtyeze moZra kavSirebuli (sur. 8.44). yuTi moZraobas
obas iwyebs. sib iwyebs, rodesac zambara daWimuli ar aris.
rtyeze zambaraa davuSvaT blokis masa umniSvneloa da xaxuni
damagrebuli, ro ar arsebobs. a) ra siCqare eqneba yuTs 10 sm-
sur. 8.41. amocanebi 29
melsac 270 n Zala is gavlis Semdeg? b) ra manZils gaivlis yuTi
da 63.
2 sm-iT kumSavs. daxril sibrtyeze, vidre wamierad gaCerdeba?
bloki zambaras 5,5 sm manZiliT SekumSavs ra g) sidide da d) mimarTuleba eqneba yuTis
da wamierad Cerdeba. a) ra manZili gaiara aCqarebas wamieri gaCerebis dros?
blokma gaCerebamde? b) ra siCqare aqvs bloks
zambarasTan Sejaxebis dros? SSM WWW
••30. 8.42 suraTze gamosaxuli k = 170 n/m
sixistis zambara θ = 37° kuTxiT daxril,
xaxunisgan Tavisufal sibrtyezea dama
grebuli. zambaris bolodan sibrtyis bo
lomde manZilia D = 1m (zambara moSvebul
mdgomareobaSia). 2 kg masis yuTiT zambaras
0,2 m manZilze kum sur. 8.44. amocana 32.
Saven da Semdeg
••33. 8.45a suraTze korpis sasroli Tofis
yuTs xels uSveben.
(sur. 8.45b) zambaris monacemebia asaxuli.
a) ra siCqare
masze naCvenebia drekadobis Zalis zambaris
eqneba yuTs,
SekumSvaze an daWimvaze damokidebulebis
rodesac zambara
grafiki. zambara 5,5 sm-iT ikumSeba da 3,8 g
p i r v a n d e l
masis korps ubiZgebs. a) ra iqneba korpis
(moSvebul) mdgo sur. 8.42. amocana 30.
261
siCqare, rodesac paragrafi 8.6. potenciuri energiis
zambara pirvandel grafikis wakiTxva
m d g o m a r e o b a S i ••37. 8.48 suraTze
d a b r u n d e b a ? naCvenebia U po
b) davuSvaT kor tenciuri ener
pi zambaras ewe giis nivTieri
beba da 1,5 sm-iT wertilis x mdeba
Wimavs, vidre gan a)
reobaze damoki
calkeveba mox debulebis gra
deba. amjerad sur. 8.48. amocana 37
fiki. nivTieri
ra iqneba korpis wertili x RerZis gaswvriv moZraobs da misi
siCqare gaSvebi b) masaa 0,9 kg (araSemnaxveli Zalebi ar moqmedebs).
sas? nivTieri wertili x = 4,5 m koordinatze
sur. 8.45. amocana 33.
•••34. ori 7 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT iwyebs moZraobs da
bavSvi iatakze dadebuli patara yuTisTvis x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT gada
burTulis gartymas cdilobs. bavSvebi adgildeba. a) Tu nivTieri wertili x = 1 m
burTis srolisTvis magidaze damagrebul koordinats miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare
zambaras iyeneben. magidis kididan samiznemde da, Tu am koordinats ver miaRwevs, ra iqneba
horizontaluri manZilia D = 2,2 m (sur. 8.46). misi Semobrunebis wertili? ra b) sidide da
erT-erTi bavSvi zambaras 1,1 sm-iT kumSavs da g) mimarTuleba eqneba nivTieri wertilis
burTula yuTis centrs 27 sm-iT cdeba. rogor siCqares, rodesac is x = 4 m koordinatidan
unda SekumSos zambara meore bavSvma, raTa marcxniv ganagrZobs moZraobas? davuSvaT,
burTula yuTis centrs moxvdes? dauSviT, nivTieri wertili x = 4,5 m koordinatidan
rom zambarasa da burTze xaxuni ar moqmedebs. 7 m/wm siCqariT iwyebs moZraobas da x RerZis
sur. 8.46. amocana 34. dadebiTi mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba.
d) Tu nivTieri wertili x = 7 m koordinats
miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi siCqare da, Tu ver
miaRwevs, ra iqneba misi Semobrunebis wertili?
ra e) sidide da v) mimarTuleba eqneba nivTier
wertilze moqmed Zalas, rodesac nivTieri
wertili x = 5 m koordinatidan marjvniv
•••35. 25 sm sigrZis da 15 g masis Toki ganagrZobs moZraobas?
Werzea gakruli. mogvianebiT Toki Werze ••38. diatomuri molekulis (H2-is an O2-is
vertikalurad kidia. rogor icvleba magvari oratomiani molekulis) potenciuri
Tokis mizidulobis potenciuri energia energiaa:
A B
mimarTulebis Secvlis dros? U= – ,
r12 r 6
•••36. biWuna R = 13,8 m radiusis naxevarsfe sadac r aris manZili molekulis or atoms
ros formis yinulis gorakze zis da Semdeg Soris, xolo A da B dadebiTi mudmivebia.
umniSvnelo sawyisi siCqariT dabla srialdeba potenciuri energia ori atomis erTad
(sur. 8.47.). yinu SemakavSirebul Zalas ukavSirdeba. a) gamo
lze xaxunis Zala TvaleT wonasworuli dacileba anu atomebs
ar moqmedebs. ra Soris manZili, rodesac TiToeul atomze
simaRleze gaw moqmedi Zala nulis tolia. Tu atomebs Soris
ydeba biWunasa manZili wonasworul dacilebaze b) naklebia
da yinuls Soris da g) metia, es Zala ganizidavs (atomebs
kontaqti? sur. 8.47. amocana 36.
ganacalkevebs) Tu miizidavs (atomebs erT
maneTisken ubiZgebs)?
262 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
•••39. x RerZis gaswvriv moZrav, 1kg masis siTburi energia? g) ramdeniT izrdeba blokis
nivTier wertilze erTaderTi F(x) Semnaxveli kinetikuri energia?
Zala moqmedebs. F(x)-Tan dakavSirebuli U(x) ••43. 3,57 kg masis bloks horizontalur
potenciuri energiaa: zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT 4,06 m manZilze
U(x) = –4xe–x/4 j , Tokis saSualebiT gadaaadgileben. Tokidan
energiaa 2 j. a) risi tolia sistemis meqanikuri a) ra muSaobas asrulebs Tokidan moqmedi Zala,
igive grafikze sistemis meqanikuri energiis zedapirs Soris arsebuli kinetikuri xaxunis
raTze gamosaxuli
formis zedapirze
gadaadgildeba. ze sur. 8.53. amocana 59.
dapiris brtyeli
monakveTis sigrZea L = 40 sm. zedapiris mrud
monakveTebze xaxuni ar moqmedebs, xolo
brtyel monakveTze kinetikuri xaxunis sur. 8.55. amocana 61.
koeficientia μk = 0,2. nivTieri wertili •••62. 8.56 suraTze gamosaxuli 1800 kg masis
moZraobas A wertilidan iwyebs, romelic liftis kabinis kabeli maSin wydeba, rodesac
h = L/2 simaRleze mdebareobs. zedapiris kabina pirvel sarTulze uZravad aris
brtyeli monakveTis marcxena kididan ra gaCerebuli. am dros kabinasa da k = 0,15 mn/m
manZilze gaCerdeba nivTieri wertili? sixistis zambaras Soris manZilia d = 3,7 m.
•••60. 8.54 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki usafrTxoebis mowyobilobis momWerebi
moZraobas d = 40 sm simaRlidan iwyebs da kabinaze moqmedeben da 4,4 kn sididis mudmivi
igive d sigrZis swor monakveTze Cadis, sadac xaxunis Zala kabinis moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,5. Tu a) gamoTvaleT kabinis siCqare, rodesac is
bloki moZraobas ganagrZobs, is d/2 simaRlis zambaras Seejaxeba.
meore daRmarTze Cava da d/2 sigrZis swor b) gamoTvaleT zam
baris SekumSvis maq
simaluri x manZili
(SekumSvis dros xa-
xunis Zala moqme
debas ganagrZobs).
g) gamoTvaleT man
Zili, romliTac ka
bina zambarasTan
sur. 8.54. amocana 60. Sejaxebis Semdeg sur. 8.56. amocana 62.
265
maRla avardeba. d) energiis Senaxvis kanonis da eskalatorTan
gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT kabinis mier erTad gadaad
gavlili mTeli manZili gaCerebamde (dauSviT, gildeba. Eskala
rom gaCerebul kabinaze moqmedi xaxunis Zala torze yuTis
umniSvneloa). gaCerebamde mo
•••63. 8.41 suraTze gamosaxuli m = 3,2 kg nakveTSi a) ra
kinetikuri ener sur. 8.58. amocana 66
masis bloki θ = 30° kuTxiT daxril zedapirze
d manZilze srialdeba da 431 n/m sixistis gia miewodeba
zambaras ejaxeba. rodesac bloki wamierad yuTs, b) ra sididis kinetikuri xaxunis Zala
Cerdeba, zambara 21 sm-iT ikumSeba. risi tolia moqmedebs yuTze da g) ra energia miewodeba
a) d manZili da b) blokisa da zambaris Sexebis eskalatoris Zravas? d) axseniT ratom
pirvel wertilsa da im adgils Soris manZili, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan a) da g) pasuxebi.
sadac blokis siCqare udidesia? 67. 8.49 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki xaxunisgan
Tavisufal daxril sibrtyeze moZraobs.
damatebiTi amocanebi
A da B wertilebze misi siCqarea 2 m/wm da
64. 8.38 suraTze gamosaxuli L = 120 sm sigrZis
2,6 m/wm. meored Camosrialebis dros A wer
Tokis erT boloze burTia mimagrebuli,
tilze blokis siCqarea 4 m/wm. ra iqneba am
xolo Tokis meore bolo fiqsirebulia.
jerad misi siCqare B wertilze?
P wertilze wkiria damagrebuli. burTi
moZraobas iwyebs, vidre wkiri Toks daiWers 68. 30 g masis tyvia 500 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs
da Semdeg burTi wkiris garSemo ganagrZobs da 12 sm-iT daSorebul kedels ejaxeba.
moZraobas. imisTvis, rom burTma wkirs a) ramdeniT icvleba tyviis meqanikuri ener-
mTlianad Semouaros, ra mniSvnelobas unda gia? b) ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs kedlidan
aWarbebdes d? tyviaze?
65. sasrialos 12 m radiusis wriuli rkalis 69. 0,092 kg masis burTi 0,62 m sigrZis da
forma aqvs. misi maqsimaluri simaRlea umniSvnelo masis Zelakis erT bolozea
h = 4 m da dedamiwa wres exeba (sur. 8.57). 25kg damagrebuli, xolo Reros meore bolo sa
masis bavSvi sasrialoze jdeba da miwaze yrden wertilzea fiqsirebuli. amis Semdeg
Camosvlisas misi siCqarea 6,2 m/wm. a) ra Rero vertikalurad gaaswores da sayrdeni
manZilze srialdeba bavSvi? b) ra saSualo wertilis garSemo abruneben. rodesac bur
xaxunis Zala moqmedebs bavSvze Camosrialebis Ti udables wertilzea, ra iqneba a) misi
dros? Tu dedamiwis nacvlad wres sasrialos siCqare da b) Reros daWimuloba? Rero
wverze gavlebuli vertikaluri xazi exeba, amjerad horizontalurad gaaswores da
risi tolia g) sasrialos sigrZe da d) bavSvze kvlav sayrdeni wertilis garSemo abruneben.
moqmedi saSualo xaxunis Zala? g) vertikalisadmi ra kuTxis dros iqneba
Reros daWimuloba burTis wonis toli? d) Tu
burTis masas gavzrdiT, g)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
70. 8.59 suraTze gamosaxuli jaWvi xaxunisgan
Tavisufal magidaze Zevs da misi erTi meoTxe-
di nawili magidis kididan aris gadakidebuli.
Tu jaWvis sigrZea
sur. 8.57. amocana 65.
L = 28 sm da masaa
66. qarxanaSi 300 kg masis yuTebi 1,2 m/wm m = 0,012 kg, ra mu
siCqariT moZrav eskalatorze vertikalurad
Saobaa saWiro ga
iyreba (sur. 8.58). eskalatorsa da TiToeul
dakidebuli nawi
yuTs Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientia
lis magidaze asa
0,4. mcire drois Semdeg yuTi aRar srialebs sur. 8.59. amocana 70.
tanad?
266 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
71. x RerZis gaswvriv moZrav 2 kg masis nivTi- 74. amotrialebuli tkacuna xoWo zurgis
eri wertilze F(x) Semnaxveli Zala moqmedebs. kunTebs daZabavs da zemoT xteba. am dros
F(x)-Tan dakavSirebuli U(x) potenciuri kunTebSi Senaxuli energia meqanikur energiaSi
energiis grafiki 8.60 suraTzea naCvenebia. gadadis. axtomis dros tkacanis xma ismis
x = 2 m koordinatze nivTieri wertilis da swored aqedan modis xoWos dasaxelebac.
siCqarea –1,5 m/wm. ra a) sidide da b) mimar videoCanawerma aCvena, rom m = 4×10–6kg
Tuleba aqvs F(x) Zalas am koordinatze? romel masis xoWo 0,77 mm manZilze aiwia da h = 0,3 m
koordinatebs Soris moZraobs nivTieri simaRleze axta. maRla awevis dros a) ra
wertili g) marcxnisken da d) marjvnisken? saSualo sididis gare Zala moqmedebs xoWos
e) ra siCqare aqvs nivTier wertils x = 7 m zurgidan zedapirze da b) risi tolia xoWos
koordinatze? aCqareba g-s erTeulebSi?
75. avtomobilis moZraobas siCqarisgan
damoukidebeli sagzao xaxuni da siCqaris
kvadratis proporciuli haeris weva ewina
aRmdegeba. 12000 n wonis avtomobilisTvis
jamuri F winaRobis Zalaa F = 300 + 1,8ν2,
sadac F mocemulia niutonebSi, xolo ν - m/wm-
ebSi. gamoTvaleT 80 km/sT siCqariT moZravi
manqanis 0,92 m/wm2 aCqarebiT asamoZraveblad
saWiro simZlavre (cxenis ZalebSi).
sur. 8.60. amocana 71. 76. 300 g masis burTi 1,4 m sigrZis da umniS
72. aRmoCnda, rom garkveuli saxeobis zambara vnelo masis Tokze Camokides, xolo Tokis
hukis kanons ar emorCileba. x manZiliT meore bolo daafiqsires. Semdeg burTi erT
daWimvis dros zambara 52,8x + 38,4x2 ZaliT mxares gawies, vidre Toki vertikalisadmi
moqmedebs, romelic daWimvis mimarTulebis 30° kuTxes Seadgenda da xeli gauSves. gamo
sawinaaRmdegoa. a) gamoTvaleT x = 0,5 m koor TvaleT a) burTis siCqare, rodesac Toki
dinatidan x = 1 m koordinatamde zambaris vertikalisadmi 200 kuTxes adgens da b) burTis
daWimvisTvis saWiro muSaoba. b) zambaris erTi
maqsimaluri siCqare. g) ra kuTxe iqneba Toksa
bolo fiqsirebulia, xolo meore boloze
da vertikals Soris, rodesac burTis siCqare
2,17 kg masis nivTieri wertilia mimagrebuli.
maqsimaluris erTi mesamedi gaxdeba?
zambara x = 1 m manZiliTaa daWimuli. Tu
77. 8.61 suraTze gamosaxuli bloki A wertilis
nivTieri wertili moZraobas iwyebs, ra siCqare
gavliT 7 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. blokis
eqneba mas, rodesac zambara x = 0,5 m manZili
Taa daWimuli? g) drekadobis Zala Semnaxvelia traeqtoriaze xaxuni ar moqmedebs, vidre is
ejaxeba. zambaris SekumSvis Semdeg bloksa da maRla asvlis dros? g) ramdeniT icvleba
zedapirs Soris xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. 8.63 buSti-dedamiwis sistemis mizidulobis
suraTze naCvenebia blokis K(x) kinetikuri potenciuri energia maRla asvlis dros? d)
energiis da zambaris U(x) potenciuri energiis Tu buStis gaSvebis adgilze mizidulobis
blokis x mdebareobaze damokidebulebis potenciuri energia nulis tolia, ra iqneba
funqciebis grafikebi. ramdeniT izrdeba igive energia buStis maqsimalur simaRleze
blokisa da zedapiris siTburi energia, asvlis dros? e) Tu maqsimalur simaRleze
rodesac a) bloki x = 0,1m koordinats miaRwevs mizidulobis potenciuri energia nulis
da b) zambara maqsimalurad SeikumSeba? tolia, ra iqneba is buStis gaSvebis adgilze?
83. 1500 kg masis manqana 5°-iT daxril gzaze v) risi tolia maqsimaluri simaRle?
30 km/sT siCqariT iwyebs moZraobas. Zrava 88. ferdobis kididan 0,55 kg masis sagani
gamorTulia da manqanaze mxolod jamuri 1550 j sawyisi kinetikuri energiiT isroles.
xaxunis Zala da mizidulobis Zala moqmedebs. sagnis maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa +140 m.
50 m-is gavlis Semdeg manqanis siCqarea risi tolia sagnis siCqaris a) horizontaluri
40 km/sT. a) ramdeniT Semcirda manqanis meqa da b) vertikaluri komponenti? g) rodesac
nikuri energia jamuri xaxunis Zalis Sedegad? siCqaris vertikaluri komponentia 65m/wm,
b) ra sididisaa jamuri xaxunis Zala? risi toli iqneba vertikaluri gadaadgileba
84. 1500 kg masis manqana horizontalur gzaze gasrolis adgilidan?
moZraobas da 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi 72 km/sT 89. 8.64 suraTze
siCqares anviTarebs. a) ra iqneba manqanis gamosaxuli blokis
kinetikuri energia 30 wamis Semdeg? b) ra masa, romelzec
saSualo simZlavre sWirdeba manqanas 30 wamis Tokia gadakiduli,
ganmavlobaSi? g) risi tolia myisi simZlavre umniSvneloa.
30 wamis Semdeg, Tu davuSvebT, rom aCqareba blokze da daxril sur. 8.64. amocana 89.
mudmivia? sibrtyeze xaxunis
85. 1,5 mgvt simZlavris orTqlmavali mata Zala ar moqmedebs. A yuTis masaa 1 kg, B yuTis
rebels 6 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 10 m/wm-dan masaa 2 kg, xolo θ kuTxea 30°. yuTebi moZraobas
25 m/wm-mde aCqarebs. a) gamoTvaleT mata maSin iwyeben, rodesac damakavSirebeli
reblis masa. daadgineT b) matareblis si Toki daWimulia. ra iqneba yuTebis jamuri
Cqaris da b) matareblis amaCqarebeli Zalis kinetikuri energia, rodesac B yuTi 25sm-iT
droze damokidebulebis funqciebi 6 wuTian dabla daiwevs?
SualedSi. d) gamoTvaleT matareblis mier 90. 1,5 kg masis burTi horizontalisadmi 34°-
ganvlili manZili am droSi. iT kuTxiT da 20 m/wm sawyisi siCqariT maRla
aTvlis wertili dedamiwis donezea? zarmaca moZraobas maRali gorakis mwvervalze iwyebs.
miwaze Camovarda da masze moqmedi haeris wevis ra siCqare eqneba moTxilamures dabali
Zala umniSvneloa. ra a) kinetikuri energia da gorakis mwvervalze, Tu is saTxilamuro
g) siCqare eqneba zarmacas miwaze dacemamde? joxebs ar iyenebs? b) Tovlsa da Txilamurebs
102. 3200 n/m sixistis zambara daWimulia da Soris daaxloebiT ra kinetikuri xaxunis
misi elastiuri potenciuri energia 1,44 j-ia koeficienti gaaCerebs moTxilamures zustad
(moSvebul mdgomareobaSi U = 0). risi tolia dabali gorakis mwvervalze?
ΔU, Tu zambara a) kidev 2 sm-iT daWimes, b) 2 sm- 107. mocurave wyalSi 0,22 m/wm siCqariT
iT SekumSes da g) 4 sm-iT SekumSes? micuravs. saSualo wevis Zalaa 110 n. ra
103. komfortuli laineri Queen Elizabeth 2 saSualo simZlavre esaWiroeba mocuraves?
TboeleqtrosadguriTaa aRWurvili, romelic 108. 16400 n wonis mgzavrebiT savse manqana
32,5 sazRvao miliT moZraobis dros 92 mgvt 113 km/sT siCqariT moZraobs, rodesac mZRoli
maqsimalur simZlavres gamoimuSavebs. ra Zala amuxruWebs da manqanas aCerebs. gzidan
moqmedebs lainerze am siCqariT moZraobisas? borblebze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa 8320 n. ra
(1 sazRvao mili = 1,852 km/sT). manZilis gavlis Semdeg gaCerdeba manqana?
104. sabavSvo Tofis zambaris sixistea 109. 60 kg masis cirkis msaxiobi 4 m simaRlis
700 n/m. burTis gasrolis win zambara ikumSeba joxidan dabla srialdeba. ra kinetikuri
da burTi masze Tavsdeba. Semdeg Tofis energia eqneba msaxiobs cirkis arenaze
Caxmaxi zambaras asworebs da isic burTs win Camosvlisas, Tu joxidan masze moqmedi xaxunis
ubiZgebs. burTsa da zambaras Soris kontaqti Zala a) umniSvneloa da b) 500 n sididisaa?
maSin wydeba, rodesac burTi Tofis lulidan 110. 1981 wels, daniel gudvini CikagoSi
gamodis. horizontalisadmi 30°-iT daxrili mdebare 443 m simaRlis Senobaze acocda.
Tofi 57 g masis burTs 1,83 m maqsimalur a) gudvinis masa miaxloebiT aiReT da
simaRleze isvris. davuSvaT burTze moqmedi gamoTvaleT ra raodenobis energia gadaitana
haeris wevis Zala umniSvneloa. a) ra siCqariT man biomeqanikuri (Siga) energiidan dedamiwa-
isvris zambara burTs? b) Tu burTze moqmedi sakuTari Tavis sistemis mizidulobis
xaxunis Zala TofSi umniSvneloa, ra manZiliT potenciur energiaSi, raTa am simaRleze
ikumSeba zambara? amZvraliyo. b) ra raodenobis energiis gada
105. 15 n sididis horizontaluri Zala plast tana mouxdeboda gudvins, Tu imave simaRleze
masis kubs mudmivi siCqariT 3 m manZilze asasvlelad Senobis kibeebiT isargeblebda?
gadaaadgilebs. am dros kubis temperaturas 111. 0,63 kg masis burTi 14 m/wm siCqariT
akvirdebian. dakvirvebis Sedegad dgindeba, aisroles da man 8,1 m maqsimalur simaRles
rom kubis siTburi energia 20 j-iT gaizarda. miaRwia. ramdeniT Seicvala burTi-dedamiwis
ramdeniT gaizrdeba zedapiris siTburi sistemis meqanikuri energia burTis maRla
energia? asvlis dros?
106. Tovliani gorakis mwvervalebi maT 112. everestis mwvervali zRvis donidan
Soris mdebare velidan H = 850 m da h = 750 m 8850 m simaRlezea. a) ra energia unda daxarjos
simaRleebzea. gorakebs Soris saTxilamuro 90 kg masis mTamsvlelma mizidulobis Zalis
trasaa, romlis sigrZea 3,2 km da saSualo sawinaaRmdegod, raTa zRvis donidan am
daxrilobaa θ = 30° (sur. 8.67.). a) moTxilamure simaRleze avides? b) ra raodenobis kanfeti
uzrunvelyofs am energias, Tu TiToeuli
kanfeti 1,25 j energias Seicavs? Tqvenma
pasuxma unda cxadyos, rom mizidulobis
Zalis winaaRmdeg Sesrulebuli muSaoba mTaze
asvlisTvis saWiro energiis mxolod mcire
nawilia.
sur. 8.67. amocana 106.
271
113. 670 n wonis sprinteri 1,6 wamSi 7m-s SekumSvas potenciuri energia ukavSirdeba,
garbis da am dros Tanabrad Cqardeba. ra CawereT potenciuri energiis SekumSvis
a) siCqare da b) kinetikuri energia eqneba manZilze damokidebulebis funqcia.
sprinters 1,6 wamis Semdeg? g) ra saSualo 1990-ian wlebSi aRmoCenil dinozavr
simZlavres gamoimuSaves sprinteri 1,6 wamis triceratops menjis Zvalze kbilebis kvali
ganmavlobaSi? aRmoaCnda. kvalis forma mianiSnebda, rom
114. 8.68 suraTze is tiranozavrs ekuTvnoda. am varaudis
gamosaxul 1400 kg Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebma aluminisa
masis granitis da brinjaosgan tiranozavris kbilis
bloks daxril sib modeli daamzades da Semdeg hidravlikuri
rtyeze 1,34 m/wm wnexis saSualebiT es kbili Zroxis ZvalSi
Tanabari siCqariT triceratopis Zvlis siRrmeze Casves. saWiro
Tokis saSualebiT Zalis SeRwevis siRrmeze damokidebulebis
sur. 8.68. amocana 114.
maRla sweven. naCve grafiki 8.69 suraTzea gamosaxuli. siRrmis
nebi manZilebia d1 = 40 m da d2 = 30 m. bloksa zrdasTan erTad saWiro Zala izrdeba,
da daxril sibrtyes Soris kinetikuri xaxunis vinaidan konusis formis kbilis ZvalSi
koeficientia 0,4. ra simZlavres warmoqmnis Casobisas, kbilsa da Zvals Soris kontaqti
Tokidan blokze modebuli Zala? ufro mWidro xdeba. e) r muSaoba Seasrula
115. 0,42 kg masis Saflbordis disko uZravad hidravlikurma presma da, maSasadame,
4,2 m/wm-mde zrdis (aCqareba mudmivia). aCqareba Tu ara potenciuri energia kbilis Casobas?
meqanikuri energia inaxeba da bade idealuri 118. 70 kg masis mexanZre 4,3 m simaRlis
zambaris saxiT moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT badis vertikalur boZze srialdeba. a) Tu mexanZre
elastiuri potenciuri energia 1,5 m-iT boZs kargad ar eWideba da masze moqmedi
daWimvisas. xaxunis Zala umniSvneloa, ra siCqare eqneba
117. ukana kbiliT saganze maqsimum 750 n ZaliT mexanZres miwaze Casvlamde? b) Tu mexanZre
SegiZliaT imoqmedoT. warmoidgineT, rom boZs ufro magrad eWideba da masze 500 n
Zirtkbilas bards ReWavT. am dros Zirtkbila sididis maRla mimarTuli xaxunis Zala
tkbilas SekumSvis manZili da b) kbilis mier 119. 15 kg masis bloki horizontalur,
Zirtkbilaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba. g) CawereT xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 2 m/wm2-iT
kbilidan moqmedi Zalis SekumSvis manZilze Cqardeba da misi siCqare 10 m/wm-dan 30 m/wm-
damokidebulebis funqcia. d) Tu Zirtkbilas mde izrdeba. a) ramdeniT icvleba blokis
272 Tavi 8 potenciuuri energia da energiis Senaxva
135. m1 da m2 masis nivTier wertilebs 136. vertikaluri zambaris erTi bolo Werze
Soris Semdegi sididis mizidulobis Zala daamagreT, xolo meore boloze kombosto
moqmedebs: CamokideT. Semdeg kombosto qvemoT Camo
m 1m 2
F(x) = G , wieT, vidre zambaridan masze moqmedi, maRla
x2
sadac G mudmivaa da x aris nivTier werti mimarTuli Zala mizidulobis Zalas gaa
lebs Soris manZili. a) miiReT Sesabamisi U(x) wonasworebs. daamtkiceT, rom kombosto-de
potenciuri energiis funqcia. davuSvaT damiwis sistemis mizidulobis potenciuri
U(x)→0, rodesac x→∞ da x dadebiTia. energiis danakargi zambaris mier SeZenili
b) ra muSaobaa saWiro, raTa nivTier wertilebs potenciuri energiis orze namravlis tolia.
Soris dacileba x = x1-dan x = x1+d-mde gai ratom ar aris es ori sidide erTmaneTis
zardos? toli?
masis centri da impulsi 9
avaria yvelaze saxifaToa, rodesac manqanebi erTmaneTs wina nawilebiT
Seaskdebian. amgvari Sejaxeba orive mZRolisTvis sasikvdilo SeiZleba
aRmoGndes. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, gamokvlevebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom sasikvdilo riski naklebia, Tu manqanaSi mZRolTan erTad
mgzavric imyofeba
275
276 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
- masis centri aqvs, romelic martivi, parabolis formis traeqtoriiT moZraobs. tafelas sxva
nawilebi masis centris garSemo moZraoben (masis centris mdebareobis dasadgenad tafela
gaSlil TiTze SeimagreT. masis centri Tqveni TiTis gaswvriv, tafelas centralur RerZze
mdebareobs).
beisbolis tafelas haerSi qneviT bevrs verafers miaRwevT, samagierod Zalian karg karieras
gaikeTebT, Tu did manZilze mxtomelebs an mocekvaveebs haerSi sworad xtomas aswavliT. am
saqmis Seswavla ki adamianis masis centriT unda daiwyoT.
am TavSi SeviswavliT nivTieri wertilebis sistemis masis centris dadgenis xerxs. Tavdapirvelad
mxolod ramdenime nivTieri wertilisgan Semdgar sistemas ganvixilavT, xolo Semdeg ufro
rTul sistemebsac gavarCevT. ufro mogvianebiT imasac davadgenT, Tu rogor gadaadgildeba
sistemis masis centri, rodesac sistemaze gare Zalebi moqmedebs.
sadac M aris sistemis mTliani masa (am SemTxvevaSi M=m1+m2). es formula SegviZlia
ganvazogadoT da x RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebuli n raodenobis nivTieri wertilebisTvis
davweroT. am SemTxvevaSi sistemis mTliani masaa M=m1+m2+...+mn da masis centris mdebareobaa:
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + . . . + mn xn
xcom= M = . (9.4)
i indeqsi cvladi ricxvia da is 1-dan n-mde mTel mniSvnelobebs moicavs. es indeqsi sxvadasxva
nivTier wertilebs, maT masebs da x koordinatebs gansazRvravs.
Tu nivTieri wertilebi sam ganzomilebaSi aris ganlagebuli, maTi masis centri sami koordinatis
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba. 9.4 formulis ganvrcoba gvaZlevs:
(9.7)
9.5 formulaSi Semavali sami skalaruli gantoleba erTi veqtoruli gantolebiT SegviZlia
SevcvaloT:
, (9.8)
sadac M aris sistemis mTliani masa. am formulis SemowmebisTvis masSi 9.6 da 9.7 formulebi
CasviT da Semdeg x, y da z komponentebi ganacalkeveT. Sedegad kvlav 9.5 formula miiReba.
myari sxeulebi
Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad beisbolis tafela, uricxvi raodenobis nivTieri wertilisgan
(atomebisgan) Sedgeba da umjobesia is materiis uwyvet ganawilebad miviCnioT. am SemTxvevaSi,
`nivTieri wertilebi~ dm masis mqone elementebia, 9.5 formulaSi Semavali jamebi integralebi
xdeba da masis centris koordinatebi Semdegi formulebiT ganisazRvreba:
, , , (9.9)
wertilSi erTi da igivea anu sxeulis nebismieri mocemuli elementis simkvrive mTeli sxeulis
ρ simkvrivis tolia:
dm M
= ρ= , (9.10)
dV V
sadac dV aris dm masis elementis moculoba, xolo V - sagnis mTliani moculoba. 9.10 formulidan
dm=(M/V)dV 9.9 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
, , . (9.11)
erT an met integrals gverds avuvliT, Tu sagans simetriis wertili, wrfe an sibrtye gaaCnia.
am SemTxvevaSi, sagnis masis centri simetriis wertilze, wrfeze an sibrtyezea ganlagebuli.
magaliTad, erTgvarovani sferos (romelsac simetriis wertili gaaCnia) masis centri sferos
centrzea ganlagebuli. erTgvarovani konusis (romlis RerZi simetriis wrfea) masis centri
konusis RerZzea ganlagebuli. bananis (romelsac simetriis sibrtye aqvs) simetriis centri am
sibrtyezea ganlagebuli.
ar aris aucilebeli sagnis masis centri sagnis SigniT iyos ganlagebuli.
y
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia kvadratuli formis
firfita, romelsac kuTxeebidan oTxi identuri kvadrati CamoaWres. 1 2
a) sad aris sawyisi firfitis masis centri? sad aris firfitis masis
x
centri b) pirveli kvadratis, g) pirveli da meore kvadratis, d)
pirveli da mesame kvadratis, e) pirveli, meore da mesame kvadratis da 4 3
v) oTxive kvadratis moWris Semdeg?
t
=M com (nivTier wertilTa sistema) (9.14)
es formula nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris moZraobisTvis niutonis meore kanonia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mas erTi nivTieri wertilis moZraobisTvis gankuTvnili formulis
( t
= m ) saxes aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, 9.14 formulaSi Sesuli sami sidide frTxilad unda
gamoiTvalos:
1. t
aris sistemaze moqmedi yvela gare Zalis veqtoruli jami (Zalebis tolqmedi). sistemis
erTi nawilidan meoreze moqmedi Zalebi (Sida Zalebi) 9.14 formulaSi ar Sedis.
2. M aris sistemis jamuri masa. Cven vuSvebT, rom moZraobis sistemaSi gare nawilaki ar Sedis da
sistemis arcerTi nawilaki gareT ar gamodis. sistema Caketilia da M masa ucvlelia.
3. com sistemis masis centris aCqarebaa. 9.14 formula sistemis raime sxva wertilis aCqarebaze
informacias ar Seicavs.
rom ori burTisgan Semdgari sistemis masis centris siCqare ar icvleba. burTebs Soris
Sejaxebis dros erTi burTidan meoreze Sida Zalebi iwyebs moqmedebas. es Zalebi t
jamur
Zalaze zegavlenas ar axdens da jamuri Zala nulis toli rCeba. maSasadame, sistemis masis
centri, romelic Sejaxebamde moZraobda, Sejaxebis Semdegac igive siCqariT da mimarTulebiT
imoZravebs.
9.14 formula, nivTier wertilTa sistemasTan erTad
9.1b suraTze gamosaxuli beisbolis tafelas msgavs myar
sagnebsac miesadageba. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.14 formulaSi
Semavali M tafelas masaa, xolo t tafelaze moqmedi
mizidulobis Zalaa. igive 9.14 formulidan gamomdinare
acom = g anu tafelas masis centri ise moZraobs, TiTqos is
M masis nivTieri wertilia, romelzec Fg Zala moqmedebs.
9.5 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi saintereso SemTxveva. sur. 9.5. feierverkis raketa fre
nis dros feTqdeba. haeris wevis
warmoidgineT, rom feierverkis dros raketa parabolis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi raketis
formis traeqtoriiT moZraobs. garkveul adgilze raketa nawilebis masis centri sawyisi pa
feTqdeba da nawilebad iSleba. Tu raketa ar afeTqda, maSin raboluri traeqtoriiT ganagrZobs
moZraobas, vidre nawilebi miwaze dai
is naCvenebi traeqtoriiT moZraobas ganagrZobs. afeTqebis
wyeben dacemas.
Zalebi sistemis Sida Zalebia anu sistemis erTi nawilidan
meoreze moqmedeben. haeris wevis Zalis ugulebelyofis
SemTxvevaSi, sistemaze moqmedi jamuri t
gare Zala mizidulobis Zalaa da mniSvneloba ar
aqvs raketa afeTqdeba Tu ara. 9.14 formulidan gamomdinare, raketis nawilebis masis centris
acom aCqareba g -s tolia. es niSnavs, rom raketis nawilebis masis centri igive paraboluri
traeqtoriiT moZraobs, romliTac raketa imoZravebda.
282 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
sur. 9.6. didi jete. (kenet lousi, cekvis fizika, Schirmer Books, 1984).
scenaze naxtomis Sesrulebis dros balerina mxrebs maRla swevs da xelebs horizontalurad Slis
(sur. 9.6). amis Semdeg balerinas masis centri maRla gadaadgildeba. masis centri paraboluri
traeqtoriiT scenis gaswvriv moZraobs da sxeulisadmi misi moZraoba balerinas Tavisa da
torsis mier aRebul simaRles amcirebs. Sedegad balerinas Tavi da torsi horizontaluri
traeqtoriiT moZraobs da farfatis iluzia iqmneba.
(9.16)
sadac M aris sistemis jamuri masa, xolo rcom - sistemis masis centris mdebareobis ganmsazRvreli
veqtori.
9.16 formulis droiT diferencireba mogvcems:
(9.17)
siCqare.
9.17 formulis droiT diferencireba mogvcems:
(9.18)
aq ai (=d i /dt) aris i rigis nivTieri wertilis aCqareba, xolo acom (=d com /dt) - masis centris
aCqareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom masis centri geometriuli wertilia, mas mdebareoba, siCqare da
aCqareba nivTieri wertilis msgavsad gaaCnia.
niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, mi ai aris i rigis nivTier wertilze moqmedi Fi Zalis
toli. maSasadame, 9.18 formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
(9.19)
9.19 formulis marjvena mxareze mocemuli Zalebi sistemis nivTier wertilebs Soris moqmedi
9.3. niutonis meore kanoni nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis 283
Zalebi (Sida Zalebi) da sistemis garedan nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalebia (gare Zalebia).
niutonis mesame kanonidan gamomdinare, Sida Zalebi mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilebs qmnis da
erTmaneTs abaTileben. 9.19 formulis marjvena mxareze mxolod sistemaze moqmedi gare Zalebis
veqtoruli jami rCeba. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.19 formula 9.14 formulaze daiyvaneba. 9.14 formula
damtkicebulia.
9.4. impulsi
mocemul TavSi nivTier wertilTa sistemis nacvlad mxolod erT nivTier wertils ganvixilavT,
rac ori mniSvnelovani sididis gansazRvris saSualebas mogvcems.
pirveli gansazRvreba kargad nacnob sityvas - impulss exeba, romelsac yoveldRiur enaSi
ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. nivTieri wertilis impulsi p aris veqtoruli sidide:
mν (nivTieri wertilis impulsi),
p=m (9.22)
sadac m aris nivTieri wertilis masa, xolo - misi siCqare (xSirad impulsTan Asityva wrfivsac
xmaroben, raTa es sidide kuTxuri impulsisgan ganasxvavon). vinaidan m yovelTvis dadebiTi
skalaruli sididea, 9.22 formulidan gamomdinare p -s da -s erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT.
aseve 9.22 formula gvamcnobs, rom SI sistemaSi impulsis erTeulia kg·m/wm.
niutonma moZraobis meore kanoni impulsis saSualebiT Camoayaliba:
t
(9.23)
nivTier wertilze moqmedi jamuri t
gare Zala nivTieri wertilis p impulss cvlis da,
Sesabamisad, impulsi mxolod jamuri gare Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad icvleba. Tu jamuri gare
Zala ar arsebobs, p ar icvleba. 9.7 paragrafSi gamoCndeba, rom es faqti amocanebis amoxsnaSi
Zalian gvexmareba.
9.22 formulidan 9.23 formulaSi p CavsvaT da mudmivi m masis pirobebSi gveqneba:
dp d d
= = (m ) = m = m acom
.
t
dt dt dt
maSasadame, t
= d p /dt da Fnett = ma eqvivalenturi formulebia da isini nivTieri wertilis
moZraobisTvis niutonis meore kanons gamoxataven.
(9.26)
t
(nivTier wertilTa sistema), (9.27)
sadac t
aris sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zala.
9.27 formula erTi nivTieri wertilisTvis miRebuli
t
= d p /dt formulis ganzogadebaa mravali nivTieri
wertilisgan Semdgari sistemisTvis. am formulis Tanaxmad,
nivTieri wertilebis sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zala
t
iwevs sistemis P impulsis cvlilebebs anu impulsi mxolod tafelasa da burTs Soris Sejaxeba
jamuri gare Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba. Tu gare jamuri Zala burTis nawils amtvrevs
ar moqmedebs, P impulsi ar icvleba.
erTi Sejaxeba
davuSvaT, moZravi sxeuli burTia, xolo samizne - tafela.
Sejaxeba xanmoklea da burTze moqmed Zalas misi Seneleba,
SeCereba da moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvla SeuZlia. 9.8
suraTze naCvenebia amgvari Sejaxebis erTi momenti. burTze
F (t ) Zala moqmedebs, romelic Sejaxebis ganmavlobaSi icvleba
da burTis p wrfiv impulss cvlis. impulsis cvlileba Zalas sur. 9.8. burTisa da tafelas
Sejaxebis dros burTze F (t ) Zala
niutonis meore kanonis ( F = d
(t ) p /dt) saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. moqmedebs.
maSasadame, dt drois SualedSi burTis impulsis cvlilebaa:
d p = F (t ) dt (9.28)
(9.29)
am formulis marcxena mxareze impulsis p f - pi = Dp cvlilebaa mocemuli. formulis marjvena
mxares Sejaxebis J Zalis impulsi ewodeba:
J (Zalis impulsis gansazRvreba). (9.30)
Δpx = Jx (9.33)
SejaxebaTa seria
amjerad sxeulze moqmedi Zala ganvixiloT, rodesac sxeuli identur SejaxebaTa serias
ganicdis. magaliTad, SegviZlia ganvixiloT CogburTis burTebis kedelTan Sejaxeba. TiToeuli
amgvari Sejaxebis Sedegad kedelze Zala moqmedebs. Cven SejaxebaTa mravalricxovani seriis
dros Zalis saSualo mniSvneloba gvainteresebs.
9.10 suraTze gamosaxulia m masis da m wrfivi impulsis mqone Wurvebis nakadi, romelic x
RerZis gaswvriv gadaadgildeba da uZrav samizne sxeuls ejaxeba. Δt drois SualedSi samiznesTan
Sejaxebuli Wurvebis raodenobaa n. vinaidan moZraoba mxolod x RerZis gaswvriv xdeba, impulsis
RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. maSasadame, TiToeuli Wurvis sawyisi
impulsia mν da Sejaxebis Sedegad misi wrfivi impulsiT Δp-iT icvleba. Δt drois SualedSi n
raodenobis Wurvebis wrfivi impulsebis jamuri cvlilebaa nΔp. igive drois SualedSi moqmedi
J Zalis impulsi x RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli, misi sididea nΔp, xolo mimarTuleba wrfivi
impulsebis sawinaaRmdegoa. Zalis impulsis gamosaxuleba komponentur formaSi ase Caiwereba:
J = –nΔp , (9.36)
minus niSani asaxavs, rom J-s da Δp-s sapirispiro mimarTulebebi aqvT.
9.35 formulis gardaqmna da masSi 9.36 formulis Casma Sejaxebebis dros samizneze moqmed FsaS
saSualo Zalas mogvcems:
J n n
FsaS = =– Δp = – m Δv , (9.37)
Δt Δt Δt
FsaS-s 9.37 formula n/Δt-s saSualebiT gvaZlevs, rac Wurvebis samiznesTan Sejaxebis tempia. Δν
Wurvebis siCqaris cvlilebaa.
Tu Wurvebi Sejaxebis dros Cerdeba, maSin 9.37 formulaSi Δν-s nacvlad SegviZlia CavsvaT:
Δt drois SualedSi samiznes Δm = nm masa ejaxeba. maSasadame, 9.37 formula ase SeiZleba
Caiweros:
Δm
FsaS = – Δv (9.40)
Δt
288 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
9.40 formula FsaS Zalas Δm/Δt-s saSualebiT gvaZlevs, rac samiznesTan masis Sejaxebis tempia.
amjeradac SegviZlia Δν 9.38 an 9.39 formulis saSualebiT SevcvaloT, rac Wurvebis moqmedebazea
damokidebuli.
Sejaxebis Semdeg manqana kedlisadmi 10° (–10°) kuTxiT da i =70m/wm-s 30° kuTxiT. am
(a) (b)
(g)
sur. 9.11. a) mZRolisa da manqanis mier ganvlili traeqtoria kedelze Sejaxebis dros. b) mZRolis pi sawyisi
impulsi da p f saboloo impulsi. g) mZRolze moqmedi J Zalis impulsi Sejaxebis dros.
9.7. impulsis mudmivoba 289
swori pasuxis misaRebad am Sedegs 180° unda = 2,583 × 105 n ≈ 2,6 × 105 n (pasuxi)
daematos. Tu J -s komponentebs gavavlebT gamoviyenoT F = ma formula (sadac m = 80kg)
(sur. 9.11g), aRmoCndeba, rom swori pasuxia da davadgenT, rom Sejaxebis ganmavlobaSi
75,4° + 180° = 255,4° anu: mZRolis saSualo aCqarebaa daaxloebiT
θ = –105° (pasuxi) 3,22 × 10 m/wm = 329g. savaraudod, mZRoli
3 2
miRebul Sedegs impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ewodeba. es kanoni Semdegi formuliTac SeiZleba
Caiweros:
P i = P f (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema) (9.43)
Tu Caketil sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis komponenti RerZis gaswvriv nulis
tolia, maSin am RerZis gaswvriv sistemis impulsis komponenti ar icvleba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Cven aqcents Caketil sistemaze moqmed gare Zalebze vakeTebT. Sida
Zalebs sistemis nawilebis impulsis Secvla SeuZlia, magram erTiani sistemis mTlian impulss
ver cvlis.
mocemuli Tavis amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebSi ganxilulia erTganzomilebiani da organzomile
biani afeTqebebi. erTganzomilebiani niSnavs, rom afeTqebamde da afeTqebis Semdeg moZraoba erTi
RerZis gaswvriv xdeba, xolo organzomilebiani Sesabamisad miuTiTebs, rom moZraoba ori RerZis
Semcvel sibrtyeze mimdinareobs. momdevno TavebSi erTganzomilebian da organzomilebian
Sejaxebebs ganvixilavT.
= ( gadamzidis siCqare
tvirTis mimarT )(
+
tvirTis siCqare
mzis mimarT ) g) 1000 600
( )( )
mTliani Pi impulsi mTliani Pf impulsi da Sejaxebis Semdeg.
=
Sejaxebamde Sejaxebis Semdeg
294 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
moZraoba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba, amitom veqtorebis isrebi SegviZlia wavSaloT da mxolod
RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebi gamoviyenoT. vinaidan p=mν, 9.50 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
m1ν1i+m2ν2i=m1ν1f+m2ν2f (9.51)
Tu magaliTad masebi, sawyisi siCqareebi da erT-erTi saboloo siCqare viciT, meore saboloo
siCqaresac iolad gamovTvliT.
( 1400 kg
)
1,79
da ubeduri SemTxvevis aRwera namdvilad r1 = c = c . (9.62)
1400 kg
aris. mkvlevarebma miRebuli monacemebi
amocanis b) SekiTxvidan da igive 9.60
Sekribes da gamoTvales, rom pirveli mZRolis
formulidan gamomdinare, rodesac manqanSi
gardacvalebis r1 albaToba Semdegi formuliT
pirvel mZRolTan erTad mgzavric imyofeba,
moicema:
( )
m2 1,79 mZRolis gardacvalebis riskia:
(
1400 kg
)
1,79
r1 = c , (9.60)
m1 r1 = c = 0,9053 c .
1400 kg + 80 kg
sadac c mudmivaa. axseniT ratom Sedis am
9.62 formula c-s nacvlad CavsvaT da
formulaSi m2/m1 Sefardeba da Semdeg igive
gveqneba:
formulis daxmarebiT pirveli mZRolis
r1´ = 0,9053r1 ≈ 0,91r1 . (pasuxi)
gardacvalebis albaTobebi SeadareT, ro
amrogad, pirveli mZRolis gardacvalebis
desac manqanaSi mxolod mZRoli zis da
riski daaxloebiT 9%-iT naklebia, rodesac
mZRolTan erTad mgzavric imyofeba.
manqanaSi mgzavric imyofeba.
( jamuri kinetikuri
energia Sejaxebamde )(=
jamuri kinetikuri
energia Sejaxebis Semdeg )
es ar niSnavs, rom calkeuli sxeulis kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.
magaliTad, biliardis TamaSis dros erTi burTis meoresTan Sejaxeba miaxloebiT SegviZlia
elastiurad miviCnioT. Tu Sejaxeba pirdapir xdeba, Sejaxebuli burTis kinetikuri energia
TiTqmis mTlianad samizne burTs gadaecema (miuxedavad Cveni daSvebisa, Sejaxebis dros
gamocemuli xma niSnavs, rom kinetikuri energiis raRac nawili mainc gadavida bgeris energiaSi).
298 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
uZravi samizne
9.19 suraTze gamosaxulia ori sxeuli erT ganzomilebaSi
Sejaxebamde da Sejaxebis Semdeg. Sejaxeba biliardis
burTebis Sejaxebis magvaria. m1 masis da ν1i sawyisi siCqaris
sasroli sxeuli m2 masis da uZravi (ν2i=0) samizne sxeulisken
moZraobs. davuSvaT, rom ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistema
Caketili da izolirebulia. am SemTxvevaSi, sistemis sur. 9.19. pirveli sxeuli x RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobs da uZrav meore
jamuri impulsi inaxeba da 9.51 formulidan gamomdinare:
sxeuls elastiurad ejaxeba. Sejaxebis
Semdeg orive sxeuli RerZis gaswvriv
m1ν1i = m1ν1f + m2ν2f (impulsi) (9.63)
moZraobas ganagrZobs.
Tu Sejaxeba elastiuria, maSin jamuri kinetikuri energiac
inaxeba da gveqneba:
1
m ν 2 = 1 m1ν1f2 + 1 m2ν2f2 (kinetikuri energia) (9.64)
2 1 1i 2 2
TiToeul am formulaSi i indeqsi sxeulebis sawyis siCqareebs asaxavs, xolo f indeqsi - saboloo
siCqareebs. Tu sxeulebis masebi da pirveli sxeulis ν1i sawyisi siCqare viciT, ucnobi sidideebi
mxolod sxeulebis ν1f da ν2f saboloo siCqareebia. Cvens gankargulebaSi ori formulaa da
maSasadame ori ucnobis gamoTvla SesaZlebelia.
Tavdapirvelad 9.63 formula Semdegi saxiT CavweroT:
amgvar Sedegs mxolod biliardis kargi moTamaSeebi iReben. am formulebis Tanaxmad, Tanabari
masebis sxeulebis Sejaxebis Semdeg pirveli sxeuli (Tavdapirvelad moZravi) Cerdeba, xolo
meore sxeuli (Tavdapirvelad uZravi) pirveli sxeulis siCqariT iwyebs moZraobs. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Tanabari masebis sxeulebi ubralod siCqareebs cvlian. igive Sedegs miviRebT, Tu
meore sxeuli Tavdapirvelad uZravi ar aris.
2. masiuri samizne. 9.19 suraTze masiuri samizne niSnavs, rom m2 >> m1. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia
golfis burTi zarbaznis uZrav birTvs movaxvedroT. am SemTxvevaSi, 9.67 da 9.68 formulebi
mogvcems:
9.70 formulis Tanaxmad, pirveli sxeuli (zarbaznis birTvi) moZraobas ganagrZobs da misi
siCqare TiTqmis ucvlelia. meore sxeuli (golfis burTi) zarbaznis birTvis win orjer ufro
swrafad gagordeba.
SesaZloa gagiCndeT SekiTxva: ratom maincdamainc orjer swrafad? pasuxis gasacemad gavixsenoT,
rom 9.69 formuliT aRwerili Sejaxebis dros msubuqi sxeulis (golfis burTis) siCqare +ν-dan
–ν-mde anu 2ν-iT icvleboda. igive xdeba am SemTxvevaSic, magram amjerad siCqare 0-dan 2ν-mde
icvleba.
moZravi samizne
Cven ukve ganvixileT sasroli sxeulis da uZravi samiznis
elastiuri Sejaxeba. modiT amjerad davakvirdeT SemTxvevas,
rodesac elastiur Sejaxebamde orive sxeuli moZraobs.
9.20 suraTze gamosaxuli mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, sur. 9.20. ori sxeuli elastiur Se
impulsis Senaxvis kanoni ase Caiwereba: jaxebas erT ganzomilebaSi ganicdis
sakontrolo wertili 10. ra iqneba 9.19 suraTze gamosaxuli samiznis saboloo impulsi, Tu
sasroli sxeulis sawyisi impulsia 6kg·m/wm da saboloo impulsia a) 2kg·m/wm da b) –2kg·m/wm?
g) ra iqneba samiznis saboloo kinetikuri energia, Tu sasroli sxeulis sawyisi da saboloo
kinetikuri energiebia Sesabamisad 5j da 2j?
300 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
sakontrolo wertili 11. 9.22 suraTze sasroli sxeulis sawyisi impulsia 6kg·m/wm, impulsis
saboloo x komponentia 4kg·m/wm da impulsis saboloo y komponentia –3kg·m/wm. ra iqneba samiznis
impulsis a) saboloo x komponenti da b) saboloo y komponenti?
aCqarebis gamoTvla
(a)
davuSvaT, Cven aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi uZravad
vimyofebiT da raketis aCqarebas vakvirdebiT. raketa
kosmosSi moZraobs da masze mizidulobis an atmosferuli
wevis Zala ar moqmedebs. amgvari erTganzomilebiani
moZraobis SemTxvevaSi raketis masaa M, xolo raime t
droSi misi siCqarea ν (sur. 9.23a).
9.23b suraTze naCvenebia dt drois Semdeg mimdinare
movlenebi. amjerad raketis siCqarea ν + dν, xolo misi (b)
masaa M + dM, sadac masis dM cvlileba uaryofiTi sur. 9.23. a) M masis aCqarebuli raketa
sididea. dt droSi raketidan gamosuli gamonabolqvis t droSi aTvlis inerciuli sistemidan.
b) igive mdgomareoba t + dt droSi. dt
masaa –dM da Cveni aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi misi
drois SualedSi gamosuli gamonabolqvi
siCqarea U. naCvenebia.
302 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
Pi=Pf (9.82)
sadac i da f indeqsebi dt drois Sualedis dasawyissa da dasasruls asaxavs. 9.82 formula Semdegi
saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
Mν = –dM U + (M + dM)(ν + dν) (9.83)
formulis marjvena mxares gamosaxuli pirveli wevri dt SualedSi gamosuli gamonabolqvis
impulsia, xolo meore wevri raketis impulss dt Sualedis bolos asaxavs.
9.83 formula gamartivdeba, Tu raketasa da gamonabolqvs Soris arsebul fardobiT siCqares
νfar gamoviyenebT. es siCqare aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi arsebul siCqareebs Semdegi saxiT
ukavSirdeba:
( raketis siCqare
aTvlis sistemisadmi )(
=
raketis siCqare
gamonabolqvisadmi )(
+
gamonabolqvis siCqare
aTvlis sistemisadmi )
modiT es yvelaferi simboloebis saSualebiT CavweroT:
(ν + dν) = νfar + U,
siCqaris gamoTvla
rogor Seicvleba raketis siCqare sawvavis moxmarebasTan erTad? 9.85 formulidan gvaqvs:
dM
dνfar = – νfar
M
integreba gvaZlevs:
– νfar ,
sadac Mi aris raketis sawyisi masa, xolo Mf - saboloo masaa. integralebis gamoTvlis Semdeg
miviRebT:
Mi
νf – νi = – νfar ln (raketis meore formula) (9.88)
Mf
9.12. cvladi masis mqone sistemebi: raketa 303
am formulis mixedviT izrdeba raketis siCqare, rodesac misi masa Mi-dan Mf-ze icvleba
(9.88 formulaSi ln simbolo naturalur logariTms asaxavs). igive formula kargad asaxavs
ramdenimesafexuriani raketis upiratesobas, romelSic Mf mimdebare safexurebis moSorebis
Sedegad aris Semcirebuli. safexurebi raketas maSin Sordeba, rodesac maTi sawvavi amoiwureba.
idealur raketas daniSnulebis adgilze mxolod sasargeblo tvirTi unda darCes.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
impulsi da niutonis meore kanoni. erTi Sejaxebis tempi. Tu sxeulebi Sejaxebis dros
Cerdeba, maSin 9.37 da 9.40 formulebSi Δν = –ν,
mν
nivTieri wertilis p =impulsia:
xolo Tu sxeulebi siCqaris cvlilebis gareSe
mν
p=m (9.22)
ukan aisxliteba, maSin Δν = –2ν.
niutonis meore kanoni impulsis saSualebiT
impulsis mudmivoba. Tu sistema izo
SeiZleba Caiweros:
lirebulia da masze
jamuri gare Zala
t
(9.23) ar moqmedebs, maSin sistemis P impulsi
ucvlelia:
nivTier wertilTa sistemisTvis gveqneba:
P = mudmiva (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema) (9.42)
P = mν com
com da t
(9.25, 9.27)
impulsis mudmivoba asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
Sejaxeba da Zalis impulsi. nivTieri
Pi = Pf (Caketili, izolirebuli sistema), (9.43)
wertilis magvari sxeulis Sejaxebis dros
niutonis meore kanonis gamoyeneba Zalis sadac i da f indeqsebi P -s mniSvnelobas raime
impulsi-impulsis Teoremas gvaZlevs: sawyis da momdevno droSi asaxaven. 9.42 da
9.43 impulsis mudmivobis kanonis amsaxveli
p f - pi = Dp = J , (9.31, 9.32)
eqvivalenturi formulebia.
sadac p f - pi = Dp aris sxeulis impulsis
araelastiuri Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi.
cvlileba, xolo J – Sejaxebis dros erTi
ori sxeulis araelastiuri Sejaxebis dros,
sxeulidan meoreze moqmedi F (t ) Zalis
ori sxeulisgan Semdgari sistemis kinetikuri
Sedegad miRebuli Zalis impulsi:
304 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
SekiTxvebi
1. 9.24 suraTze gamosaxuli, identuri masis zedapirze mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs.
oTxi nivTieri wertili xaxunisgan Tavisufal siCqareebis mimarTulebebi naCvenebia, xolo
maTi sidideebi erTi da igivea. ganixileT
nivTier wertilTa wyvilebi. romeli wyvili
qmnis iseT sistemas, romlis masis centri
a) uZravia, b) uZravia da aTvlis saTaveze
mdebareobs da g) aTvlis saTaveze gadis?
2. 9.25 suraTze gamosaxul sam nivTier
wertilze gare Zalebi moqmedebs. or nivTier
wertilze moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi da
mimarTulebebi naCvenebia. ra sididis da
sur. 9.24. SekiTxva 1.
305
mimarTulebis grafikebi. daalageT grafikebi sxeulze
Zala moqmedebs moqmedi Zalis impulsis mixedviT dididan
mesame nivTier mcireze.
wertilze, Tu
nivTieri wer
tilebis siste sur. 9.25. SekiTxva 2.
mis masis centri
a) uZravia, b) mudmivi siCqariT marjvniv
moZraobs da g) marjvniv Cqardeba? sur. 9.28. SekiTxva 5.
3. 9.26 suraTze naCvenebia sami an oTxi 6. 9.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemuli
identuri nivTieri wertilisgan Seqmnili yuTi x RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi, dadebiTi
oTxi jgufi. wertilebi sididiT erTi da siCqariT moZraobs da afeTqebis Sedegad
igive siCqariT x an y RerZis paralelurad or nawilad iSleba. m1 masis pirveli nawili
moZraoben. daalageT jgufebi masis centris 1 dadebiTi siCqariT ganagrZobs moZraobas,
siCqaris mixedviT dididan mcireze. xolo m2 masis meore nawilma SesaZlebelia a) 2
dros. ra sawyisi kuTxiT daartyes burTs? ·25. 1955 wlis TebervalSi, paraSutisti 370m
··22. tafelasTan Sejaxebamde 0,3kg masis burTi simaRlidan gadmoxta da paraSutis gaxsna ver
SeZlo da TovlSi Cavarda. raoden gasakviric
15m/wm siCqariT da horizontalidan qvemoT
ar unda iyos, paraSutistma mxolod mcire
daxrili 35° kuTxiT moZraobs. ramdeniT
dazianebebi miiRo. davuSvaT, TovlSi Cavar
icvleba burTis impulsi tafelasTan
dnis dros misi siCqarea 56m/wm, masaa 85kg
Sejaxebis Semdeg, Tu burTi moZraobs a) 20m/wm
da Tovlidan masze moqmedi Zalaa 1,2×105n
siCqariT da vertikalurad qvemoT eSveba da
(maqsimaluri sidide, rodesac adamians
b) 20m/wm siCqariT da horizontalurad ukan
gadarCenis Sansi aqvs). ra a) minimaluri siRrmis
brundeba?
Tovli gadaarCenda paraSutists da b) ra Zalis
paragrafi 9.6. Sejaxeba da Zalis impulsi moqmedebda masze Tovlidan?
impulsi
·26. 1,2kg masis burTi Camovarda da zedapirze
·23. x RerZis gaswvriv 14m/wm siCqariT moZrav 25m/wm siCqariT daeca da Semdeg burTi 10m/wm
0,4kg masis burTze x RerZis uaryofiTi siCqariT axta. a) ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
mimarTulebiT modebuli Zala 27mwm-is burTze zedapirTan kontaqtis dros? b) Tu
ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. Zalis sidide icvleba burTsa da zedapirs Soris kontaqti 0,02wm-
da Zalis impulsia 32,4n·wm. ra iqneba a) burTis is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, ra saSualo Zala
siCqare da b) ra mimarTulebiT imoZravebs moqmedebs burTidan zedapirze?
burTi Zalis modebis Semdeg? ra iqneba g) ·27. yvela icis, rom `zekacisaTvis~ (Super-
Zalis saSualo sidide da d) burTze moqmedi
man)nasroli tyviebi misi mkerdidan aisxli
Zalis impulsis mimarTuleba? SSM
teba. davuSvaT gangsteri 3 g masis tyviebs
·24. 70-ian wlebSi, henri lamote 12m simaRlidan 100 tyvia/wT tempiT esvris „zekacs” da Ti
30sm siRrmis wyalSi xteboda da auditorias Toeuli tyviis siCqarea 500m/wm. aseve davu
aRafrTovanebda (sur. 9.49). davuSvaT lamote SvaT, rom tyviebi sawyisi traeqtoriiT
wylis fskerze Cerdeba. ra Zalis impulsi aisxliteba da maTi siCqare ar icvleba. ra
moqmedebs masze wylidan? lamotes masa Tqven saSualo Zala moqmedebs tyviebidan „zekacis”
airCieT. mkerdze?
··28. 5 kg masis
saTamaSo manqana
x RerZis gaswvriv
g a d a a d g i l d e b a .
9.50 suraTze naCve
nebia manqanaze
sur. 9.50. amocana 28.
moqmedi Fx Zalis
cvlilebis grafiki. erTeulovan-veqtorul
CanawerSi ra iqneba P a) t=4wm da b) t = 7 wm
dros? ra iqneba g) t = 9 wm dros?
··29. 9.51 suraTze naCvenebia 0,3 kg masis beis
bolis burTi tafelasTan Sejaxebamde da Se
jaxebis Semdeg. Sejaxebamde burTis 1 siCqa-
rea 12 m/wm da θ1 kuTxea 35°. Sejaxebis Semdeg
burTi maRla mo
Zraobs 2=10m/wm
siCqariT. Sejaxeba
2 mwm-is ganmav
lobaSi grZeldeba.
sur. 9.49. amocana 24. 30sm siRrmis wyalSi xtoma ra a) sididis da
sur. 9.51. amocana 29.
b) mimarTulebis (x
311
RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi) Zalis moqmedi saSualo Zala? g) ra saSualo Zala
impulsi moqmedebs tafeladan burTze? ra moqmedebs kedelze mravali Sejaxebis
g) sididis da d) mimarTulebis saSualo Zala ganmavlobaSi?
moqmedebs tafeladan burTze?
··30. xvlik basiliskos wylis zedapirze
sirbili SeuZlia (sur. 9.52). TiToeuli
nabijis gadadgmis dros xvliki fexs wyals
urtyams da swrafad awveba, raTa fexis garSemo
haeris Rru gaCndes. nabijis dasrulebisTvis
xvliki fexs manamde wevs, vidre wyali haeris
sur. 9.53. amocana 31.
RruSi SeaRwevs. Tu xvliki ar unda CaiZiros,
maSin fexis dartymis, dawolis da awevis ··32. 9.54 suraTze naCvenebia 58g masis
dros xvlikze moqmedi, maRla mimarTuli burTis kedelTan Sejaxebis dros moqmedi
Zalis impulsi mizidulobis Zalis Semdegad F Zalis t droze damokidebulebis funqciis
gaCenili, qvemoT mimarTuli Zalis impulsis grafiki. burTis sawyisi siCqarea 34m/wm da
toli unda iyos. davuSvaT xvlikis masaa kedlidan igive siCqariT perpendikularulad
90g, TiToeuli fexis masaa 3g, wyalze fexis aisxliteba. ra Fmax maqsimaluri Zala
dartymis siCqarea 1,5m/wm da nabijis gadadgmas moqmedebs kedlidan burTze Sejaxebis dros?
0,6wm sWirdeba. a) ra sididis Zalis impulsi
moqmedebs xvlikze fexis dartymis dros?
b) 0,6 wm-is ganmavlobaSi qvemoT mimarTuli ra
Zalis impulsi moqmedebs xvlikze mizidulobis
Zalis Sedegad? g) romeli moqmedeba (dartyma
Tu fexis dawola) exmareba ufro metad xvliks,
Tu maTi mniSvneloba Tanabaria?
sur. 9.54. amocana 32.
··33. 9.55
suraTze, 300 g
masis da ν = 6m/wm
siCqaris burTi
kedels θ = 30°
sur. 9.55. amocana 33.
kuTxiT ejaxeba
da igive siCqariTa da kuTxiT aisxliteba.
burTsa da kedels Soris kontaqti 10 mwm-
is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. erTeulovan-
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia a) kedlidan
sur. 9.52. amocana 30. wyalze morbenali xvliki
burTze moqmedi Zalis impulsi da b) burTidan
··31. ori saSualo Zala. 0,25kg masis Tovlis kedelze moqmedi saSualo Zala?
gundebs 4m/wm siCqariT esvrian kedels.
··34. 0,25kg masis hokeis Saiba umniSvnelo
TiToeuli gunda kedels ekroba. 9.53 suraTze xaxunis mqone yinulis zedapirze uZravad
naCvenebia kedelze moqmedi F Zalis t droze
Zevs. t=0 dros, F =(12 – 3 t 2) Zala, sadac F
damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki Tovlis
niutonebSia, xolo t - wamebSi, iwyebs moqmedebas
ori gundis SejaxebisTvis. Sejaxebebs Soris
da manamde moqmedebs, vidre misi sidide nulis
drois Sualedia Δtr=50mwm, xolo TiToeuli
toli gaxdeba. a) ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
Sejaxeba Δtd=10mwm-s ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
Saibaze 0,5wm-dan 1,25wm-mde drois SualedSi?
Sejaxebis Sedegad grafikze tolferda
b) ramdeniT icvleba Saibis impulsi t = 0 drosa
samkuTxedebi Cndeba da Zalis maqsimaluri
da im moments Soris, rodesac F = 0?
sididea Fmax=200n. TiToeuli Sejaxebis dros
risi tolia a) Zalis impulsi da b) kedelze
312 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
Sejaxebamde 3 kg masis burTi 20 m/wm siCqariT bloki (1,6kg masis) xaxunisgan Tavisufal
maRla adis, xolo 2 kg masis burTi 12 m/wm zedapirze B blokisken (2,4kg masis)
siCqariT dabla vardeba. Sejaxebis adgilidan misrialebs. suraTze naCvenebia Sejaxebamde
ra simaRleze ava Sewebebuli burTebi? (haeris (i) da Sejaxebis Semdgomi (f) sami siCqaris
wevis Zala ugulvebelyaviT). mimarTuleba. Sesabamisia sidideebia νAi=5,5m/
···53. 9.61 suraTze wm, νBi=2,5m/wm da νBf=4,9m/wm. ra a) sidide da b)
gamosaxuli pir mimarTuleba aqvs Af siCqares? g) aris Tu ara
veli bloki Sejaxeba elastiuri?
(2kg masis) 10 m/ sur. 9.61. amocanebi 53 da
·57. Tanabari siCqariT moZravi titanis ori
wm siCqariT 124.
sfero erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba da elastiurad
marjvniv moZraobs,
ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Semdeg 300g masis erT-erTi
xolo meore bloki (5 kg masis) 3 m/wm siCqariT sfero Cerdeba. a) ra masa aqvs meore sferos? b)
aseve marjvniv gadaadgildeba. zedapiri ra siCqariT moZraobs sferoebis masis centri,
xaxunisgan Tavisufali da meore blokze Tu TiToeuli sferos
1120 n/m sixistis zambaraa damagrebuli. sawyisi siCqarea 2m/
blokebis Sejaxebisas zambara maqsimalurad wm?
ikumSeba da blokebis siCqareebi Tanabrdeba.
gamoTvaleT zambaris maqsimaluri SekumSvis
··58. 9.64 suraTze
gamosaxuli m1=0,3kg sur. 9.64. amocana 58.
manZili. ILW
masis nivTieri
···54. 9.62 suraTze
wertili 2m/wm siCqariT x RerZis gas
gamosaxuli
sur. 9.62. amocana 54. wvriv, marjvniv gadaadgildeba (xaxunisgan
meore bloki
Tavisufal zedapirze). x = 0 koordinatze
(1 kg masis) xaxunisgan Tavisufal
nivTieri wertili m2 = 0,4 kg masis uZrav
zedapirze uZravad Zevs da
meore nivTier wertils elastiurad ejaxeba
200 n/m sixistis moSvebul zambaras exeba.
(Sejaxeba erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). meore
zambaris meore bolo kedelzea mimagrebuli.
nivTieri wertili xw = 70 sm koordinatze
ν1 = 4 m/wm siCqariT moZravi pirveli bloki
mdebare kedlidan aisxliteba da siCqares ar
(2 kg masis) meore bloks ejaxeba da blokebi
kargavs. x RerZis ra koordinatze Seejaxeba
erTmaneTs ekroba. blokebis wamieri gaCerebis
meore nivTieri wertili pirvels?
momentSi ra manZiliT SeikumSeba zambara?
··59. 2kg masis sxeuli uZrav meore sxeuls
paragrafi 9.10. elastiuri Sejaxebebi elastiurad ejaxeba da moZraobas sawyisi
erT ganzomilebaSi siCqaris erTi meoTxedi siCqariT igive mi
·55. 340 g masis Cemodani xaxunisgan Tavisufal marTulebiT ganagrZobs. a) ra masa aqvs meore
zedapirze moZraobs da 1,2 m/wm sawyisi sxeuls? b) ra siCqariT moZraobs sxeulebis
siCqariT uZrav meore Cemodans ejaxeba, masis centri, Tu 2 kg masis sxeulis sawyisi
romlis masa ucnobia. Sejaxebis Semdeg, siCqarea 4 m/wm? SSM
pirveli Cemodani 0,66 m/wm siCqariT da sawyisi ··60. 0,5 kg masis fo
mimarTulebiT ganagrZobs moZraobas. a) ra masa ladis burTi 70 sm
aqvs meore Cemodans? b) ra siCqare aqvs meore sigrZis Tokze Ca
Cemodans Sejaxebis mokides. Semdeg Toki
Semdeg? g) ra horizontalur
siCqariT moZraobs m d g o m a r e o b a S i
Cemodnebis sis moiyvanes da burTs sur. 9.65. amocana 60.
temis masis cen gauSves xeli (sur.
tri? SSM
9.65). burTi wonasworobis mdebareobaSi
·56. 9.63 suraTze daejaxa xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze
gamosaxuli A uZravad mdebare bloks, romlis masaa 2,5kg.
sur. 9.63. amocana 56.
Sejaxeba elastiuria. gamoTvaleT a) burTis
315
siCqare da b) blokis siCqare Sejaxebis Semdeg. meore Saibas elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT
··61. m1 masis pirveli bloki xaxunisgan ganzomilebaSi xdeba). meore Saiba zedapiridan
moZraobs A burTi? b) daamtkiceT, rom A-s xaxunis Zalebi barJebis masebze damokidebuli
siCqaris gamoTvla mocemuli informaciis ar aris. SSM
daxmarebiT SeuZlebelia.
···69. erTi da igive masis da sawyisi siCqaris
mqone ori sagani sruliad araelastiuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg ganaxevrebuli siCqariT
Sordeba erTmaneTs. gamoTvaleT kuTxe
sagnebis sawyis siCqareebs Soris. SSM
dros nela moZravi barJidan swrafad moZrav xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze ν1i=4m/wm
barJaze qvanaxSirs 1000 kg/wT tempiT yrian. siCqariT misrialebs da m2=0,5m1 masis uZrav
ra damatebiTi Zala unda uzrunvelyos a) meore bloks elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba
erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Semdeg meore bloki
swrafad moZravi barJis da b) nela moZravi
barJis Zravam, raTa siCqare ar Seicvalos? m3=0,5m2 masis mesame uZrav bloks ejaxeba
(kvlav erT ganzomilebaSi). a) ra iqneba mesame
dauSviT, rom qvanaxSirs yovelTvis sworad
blokis siCqare? mesame blokis b) siCqare,
yrian da barJebsa da wyals Soris moqmedi
317
g) kinetikuri energia da d) impulsi pirveli 79. matareblis vagoni xorblis elevatoris
blokis Sesabamis sawyis mniSvnelobaze metia, qvemoT 3,2m/wm mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs.
naklebia Tu misi tolia? xorbali vagonze 540kg/wT tempiT iyreba. ra
76. siCqaris Sema sididis Zalaa saWiro vagonis mudmivi siCqaris
mcirebeli. 9.72 SesanarCuneblad, Tu xaxuni umniSvneloa?
suraTze, m1 masis 80. 915 n wonis adamiani matareblis grZel
pirveli bloki x sur. 9.72. amocana 76. vagonze (2415 n wonis) dgas da vagoni x RerZis
RerZis gaswvriv, dadebiTi mimarTulebiT 18,2m/wm siCqariT
xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 4m/wm si moZraobs. xaxuni umniSvneloa. Semdeg adamiani
CqariT gadaadgildeba da m2=2m1 masis uZrav vagonze x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
meore bloks elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba garbis da vagonis mimarT misi siCqarea 4m/wm.
erT ganzomilebaSi xdeba). Semdeg meore bloki ramdeniT gaizrdeba vagonis siCqare?
m3=2m2 masis uZrav mesame bloks elastiurad
81. 9.74 suraTze ga
ejaxeba (kvlav erT ganzomilebaSi). a) ra
mosaxulia Saqris Ca
iqneba mesame blokis siCqare? mesame blokis
sayreli ori WurWe
b) siCqare, g) kinetikuri energia da d)
li. erTmaneTTan um
impulsi pirveli blokis Sesabamis sawyis
niSvnelo masisa da
mniSvnelobaze metia, naklebia Tu misi tolia?
xaxunisagan Tavisufal
77. `fardobiTi~ gorgolaWze gada
mniSvnelovani kiduli TokiT aris
sityvaa. 9.73 su dakavSirebuli. Tokis
sur. 9.74. amocana 81.
sur. 9.73. amocana 77. masac umniSvneloa.
raTze, ori bloki
_ mL=1kg masis L bloki da mR=0,5kg masis R Saqrisa da WurWlis erToblivi masaa 500g,
bloki, romelTa Soris SekumSuli zambaraa WurWlebis centrebs Soris manZilia 50mm
damagrebuli, uZravia. xelis gaSvebis Semdeg da isini erT simaRlezea gaCerebuli. ra
zambara blokebs xaxunisgan Tavisufal horizontaluri manZilia pirveli WurWlis
zedapirze gadaaadgilebs (zambaris masa centrsa da ori WurWlisgan Semdgari sistemis
umniSvneloa da blokebis amoZravebis Semdeg masis centrs Soris a) Tavdapirvelad da
zedapirze vardeba). a) Tu zambara L bloks b) pirveli WurWlidan meoreSi 20g Saqris
zedapiris mimarT 1,2m/wm siCqares aniWebs, ra gadayris Semdeg? Saqris gadayris Semdeg
manZilze gadaadgildeba R bloki Semdgomi WurWlebs xeli gauSves. g) ra mimarTulebiT
imoZravebs sistemis masis centri da d) ra
0,8wm-is ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu zambara L bloks
aCqareba eqneba mas?
R blokis siCqaris mimarT 1,2m/wm siCqares
aniWebs, ra manZilze gadaadgildeba R bloki 82. 9.75 suraTze
CrdiloeTisken, xolo z RerZi - vertikalurad 92. 0,55 kg masis burTi betonze 12m/wm siCqariT
maRla. Tu sagani 250kg masis meteorologiuri ecema da 3m/wm siCqariT maRla aisxliteba.
raketaa, ra iqneba misi a) impulsi, b) moZraobis y RerZi maRlaa mimarTuli. erTeulovan-
mimarTuleba da g) masze moqmedi jamuri veqtorul CanawerSi a) ramdeniT icvleba
Zala? burTi impulsi, ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs
88. 9.10 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul b) burTze da g) betonze?
ganlagebaze davuSvaT, rom pirveli sferos 93. sxeuli x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
masaa 50g da sawyisi simaRlea h1=9sm, xolo 2m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da masze jamuri
meore sferos masaa 85g. mas Semdeg, rac pirveli Zala ar moqmedebs. Semdeg Sida afeTqebis
sfero meore sferos elastiurad Seejaxeba, gamo sxeuli erTi da igive 4 kg masis or
319
nawilad iSleba da jamuri kinetikuri balistikur qanqaraze tyviis m masaa 8 g,
energia 16j-iT izrdeba. saganis wina blokis M masaa 7kg da blokis asvlis ver
nawili moZraobas sawyisi mimarTulebiT tikaluri h simaRlea 5 sm. a) tyviis sawyisi
ganagrZobs. ra siCqariT moZraobs saganis kinetikuri energiis ra nawili darCeba tyvia-
a) ukana nawili da b) wina nawili? blokis qanqaris meqanikur energiad blokTan
94. m1 masis pirveli bloki 4m/wm siCqariT Sejaxebis Semdeg? b) Tu tyviis sawyis siCqares
x RerZis gaswvriv, xaxunisgan Tavisufal gavzrdiT, es nawili gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba
Tu ar Seicvleba? ratom?
zedapirze gadaadgildeba da m2=0,4m1 masis
uZrav meore bloks erT ganzomilebaSi 99. saTamaSo Tofi wamSi 2g masis 10 burTulas
elastiurad ejaxeba. Semdeg orive bloki 500m/wm siCqariT isvris. burTulebi kedels
0,5 kinetikuri xaxunis koeficientis mqone xvdeba. risi tolia a) TiToeuli burTulis
monakveTSi Sedis da Cerdeba. ra manZils impulsi, b) kinetikuri energia da g) ra saSualo
gaivlis am monakveTSi a) pirveli bloki da b) Zala moqmedebs kedlidan burTulebis
meore bloki? nakadze? d) Tu burTulasa da kedels Soris
95. t = 0 dros, 2×10-3kg masis uZrav nivTier kontaqti 0,6 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba,
ra saSualo Zala moqmedebs kedlidan bur
wertilze 1 = (–4 + 5 )n Zala iwyebs moqme
Tulaze kontaqtis dros? e) ratom gansxvavdeba
debas, xolo 4×10–3 kg masis uZrav nivTier
erTmaneTisgan g) da d) SekiTxvaze miRebuli
wertilze = (2 – 4 )n Zala moqmedebs. 0-
2 pasuxebi?
dan 2 mwm-mde drois SualedSi risi tolia
100. kosmosuri xomaldi asafeTqebeli
nivTier wertilTa sistemis masis centris
WanWikebis meSveobiT or nawilad daiSala.
gadaadgilebis a) sidide da b) kuTxe (x RerZis
nawilebis masebia 1200 kg da 1800 kg.
dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi)? g) ra kinetikuri
WanWikebidan TiToeul nawilze moqmedi
energia aqvs masis centrs t = 2 mwm dros?
Zalis impulsia 300 n·wm. ra fardobiTi
96. atomis birTvi xy koordinatTa sistemis siCqariT gancalkevdebian nawilebi afeTqebis
aTvlis saTaveze Zevs da sam nawilakad gar Sedegad?
daiqmneba. 16,7×10–27kg masis pirveli nawilaki
101. 1400 kg masis manqana y RerZis dadebiTi
aTvlis saTavidan moSorebiT (6×106 m/wm)
mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeTisken 5,3 m/wm si
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. 8,35×10–27kg masis
CqariT moZraobs. Semdeg manqana 4,6wamis
meore nawilaki aTvlis saTavidan aseve
ganmavlobaSi 90°-ian marjvena mosaxvevSi
moSorebiT (–8×106m/wm) siCqariT moZraobs.
Sedis da xes ejaxeba, romelic manqanas 350 mwm-
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi
is Semdeg aCerebs. erTeulovan-veqtorul
tolia 11,7×10–27kg masis mesame nawilakis
CanawerSi ra Zalis impulsi moqmedebs manqanaze
impulsi? b) ra kinetikuri energia Cndeba
a) moxvevis Sedegad da b) Sejaxebis Sedegad? ra
gardaqmnis Sedegad?
saSualo Zala moqmedebs manqanaze g) moxvevis
97. 9.77 suraTze naCvenebia 22,7kg masis cigebi, dros da d) Sejaxebis dros? e) ra mimarTuleba
romelTa Soris patara manZilia. 3,63kg aqvs moxvevis dros moqmed saSualo Zalas?
masis kata pirveli cigidan meoreze xteba da
102. mxuTavi airis molekula x RerZis
Semdeg kvlav pirvel cigas ubrundeba. orive
gaswvriv Zevs. naxSirbadis atomis koor
naxtomis siCqare yinulisadmi 3,05m/wm-ia. ra
dinatia x = 0, xolo Jangbadis atomi
saboloo siCqare eqneba a) pirvel cigas da
x = 1,131×10 m koordinatzea ganlagebuli.
–10
b) meore cigas?
ra x koordinatzea molekulis masis centri?
103. 150 g masis burTi kedels 5,2 m/wm siCqariT
ejaxeba da asxletis Semdeg kinetikuri
energiis naxevars kargavs. a) ra siCqare aqvs
sur. 9.77. amocana 97. burTs asxletis Semdeg? b) ra Zalis impulsi
moqmedebs kedlidan burTze? g) Tu burTsa da
98. 9.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul
kedels Soris kontaqti 7,6 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi
320 Tavi 9 masis centri da impulsi
105. fexburTeli 0,45kg masis burTs fexs biT (–1,2×10–22kg·m/wm) impulsiT gada
artyams. fexsa da burTs Soris kontaqti adgildeba, xolo neitrino agreTve aT
vlis saTavidan moSorebiT moZraobs,
3×10–3 wm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, xolo
oRond misi impulsia (–6,4×10–23kg·m/wm) . ra
0 ≤ t ≤ 3×10–3 wm SualedSi (sadac t wamebSia)
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa `Svilobili~
dartymis Zala Semdegi formuliT moicema:
birTvis impulsi? g) Tu Svilobili birTvis
F(t)=[(6×106)t–(2×109)t2]n masaa 5,8×10-26kg, ra iqneba misi kinetikuri
gamoTvaleT a) burTze moqmedi Zalis impulsi energia?
dartymis Sedegad, b) fexidan burTze moqmedi
111. eleqtroni uZrav wyalbadis atoms
saSualo Zala kontaqtis ganmavlobaSi, g)
elastiurad ejaxeba (Sejaxeba erT gan
fexidan burTze moqmedi maqsimaluri Zala
zomilebaSi xdeba). eleqtronis sawyisi
kontaqtis ganmavlobaSi da d) burTis siCqare
kinetikuri energiis ra nawili (procentebSi)
dartymis Semdeg.
gadadis wyalbadis atomis kinetikur ener
106. 1 kg da 3 kg masis ori bloki zambariT giaSi? (wyalbadis atomis masa eleqtronis
erTmaneTze aris gadabmuli da xaxunisgan masaze 1840-jer metia).
Tavisufal zedapirze uZravad Zevs. Semdeg
112. raketa mzis sistemidan moSorebiT
blokebi erTmaneTisken moZraobs da 1 kg masis
6×103m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg raketis
bloki uZravi masis centrisken 1,7 m/wm sawyisi
Zrava irTveba da gamonabolqvi raketisadmi
siCqariT gadaadgildeba. ra sawyisi siCqare
3×103m/wm siCqariT gamodis. am dros raketis
aqvs meore bloks?
masaa 4×104kg, xolo misi aCqarebaa 2m/wm2.
107. 3,18×104kg masis satvirTo vagoni uZrav a) risi tolia Zravis Zalva? b) ra tempiT
samuxruWe vagons ejaxeba. vagonebi Cerdeba
gamodis gamonabolqvi (kg/wm-ebSi)?
da sawyisi kinetikuri energiis 27% siTbur
113. 9.79 suraTze, m1=6,6kg masis pirveli
energiaSi, bgeraSi, vibraciaSi da a.S. gadadis.
bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
gamoTvaleT samuxruWe vagonis masa.
uZravad Zevs. pirvel bloksa da kedels Soris
108. 75kg masis adamiani 39kg masis uremze zis moTavsebuli m2 masis meore bloki ν2i mudmivi
da 2,3m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg adamiani siCqariT pirveli blokisken gadaadgildeba.
miwisadmi nulovani horizontaluri siCqariT
gamoTvaleT m2-is mniSvneloba, rodesac
dabla xteba. ramdeniT Seicvleba urmis
meore blokis pirvelTan Sejaxebisa da,
siCqare?
Semdeg, kedelTan Sejaxebis Semdeg orive
109. 9.78 suraTze, bloki Tanabari siCqariT YimoZravebs. dauSviT,
m=60g masis burTi rom yvela Sejaxeba elastiuria (kedelTan
νi=22m/wm siCqariT Sejaxeba meore blokis siCqares ar cvlis).
sur. 9.78. amocana 109.
M=240g masis uZ
rav zambariani Tofis lulaSi isroles. burTi
lulaSi zambaris maqsimaluri SekumSvis
adgilze Cerdeba. davuSvaT burTsa da Tofis
lulas Soris xaxunis Sedegad siTburi energia
umniSvnelod izrdeba. a) ra siCqare eqneba
zambarian Tofs burTis gaCerebis Semdeg? sur. 9.79. amocana 113.
117. 2kg masis nivTieri wertili = 100m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. mTavari kos
mosuri xomaldis TvalTaxedviT modulis da
(4m/wm) siCqariT moZraobs da 4kg masis =
kosmosuri xomaldis kinetikuri energia ra
(2m/wm) siCqariT moZrav nivTier wertils
nawiliT gaizarda afeTqebis Sedegad?
ejaxeba. Sejaxebis Sedegad nivTieri wer
tilebi erTiandeba. ra iqneba maTi siCqaris 123. 6kg masis raketis modeli samxreTisken
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaweri, b) sidide 20m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da afeTqebis
da g) kuTxe? Sedegad or nawilad iSleba. 2kg masis erTi
118. eleqtroni (m1=9,11×10–31kg) da protoni nawilis siCqarea:
324
10.2. brunvis parametrebi 325
Cven ar SevexebiT mzis magvar sagnebs, vinaidan mzis (airis burTis) nawilebi erTad ar moZraoben.
aseve ar SevexebiT boulingis burTis magvar sagnebs, vinaidan burTi moZravi RerZis garSemo
brunavs (burTis moZraoba brunviTi da gadataniTi moZraobis nazavia).
10.2 suraTze naCvenebia fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi, pirobiTi formis myari sxeuli.
RerZs, romlis garSemo sxeuli brunavs, brunvis RerZi ewodeba. brunvis dros (kuTxuri
moZraobis dros), sxeulis yvela wertili brunvis RerZze mdebare centris mqone wrewirze
moZraobs da drois garkveul SualedSi yvela wertili Tanabar kuTxes Semowers. gadataniTi
moZraobis dros (wrfivi moZraobisas), sxeulis yvela wertili wrfivad moZraobs da garkveul
drois SualedSi yvela wertili Tanabar wrfiv manZils gadis (kuTxur da wrfiv moZraobas
momavalSic SevadarebT erTmaneTs).
modiT SevexoT wrfivi sidideebis - mdebareobis, gadaadgilebis, siCqaris da aCqarebis kuTxur
eqvivalentebs.
kuTxuri mdebareoba
10.2 suraTze naCvenebia sxeulze damagrebuli aTvlis wrfe, romelic brunvis RerZis
perpendikularulia da sxeulTan erTad brunavs. am wrfis kuTxuri mdebareoba fiqsirebuli
mimarTulebisadmi mdgeneli kuTxea. Tavad fiqsirebul mimarTulebas nulovan kuTxur
mdebareobad miviCnevT. 10.3 suraTze, θ kuTxuri mdebareoba x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi
izomeba. geometriidan gamomdinare:
s
θ= (radianebSi) , (10.1)
r
sadac s aris x RerZidan (nulovani kuTxuri mdebareobidan) aTvlis wrfemde gadaWimuli wriuli
rkalis sigrZe, xolo r - wris radiusi.
10.1 formuliT gansazRvruli kuTxe radianebSi izomeba da ara brunebSi an gradusebSi. radiani
ori sigrZis Sefardebaa, ricxvia da maSasadame ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. vinaidan r radiusis wris
sigrZea 2πr, srul wreSi 2π radiania da gveqneba:
2πr
1 bruni = 360° = = 2π rad (10.2)
r
aqedan gamomdinare:
sur. 10.2. pirobiTi formis myari sxeuli sur. 10.3. 10.2 suraTze gamosaxuli mbrunavi,
koordinatTa sistemis z RerZis garSemo brunavs. myari sxeulis zemodan danaxuli ganivi kveTi.
myari sxeulis aTvlis wrfis mdebareoba agreTve ganivi kveTis sibrtye saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
pirobiTadaa arCeuli, magram is yovelTvis brunvis moSorebiT, Tqvensken mimarTuli brunvis RerZis
RerZis perpendikularulia. aTvlis wrfe sxeulzea perpendikularulia. sxeulis amgvari mdebareobis
fiqsirebuli da sxeulTan erTad brunavs. dros, aTvlis wrfe x RerZTan θ kuTxes adgens.
326 Tavi 10 brunva
brunvis RerZis garSemo aTvlis wrfis srulad Semobrunebis Semdeg θ kuTxe kvlav nuli ar xdeba.
Tu aTvlis wrfem nulovani kuTxuri mdebareobidan ori sruli bruni Seasrula, maSin wrfis θ
mdebareobaa 4π radiani.
x RerZis gaswvriv gadataniTi moZraobis dros yvelafers gavigebT, Tu moZravi sxeulis
mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis x(t) funqcia viciT. brunviTi moZraobis drosac yvelafers
gavigebT, Tu mbrunavi sxeulis aTvlis wrfis kuTxuri mdebareobis droze damokidebulebis θ(t)
funqcia viciT.
kuTxuri gadaadgildeba
Tu 10.3 suraTze gamosaxuli sxeuli 10.4 suraTis msgavsad brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs da
aTvlis wrfis kuTxuri mdebareoba θ1-dan θ2-ze icvleba, maSin sxeuli Δθ kuTxur gadaadgilebas
gadis:
Δθ = θ2 – θ1 . (10.4)
kuTxuri gadaadgilebis es gansazRvreba ara mxolod myar sxeuls miesadageba, aramed am sxeulis
yvela wertils.
kuTxuri siCqare
davuSvaT mbrunavi sxeuli t1 droSi θ1 kuTxur mdebareobaze imyofeba, xolo t2 droSi θ2 kuTxur
mdebareobazea ganlagebuli (sur. 10.4). Δt drois SualedSi sxeulis saSualo kuTxuri siCqarea:
θ – θ Δθ
ωsaS = t 2 – t 1 = , (10.5)
2 1 Δt
sadac Δθ kuTxuri gadaadgileba Δt drois SualedSi xdeba.
ω myisi kuTxuri siCqare 10.5 formulis zRvaria, rodesac Δt
nulisken miiswrafvis:
Δθ dθ
ω= = . (10.6)
Δt dt
Tu θ(t) viciT, ω kuTxur siCqares diferencirebis Sedegad
gamovTvliT.
10.5 da 10.6 formulebi ara mxolod mbrunav myar sxeulebs
miesadageba, aramed am sxeulebis yvela wertils, vinaidan yvela
sur. 10.4. 10.2 da 10.3 suraTebze
wertili erTad moZraobs. kuTxuri siCqaris erTeulia radiani/ gamosaxuli myari sxeulis aT
wm an bruni/wm. es ukanaskneli rok-musikis ganviTarebis pirvel vlis wrfe t1 droSi θ1 kuTxur
sam aTwleulSi gamoiyeneboda. vinilis firfitebze aRniSvna “33 mdebareobazea ganlagebuli,
xolo t2 droSi θ2 kuTxur mdeba
1/3 rpm” an “45rpm” niSnavs, rom maTi gamoyeneba firsakravze reobaze imyofeba. Δθ(=θ – θ )
2 1
SeiZleba wuTSi 33 1/3 brunis (33 1/3 br/wT) an 45 brunis (45br/wT) sxeulis kuTxuri gadaadgilebaa
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Δt(=t2 – t1) drois SualedSi. Tavad
sxeuli naCvenebi ar aris.
10.2. brunvis parametrebi 327
Tu nivTieri wertili x RerZis gaswvriv gadataniT moZraobas asrulebs, misi ν wrfivi siCqare
dadebiTi an uaryofiTia, rac imazea damokidebuli, wertili RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZraobs Tu uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. mbrunavi myari sxeulis ω kuTxuri siCqarec dadebiTi an
uaryofiTia, rac Tavis mxriv imazea damokidebuli, sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT brunavs (siCqare dadebiTia), Tu saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT (siCqare
uaryofiTia).
kuTxuri aCqareba
Tu mbrunavi sxeulis kuTxuri siCqare icvleba, maSin sxeuls kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs. davuSvaT, ω2
da ω1 aris sxeulis siCqareebi t2 da t1 droSi. drois am SualedSi mbrunavi sxeulis saSualo
kuTxuri aCqarebaa:
ω –ω Δω
αsaS = t2 – t 1 = (10.7)
2 1 Δt
sadac Δω aris Δt drois SualedSi momxdari kuTxuri siCqaris cvlileba. α myisi kuTxuri
aCqareba am sididis zRvaria, rodesac Δt nulisken miiswrafvis:
Δω dω
α= = . (10.8)
Δt dt
10.7 da 10.8 formulebi sxeulis yvela wertils miesadageba. kuTxuri aCqarebis erTeulia
radiani/wm2 an br/wm2
sur. 10.5. a) mbrunavi disko. b) diskos θ(t) kuTxuri mdebareobis funqciis grafiki. diskos xuTi gamosaxuleba
grafikis xuTi wertilisTvis aTvlis wrfis kuTxur mdebareobas asaxavs. g) diskos ω(t) kuTxuri siCqaris
funqciis grafiki. ω-s dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunvas
Seesabameba, xolo uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunvas asaxavs.
328 Tavi 10 brunva
gaxsovdeT, rom kuTxur gadaadgilebas veqtorad ver ganvixilavT, Tu is Zalian mcire ar aris.
ratom? gadaadgilebas 10.6 suraTze gamosaxuli kuTxuri siCqaris veqtoris msgavsad sidide da
mimarTuleba SegviZlia mivaniWoT, magram veqtoruli sidide veqtorTa Sekrebis kanonsac unda
emorCilebodes, romlis Tanaxmad veqtorebis Sekrebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi ki Tanmimdevroba namdvilad mniSvnelovania.
10.7 suraTze naCvenebia magaliTi. Tavdapirvelad horizontaluri wigni 90°-ian or kuTxur
gadaadgilebas jer 10.7a suraTze gamosaxuli TanmimdevrobiT, xolo Semdeg 10.7b suraTze
gamosaxuli TanmimdevrobiT ganicdis. orive kuTxuri gadaadgileba identuria, magram
maTi Tanmimdevroba gansxvavdeba da wignis saboloo mimarTulebac gansxvavebulia. aqedan
gamomdinare, ori kuTxuri gadaadgilebis Sekreba maT Tanmimdevrobazea damokidebuli da
gadaadgilebebs veqtorebad ver ganvixilavT.
cxrili 10.1
moZraobis formulebi Tanabari wrfivi aCqarebis da Tanabari kuTxuri aCqarebis
SemTxvevaSi
(2.15) 1 ν ω 1 (10.13)
x – x0 = νot + 2 at2 θ – θ0 = ω0t + 2
αt
1
(2.17) x – x0 = 1 (ν0+ν)t a α θ – θ0 = 2 (ω0 + ω)t (10.15)
2
1 1
(2.18) x – x0= νt – at2 ν0 ω0 θ – θ0 = ωt – 2 αt2 (10.16)
2
mdebareoba
Tu myari sxeulis aTvlis wrfe θ kuTxiT brunavs, sxeulis brunvis RerZidan r mdebareobaze
ganlagebuli wertili wriuli rkalis gaswvriv s manZils gadis, sadac s 10.1 formuliT
gamoiTvleba:
miRebuli formula oTxidan erT-erTi kavSiria wrfiv da kuTxur cvladebs Soris. gafrTxileba:
θ kuTxe radianebSi unda gaizomos, vinaidan 10.17 formula kuTxis radianebSi gazomvis
gansazRvrebaa.
siCqare
10.17 formulis droiT diferencireba (rodesac r mudmivia) gvaZlevs:
ds dθ
= r
dt dt
ds/dt wertili wrfivi siCqarea, xolo dθ/dt mbrunavi sxeulis ω kuTxur siCqares asaxavs. aqedan
gamomdinare:
at = αr (radianebSi), (10.22)
sadac α=dω/dt. gafrTxileba: 10.22 formulaSi α kuTxuri aCqareba radianebSi unda gamoisaxos.
garda amisa, 4.34 formulidan gamomdinare, wriuli traeqtoriiT moZrav wertils wrfivi
aCqarebis radialuri komponenti aqvs (ar=ν2/r), romelic radialurad wrewiris SigniT,
centriskenaa mimarTuli da wrfivi siCqaris mimarTulebis cvlilebazea pasuxismgebeli. 10.18
formulidan ν-s Casmis Semdeg es komponenti Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
ν2
ar = = ω2 r (radianebSi). (10.23)
r
10.9b suraTze kargad Cans, rom mbrunavi myari sxeulis wertilis wrfivi aCqareba ori
komponentisgan Sedgeba. radialurad centrisken mimarTuli ar komponenti arsebobs, Tu sxeulis
kuTxuri siCqare nuli ar aris. at mxebi komponenti maSin arsebobs, rodesac kuTxuri aCqareba
nuli ar aris.
334 Tavi 10 brunva
sadac mi aris i rigis nivTieri wertilis masa, xolo νi misi siCqarea. dajameba sxeulis yvela
nivTieri wertilisTvis xdeba.
10.31 formulis problema is aris, rom νi ar aris yvela nivTieri wertilis siCqare. am problemis
gadaWrisTvis ν 10.18 formulidan (ν=ωr) aviRoT da gveqneba:
K= , (10.32)
energias gvaZlevs da myari sxeulis gadataniTi moZraobis dros kinetikuri energiis momcemi
K=12Mν2com formulis kuTxuri eqvivalentia. orive formulaSi 12 koeficienti gvxvdeba. erT
formulaSi M masa Sedis, xolo meoreSi - I (rac masas da mis ganawilebas aerTianebs). garda
amisa, orive formulaSi siCqaris kvadrati Sedis. gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis kinetikuri
energiebi sxvadasxva saxis energia ar aris – orive maTgani kinetikuri energiaa da ubralod
moZraobis saxeobis mixedviT gamoisaxeba.
mbrunavi sxeulis brunviTi inercia ara mxolod sxeulis masas, aramed masis ganawilebasac
moicavs. magaliTisTvis grZeli, mZime Zelaki ganvixiloT. Tavdapirvelad es Zelaki misi
centraluri (gaswvrivi) RerZis garSemo vabrunoT (sur. 10.11a), xolo Semdeg mis centrze
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo (sur. 10.11b). orive SemTxvevaSi masa Tanabaria,
magram pirvel SemTxvevaSi brunva ufro iolia. amis mizezi is aris, rom masa pirvel SemTxvevaSi
brunvis RerZTan ufro axlos aris ganawilebuli. Sedegad, 10.11a suraTze Zelakis brunviTi
inercia bevrad naklebia, vidre 10.11b suraTze. naklebi brunviTi inercia ufro martivad
brunvas niSnavs.
centris koordinatebs gvaZlevs da maSasadame orive nulis tolia. vinaidan x2+y2=R2, sadac
R aris manZili O-dan dm-mde, pirveli integrali Icom-ia, rac masis centrze gamavali RerZis
garSemo sxeulis brunviTi inerciaa. 10.12 suraTze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom 10.37 formulis
ukanaskneli wevria Mh2, sadac M sxeulis jamuri masaa. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
10.37 formula 10.36 formulamde daiyvaneba da Teorema damtkicebulia.
brunvis RerZs Soris manZilia 1 L da gveqneba: sur. 10.13. myari sxeuli umniSvnelo masis ZelakiT
2
gaerTianebuli, m masis ori nivTieri wertilisgan
I= ∑
mi ri = (m)( L) + (m)( 1 L)2
2 1 2
2 2 Sedgeba.
= 1 mL2 . (pasuxi)
2
manZili L-is tolia. 10.33 formula gvaZlevs:
b) risi tolia sxeulis I brunviTi inercia
I = m(0)2 + mL2 = mL2 (pasuxi)
Zelakis marcxena boloze gamavali da pirveli
RerZis paraleluri RerZis garSemo? garda amisa, vinaidan masis centrze gamavali
RerZis garSemo Icom viciT da SekiTxvaSi
amoxsna: brunviTi inercia kvlav amocanis
naxsenebi RerZi am RerZis paraleluria, Cven
a) nawilis msgavsad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT,
SegviZlia paraleluri RerZebis Teorema
magram amjerad marcxniv ganlagebuli
(10.36 formula) gamoviyenoT:
wertilisTvis ri manZilia nulia, xolo
marjvniv ganlagebuli wertilisTvis igive I = Icom + Mh2 = 1 mL2 + (2m)( 1 L)2=mL2 (pasuxi)
2 2
Zelebi dazianda, sacdeli oTaxis betonis I-s gamosaxuleba 10.2g cxrilSia mocemuli
1
iatakma 0,5sm-iT dabla Caiwia, xolo 900kg (I= 2 MR2):
masis sarqveli Wers moxvda da Semdeg sacdel 1 1
I = 2 MR2 = 2 (272kg)(0,38m)2 = 19,64kg·m2.
aRWurvilobas daeca (sur. 10.15). namsxvrevebma
inJinrebis oTaxSi SemTxveviT ar SeaRwies. rotoris kuTxuri siCqarea:
ra energia
Sedegad?
gamoiyo rotoris afeTqebis ω = (14000 br/wT)(2π rad/br) (1 60 )
wT
wm
=1,466 × 103 radiani/wm
amoxsna: gamoyofili energia rotoris K
amis Semdeg 10.34 formula mogvcems:
brunviTi kinetikuri energiis tolia, rodesac
1 1
misi kuTxuri siCqare 14000br/wT gaxda. K-s K = 2 Iω2 = 2 (19,64 kg·m2)(1,466 × 103rad/wm)2
gamoTvla 10.34 formulis (K=1Iω2) saSualebiT
2 = 2,1 × 107j (pasuxi)
SeiZleba, magram Tavdapirvelad I brunviTi
inerciis gamosaxuleba unda miviRoT. rotori pasuxidan gamomdinare, rotoris afeTqeba
diskoa da karuselis msgavsad brunavs, amitom bombis afeTqebis msgavsi iyo.
modebuli).
F Zala or komponentad davSaloT (sur. 10.16b), raTa
gavarkvioT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es Zala brunvis RerZis
garSemo sxeulis brunvaze. Fr radialuri komponenti r φ
veqtoris gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da brunvas ar iwvevs,
φ
sur. 10.16. a) F Zala myari sxeulis P wertilzea modebuli F -is
da sxeuli O wertilze gamavali RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad moqmedebis
brunavs. brunvis RerZi suraTze naCvenebi ganivi kveTis sibrtyis wrfe
perpendikularulia. b) Zalis Sedegad miRebuli Zalis momentia
Zalis momenti rFt saxiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos, sadac
(r)(Fsin φ). F -is mxari
Ft aris F Zalis mxebi komponenti. g) Zalis momenti r┴F saxiTac
SeiZleba Caiweros, sadac r┴ aris F Zalis momentis mxari. (g)
10.8. Zalis momenti 341
vinaidan is O-ze gamavali wrfis gaswvriv moqmedebs (Tu karebs misi sibrtyisadmi paralelurad
ubiZgebT, kari ar gaiReba). Ft mxebi komponenti r veqtoris perpendikularulia da misi sididea
Ft = F sin φ. mxebi komponenti brunvas iwvevs (Tu karebs misi sibrtyisadmi perpendikularulad
ubiZgebT, kari SesaZloa gaiRos).
F Zalis mier sxeulis Semobrunebis SesaZlebloba ara mxolod Ft mxebi komponentis sididezea
damokidebuli, aramed O wertilidan Zalis modebis manZilze. am ori faqtoris mxedvelobaSi
misaRebad τ Zalis momenti Semogvaqvs, rac xsenebuli faqtorebis namravlia:
τ = (r)(F sin φ) (10.39)
da
τ = (r sin φ)(F) = r┴F (10.41)
sadac r┴ aris brunvis RerZis O wertilsa da F veqtoris ganlagebis wrfes Soris
perpendikularuli manZili (sur. 10.16g). am wrfes F -is moqmedebis wrfe ewodeba, xolo r┴ aris
F -is momentis mxari. 10.16b suraTze kargad Cans, rom r SegviZlia aRvweroT, rogorc Zalis Ft
komponentis momentis mxari.
sityva `Zalis momenti~ laTinuri sityvidan Torque (`mabruni momenti~) modis da F Zalis
mabrunebel Tvisebas gamoxatavs. rodesac saganze ZaliT moqmedebT da misi mobruneba gsurT,
Tqven Zalis moments iyenebT. SI sistemaSi Zalis momentis erTeulia n·m. gafrTxileba: n·m
muSaobis erTeulicaa, Tumca muSaoba da Zalis momenti srulad gansxvavebuli sidideebia da
isini erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios. muSaoba xSirad joulebSi gamoisaxeba, xolo Zalis momenti
_ arasdros.
momdevno paragrafSi Zalis moments ganvixilavT, rogorc veqtorul sidides. amjerad Cven
mxolod erTi RerZis garSemo brunvas vexebiT da veqtori saWiro ar aris. Zalis moments
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mniSvneloba aqvs da es mniSvneloba sxeulis brunvis mimarTulebazea
damokidebuli. Tu sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Zalis
momenti dadebiTia, xolo Tu sxeuli saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs, maSin Zalis
momenti uaryofiTia.
Zalis momenti me-5 paragrafSi ganxilul superpoziciis princips emorCileba. rodesac sxeulze
ramdenime Zalis momenti moqmedebs, jamuri Zalis momenti calkeuli Zalis momentebis jamia.
jamuri Zalis momentis simboloa τt .
τ = Ft r = mat r
formulis marjvena mxares frCxilebSi moqceuli sidide aris nivTieri wertilis brunvis RerZis
garSemo brunviTi inercia anu inerciis momenti I (ix. 10.33 formula). maSasadame, 10.43 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
τ = Iα (radianebSi) (10.44)
rodesac nivTier wertilze erTze meti Zala moqmedebs, 10.44 formulis zogadi saxea:
Semdeg 10.46 da 10.48 formulebi gavaerTia daWimuloba (6 n) Camokidul blokze moqmed
noT: mizidulobis Zalaze (mg = 11,8 n) mcirea.
2m (2)(1,2 kg)
a = –g = –(9,8 m/wm2) blokis aCqareba da Tokis daWimuloba diskos
M + 2m 2,5 kg + (2)(1,2 kg)
masazea damokidebuli da ara mis radiusze.
= 4,8 m/wm2 (pasuxi)
zemoT miRebuli formulebi masis armqone
T-s gamoTvlisTvis 10.48 formula gamovi
diskosTvis (M = 0) a = –g da T = 0 pasuxebs
yenoT:
gvaZlevs. es logikuricaa, vinaidan bloki
1 1
T = – Ma = – (2,5kg)(–4,8 m/wm2) Tavisufali sxeulis msgavsad vardeba.
2 2
= 6 n (pasuxi) 10.22 formulidan diskos kuTxuri aCqareba:
–4,8 m/wm2
α= a =
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, vardnili
= –24 rad/wm2. (pasuxi)
blokis aCqareba g-ze naklebia, xolo Tokis R 0,2 m
rodesac F mudmivia da sxeulis gadaadgilebaa d, 10.50 formula W=Fd saxiT Caiwereba. muSaobis
Sesrulebis tempi simZlavrea da is 7.43 da 7.48 formulebiT gamoiTvleba:
dW
P = dt = Fv (simZlavre, moZraoba erT ganzomilebaSi) (10.51)
modiT, amjerad, brunviTi moZraoba ganvixiloT. rodesac fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunav
myar sxeuls Zalis momenti aCqarebs, Zalis momenti sxeulze W muSaobas asrulebs. aqedan
1
gamomdinare, sxeulis brunvis kinetikuri energia (K= Iω2) SesaZloa Seicvalos. davuSvaT,
2
sxeulis mxolod kinetikuri energia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi, kinetikuri energiis ΔK cvlileba
W muSaobas muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis saSualebiT SegviZlia davukavSiroT, oRond,
amjerad, kinetikuri energia brunvis kinetikuri energiaa:
1 1
ΔK = Kf – Ki= Iωf2 – Iωi2 = W (muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema) (10.52)
2 2
am formulaSi I aris fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo sxeulis brunviTi inercia, xolo ωi da ωf -
sxeulis kuTxuri siCqareebi muSaobis Sesrulebamde da Sesrulebis Semdeg.
10.50 formulis brunviTi eqvivalentis saSualebiT muSaoba SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
W = (muSaoba, brunva fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo), (10.53)
sadac τ aris Zalis momenti, xolo θi da θf - sxeulis kuTxuri mdebareobebi muSaobis Sesrulebamde
da Sesrulebis Semdeg. rodesac τ mudmivia, 10.53 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
10.3 cxrilSi Tavmoyrilia fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis brunvis da
gadataniTi moZraobis formulebi.
346 Tavi 10 brunva
cxrili 10.3
kavSirebi gadataniT moZraobasa da brunvas Soris
muSaoba ∫
W = Fdx muSaoba ∫
Fdx
W = τdθ
1 1
kinetikuri energia K = 2 mν2 kinetikuri energia K = 2 Iω2
simZlavre
simZlavre (mudmivi Zala) P = Fν P = τω
(mudmivi Zalis momenti)
muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis muSaoba-kinetikuri
W = ΔK W = ΔK
Teorema energiis Teorema
W = ,
10.53 formula damtkicebulia. is fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mrbunav nebismier myar sxeuls
miesadageba. 10.54 formula pirdapir 10.53 formulidan miiReba.
brunviTi moZraobisas P simZlavre 10.59 formuliT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
dW dθ
P = dt = τ dt = τω,
10.55 formulac damtkicebulia.
1
(K= Iω2) saSualebiT ukavSirdeba erT
2
maneTs.
2. K kinetikuri energia qandakebis U mizi
dulobis potenciur energias brunvis dros
qandakebis E meqanikuri energiis Senaxvis
principis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. brunvis
dros E ar icvleba, vinaidan energia U-dan
K-Si gadadis.
3. mizidulobis potenciuri energiisTvis
qandakeba masis centrze ganlagebul
sur. 10.20. fersosa da Zelakisgan Semdgari myari nivTier wertilad SegviZlia ganvixiloT,
qandakeba horizontaluri RerZis garSemo brunavs sadac 2m masaa koncentrirebuli.
( )
2
brunvis dros.
mL2 L
IZelaki = Icom + mh 2
= +m R+ Δycom-is gamoTvlisTvis 10.20 suraTze
com
12 2
gamosaxuli masis centris sawyisi ycom
= 4,33mR2 ,
mdebareoba unda davadginoT. fersos (m masis)
sadac L=2R da Zelakis masis centrsa da
centria y=0. Zelakis (m masis) centria y=R+L/2.
brunvis RerZs Soris perpendikularuli
maSasadame, 9.5 formulidan gamomdinare,
manZilia h=R+L/2. maSasadame, qandakebis I
qandakebis masis centris mdebareobaa:
brunviTi inercia brunvis RerZis garSemo
m(0) + m(R + L/2) 0 + m(R + 2R/2)
aris: ycom = = = R.
1 2m 2m
I = Iferso + IZelaki = mR2 + 4,33mR2
2 rodesac qandakeba Sebrundeba, masis centri
= 4,83mR2 ≈ 4,8mR2 (pasuxi) brunvis RerZidan igive R manZilzea. aqedan
gamomdinare, masis centris vertikaluri
b) qandakeba swordeba da brunvis RerZis
gadaadgileba sawyisi mdebareobidan Sebru
garSemo brunvas iwyebs. ra iqneba misi ω
nebul mdebareobamde aris Δycom = –2R.
kuTxuri siCqare RerZis garSemo, rodesac
modiT, miRebul Sedegebs Tavi erTad
qandakeba amotrialdeba?
movuyaroT. 10.63 da 10.64 formulebi 10.62
amoxsna:
formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
1. qandakebis ω siCqare da misi brunvis K
1 2
kinetikuri energia 10.34 formulis Iω + (2m)gΔycom = 0
2
10.10 muSaoba da brunvis kinetikuri energia 349
amocanis a) nawilidan I = 4,83mR2 CavsvaT,
gavixsenoT, rom Δycom = –2R da zemoT miRebuli ω=
formula ω-sTvis amovxsnaT:
= 10 rad/wm. (pasuxi)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
kuTxuri mdebareoba. fiqsirebuli anu ω2-ze icvleba, misi αsaS saSualo kuTxuri
brunvis RerZis garSemo myari sxeulis aCqarebaa:
brunvis aRwerisTvis vuSvebT, rom aTvlis ω –ω Δω
αsaS = t2 – t 1 = . (10.7)
wrfe sxeulze gadis, brunvis RerZis 2 1 Δt
perpendikularulia da sxeulTan erTad xolo α myisi aCqareba
moZraobs. am wrfis θ kuTxur mdebareobas
dω
α= . (10.8)
dt
fiqsirebuli mimarTulebisadmi vzomavT. θ
αsaS da α veqtorebia.
radianebSi izomeba da gvaqvs:
s kinetikuri formulebi mudmivi kuT
θ= (radianebSi), (10.1)
r xuri aCqarebisTvis. Tanabari kuTxuri
sadac s aris r radiusis da θ kuTxis mqone wriu
aCqareba brunvis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva.
li traeqtoriis rkalis sigrZe. radianebis,
10.1 cxrilSi Sesabamisi kinetikuri formu
brunebis da gradusebis erTeulebs Soris
lebia mocemuli:
Semdegi kavSiria:
ω = ω0 + αt (10.12)
1 br = 360° = 2π radiani (10.2)
1
θ – θ0 = ωot + αt2 (10.13)
kuTxuri gadaadgileba. rodesac sxeuli 2
brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs da misi ω2=ω02 + 2α(θ – θ0) (10.14)
kuTxuri mdebareoba θ1-dan θ2-ze icvleba, 1
θ – θ0 = (ω0 + ω)t (10.15)
2
kuTxuri gadaadgilebaa: 1
θ – θ0 = ωt – αt2 (10.16)
2
Δθ = θ2 – θ1 , (10.4)
wrfiv da kuTxur cvladebs Soris
sadac Δθ dadebiTia, Tu sxeuli saaTis isris
kavSiri. mrbunavi myari sxeulis brunvis
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
RerZidan r perpendikularuli manZiliT
moZraobs da uaryofiTia, Tu sxeuli saaTis
daSorebuli wertili r radiusis wrewirze
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
moZraobs. Tu sxeuli θ kuTxiT brunavs,
kuTxuri siCqare. Tu sxeuli Δt drois wertili rkalze moZraobs, romlis s sigrZea:
SualedSi Δθ kuTxur gadaadgilebas ganicdis,
s = θr (radianebSi), (10.17)
misi ωsaS saSualo kuTxuri siCqarea:
θ – θ Δθ sadac θ radianebSia mocemuli.
ωsaS = t 2 – t 1 = (10.5) wertilis wrfivi siCqare wrewiris mxebia da
2 1 Δt
sxeulis ω myisi kuTxuri siCqarea: Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
Δθ dθ ν = ωr (radianebSi), (10.18)
ω= = . (10.6)
Δt dt
sadac ω sxeulis kuTxuri siCqarea.
ωsaS da ω veqtorebia da maTi mimarTulebebi
wertilis a wrfiv aCqarebas mxebi da radia
marjvena xelis wesiT (sur. 10.6) ganisaz
luri komponenti aqvs. mxebi komponentia:
Rvreba. saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmde-
at = αr (radianebSi),
(10.22)
go mimarTulebiT brunvisas kiTxuri siCqare
sadac α sxeulis kuTxuri aCqarebaa. a aCqa
dadebiTia, xolo saaTis isris moZraobis
rebis radialuri komponentia:
mimarTulebiT brunvisas – uaryofiTi.
ν2
ar = = ω2r (radianebSi) (10.23)
kuTxuri aCqareba. Tu Δt = t2 – t1 drois r
SualedSi sxeulis kuTxuri siCqare ω1-dan Tu wertili Tanabarwriulad moZraobs,
350 Tavi 10 brunva
uwyveti ganawilebis masis mqone sxeulis I niutonis meore kanoni kuTxur formaSi.
brunviTi inerciaa: niutonis meore kanonis brunviTi analogia
SekiTxvebi
1. 10.21b suraTze naCvenebia 10.21a suraTze
gamosaxuli mbrunavi diskos kuTxuri mde
bareobis funqciis grafiki. rodesac a) t = 1 wm,
b) t = 2 wm da g) t = 3 wm, diskos kuTxuri siCqare
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis toli?
d) kuTxuri aCqareba dadebiTia Tu uar
sur. 10.21. SekiTxva 1.
yofiTi?
351
2. 10.22 suraTze 90°-idan mcirdeba da Zelakma kvlav ar unda
naCvenebia 10.21a imoZraos, F2 Zala unda gaizardis, Semcirdes
suraTze gamosa Tu igive darCes?
xuli mrbunavi 6. 10.25b suraTze gamosaxul horizontalur
diskos kuTxuri sur. 10.22. SekiTxva 2. Zelakze F1 da F2 horizontaluri Zalebi
siCqaris droze moqmedebs da Zelaks sayrdeni wertilis
damokidebulebis grafiki. diskos fersos garSemo brunva SeuZlia. F2 Zala ZelakTan
wertilisTvis a, b, c da d momentebi a) mxebi da φ kuTxes adgens. φ-s Semdegi mniSvnelobebi
b) radialuri aCqarebis mixedviT daalageT Zelakis kuTxuri aCqarebis mixedviT dididan
dididan mcireze. mcireze daalageT: 90°, 70° da 110°.
3. 10.23 suraTze 7. 10.26 suraTze
naCvenebia mbru gamosaxul ucnaur
navi diskos θ karuselze Tana
kuTxuri mdeba bari sididis xuTi
reobis t droze Zala moqmedebs.
damokidebule- karuseli kvadra
bis sami grafiki. tia, romelsac misi
sur. 10.23. SekiTxva 3.
TiToeul Sem erT-erTi gverdis
TxvevaSi, garkveul θ kuTxur mdebareobaze SuaSi ganlagebuli sur. 10.26. SekiTxva 7
brunvis mimarTuleba icvleba. a) samive P wertilis gar
SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreT θ, θ0-dan moyole Semo SeuZlia brunva. Zalebi P wertilis
buli, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebisaa garSemo maT mier warmoqmnili Zalis momentis
Tu saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
mimarTulebis? samive SemTxvevaSi b) ω nulis
8. 10.27 suraTze, sa
toli t=0 dromdea, am drois Semdegaa da Tu
kuTari centris gar
zustad am drosaa? g) α dadebiTia, uaryofiTia
Semo mrbunav diskoze
Tu nulis tolia?
F1 da F2 Zala moq
4. 10.24 suraTze medebs. disko saaTis
naCvenebia liTonis isris moZraobis sa
erTgvarovani firfi sur. 10.27. SekiTxva 8.
winaaRmdego mimar
ta, romelic kvadrati TulebiT da mudmivi
iyo, vidre mis 25%- sur. 10.24. SekiTxva 4. tempiT brunavs, xolo TiToeuli Zala
s amoWridnen. aseve suraTze miTiTebul kuTxes adgens. Cven F1
naCvenebia sami wertili. daalageT isini maTze Zalis θ kuTxe ise unda SevamciroT, rom F1
gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo -is sidide ar Seicvalos. a) kuTxuri siCqaris
firfitis brunviTi inerciis mixedviT mudmivobis SenarCunebisTvis F2 unda
dididan mcireze. gaizardos, Semcirdes Tu igive darCes? b) F1
5. 10.25a suraTze mbrunavi, horizontaluri da g) F2 Zala diskos saaTis isris moZraobis
Zelakis zedxedia gamosaxuli. Zelakze ori mimarTulebiT Sebrunebas cdilobs Tu
horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs, magram is saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
uZravia. Tu Zelaksa da F2 Zalas Soris kuTxe mimarTulebiT?
9. 10.28 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da igive
radiusis sami brtyeli disko. diskoebs
sakuTari centris garSemo SeuZliaT
brunva. TiToeuli disko ori, erTi da igive
nivTierebisgan Sedgeba. erTi nivTiereba
sur. 10.25. SekiTxvebi 5 da 6
352 Tavi 10 brunva
meoreze ufro mkvrivia. pirvel da mesame diskoebi a) maTi centris garSemo Zalis
diskoSi ufro mkvrivi nivTiereba diskos gare momentis, b) maTi centris garSemo brunviTi
naxevarzea. meore diskos SemTxvevaSi, mkvrivi inerciis da g) kuTxuri aCqarebis mixedviT
nivTiereba diskos Sida naxevars Seadgens. dididan mcireze.
Tanabari sididis Zalebi diskos kides an 10. disko karuselis msgavsad brunavs,
nivTierebebs Soris zedapirs exeba. ganalageT kuTxur siCqares icvlis da mis fersoze
Zalaa modebuli. diskos sawyisi da saboloo
kuTxuri siCqareebia: a) –2radiani/wm,
5radiani/wm, b) 2radiani/wm, 5radiani/wm, g)
–2 radiani/wm, –5radiani/wm da d) 2radiani/wm,
–5radiani/wm. es SemTxvevebi Zalis momentis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT dididan
mcireze daalageT.
sur. 10.28. SekiTxva 9.
amocanebi
·20. vinilis firfitis daaxloebiT wriuli aqvs mqnevaras fersoze ganlagebul wertils?
formis zedapiri firsakravis nemsis qveS b) ra radialuri aCqareba aqvs am wertils,
srialebs. nemsi periodulad zedapiris rodesac mqnevara sruli siCqariT brunavs? g)
borcvebs ejaxeba da irxeva. Semdeg mowyo ra manZils gaivlis es wertili brunvis dros?
biloba am rxevebs eleqtrul signalebad ··27. a) ra ω kuTxuri siCqare aqvs dedamiwis
da bgerad gardaqmnis. davuSvaT firfita zedapiris wertils polaruli RerZis garSemo
33 13 br/wT tempiT brunavs, zedapiris radiusi 400N simaRleze? (dedamiwa polaruli RerZis
10 sm-ia da borcvebs Soris dacilebaa 1,75 mm. garSemo brunavs). b) ra ν wrfivi siCqare aqvs am
ra tempiT ejaxeba nemsi borcvebs? wertils? risi tolia ekvatorze ganlagebuli
·21. 1,2 m diametris borbali 200 br/wT kuTxu wertilis g) ω da d) ν? SSM
ri siCqariT brunavs. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare ··28. 10.30 suraTze,
aqvs borbals radiani/wm-ebSi? b) ra wrfivi
rA=10sm radiusis
siCqare aqvs borblis fersoze ganlagebul
A borbali Rvedis
wertils? g) ra mudmivi kuTxuri aCqareba
saSualebiT rC=25
(br/wT2-ebSi) gazrdis borblis siCqares
sm radiusis C bor
1000 br/wT-mde 60 wamSi? d) ramden bruns
balzea gadabmuli. sur. 10.30. amocana 28.
Seasrulebs borbali am 60 wamis ganmavlobaSi?
A borblis kuTxuri
SSM WWW
siCqare 1,6radiani/wm2 mudmivi tempiT izrdeba.
·22. kosmonavti centrifugaSi Semowmebas
ra dro dasWirdeba C borbals 100br/wT
gadis. 10 m radiusis centrifuga θ = 0,3t2 for
kuTxuri siCqaris ganviTarebisTvis, Tu Rvedi
mulis mixedviT brunavs, sadac t mocemulia
ar gawydeba? (miniSneba: Tu Rvedi ar wydeba,
wamebSi, xolo θ – radianebSi. rodesac t = 5 wm,
orive borblis wrfivi siCqare Tanabaria).
ra b) kuTxuri siCqare, b) wrfivi siCqare,
g) mxebi aCqareba da d) radialuri aCqareba aqvs ··29. sinaTlis siCqaris gazomvisTvis mbrunavi
kosmonavts? dakbiluli borbali gamoiyeneboda. sinaTlis
sxivi borblis kideze ganlagebul kbilebs
·23. kosmosuri xomaldi 29000km/sT siCqariT
Soris gadioda (sur. 10.31), Semdeg moSorebiT
3220km radiusis wres Semowers. ra a) kuTxuri
mdebare sarkes daecemoda da borblisken
siCqare, b) radialuri aCqareba da g) mxebi
brundeboda, ris Semdegac momdevno kbilebs
aCqareba aqvs kosmosur xomalds?
Soris gadioda. borblis radiusia 5sm da
·24. TviTmfrinavis propeleri 2000 br/wT
mas kideze 500 kbili aqvs. rodesac sarke
siCqariT brunavs da TviTmfrinavi deda
borblidan L=500m manZiliTaa daSorebuli,
miwisadmi 480 km/sT siCqariT mifrinavs. ra
borbali 3×105km/wm sinaTlis siCqares aCvenebs.
wrfivi siCqare aqvs propeleris kideze,
a) ra mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobs
1,5 m radiusze ganlagebul wertils a) TviT
borbali? b) ra wrfivi siCqariT moZraobs
mfrinavis pilotis da b) dedamiwaze myofi
borblis kideze ganlagebuli wertili? SSM
damkvirveblis TvalTaxedviT? TviTmfrinavis
siCqare propeleris brunvis RerZis parale
luria.
·25. sagani fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo
brunavs da misi aTvlis wrfis mdebareobaa
θ = 0,4e2t, sadac θ mocemulia radianebSi, xolo
t - wamebSi. ganvixiloT sagnis brunvis RerZidan
4 sm-iT daSorebuli wertili. rodesac t = 0,
risi tolia wertilis aCqarebis a) mxebi
komponenti da b) radialuri komponenti?
··26. giroskopis 2,83 sm radiusis mqnevara
14,2 radiani/wm2-iT Cqardeba da misi kuTxuri
siCqare 2760 br/wT xdeba. a) ra mxebi aCqareba sur. 10.31. amocana 29.
355
··30. orTqlis Zravis mqnevara 150br/wT gar-Semo mbru
mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. orTqlis navi Zelakis kuT
miwodebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, sayrdeni xuri siCqaris
wertilebisa da haerisgan moqmedi xaxuni droze damoki
mqnevaras 2,2sT-is Semdeg aCerebs. a) ra mudmivi debulebis
kuTxuri aCqareba (br/wT2-ebSi) aqvs mqnevaras grafiki.
Senelebis dros? b) ramden bruns Seasrulebs a) ra kuTxuri sur. 10.32. amocana 34.
mqnevara gaCerebamde? g) rodesac mqnevara aCqareba aqvs
75br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, risi Zelaks? b) rodesac t = 4 wm, Zelakis brunvis
Zala 0,3 wamis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. rogor traeqtoriiT moZraobs. maSasadame, Tqveni
icvleba konstruqciis kuTxuri siCqare manqana 100m radiusis wriul traeqtorias
drois am SualedSi? Semowers. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs manqanas
da gepards wriuli traeqtoriebis garSemo?
Sida gare
b) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs gepards? (Tu
rgoli masa (kg) radiusi radiusi
(m) (m) wriul moZraobas mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebT,
gepardis siCqare 114km/sT gegonebaT. swored
1 0,12 0,016 0,045
2 0,24 0,09 0,14 amgvari Secdoma dauSves zemoT xsenebulma
damkvirveblebma).
73. 1908 wlis 30 ivniss, saRamos 7 saaTsa
da 14 wuTze, satelefono kavSiris kvanZ 76. diskebis rbo
siberiis (61° ganedsa da 102° grZedze) Tavze la. 10.51 suraTze
ki kacobriobas enaxa. tunguskis movlenam disko. rodesac sur. 10.51. amocana 76.
afeTqeba iyo. a) mxolod dedamiwis brunva emTxveva. am dros A disko 9,5 radiani/wm
unda gamoCeniliyo asteroidi, raTa afeTqeba xolo B disko 2,2 radiani/wm2 mudmivi kuTxuri
helsinkis Tavze, 25° ganedze momxdariyo aCqarebiT moZraobas axla iwyebs. a) ra t dros
Camovardniliyo? (Sedegad miRebuli cunami 77. 10.52 suraTze gamosaxuli myari sxeuli
atlantikis okeanis orive mxareze arsebul sami burTisa da sami damakavSirebuli
civilizacias gaaqrobda). Zelakisgan Sedgeba. M = 1,6 kg, L = 0,6 m
361
da θ = 30°. burTebi nivTier wertilebad da d) SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema damatebiTi
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, xolo Zelakebis masebi informaciis gareSe?
umniSvneloa. gamoTvaleT sxeulis brunvis 80. vertmfrenis rotoris frTa 7,8m sigrZis
kinetikuri energia, Tu mas 1,2 radiani/wm da 100kg masisaa da rotoris RerZTan erTi
kuTxuri siCqare a) P wertilze gamavali WanWikis saSualebiT aris damagrebuli.
da suraTis sibrtyis perpendikularuli a) ra Zala moqmedebs RerZidan WanWikze,
RerZis garSemo aqvs da igive siCqare b) P rodesac rotori 320br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT
wertilze gamavali, 2L sigrZis Zelakis brunavs? (miniSneba: gamoTvlebis dros frTa
perpendikularuli da suraTis sibrtyeSi wertilovan masad SegviZlia miviCnioT)
mdebare RerZis garSemo aqvs. b) gamoTvaleT rotorze modebuli Zalis
momenti, romelic mas srul siCqares 6,7
wamis ganmavlobaSi SesZens (amjerad frTas
wertilovan masad ver miviCnevT. ratom?) g)
ra muSaobas asrulebs Zalis momenti frTaze,
raTa frTam 320br/wT kuTxuri siCqare
SeiZinos?
81. 10.54 suraTze oTxi disko ori RvediTaa
sur. 10.52. amocana 77.
gadabmuli. A disko (15sm radiusis) amZravia
78. 10.53 suraTze, da 10 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs.
m1 = 400 g masis da m2 = B disko (10sm radiusis) pirveli Rvedis
600 g masis ori bloki saSualebiT A diskTanaa dakavSirebuli.
masis armqone TokiTaa B’ disko (5sm radiusis) B-s koncentrulia
erTmaneTze gadabmuli. da masze xistadaa mimagrebuli. C disko
Toki M = 500 g masis (25sm radiusis) meore Rvedis saSualebiT B’
da R = 12 sm radiusis diskosTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamoTvaleT a)
diskozea Semoxveuli sur. 10.53. amocana 78. pirveli Rvedis wertilis wrfivi siCqare, b)
da mis centrze gamavali B diskos kuTxuri siCqare, g) B’-is kuTxuri
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo xaxunis siCqare, d) meore Rvedis wertilis wrfivi
gareSe brunavs. gamoTvaleT a) blokebis siCqare da e) C diskos kuTxuri siCqare.
aCqareba, b) Tokis T1 daWimuloba marcxniv da (miniSneba: Tu diskoebis damakavSirebeli
g) Tokis T2 daWimuloba marjvniv. Rvedi ar wydeba, maSin maTi fersoebis wrfivi
79. 1,2 m sigrZis da 6,4 kg masis foladis siCqareebi Tanabaria).
Zelakis erT boloze 1,06 kg masis patara
burTia damagrebuli. Zelaki mis Sua wer
tilze gamavali vertikaluri RerZis
garSemo, horizontalur sibrtyeSi brunavs.
garkveul momentSi Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare
39 br/wm. xaxunis Sedegad Zelaki neldeba da
32 wamis Semdeg Cerdeba. davuSvaT xaxunis
Sedegad Semanelebeli mudmivi Zalis momenti
moqmedebs. gamoTvaleT a) kuTxuri aCqareba,
b) Semanelebeli Zalis momenti, g) xaxunis
Sedegad meqanikuri energiidan siTbur sur. 10.54 amocana 81
energiaSi gadasuli energia da d) 32 wamis gan 82. golfis burTi horizontalisadmi 20°
mavlobaSi Sesrulebuli brunis raodenoba. kuTxiT, 60 m/wm siCqariT da 90 radiani/wm
e) davuSvaT Semanelebeli Zalis momenti kuTxuri siCqariT isroles. haeris wevis Zala
mudmivi ar aris. SesaZlebelia Tu ara a), b), g) ugulebelyaviT da burTis mier Sesrule
362 Tavi 10 brunva
buli brunebis ricxvi maqsimaluri simaRlis ganivi koWebis saSualebiT miwaze gamaval
miRwevamde gamoTvaleT. myar Zelakzea damagrebuli (sur. 10.57). ziani
83. 0,2m radiusis nacionaluri safexburTo ligis ukanaxazels
borbali xaxunis miadga, rodesac is erT-erT skamze dajda.
gan Tavisufal, moTamaSis TqmiT man fexebi da muceli magidasa
horizontalur da skams Soris moaqcia da magidas daeyrdno.
RerZzea damagre sur. 10.55. amocana 83. Semdeg is skamze dajda da gasworda, ramac
buli. borblis mTeli magidis amobruneba gamoiwvia. moTamaSe
brunviTi inercia RerZis garSemo aris miwaze daeca da Tavi daartya.
0,05kg·m . masis armqone Toki borbalzea
2
suraTze gamosaxuli sigrZeebia d1 = 60 sm,
Semoxveuli da masze 2kg masis blokia d2 = 13 sm, d3 = 5 sm da d4 = 18 sm. magidis masaa
mimagrebuli, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal, 90 kg. moTamaSis masaa 130 kg da rodesac is
horizontalur zedapirze gadaadgildeba. skamze dajda, misi masis centri skamis gare
Tu P=3n horizontaluri Zala blokze 10.55 kididan d5 = 20 sm manZiliT gareT iyo. davuS
suraTis msgavsad moqmedebs, ra kuTxuri vaT mizidulobis Zala moTamaSis masis cent-
aCqareba aqvs borbals? davuSvaT, rom rze moqmedebda. a) SesaZlebelia Tu ara magidis
borbalze Semoxveuli Toki ar wydeba. amobruneba? b) daaxloebiT ra minimaluri
84. myari sxeuli masaa saWiro brunvis gamowvevisTvis?
L=0,6m sigrZis
sami identuri Ze
lakisgan Sedgeba.
Zelakebs H-is sur. 10.56. amocana 84.
forma aqvT. sxeu
li H-is erT-erTi fexis gaswvriv gamavali
horizontaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad
brunavs. Semdeg sxeuli im adgilidan vardeba,
sadac H-is sibrtye horizontaluria. ra sur. 10.57. amocana 86.
kuTxuri siCqare eqneba sxeuls, rodesac H-is 87. or myar sferos toli, 1,65kg masa aqvs,
sibrtye vertikaluri iqneba? xolo maTi radiusebia 0,226m da 0,854m.
85. a) daamtkiceT, rom M masis da R radiusis TiToeuli sfero centrze gamavali RerZis
myari cilindris brunviTi inercia garSemo brunavs. a) ra τ Zalis momentia
centraluri RerZis garSemo da M masis da saWiro, raTa patara sfero 15,5 wamis Semdeg
R / 2 radiusis fersos brunviTi inercia 317 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobdes?
centraluri RerZis garSemo erTmaneTis b) ra F Zala unda moqmedebdes sferos ekva
tolia. b) daamtkiceT, rom M masis sxeulis I torze, raTa masze amgvarma mabrunma momentma
brunviTi inercia nebismieri RerZis garSemo imoqmedos? ra mniSvnelobebi aqvs g) τ-s da
eqvivalenturi fersos brunviTi inerciis d) F-s ufro didi sferos SemTxvevaSi?
tolia igive RerZis garSemo, Tu fersos igive 88. 10.58 suraTze,
M masa aqvs da misi k radiusia: 0,2m radiusis bor
bali xaxunisgan
k=
Tavisufal, hor
eqvivalenturi fersos k radiuss mocemuli izontalur Rer sur. 10.58. amocana 88.
sxeulis brunvis radiusi ewodeba. Zzea damagrebuli.
86. sapiknike magidam adamians ziani miayena borbalze gadaxveul, masis armqone Tokze
da Tqven magidis mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg 2 kg masis yuTia mimagrebuli, romelic
eqspertad dagiqiraves. sapiknike magida Tavad horizontalisadmi θ = 20° kuTxiT daxril,
magidisa da ori skamisgan Sedgeba. skamebi xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze gadaad
363
gildeba. yuTi 2m/wm2 aCqarebiT qvemoT srial mdebareobs. a) ra sxvaobaa A wertilis a
deba. ra brunviTi inercia aqvs borbals centriskenul aCqarebas da 0,15m radialur
RerZis garSemo? manZilze mdebare wertilis centriskenul
89. 10.59 suraTze ga aCqarebas Soris? g) gamoTvaleT a aCqarebis
mosaxuli erTgvarovani radialur manZilze damokidebulebis fun
Zelakis sigrZea 2m. Ze qciis grafikis simrude.
laki mis erT boloze 93. 1,3kg masis patara burTi 0,78m sigrZis
gamavali, xaxunisgan Ta da umniSvnelo masis Zelakis erT boloze
visufali RerZis gar sur. 10.59. amocana 89. daamagres. miRebuli sistema Zelakis meore
Semo brunavs. Zelaki bolos garSemo horizontalur wreze 5010 br/
moZraobas horizontalidan maRla, θ = 40° wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. a) gamoTvaleT
kuTxiT iwyebs. gamoiyeneT energiis Senaxvis sistemis brunviTi inercia brunvis RerZis
principi da horizontaluri mdebareobis garSemo. b) burTze 2,3×10–2 n haeris wevis
dros Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare gamoTvaleT. Zala moqmedebs da moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
90. 0,2kg masis oT ra sididis Zalis momenti unda moqmedebdes
xi nivTieri wertili sistemaze, raTa man mudmivi siCqariT brunva
kvadratis wveroebzea ganagrZos?
Zelakis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo iwyebs. a) ra iqneba misi maqsimaluri kuTxuri
da b) saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyisadmi siCqare? b) Tu Zelakis masas gavzrdiT,
perpendikularuli da grZeli Zelakis cen a)-s pasuxi gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar
trze gamavali RerZis garSemo? Seicvleba?
erT nivTier wertilze gamavali da danarCeni 103. 35g masis nivTieri wertili firsakravis
ori nivTieri wertilis damakavSirebeli centridan 3,5sm manZilze moaTavses. statikuri
Zelakis paraleluri RerZis garSemo, b) erT- xaxunis koeficientia 0,4. firsakravis siCqare
erTi gverdis Sua wertilze gamavali da nel-nela ω0-mde izrdeba da am dros nivTieri
samkuTxedis sibrtyis perpendikularuli wertili srialdeba. a) gamoTvaleT ω0. b) ga
RerZis garSemo da g) samkuTxedis erTi gverdis mosaxeT srialis traeqtoria.
paraleluri da danarCeni ori gverdis Sua
104. 10.66 suraTze
wertilebze gamavali RerZis garSemo?
gamosaxuli myari
100. xuTi nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSia sxeuli masis ar
ganlagebuli, myar sxeuls qmnis da maTi mqone ZelakebiT
monacemebi cxrilSia mocemulia. ra brunviTi
d a k a v S i r e b u l i
inercia aqvs sxeuls a) x, b) y da g) z RerZis
sami nivTieri we
garSemo? d) ra aris sxeulis masis centri?
rtilisgan Sedge
sagani 1 2 3 4 5 ba. sxeuli P wer
masa (g) 500 400 300 600 450 tilze gamavali sur. 10.66. amocana 104.
x (sm) 15 –13 17 –4 –5 da misi sibrtyis
y (sm) 20 13 –6 –7 9 perpendikularuli RerZis garSemo brunavs.
365
Tu M = 0,4 kg, a = 30 sm da b = 50 sm, ra muSao- gamocades. 5124 kg masis betonis bloki
baa saWiro sxeulis kuTxuri siCqaris 5 ra muxis or Zelis saSualebiT maRla aitanes.
diani/wm-mde gazrdisTvis? Zelebis zedapirebi sapoxiT iyo dafaruli
105. disko θ1 = 10 radiani kuTxuri mde (sur. 10.67). 10 m sigrZis Zelebi miwidan or
bareobidan θ2 = 70 radiani kuTxur mdeba svetze iyo gadebuli, romlebzec bloki unda
reobamde mudmivi kuTxuri aCqarebiT 6 moeTavsebinaT. svetebis simaRle 3,9 m iyo,
wamSi brunavs. θ2 mdebareobaze diskos xolo bloksa da Zelebs Soris statikuri
kuTxuri siCqarea 15 radiani/wm. a) ra xaxunis koeficienti 0,22-s udrida. bloks
iqneba diskos siCqare θ1 mdebareobaze? masze da naZvis 4,5 m sigrZis or morze
b) ra kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs diskos? Semoxveuli Tokis saSualebiT ubiZgebdnen.
g) ra kuTxur mdebareobazea disko uZravi? rodesac platformaze sakmarisi raodenobis
d) aageT moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg diskos θ muSa dgeboda an jdeboda, naZvis mori svetis
mdebareobis t droze damokidebulebis da ω wveris garSemo trialdeboda da bloks
kuTxuri siCqaris t droze damokidebulebis Zelze gadaaadgildeba. blokis damWeri Toki
funqciebis grafikebi. daaxloebiT morebis perpendikularuli iyo,
xolo brunvis wertilsa da moris garSemo
106. Cveni mze irmis naxtomis galaqtikis
Tokis Semoxvevis wertils Soris manZili
centridan 2,3×104 sinaTlis weliwadiTaa
0,7m-s aRwevda. davuSvaT, TiToeuli muSis
daSorebuli da am centris garSemo 250 km/wm
masa 85 kg iyo, ra minimaluri raodenobis muSa
siCqariT wrewirze brunavs. a) ra droSi
iqneboda saWiro, raTa bloks Zelebze maRla
Semouvlis mze galaqtikis centrs? b) ram
asvla daewyo?
deni bruni Seasrula mzem, mas Semdeg rac
daaxloebiT 4,5×109 wlis winaT warmoiSva?
107. firsakravi 33 13 br/wT siCqariT brunavs,
neldeba da Zravis gamorTvis Semdeg 30 wamSi
Cerdeba. a) gamoTvaleT kuTxuri aCqareba
(br/wT2-ebSi). b) ramden bruns Seasrulebs bloki
naZvis
firsakravi 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi? xis mori
367
368 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
s = θR , (11.1)
sur. 11.3. mgoravi borblis O masis sadac R aris borblis radiusi. borblis centris (anu
centri com siCqariT s manZils gadis, masis centris) νcom wrfivi siCqarea ds/dt. borblis ω
xolo borbali θ kuTxiTY brundeba.
kuTxuri siCqare centris garSemo aris dθ/dt. aqedan
borblisa da zedapiris Sexebis P
wertilic s manZilze gadaadgildeba. gamomdinare, 11.1 formulis drois diferencireba
(rodesac R mudmivia) gvaZlevs:
11.4 suraTze Cans, rom borblis gorva gadataniTi da brunviTi moZraobebis gaerTianebaa. 11.4a
suraTze gamosaxulia brunviTi moZraoba (TiTqos centrze gamavali brunvis RerZi uZravia).
borblis yvela wertili centris garSemo ω kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs (amgvari moZraoba
me-10 TavSi ganvixileT). borblis kidis yvela wertilis wrfivi siCqarea νcom. 11.4b suraTze
sur. 11.4. borblis gorva gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis gaerTianebaa. a) brunviTi moZraoba. borblis
yvela wertili Tanabari ω kuTxuri siCqariT moZraobs. borblis kideze mdebare wertilebi Tanabari ν=νcom
wrfivi siCqariT moZraobs. suraTze naCvenebia borblis wverze (T) da fskerze (P) mdebare wertilebis
wrfivi siCqareebi. b) gadataniTi moZraoba. borblis yvela wertili marjvnisken Tanabari com wrfivi siCqariT
moZraobs. . g) a) da b) suraTebze gamosaxuli ori moZraobis gaerTianebaa.
11.3. gorvis kinetikuri energia 369
gamosaxulia gadataniTi moZraoba (TiTqos borbali
saerTod ar brunavs). borblis yvela wertili νcom
siCqariT marjvnisken gadaadgildeba.
11.4a da 11.4b suraTebis gaerTianeba 11.4g suraTze
borblis realur gorvas gvaZlevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom borblis qveda nawili (P wertilze)
uZravia da borblis zeda nawili (T wertilze) 2νcom
siCqariT anu borblis danarCen nawilze swrafad
moZraobs. 11.5 suraTze miRebuli Sedegebia
naCvenebi. borblis zeda nawili qveda nawilze
swrafad moZraobs, vinaidan am nawilis manebi ufro
bundovnad moCans.
zedapirze mgoravi nebismieri mrgvali sxeulis
moZraoba gadataniT moZraobad da brunvad SegviZlia sur. 11.5. velosipedis mgoravi borblis
davyoT, rogorc es aris 11.4a da 11.4b suraTebze. fotografia. borblis zeda nawilTan axlos
mdebare manebi ufro bundovnad Cans, vinaidan
zeda nawili ufro swrafad moZraobs, rogorc
es 11.4g suraTzea naCvenebi.
sadac M aris borblis masa, Icom - borblis brunviTi inercia masis centrze gamavali RerZis
garSemo, xolo R (borblis radiusi) h perpendikularuli manZilia. 11.4 formulis 11.3
formulaSi Casma gvaZlevs:
1 1
K = Icomω2 + MR2ω2
2 2
gamoviyenoT νcom=ωR (11.2 formula) da miviRebT:
1 1
K = Icomω2 + M (11.5)
2 2
1
I ω2 wevri masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo borblis brunvasTan (sur. 11.4a)
2 com 1
dakavSirebuli kinetikuri energiaa, xolo M wevri borblis masis centris gadataniT
2
moZraobasTan (sur. 11.4b) dakavSirebul kinetikur energias asaxavs. maSasadame:
1
mgorav sagans ori saxis kinetikuri energia gaaCnia. brunvis kinetikuri energia ( Icomω2)
2
masis centris garSemo brunviT aris gamowveuli, xolo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia
1
( M ) masis centris gadataniTi moZraobiT miiReba.
2
Icom-is nacvlad 2 MR2 CavsvaT da νcom-sTvis daxril sibrtyeze mgorav, 6kg masis burTze
5
amovxsnaT: moqmedi xaxunis Zala, miuxedavad burTis
radiusisa, 8,4 n-ia.
11.5. io-io
io-io fizikis patara laboratoriaa. Tu io-io Tokis gaswvriv h manZilze gordeba, misi
1
potenciuri energia mgh-iT mcirdeba, xolo kinetikur energias gadataniTi ( mνcom2) da brunviTi
1 2
( Icomω2) formiT iRebs. ukan dabrunebis dros io-io kinetikur energias kargavs da potenciur
2
energias iZens.
io-ios Tanamedrove versiebSi Toki RerZze damagrebuli ki ar aris, aramed mis garSemoa
Semoxveuli. rodesac io-io Tokis bolos Seexeba, Tokidan RerZze moqmedi maRla mimarTuli Zala
qvemoT Casvlas aCerebs. amis Semdeg io-io brunavs da mxolod brunvis kinetikuri energia aqvs.
374 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
Tokidan moqmedi T Zala anelebs (sur. 11.9b). sur. 11.9 a) io-ios ganivi kveTi. um-
niSvnelo sisqis Toki R0 radiusis
analizi am SemTxvevaSic 11.10 formulamde migviyvans. RerZzea Semoxveuli. b) Tavisufali
aqedan gamomdinare, 11.10 formulaSi ubralod aRniSvnebi sxeulis grafiki vardnili io-iosTvis.
naCvenebia mxolod RerZi.
SevcvaloT da θ=90° CavsvaT:
g
acom = – , (11.13)
1 + Icom/MR02
sadac Icom aris io-ios brunviTi inercia centris garSemo, xolo M - misi masaa. Tokze ukan asvlis
dros io-ios igive qvemoT mimarTuli aCqareba aqvs, vinaidan masze igive Zalebi moqmedebs,
romlebic 11.9b suraTze.
veqtoruli namravlis gamoTvla 3.8 paragrafSi moyvanili wesebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. -is
mimarTulebis dasadgenad F veqtoris saTaves (mimarTulebis cvlilebis gareSe) O aTvlis
saTaves vamTxvevT da 11.10b suraTis msgavsad gasamravlebeli veqtorebis saTaveebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva. Semdeg marjvena xelis wess viyenebT (sur. 3.20a) da gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba
-is mimarTulebas emTxveva. 11.10b suraTze, veqtori z RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa.
11.6. Zalis momentis xelaxla ganxilva 375
F Zalis moqmedebis wrfe
τ = rF sin φ (11.15)
sadac φ aris mcire kuTxe da F veqtorebs Soris, rodesac veqtorTa saTaveebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva. 11.10b suraTidan gamomdinare, 11.15 formula asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
τ = rF , (11.16)
┴
τ = r F , (11.17)
┴
sadac r┴ (= r sin φ) aris F -is momentis mxari (perpendikularuli manZili O wertilsa da F -is
moqmedebis wrfes Soris).
taqtika 1:
veqtoruli namravli da gaxsovdeT, rom Zalis momenti wertilisadmi
an wertilis garSemo gamoiTvleba. sxva
Zalis momenti
SemTxvevaSi, Zalis moments azri ar gaaCnia.
Zalis momentisTvis miRebul 11.15 formu-
wertilis cvlilebam Zalis momentis sididis
laSi veqtoruli namravls pirvelad viyenebT.
da mimarTulebis Secvla SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
kargi iqneba Tu 3.8 paragrafs gadaikiTxavT,
magaliTad, 11.3 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi,
sadac veqtoruli gamravlebis wesebia moce
Zalebis mier gamowveuli momentebi O aTvlis
mulia. igive paragrafSi motanil amocanaTa
saTavis garSemo gamoiTvleba. Tu igive Zalis
amoxsnis taqtikas 5, sadac veqtoruli na
momentebs A wertilis garSemo gamoTvliT,
mravlis mimarTulebis dadgenis dros gavrce
yvela pasuxi nulis toli iqneba, vinaidan
lebuli Secdomebia ganxiluli.
TiToeuli ZalisTvis r = 0.
da meoTxe nivTieri wertilebi O wertilidan 4 m da 2 m manZilze wrfivad da erTi da igive
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. mexuTe nivTieri wertili O-ze gamaval wrfeze moZraobs. xuTive
nivTieri wertilis masa da siCqare Tanabaria. a) nivTieri wertilebi O wertilis garSemo
maTi kuTxuri impulsis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b) romel nivTier wertils aqvs
uaryofiTi kuTxuri impulsi O wertilis garSemo?
r1┴ (= 2 m) da r2┴ (= 4 m) perpendikularuli veqtoris O wertilis garSemo saaTis isris
11.21 formula pirveli nivTieri wertilis- maSasadame, meore nivTieri wertili kuTxuri
11.23 formula niutonis meore kanonis kuTxuri formaa erTi nivTieri wertilisTvis:
nivTier wertilze moqmedi yvela Zalis momentis veqtoruli jami am nivTieri wertilis
kuTxuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempis tolia.
11.23 formulas azri ara aqvs, Tu Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi erTi da igive aTvlis
saTavisadmi ar aris gansazRvruli.
,
sadac r aris nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veqtori, xolo - nivTieri wertilis siCqare.
formulis TiToeuli mxris diferencireba t droiT mogvcems:
d d dr
= m( r × + × ). (11.24)
dt dt dt
d /dt nivTieri wertilis a aCqarebaa, xolo dr /dt nivTieri wertilis siCqare. aqedan
gamomdinare, 11.24 formula Semdegi saxes iRebs:
d
= m( r × a + × ).
dt
× = 0 (veqtoris sakuTar TavTan veqtoruli namravli nulis tolia, vinaidan veqtorebs
Soris kuTxe nulia). es gvaZlevs:
d
= m( r × a ) = r × ma .
dt
amjerad niutonis meore kanonis saSualebiT ( = ma ) ma nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalebis
veqtoruli jamiT SevcvaloT da miviRebT:
d
dt
= × = ∑ (r × F ). (11.25)
∑ simbolo niSnavs, rom r × F veqtoruli namravli yvela ZalisTvis unda Seikribos. 11.14
formulidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli veqtoruli namravli erT ZalasTan dakavSirebuli Zalis
momentia. maSasadame, 11.25 formula gvauwyebs:
(11.26)
(11.27)
11.23 formulidan gamomdinare, sidide i rigis nivTier wertilze moqmedi jamuri Zalis
,i
momentis tolia. maSasadame, 11.27 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
. (11.28)
,i
es niSnavs, rom sistemis L kuTxuri impulsis cvlilebis tempi calkeul nivTier wertilebze
moqmedi Zalis momentebis veqtoruli jamia. momentebSi Sedis rogorc Sida Zalis momentebi
(nivTier wertilTa Soris moqmedi ZalebiT gamowveuli), aseve gare mabruni momentebi (sistemis
gare sxeulebidan nivTier wertilebze moqmedi ZalebiT gamowveuli). nivTier wertilebs Soris
moqmedi Zalebi mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvilebs qmnis da maTi momentebis jami nulis tolia. aqedan
gamomdinare, sistemis jamur L kuTxur impulss mxolod gare Zalis momentebi cvlis.
modiT iyos jamuri gare mabruni momenti anu sistemis nivTier wertilebze moqmedi yvela
gare Zalis momentis veqtoruli jami. 11.28 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
nivTier wertilTa sistemaze moqmedi jamuri gare Zalis momenti sistemis jamuri
L kuTxuri impulsis droSi cvlilebis tempis tolia.
kuTxuri impulsi erTi da igive aTvlis saTavis mimarT unda gaizomos. Tu sistemis masis centri
aTvlis inerciuli sistemisadmi ar Cqardeba, maSin aTvlis saTave nebismieri wertili SeiZleba
iyos. Tu sistemis masis centri Cqardeba, aTvlis saTaved mxolod masis centri SegviZlia
miviCnioT. magaliTad, miviCnioT borbali nivTier wertilTa sistemad. Tu borbali miwis mimarT
uZravi RerZis garSemo brunavs, maSin 11.29 formulis gamoyenebisTvis saWiro aTvlis saTave
miwisadmi uZravi nebismieri wertili SeiZleba iyos. Tu borbali aCqarebuli RerZis garSemo
brunavs (magaliTad, rodesac borbali daxril sibrtyeze gordeba), maSin aTvlis saTaved
mxolod borblis masis centri SegviZlia miviCnioT.
( )
veqtoriT dgindeba. masuri elementi
naCvenebia, rodesac r┴i radiusi x RerZis
=ω Δ mi r┴i2 (11.30)
paraleluria. b) masuri elementis i
kuTxuri impulsi O-sadmi. agreTve
naCvenebia i -is ℓiz komponenti.
ω SegviZlia integrals gareT gavitanoT, vinaidan
mbrunavi myari sxeulis yvela wertilisTvis Tanabaria.
11.10 fiqsirebuli RerZis garSemo mbrunavi myari sxeulis kuTxuri impulsi 383
11.31 formulaSi z indeqsi amovagdeT, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom am formuliT gamoTvlili
kuTxuri impulsi brunvis RerZis garSemo kuTxuri impulsia. garda amisa, I brunviTi inerciac
igive RerZis garSemo brunviTi inerciaa.
11.1 cxrili 10.3 cxrilis gagrZelebaa da wrfivi da kuTxuri sidideebis gamosaTvlel formulebs
gvTavazobs.
cxrili 11.1
gadataniTi moZraobis da brunvis Sesabamisi cvladebi da maT Soris kavSirebia
bade R radiusis da Mferso = 3×105 kg (borblis Δt1 = 5wm drois SualedSi ωF kuTxur siCqares
masis naxevari) masis fersoa. 10.2a cxrilidan iZens. ra saSualo jamuri gare saS
Zalis
gamomdinare, fersos brunviTi inerciaa: momenti moqmedebs borbalze Δt1 drois Sua
ledSi?
Iferso=MfersoR2=(3×105kg)(38m)2=4,33×108kg · m2 amoxsna: saSualo jamuri gare Zalis momenti
kabinebis, mgzavrebis da fersos gaerTianebuli datvirTuli borblis kuTxuri impulsis
I brunviTi inerciaa: ΔL cvlilebas 11.29 formuliT ( )
I = Ipc + Iferso = 7,9 × 108kg · m2 + 4,33 × 108kg · m2 ukavSirdeba. borbali fiqsirebuli RerZis
garSemo brunavs da ωF siCqares Δt1 drois
= 1,22×109 kg · m2
SualedSi aRwevs, 11.29 formula
amitom
ωF brunvis siCqaris gamoTvlisTvis 10.5 for τsaS = ΔL/Δt1 saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros. ΔL cvli
mula (ωsaS = Δθ/Δt) gamoviyenoT. borblis
leba nulidan xdeba da amitom gveqneba:
kuTxuri gadaadgildeba Δt = 2wT drois Sua
ΔL 6,39 × 107 kg×m2/wm
ledSi aris Δθ = 2π radiani da gveqneba: τsaS = Δt = 5 wm
1
sakontrolo wertili 7. xoWo mbrunavi diskos fersoze zis. Tu xoWo diskos centrisken
gadava, xoWosa da diskosgan Semdgari sistemis a) brunviTi inercia, b) kuTxuri impulsi da
g) kuTxuri siCqare gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
Irod = 12
1 Md 2 + M
()d
2
2
= 13 Md 2.
4
3 Md ωf +
2 4
md 2ωf = 3 Md 2ωi + mdνi cos 60°.
L = Iω, (11.43)
sadac I aris giroskopis brunviTi inercia RerZis garSemo,
(g)
xolo ω - borblis kuTxuri siCqare igive RerZis garSemo.
sur. 11.22. a) uZravi giroskopi Zalis
momentis Sedegad brunavs da xz sibrtyeSi
L veqtori RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli (sur. 11.22b).
vardeba. b) kuTxuri impulsis mqone vinaidan L veqtori r -is paraleluria, Zalis momenti
swrafad mbrunavi giroskopi z RerZis L -is perpendikularulia.
garSemo precesias ganicdis. precesiuli
11.41 formulis Tanaxmad, mabruni momenti giroskopis
moZraoba xy sibrtyeSi xdeba. g) kuTxuri
impulsis d /dt cvlileba O-s garSemo
kuTxur impulsis dL zrdas dt drois SualedSi iwvevs:
-is brunvas iwvevs.
dL = dt (11.44)
11.12. giroskopis precesia 391
miuxedavad amisa, swrafad mbrunavi giroskopis SemTxvevaSi L -is mniSvneloba fiqsirebulia.
aqedan gamomdinare, Zalis momenti mxolod L -is mimarTulebas cvlis da ara mis sidides.
11.44 formulidan gamomdinare, dL -is mimarTuleba -is mimarTulebas emTxveva da L -is
perpendikularulia. L sididis cvlilebis gareSe L -is mimarTulebis Secvlis erTaderTi
gza misi z RerZis garSemo brunvaa (sur. 11.22g). L inarCunebs sidides, L veqtori wriuli
traeqtoriiT moZraobs da veqtori yovelTvis am traeqtoriis mxebia. vinaidan L veqtori
yovelTvis RerZis gaswvriv unda iyos mimarTuli, borblis RerZi z RerZis garSemo -s
mimarTulebiT brunavs. swored am dros gvaqvs precesia. mbrunavi giroskopi niutonis kanons
emorCileba, amitom man precesia unda ganicados Camovardnis nacvlad.
11.44 da 11.42 formulebis saSualebiT dL -is sidide gamovTvaloT da Semdeg Ω precesiis temps
gamovTvliT:
dL = τdt = Mgr dt (11.45)
rodesac L garkveuli raodenobiT dt drois SualedSi izrdeba, Rero da L veqtori z RerZis
garSemo dφ kuTxiT precesias ganicdian (11.22g suraTze, dφ kuTxe sicxadisTvis gadidebulia).
11.43 da 11.45 formulebidan gamomdinare:
dL Mgr dt
dφ = = .
L Iω
es formula dt-ze gavyoT da Ω = dφ/dt aRniSvna SemoviRoT:
Mgr
Ω= (precesiis tempi) (11.46)
Iω
miRebuli formula sworia, Tu davuSvebT, rom brunvis ω tempi Zalian maRalia. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom ω-s zrdasTan erTad Ω mcirdeba. garda amisa, precesia ar iarsebebs, Tu
giroskopze Mg mizidulobis Zala ar imoqmedebs. vinaidan I brunviTi inercia M-is funqciaa,
11.46 formulaSi masa baTildeba da, maSasadame, Ω masaze damokidebuli ar aris.
11.46 formula aseve gamosadegia, rodesac mbrunavi giroskopis RerZi horizontalisadmi raime
kuTxes adgens.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
sadac νcom aris borblis masis centris wrfivi Tanabrad goravs, misi aCqareba x RerZis
τ = rF sin φ = rF┴ = r┴F , (11.15, 11.16, 11.17) nivTier wertilTa sistemis kuTxuri
impulsi. nivTier wertilTa sistemis
sadac φ aris kuTxe -sa da -s Soris, F┴ –
kuTxuri impulsi calkeuli nivTieri werti
-is -isadmi perpendikularuli kompo
lebis kuTxuri impulsebis veqtoruli jamia:
nenti, xolo r┴ – -is momentis mxari. -is
mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesiT dgindeba. . (11.26)
SekiTxvebi
1. nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis veqto tilze moqmedebs ( 1 Zala suraTis sibrtyeSia
ris sidide garkveuli wertilis mimarT 3m- modebuli simbolo ). Zalebi maT mier
ia da nivTier wertilze 4n sididis Zala warmoqmnili Zalis momentis mixedviT a) P1
moqmedebs. ra kuTxea -sa da -s Soris, Tu wertilze, b) P2 wertilze da g) P3 wertilze
Zalis momenti dididan mcireze
a) nulis tolia da daalageT.
b) 12n · m-ia. 3. 11.24 suraTze
2. 11.23 suraTze, naCvenebia (1m,1m,0)
Tanabari sididis da (1m,0,1m) koor
sami Zala aTvlis dinatebze mdebare
saTaveze mdeba A da B wertilebi.
re nivTier wer samive nivTier wer sur. 11.24. SekiTxva 3.
sur. 11.23. SekiTxva 2.
393
tilze Tanabari sididis da RerZebis para jamuri kuTxuri impulsis mixedviT dididan
leluri sami Zala moqmedebs. a) romeli Zala mcireze daalageT.
warmoqmnis aTvlis saTavis garSemo Zalis 7. nivTieri wertilis ℓ(t) kuTxuri impulsia:
moments, romelic y RerZis paraleluria? 1) ℓ = 3t+4; 2) ℓ = –6t2; 3) ℓ = 2; 4) ℓ = 4/t. romel
b) Zalebi nivTier wertilze da aTvlis saTavis SemTxvevaSia nivTier wertilze moqmedi
garSemo warmoqmnili Zalis momentis mixedviT jamuri Zalis momenti a) nulis toli,
dididan mcireze daalageT. b) dadebiTi da mudmivi, g) uaryofiTi da
4. ra mosdis 11.25 suraTze gamosaxul uZrav zrdadi da d) uaryofiTi da klebadi?
io-ios, Tu mas Tokis saSualebiT a) 2 ZaliT 8. 11.28 suraTze naCvenebia borblis L kuTxuri
(moqmedebis wrfe magidasTan Sexebis wertilze impulsis t droze
gadis), b) 1 ZaliT d a m o k i d e b u l e b i s
(moqmedebis wrfe Se funqciis grafiki.
xebis wertilis zemoT suraTze miTiTebuli
gadis) da g) 3 ZaliT drois Sualedebi
sur. 11.28. SekiTxva 8.
(moqmedebis wrfe Sexe borbalze moqmedi
bis wertilis marjvniv Zalis momentis mixedviT dididan mcireze
gadis) ubiZgebT? daalageT.
5. 11.26 suraTze sur. 11.25. SekiTxva 4.
9. 11.29 suraTze naCvenebia O centris
naCvenebia mudmivi siCqariT moZravi nivTieri garSemo mbrunavi
wertili da xy koordinatTa sibrtyeSi mde marTkuTxa firfita.
bare xuTi wertili. wertilebi maT garSemo suraTze aseve na
nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsis mi Cvenebia uZrav fir-
xedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. fitaze misakrobi sur. 11.29. SekiTxva 9.
saReWi rezinebis
(Tanabari masis da siCqaris) moZraobis Svidi
traeqtoria. a) traeqtoriebi saReWi rezinis
mikrobis Semdeg firfitis kuTxuri siCqaris
mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. b)
romeli traeqtoriis SemTxvevaSi iqneba
firfitis kuTxuri impulsi O-s garSemo
uaryofiTi?
sur. 11.26. SekiTxva 5
10. xoWo saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaR
6. 11.27 suraTze mdegod mbrunavi horizontaluri diskos
naCvenebia Tanabari fersoze zis. Tu xoWo fersoze brunvis
masis da Tanabari mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba, a) xoWo-
siCqariT moZravi diskos sistemis kuTxuri impulsi, b) xoWos
sami nivTieri wer kuTxuri impulsi da kuTxuri siCqare da
tili. a, b, c da d g) diskos kuTxuri siCqare da kuTxuri impulsi
wertilebi kvad gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu ar Seicvleba?
sur. 11.27. SekiTxva 6.
rats qmnis da e d) ra pasuxebs miiRebT, Tu xoWo sapirispiro
wertili kvadratis centrSia. wertilebi maT mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba?
garSemo sami nivTieri wertilis sistemis
394 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
amocanebi
saburavis k) centrs, l) zeda nawils da m) qveda siCqare aqvs cilindrs centris garSemo,
nawils? siCqare erTeulovan-veqtoruli rodesac is saxuravidan vardeba? b) saxuravis
saxiT CawereT. kididan dedamiwamde H = 5 m manZilia.
paragrafi 11.4. gorvis Zalebi saxuravis kididan ra horizontalur manZilze
·3. 140 kg masis ferso horizontalur ze daecema cilindri dedamiwaze? ILW
dapirze goravs da fersos masis centris ··8. 0,28 g masis
siCqarea 0,15 m/wm. ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes burTi 11.32 sur
fersoze, raTa is gaCerdes? SSM aTze zedapirze
·4. erTgvarovani myari sfero daxril Tanabrad goravs.
sibrtyeze gordeba. a) sibrtyis rogori zedapiris wriuli
daxris kuTxis SemTxvevaSi iqneba sferos monakveTis radiu
centris wrfivi aCqareba 0,1g? b) Tu am kuTxiT sia R = 14 sm, xolo sur. 11.32. amocana 8.
daxril sibrtyeze bloki xaxunis gareSe burTis radiusi
Camosrialdeba, misi aCqareba 0,1g-ze meti r << R. a) risi tolia h simaRle, Tu burTi
iqneba, naklebi iqneba Tu igive iqneba? ratom? zedapiris wriuli monakveTis wverze asvlisas
Camovardnis zRvarzea? Tu burTi moZraobas
·5. 1000 kg masis manqanas 10 kg masis oTxi
borbali aqvs. manqanis moZraobis dros misi
h = 6R simaRlidan iwyebs, ra b) sididis da
395
g) mimarTulebis Zalis horizontaluri platoze, bolos saTamaSo dafaze vardeba,
komponenti moqmedebs burTze Q wertilSi? romelic swori zedapiris marjvena kididan
··9. 11.33 suraTze, d horizontalur manZilzea. vertikaluri
myari burTi Tana simaRleebia h1 = 5 sm da h2 = 1,6 sm. ra siCqariT
brad goravs (mo unda gauSvan P wertilidan burTi, raTa is
Zraobas H = 6 m si- d = 6 sm manZilze gaCerdes?
maRlidan iwyebs)
da Semdeg h = 2 m
simaRlidan varde sur. 11.33. amocana 9
ba. A wertilidan
ra horizontalur manZilze daecema burTi
miwaze? SSM sur. 11.36. amocana 12.
radiusia 2R. B da C diskoebi Tanabari siCqariT brunavs da 2,5 wamis ganmavlobaSi erT
simkvrivis da sisqisaa. risi tolia C diskos bruns asrulebs. davuSvaT R=0,5m da m=2kg. a)
kuTxuri impulsis fardoba B diskos kuTxur ra brunviTi inercia aqvs struqturas brunvis
RerZis mimarT da b) ra kuTxuri impulsi
struqturas igive RerZis mimarT?
paragrafi 11.11. kuTxuri impulsis
mudmivoba
·40. eleqtroZravis rotoris brunviTi
impulsTan? inercia centraluri RerZis mimarT aris
sur. 11.42. amocana 36. Im=2×10-3kg·m2. Zrava kosmosuri xomaldis
·37. 11.43 suraTze, mimarTulebis SecvlisTvis gamoiyeneba.
m = 23 g masis sami motoris RerZi kosmosuri xomaldis
nivTieri wertili centraluri RerZis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli
umniSvnelo masis da xomaldis brunviTi inercia am RerZis
da d=12sm sigrZis sur. 11.43. amocana 37.
mimarT aris Ip=12kg·m2. gamoTvaleT rotoris
sam Zelakzea dama brunebis saWiro ricxvi, raTa kosmosuri
grebuli. mTeli sistema O wertilis garSemo xomaldi centraluri RerZis garSemo 30°-iT
ω=0,85 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Setrialdes.
O wertilis mimarT risi tolia a) sistemis ·41. adamiani 1,2br/wm kuTxuri siCqariT
brunviTi inercia, b) Sua nivTieri wertili mbrunav platformaze dgas, xelebi aqvs
wertilis kuTxuri impulsi da g) sistemis gaSlili da orive xelSi aguri uWiravs.
kuTxuri impulsi? SSM adamianis, agurebisa da platformisgan Sem
··38. 11.44 suraTze naCvenebia centris garSemo dgari sistemis brunviTi inercia platformis
mbrunav diskoze moqmedi τ Zalis momentis centraluri vertikaluri RerZis mimarT
droze damokidebulebis grafiki. ra kuTxuri aris 6kg·m2. agurebis moZraobis Sedegad
impulsi aqvs diskos brunvis RerZis mimarT: adamiani sistemis brunviT inercias 2kg·m2-mde
a) t = 7 wm da b) t = 20 wm dros? amcirebs. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs Sedegad
399
platformas da b) risi tolia sistemis matarebeli lian
axali kinetikuri energiis sawyis kinetikur dagze dasves da
energiasTan fardoba? g) ra wyarom ganapiroba CarTes. matarebeli
damatebiTi kinetikuri energia? SSM WWW liandagis mimarT
sur. 11.47. amocana 45.
·42. ori disko erTi da igive RerZze mdebare 0,15m/wm siCqariT
sayrden wertilebzea damagrebuli. diskoebis moZraobs. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs borbals,
ermaneTTan miaxloebis Sedegad isini wyvilad Tu misi masaa 1,1m da radiusia 0,43m? (borbali
brunavs. centraluri RerZis garSemo 3,3kg·m 2 fersod miiCnieT, xolo manebis da morgvis
brunviTi inerciis mqone pirveli disko saaTis masebi ugulvebelyaviT). SSM
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ·46. mbrunavi varskvlavi pataravdeba da misi
450 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, xolo brunviTi inercia sawyisi mniSvnelobis 1/3-mde
centraluri RerZis garSemo 6,6 kg·m2 brun ecema. risi tolia brunvis axali kinetikuri
viTi inerciis mqone meore disko saaTis isris energiis Sefardeba brunvis sawyis kinetikur
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT energiasTan?
900 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg ·47. 11.48 suraTze,
diskoebi wyvildeba. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare 50kg masis ori
aqvT maT dawyvilebis Semdeg? Tu meore disko mocigurave 3 m-iT
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT 900 d a S o r e b u l i
br/wT siCqariT brunavs, ra iqneba diskoebis paraleluri traeq sur. 11.48. amocana 47.
b) kuTxuri siCqare da g) brunvis mimarTuleba toriebiT erTmaneTs
dawyvilebis Semdeg? uaxlovdeba. TiToeuli maTganis siCqarea 1,4 m/
·43. borbali 800 br/wT kuTxuri siCqariT wm. erT mociguraves umniSvnelo masis grZeli
RerZis garSemo brunavs, romlis brunviTi joxi erTi bolodan uWiravs, xolo meore
inercia umniSvneloa. orjer meti brunviTi mocigurave mas meore boloze avlebs xels.
inerciis mqone meore borbali igive RerZze Semdeg mociguraveebi joxis centris garSemo
iwyebs brunvas. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare eqneba brunaven. davuSvaT, cigurebsa da yinuls Soris
RerZsa da or borbals? b) brunvis sawyisi xaxuni umniSvneloa. a) ra radiusi aqvs wres,
kinetikuri energiis ra nawili ikargeba? SSM b) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs cigurebs da
ILW g) ra kinetikuri energia aqvs mociguraveebis
·44. texasuri ta sistemas? Semdeg mociguraveebi joxs qaCaven
rakani Tavisuflad da maT Soris manZili 1 m xdeba. ra iqneba am
mbrunavi wriuli dros d) mociguraveebis kuTxuri siCqare da
diskos centrze zis e) sistemis kinetikuri energia? v) ra wyarodan
da Semdeg R radi miiReba damatebiTi kinetikuri energia?
usis manZilze, ·48. 0,17 kg masis texasuri tarakani 15 sm
diskos kidisken sur. 11.46. amocana 44. radiusis da 5×10–3kg·m2 brunviTi inerciis
gadaadgildeba. diskoze gare Zalis momenti ar mqone wriuli diskos garSemo darbis. disko
moqmedebs. 11.46 suraTze naCvenebia tarakani- vertikalur RerZzea damagrebuli. tarakanis
diskos sistemis ω kuTxuri siCqaris grafiki. siCqare dedamiwis mimarT aris 2 m/wm da disko
rodesac tarakani diskos kideze imyofeba, ω0 = 2,8 radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis
risi tolia misi brunviTi inerciis Sefardeba isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs. Semdeg
diskos brunviT inerciasTan? orive brunviTi tarakani diskoze puris namcecs poulobs da,
inercia brunvis RerZis garSemoa. ra Tqma unda, Cerdeba. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare
·45. liandagi vertikaluri RerZis garSemo aqvs diskos tarakanis gaCerebis Semdeg?
xaxunisgan Tavisuflad mbrunav did bor b) icvleba Tu ara meqanikuri energia tarakanis
balzea dagebuli (sur. 11.47). m masis saTamaSo gaCerebis Semdeg?
400 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
·49. 0,1 kg masis da 0,1 m radiusis vinilis tarakani diskos centrisken gadaadgildeba
firfita mis centrze gamavali vertikaluri da naxevar manZils gadis. a) ra kuTxuri siCqare
RerZis garSemo 4,7 radiani/wm kuTxuri aqvs am dros disko-tarakanis sistemas? b) risi
siCqariT brunavs. firfitis brunviTi inercia tolia sistemis axali kinetikuri energiis
brunvis RerZis garSemo aris 5×10 kg·m . –4 2 fardoba sawyis kinetikur energiasTan K/K0?
0,02 kg masis sveli sapoxi firfitas ecema g) riT aixsneba kinetikuri energiis cvlileba?
da mis kides ekroba. ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs ··53. 11.51 suraTze
firfitas sapoxis mikrobis Semdeg? naCvenebia 0,8 m
··50. 11.49 suraTze naCvenebia 0,6 m sigrZis sigrZis da M masis
da M masis erTgvarovani Zelaki, romelic erTgvarovani Ze
mis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo 80 laki, romelic sur. 11.51. amocana 53.
radiani/wm siCqariT saaTis isris moZraobis mis centrze gama
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. M/3 vali RerZis garSemo 20 radiani/wm kuTxuri
masis da 40 m/wm siCqariT horizontalurad siCqariT horizontalurad brunavs. Zelakis
moZravi nivTieri wertili Zelaks ejaxeba erT boloze mimagrebuli M/3 masis nivTieri
da ekroba. nivTieri wertilis traeqtoria wertili Zelakis perpendikularuli
Zelakis perpendikularulia da Zelakis traeqtoriiT iwyebs moZraobas. Tu nivTieri
centridan d manZiliTaa daSorebuli. a) wertilis νp siCqare Zelakis bolos siCqareze
d-s ra mniSvnelobisas gaCerdeba Zelaki da 6 m/wm-iT metia, risi tolia νp?
nivTieri wertili Sejaxebis Semdeg? b) ra ··54. wriuli diskos formis horizontaluri
mimarTulebiT imoZravebs Zelaki da nivTieri platforma mis centrze gamavali
wertili, Tu d-s mniSvneloba ufro metia? vertikaluri RerZis garSemo brunavs.
platformis masaa 150 kg, radiusia 2 m da
brunvis RerZis garSemo brunviTi inerciaa
300 kg·m2. 50 kg masis studenti platformis
kididan centrisken gadaadgildeba. Tu
studentis moZraobis dawyebisas sistemis
kuTxuri siCqarea 1,5 radiani/wm, ra iqneba
sur. 11.49. amocana 50. kuTxuri siCqare, rodesac studenti
··51. 0,5m sigrZis centridan 0,5 m manZilzea?
da 4kg masis erT- ··55. 10m masis da 3r radiusis erTgvarovani
gvarovani Zelaki disko centris garSemo Tavisuflad brunavs.
mis centrze gama m da r radiusis momcro disko mozrdil
vali vertikaluri diskoze devs da maT saerTo centri aqvT.
RerZis garSemo Tavdapirvelad orive disko 20 radiani/wm
horizontalur sur. 11.50. amocana 51. kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg patara
sibrtyeSi bru disko mozrdil diskoze gadaadgildeba da
navs. Zelaki uZravia, rodesac 3g masis tyvias misi kide mozrdili diskos kides emTxveva. amis
Zelakis erT bolos esvrian. tyviis traeqtoria Semdeg diskoebi kvlav ganagrZoben brunvas.
Zelakisadmi θ = 60° kuTxes Seadgens (sur. a) ra iqneba mozrdili diskos kuTxuri siCqare
11.50). Tu tyvia ZelakSi rCeba da Sejaxebis centris garSemo? b) ra iqneba diskoebis
Semdeg Zelakis kuTxuri siCqarea 10 rad/wm, sistemis axali kinetikuri energiis fardoba
ra siCqare aqvs tyvias Sejaxebamde? sawyis kinetikur energiasTan K/K0?
··52. m masis tarakani 4m masis da centris ··56. 11.52 suraTze, 1g masis tyvia, 0,6m sigrZis
garSemo Tavisuflad mbrunavi erTgvarovani da 0,5kg masis araerTgvarovan Zelakis boloze
diskos fersoze zis. tarakani da disko 0,26 damagrebul, 0,5kg masis bloks esroles.
radiani/wm kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs. Semdeg bloki-Zelaki-tyviis sistema suraTis sibr
401
tyeSi, A wertilze umniSvnelo masis
gamavali fiqsirebuli Zelakis or bo
RerZis mimarT bru lozea damagre
navs. Zelakis bru buli. Zelaki mis
nviTi inercia A centrze gamavali
sur. 11.55. amocana 59.
wertilze gamavali horizontaluri
fiqsirebuli RerZis RerZis garSemo, xaxunis gareSe, vertikalur
mimarT aris 0,06kg·m2. sibrtyeSi Tavisuflad brunavs. rodesac
bloki nivTier wer Zelaki horizontalur mdgomareobaSia (sur.
tilad miiCnieT. a) ra sur. 11.52. amocana 56. 11.55), erT-erT burTs 50 g masis talaxis
brunviTi inercia aqvs gunda 3 m/wm siCqariT ejaxeba da ekroba. a) ra
bloki-Zelaki-tyviis sistemas A wertilis kuTxuri siCqare aqvs sistemas amis Semdeg? b)
mimarT? b) Tu sistemis kuTxuri siCqare risi tolia Sejaxebamde sistemis kinetikuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg 4,5 radiani/wm-ia, ra siCqare energiis Sefardeba Sejaxebis Semdgom
aqvs tyvias kinetikur energiasTan? g) ra kuTxes Semowers
Sejaxebamde? sistema, vidre wamierad gaCerdeba? SSM WWW
··57. 11.53 ···60. 11.55 sura
s u r a T z e Tze, 50 g masis
gamosaxuli erT patara bloki xa
gvarovani Zelaki xunisgan Tavisu
(0,6m sigrZis da fal zedapirze,
1kg masis) mis erT h = 20 sm simaRli
boloze gama dan srialdeba da
sur. 11.53. amocana 57.
vali RerZis gar 100 g masis da 40 sm
sur. 11.56. amocana 60.
yeSi brunavs da 0,12kg·m
Semo suraTis sibrt 2 sigrZis Zelaks ek
brunviTi inercia aqvs. qvemoT Camosvlisas roba. Zelaki O wertilis garSemo θ kuTxes
Zelaki 0,2kg masis talaxis gundas ejaxeba da Semowers da wamierad Cerdeba. gamoTvaleT θ.
boloze ikrobs. Tu Zelakis kuTxuri siCqare
paragrafi 11.12. giroskopis precesia
Sejaxebamde 2,4 radiani/wm-ia, ra iqneba
··61. bzriala vertikalisadmi 30° kuTxis
Zelaki-gundis sistemis kuTxuri siCqare
mdgeneli RerZis garSemo 30 br/wm kuTxuri
Sejaxebis Semdeg?
siCqariT brunavs. bzrialas masaa 0,5 kg,
···58. 11.54 su
centraluri RerZis garSemo misi brunviTi
raTze, 30 kg ma
inerciaa 5×10-4 kg·m2 da misi masis centri
sis bavSvi 100 kg
sayrdeni wertilidan 4 sm manZilzea. Tu
masis da 2 m ra
brunva saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
diusis uZravi ka
xdeba, risi tolia a) precesiis tempi da b) ra
ruselis kideze
mimarTulebiT xdeba precesia?
dgas. karuselis
sur. 11.54. amocana 58. ··62. giroskopi 50 sm radiusis erTgvarovani
brunviTi inercia
diskosgan Sedgeba, romelic 11 sm sigrZis
brunvis RerZis garSemo aris 150 kg·m2. Semdeg
da umniSvnelo masis RerZis centrzea
bavSvi megobris nasrol 1 kg masis burTs
damagrebuli. RerZi horizontalur mdgo
iWers. daWeramde burTs 12 m/wm sididis da
mareobaSia da erTi boloTi damagrebulia.
φ = 37° kuTxis horizontaluri siCqare aqvs,
Tu disko RerZis garSemo 1000 br/wT kuTxuri
romelic karuselis kidis mxebia. ra kuTxuri
siCqariT brunavs, risi tolia precesiis
siCqare aqvs karusels burTis daWeris Semdeg?
tempi?
···59. 2 kg masis ori burTi 50 sm sigrZis da
402 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
63. 2,5 kg masis nivTieri wertili (–3 m/wm) umniSvneloa. rgoli 8 radiani/wm kuTxuri
siCqariT horizontalurad moZraobs da siCqariT brunavs da m=M/4 masis kata mis gare
rav, 4kg masis nivTier wertils sruliad ara gazrdis kata kata-rgolis sistemis kinetikur
kuTxuri impulsi aqvs TiToeul wertils aT 67. 2,9×10–4kg masis ori nivTieri wertili
vlis saTavis mimarT erTeulovan-veqtorul 4,2sm-iT daSorebuli paraleluri wrfe
CanawerSi? ebis gaswvriv, urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimar
Soris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti aris ba Tu ara g) a)-s pasuxi da d) b)-s pasuxi?
0,21. burTze moqmedi f k kinetikuri xaxunis 68. 0,25sm radiusis da 0,55g masis patara sfero
Zala wrfiv aCqarebas iwvevs da amave dros 15sm radiusis da simetriis vertikaluri
Zalis moments warmoqmnis, romelic burTis RerZis mqone didi naxevarsferos SigniT
kuTxur aCqarebas zrdis. rodesac νcom srialis gareSe goravs. sfero naxevarsferos
siCqare sakmarisad Semcirdeba da ω siCqare wveridan iwyebs moZraobas. a) ra kinetikuri
sakmarisad gaizrdeba, burTi aRar srialebs energia eqneba mas naxevarsferos fskerze? b)
da Tanabrad goravs. a) risi tolia am dros am kinetikuri energiis ra nawili ukavSirdeba
νcom ω-s TermebSi? srialis ra b) wrfivi masis centrze gamavali RerZis garSemo
aCqareba da g) kuTxuri aCqareba aqvs burTs? brunvas? g) ra drekadobis Zala moqmedebs
d) ramden xans srialebs burTi? e) ra manZilze sferodan naxevarsferoze, rodesac sfero
srialdeba burTi? v) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs naxevarsferos fskerzea?
burTs, rodesac Tanabrad gorvas iwyebs? 69. M=0,25kg masis
65. wignis formis nivTieri wertili
granitis bloks dedamiwidan h=1,8m
20sm×15sm zomebi simaRleze da O
da 1,2sm sisqe aqvs. dakvirvebis wer
granitis simkvrivea tilidan s = 0,45m
2,64g/sm3. bloki ze horizontalur
sur. 11.59. amocana 69.
dapirisadmi per manZilze mdebare
p e n d i k u l a r u l i adgilidan Camovarda (sur. 11.69). ra kuTxuri
sur. 11.58. amocana 66.
da kuTxesa da cen impulsi aqvs nivTier wertils O-s mimarT,
trs Soris Sua wertilze gamavali RerZis rodesac nivTierma wertilma dedamiwaze
garSemo brunavs. blokis kuTxuri impulsi Camovardnamde naxevari manZili gaiara?
RerZis mimarT aris 0,104kg·m /wm. brunvis ra
2
70. 0,15 m radiusis da masis centrze gamavali
kinetikuri energia arsebobs RerZis garSemo? wrfis mimarT I = 0,04 kg·m2 brunviTi inerciis
66. 11.58 suraTze naCvenebia centris garSemo mqone carieli sfero horizontalisadmi 30°-
mrbunavi rgoli. rgolis gare radiusia R2=0,8m, iT daxril zedapirze srialis gareSe gordeba.
Sida radiusia R1=R2/2 da masaa M=8kg. rgolis garkveul sawyis mdebareobaze sferos
403
jamuri kinetikuri energiaa 20 j. a) sawyisi samjer metia. ra iqneba maTi brunviTi
kinetikuri energiis ra nawilia brunvis inerciebis IA/IB Sefardeba Tu borblebs a)
kinetikuri energia? b) ra siCqare aqvs sferos centraluri RerZebis garSemo Tanabari
masis centrs sawyis mdebareobaze? rodesac kuTxuri impulsebi da b) Tanabari brunvis
sfero daxril zedapirze 1 m-iT maRla ava, ra kinetikuri energiebi aqvT?
iqneba misi g) jamuri kinetikuri energia da d) 77. M masis gogona R radiusis da I brunviTi
masis centris siCqare? inerciis mqone uZravi karuselis fersoze
71. t = 0 dros, 2 kg masis nivTieri wertilis dgas. Semdeg gogona m masis qvas karuselis gare
mdebareobis veqtori aTvlis saTavis mimarT kidis mxebi mimarTulebiT horizontalurad
aris r =(4 m) –(2 m) . misi siCqare =(–6t 2 m/wm) , isvris. qvis siCqare dedamiwisadmi aris ν. amis
rodesac t ≥ 0. aTvlis saTavis mimarT da Semdeg a) ra kuTxuri siCqare aqvs karusels da
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi a) ra L kuT b) ra wrfivi siCqare aqvs gogonas?
xuri impulsi aqvs nivTier wertils da b) ra 78. 4kg masis nivTieri wertili xy sibrtyeSi
Zalis momenti moqmedebs nivTier wertilze, moZraobs. rodesac nivTieri wertilis mde
rodesac t > 0? (–2m, –3m, 0) wertilis garSemo bareobaa = (2 + 4 ) m da siCqarea –4 m/wm, mas
risi tolia g) L da d) , rodesac t > 0? ze = –3 n Zala moqmedebs. am momentisTvis
72. erTgvarovani myari burTi zedapirze gamoTvaleT a) nivTieri wertilis kuTxuri
Tanabrad migoravs da Semdeg 15°-iT daxril impulsi aTvlis saTavis mimarT, b) nivTieri
sibrtyeze adis. 1,5 m-is gavlis Semdeg burTi wertilis kuTxuri impulsi x = 0, y = 4 m
wamierad Cerdeba. ra sawyisi siCqare hqonda koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT,
mas? g) nivTier wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti
73. borbali 600 kg·m /wm kuTxuri impulsiT
2 aTvlis saTavis mimarT da d) nivTier
centraluri RerZis garSemo saaTis isris wertilze moqmedi Zalis momenti x = 0, y = 4 m
moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs. rodesac koordinatebze mdebare wertilis mimarT.
t = 0, 50 n·m Zalis momenti borbalze moqmedebs 79. garkveul momentSi 0,8 kg masis nivTieri
da mis mimarTulebas cvlis. ra t dros aris wertilis mdebareobaa = (2 m) + (3 m) . niv-
kuTxuri siCqare nulis toli? Tieri wertilis kuTxuri impulsi xy
74. Txelkedlebiani mili zedapirze migoravs. sibrtyeSi Zevs, 2,4 kg·m/wm sidide aqvs da x
risi tolia milis gadataniTi kinetikuri RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi saaTis
energiis Sefardeba misi sigrZis paraleluri isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod 115° kuTxes
centraluri RerZis garSemo brunvis kine adgens. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs erTeulovan-
tikur energiasTan? veqtorul CanawerSi nivTier wertils aTvlis
saTavis mimarT?
75. 3kg masis saTamaSo manqana x RerZis gaswvriv
80. 36 n wonis myari sfero 30°-iT daxril
= –2t m/wm siCqariT moZraobs, sadac t
3
wamebSia. rodesac t > 0, a) ra L kuTxuri zedapirze maRla gordeba. aRmarTis
impulsi aqvs manqanas da b) ra Zalis momenti dasawyisSi sferos masis centris gadataniTi
moqmedebs manqanaze aTvlis saTavis mimarT? siCqarea 4,9m/wm. a) ra kinetikuri energia
risi tolia g) L da d) (2m,5m,0) wertilis aqvs sferos aRmarTis dasawyisSi? b) ra
mimarT? risi tolia e) L da v) (2m,–5m,0) manZils gaivlis sfero aRmarTze? g) aris
wertilis mimarT? Tu ara b) SekiTxvis pasuxi sferos masaze
damokidebuli?
76. 11.60 suraTze
gamosaxuli A da B 81. R radiusis da m masis sxeuli horizonta-
borbali RvediT lur zedapirze ν siCqariT Tanabrad goravs.
aris gadabmuli. B Semdeg sxeuli h maqsimaluri simaRlis
borblis radiusi A sur. 11.60. amocana 76. gorakze gordeba. a) Tu h = 3ν2/4g, ra brunviTi
borblis radiusze inercia aqvs sxeuls masis centrze gamavali
404 Tavi 11 gorva, Zalis momenti da kuTxuri impulsi
0
-is mimarTulebas emTxveva, xolo y RerZi moZraobs. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs TviT
mimarTulia maRla. ra kuTxuri impulsi mfrinavs dedamiwaze mis qvemoT mdebare
aqvs bloks A wertilis mimarT a) magididan wertilis mimarT?
Camovardnis dros da b) iatakze dacemamde? 95. karuselis radiusia 1,2 m da masaa 180 kg.
ra Zalis momentebi moqmedebs blokze A wer brunvis radiusia 91 sm (ix. me-10 Tavis
tilis mimarT, g) magididan Camovardnis 85-e amocana). 44kg masis bavSvi 3m/wm siCqariT
dros da d) iatakze dacemamde? pasuxebi uZravi karuselis fersos mxebi traeqtoriiT
erTeulovan-veqtoruli CanaweriT gaeciT. darbis da Semdeg karuselze xteba. gamoTvaleT
89. davuSvaT me-15 amocanaSi motanili io- a) karuselis brunviTi inercia brunvis
io, gorvis nacvlad, 1,3m/wm sawyisi siCqariT RerZis mimarT, b) morbenali bavSvis kuTxuri
isroles. a) ra dro dasWirdeba io-ios Tokis impulsi karuselis brunvis RerZis mimarT da
bolomde misaRwevad? Tokis bolos ra iqneba g) karuselis kuTxuri siCqare bavSvis Sextomis
misi b) jamuri kinetikuri energia, g) wrfivi Semdeg.
siCqare, d) gadataniTi kinetikuri energia, 96. mocemulia = x + y + z da = Fx +
e) kuTxuri siCqare da v) brunvis kinetikuri Fy + Fz . daamtkiceT, rom = r × aris:
energia?
= (yFz – zFy) + (zFx – xFz) + (xFy – yFx)
90. erTgvarovani Zelaki mis erT boloze
gamavali vertikaluri RerZis garSemo 97. 84kg masis adamiani dedamiwis ekvatorze
horizontalur sibrtyeSi brunavs. Zelaki 6 m dgas. ra kuTxuri impulsi aqvs mas dedamiwis
sigrZisaa, 10 n-s iwonis da 240 br/wT kuTxuri centris garSemo dedamiwis brunvis Sedegad?
siCqariT brunavs. gamoTvaleT a) misi brunviTi 98. daamtkiceT, rom Tu r da F veqtorebi
inercia brunvis RerZis mimarT da b) kuTxuri mocemul sibrtyeSi aris ganlagebuli,
impulsi brunvis RerZis mimarT. = r × Zalis moments am sibrtyeSi komponenti
91. a) 10.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi, rotoris ar aqvs.
afeTqebis Semdeg brunvis RerZis garSemo ra 99. Tu mocemulia gvaqvs r, p da φ, nivTieri
kuTxuri impulsi aRmoCnda garemoSi? b) Tu wertilis kuTxur impulss 11.19 formuliT
davuSvebT, rom rotoris nawilebis umetesoba gamovTvliT. miuxedavad amisa, zogjer mo
afeTqebidan 0,025 wamis Semdeg gaCerda, cemulia r -is (x,y,z) komponentebi da -s
ra saSualo Zalis momenti moqmedebda am (νx , νy , νz) komponentebi. a) daamtkiceT, rom
nawilebze brunvis RerZis mimarT? -is x, y da z RerZebis gaswvrivi komponentebia
92. dedamiwis polaruli yinulis srulad x=m(yνz – zνy), y=m(zνx – xνz) da z=m(xνy – yνx).
gadnobis SemTxvevaSi msoflio okeanis done b) daamtkiceT, rom Tu nivTieri wertili
daaxloebiT 30m-iT moimatebs. ra zegavlenas mxolod xy sibrtyeSi moZraobs, misi kuTxuri
moaxdens es dedamiwis brunvaze? Sedegad impulsis veqtors mxolod z komponenti aqvs.
miRebuli cvlileba dRis xangrZlivobis sa 100. I brunviTi inerciis mqone mbrunav
SualebiT warmoadgineT (sawarmoo gamona myar sxeulze Δt drois mcire SualedSi F(t)
bolqvis Sedegad atmosferos daTbobas pola impulsuri Zala moqmedebs. daamtkiceT, rom:
ruli yinulis gadnoba SeuZlia gamoiwvios).
τ dt = RFsaS Δt = I(ωf – ωi),
93. a) saxelmZRvanelos damatebebSi mocemuli
monacemebis daxmarebiT mzis garSemo mbrunavi sadac τ aris ZaliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti,
planetebis kuTxuri impulsebis jami R – Zalis momentis mxari, FsaS – sxeulze
gamoTvaleT. b) jamuri kuTxuri impulsis ra moqmedi saSualo Zala, xolo ωi da ωf – sxeulis
nawilia planeta iupiterTan kavSirSi? kuTxuri siCqareebi Zalis moqmedebamde da
moqmedebis Semdeg. ( τ dt = RFsaSΔt sidides
94. 1200 kg masis TviTmfrinavi dedamiwidan
kuTxuri Zalis impulsi ewodeba, xolo FsaSΔt
1,3 km simaRleze, 80 m/wm siCqariT wrfivad
sidides wrfiv Zalis impulss uwodeben).
12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
bevri gamocdili mTamsvleli TiTebis qronikul tkivils uGivis, xolo
zogierTebs dazianebuli TiTi SesamGnevad eburcebaT, rodesac xelis
gulTan axlos miitanen.
12.2 wonasworoba
sur. 12.1. gawonasworebuli qva. erTi Sexed-
ganvixiloT oTxi sagani: 1) magidaze uZravad
viT arasaimedo mdebareobis miuxedavad, qva
mdebare wigni, 2) xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze statikur wonasworobaSia.
mudmivi siCqariT mosriale hokeis Saiba, 3) venti-
latoris mbrunavi frTebi da 3) mudmivi siCqariT
wrfivad moZravi velosipedis borbali. oTxive sa-
gnis SemTxvevaSi:
406
12.2 wonasworoba 407
1. masaTa centris P wrfivi impulsi mudmivia.
2. masaTa centris an nebismieri sxva wertilis mimarT L impulsis momenti mudmivia.
amgvar sagnebs wonasworobaSi myofebs vuwodebT. wonasworobis ori aucilebeli pirobaa:
P =mudmiva da L =mudmiva (12.1)
mocemul TavSi iseT SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT, rodesac 12.1 formuliT mocemuli mud-
mivebi nulis tolia anu iseT sagnebs SevexebiT, romlebic Cveni aTvlis sistemis mimarT ar
moZraobs. amgvari sagnebi statikur wonasworobaSi imyofeba. paragrafis dasawyisSi moyva-
nili oTxi sagnidan mxolod wignia statikur wonasworobaSi.
12.1 suraTze gamosaxuli qva statikuri wonasworobis kidev erTi magaliTia. igive maxa-
siaTeblebi aqvT eklesiebs, saxlebs, karadebs da a.S. romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi uZravni
arian.
8.6 paragrafSi ukve vTqviT, rom Tu sxeuli raime Zalis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli gadaadg-
ilebis Semdeg isev sawyis statikuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi brundeba, mas mdgrad sta-
tikur wonasworobaSi myofi ewodeba. naxevarsferos formis WurWelSi Cagdebuli burTula
amis kargi magaliTia. Tu sxeuli mcire Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad gadaadgildeba da wonas-
worul mdgomareobas kargavs, maSin sxeuls aramdgrad statikur wonasworobaSi myofi ewo-
deba.
magaliTad warmovidginoT, rom dominos qvas vawonasworebT da misi masis centri sayrde-
F g mizidulobis
ni kidis Tavzea (sur. 12.2a). dominos qvaze moqmedi
Zalis Sedegad sayrdeni
kidis mimarT gaCenili Zalis momenti nulis tolia, vinaidan F g Zalis moqmedebis wrfe ki-
deze gadis. aqedan gamomdinare, dominos qva wonasworul mdgomareobSia. ra Tqma unda, mcire
Zalis modebis SemTxvevaSic ki dominos qva wonasworobas dakargavs. rodesac
F g Zalis moq-
medebis wrfe sayrden kideze ar gadis (sur. 12.2b), F g ZaliT gamowveuli Zalis momenti do
minos abrunebs. aqedan gamomdinare, 12.2a suraTze gamosaxuli dominos qva aramdgrad stati-
kur wonasworobaSia.
12.2g suraTze gamosaxuli dominos qva sakmaod mdgradad Zevs. misi gadayiravebisTvis
mcire Zala sakmarisi ar aris, magram TiTis Zlieri wakvra aucileblad Seasrulebs Tavis
saqmes.
12.2d suraTze gamosaxuli saTamaSo kubi kidev ufro mdgradad Zevs, vinaidan misi masa-
Ta centri kidev ufro Sors unda gadaadgildes, raTa is sayrdeni kidis Tavze aRmoCndes.
amjerad TiTis wakvra kubs ver gadaayiravebs. 12.3 suraTze gamosaxuli muSa dominosa da
saTamaSo kubs waagavs. Zelis paralelurad is mdgradad dgas, xolo Zelis perpendikularu-
lad qaris wamobervis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba Camovardes.
statikuri wonasworobis analizi sainJinro praqtikis mniSvnelovani nawilia. mSenebelma
inJinerma Senobaze moqmedi yvela gare Zala da Zalis momenti unda gansazRvros da Seiswav-
los, raTa Senobis struqtura da masala sworad SearCios. magaliTad, swored amgvari ana-
lizi exmareba inJinrebs xidis mdgradobis gansazRvraSi.
(12.2)
Tu sxeuli gadataniT wonasworobaSia anu
P mudmivia, maSin
dP /dt = 0 da gveqneba:
F tnet = 0
= 0(ZalTa balansi) (12.3)
1. sxeulze moqmedi yvela gare Zalis veqtoruli jami nulis toli unda iyos.
2. nebismieri SesaZlo wertilis mimarT gazomili, sxeulze moqmedi gare Zalebis
momentebis veqtoruli jami nulis toli unda iyos.
Ft,x = 0 τt,x = 0
Ft,y = 0 τt,y = 0 (12.6)
Ft,z = 0 τt,z = 0
mdgomareoba martivdeba, rodesac vuSvebT, rom sxeulze moqmedi yvela Zala xy sibrtyeSia
modebuli. es niSnavs, rom sxeulze mxolod iseTi Zalis momenti moqmedebs, romelic z RerZis
paraleluri RerZis garSemo iwvevs mis brunvas. amgvari daSvebis Semdeg 12.6 formulidan Zalis
erT da Zalis momentis or formulas gamovricxavT:
sadac τt ,z aris gare Zalebis mier warmoqmnili jamuri Zalis momenti z RerZis an misi
paraleluri nebismieri RerZis mimarT.
12.4. simZimis centri 409
yinulze mudmivi siCqariT mosriale hokeis Saiba 12.7, 12.8 da 12.9 formulebs akmayofilebs da,
maSasadame, wonasworobaSia, magram ara statikur wonasworobaSi. statikuri wonasworobisTvis
Saibis P wrfivi impulsi ara mxolod mudmivi, aramed nulis tolic unda iyos da Saiba ar unda
iZrodes. aqedan gamomdinare, statikuri wonasworobis kidev erTi piroba arsebobs:
3. sxeulis P wrfivi impulsi nulis toli unda iyos.
a) b) g)
d) e) v)
es niSnavs, rom Tu calkeul elementebze moqmedi Zalebi uecrad gaqreba da F g Zala mxolod
simZimis centrze imoqmedebs, sxeulze moqmedi sruli Zala da Zalis momenti (nebismieri
wertilis mimarT) ar Seicvleba.
aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom F g gravitaciuli Zala sxeulis masaTa centrze moqmedebs anu masaTa
centri simZimis centrs emTxveva. M masis sxeulisTvis F g Zala Mg -s tolia, sadac g am Zalis
mier gamowveuli aCqarebaa, rodesac sxeuli Tavisuflad vardeba.
Tu sxeulis yvela elementisTvis g aCqareba Tanabaria, maSin sxeulis simZimis centri
mis masaTa centrs marTlac emTxveva.
Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi amgvari daSveba misaRebia, vinaidan g mxolod mcirediT icvleba
dedamiwis zedapiris gaswvriv da umniSvnelod mcirdeba dedamiwis zedapiridan aTvlili
simaRlis gazrdisas. amitom iseTi obieqtebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tagvi an amerikuli losi,
savsebiT dasaSvebia gravitaciuli Zalis modebis wertilad masaTa centri CaiTvalos. momdevno
paragrafSi am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT davamtkicebT.
410 Tavi 12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
damtkiceba
Tavdapirvelad sxeulis calkeuli elementebi ganvixiloT. (a)
12.4a suraTze naCvenebia M masis ganfenili sxeuli da misi
mi masis erTerTi elementi. TiToeul aseT elementze
F g i gravitaciuli Zala moqmedebs da es Zala mi g -s tolia.
i
Zalis
g i -s indeqsi niSnavs, rom Sesabamisi gravitaciuli aCqareba moqmedebis
i elementis mdebareobaze arsebobs (sxva elementisTvis wrfe
Sesabamisi gravitaciuli aCqareba gansxvavebuli SeiZleba
iyos). Zalis mxare
12.4a suraTze, TiToeuli F g i Zala Sesabamis elementze O
aTvlis saTavis mimarT τi Zalis moments warmoqmnis da misi
(b)
momentis mxaria xi . τi Zalis momenti 10.41 formulis (τ=r┴F)
saSualebiT CavweroT:
τi = xi Fgi (12.10)
simZimis centri (sc)
sxeulis yvela elementze moqmedi jamuri Zalis momentia:
τt (12.11)
Zalis
amjerad mTeli sxeuli ganvixiloT. 12.4b suraTze naCvenebia
Zalis mxare moqmedebis
sxeulis simZimis centrze moqmedi F g mizidulobis Zala. wrfe
es Zala sxeulze O aTvlis saTavis mimarT τ Zalis moments sur. 12.4. a) ganfenili sxeulis mi
warmoqmnis da misi momentis mxaria xsc . Zalis momenti kvlav masis elementi. elementze moqmedi
10.41 formulis saSualebiT CavweroT: F g i gravitaciuli Zalis momentis
τ = xsc Fg
(12.12) mxari koordinatTa sistemis O aTvlis
τ = xsc ∑ FF gigi
(12.13) mimarT xsc momentis mxari aqvs.
axla gavixsenoT, rom simZimis centrze moqmedi F g Zalis mier gamowveuli Zalis momenti
sxeulis yvela elementze moqmedi F g i Zalebis mier gamowveuli jamuri mabruni Zalis tolia.
aqedan gamomdinare, 12.13 formulis τ 12.11 formulis τt-is tolia. es ori formula gavaerTianoT
da miviRebT:
xsc ∑ FF = ∑ xFF
gigi i gi gi
xsc ∑ mF g = ∑ xFm g
igi i i gi i i (12.14)
yvela elementis masebis ∑m i jami sxeulis M masis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, 12.15 formula
Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia CavweroT:
xsc (12.16)
12.16 formulis marjvena mxare sxeulis masis centris xcom koordinats gvaZlevs (formula 9.4)
da maSasadame davamtkiceT, rom:
xsc = xcom (12.17)
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime magaliTi 411
emTxveva ( F g , ,block
bloki
Zalis veqtoris gadaadgi
412 Tavi 12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
leba moqmedebis wrfis gaswvriv, suraTis 12.18 formula Fl-sTvis amovxsnaT da zemoT
perpendikularuli nebismieri RerZis mimarT miRebuli Sedegi CavsvaT:
warmoqmnil Zalis moments ar cvlis). Fl = (M + m)g – Fr
vinaidan sistema statikur wonasworobaSia, = (2,7 kg + 1,8 kg)(9,8 m/w2) – 15,44 n
Cven SegviZlia ZalTa balansis (12.7 da 12.8) = 28,66 n ≈ 29 n (pasuxi)
da Zalis momentTa balansis (12.9) formulebi yuradReba miaqcieT amocanis amoxsnis me
gamoviyenoT. Zalebs x komponenti ar gaaCnia, Tods: rodesac ZalTa komponentebis for
amitom 12.7 formula (Ft,x = 0) informacias ar mula davwereT, ori ucnobi gvqonda. raime
gvawvdis. 12.8 formula (Ft,y = 0) y komponen pirobiTi RerZis mimarT Zalis momentTa
tisTvis gvaZlevs: balansis formulis daweris SemTxvevaSi
igive or ucnobs gadaveyrebodiT. miuxedavad
Fl + Fr –Mg – mg = 0 (12.18)
amisa, Cvens mier arCeuli RerZi erT-erTi
12.18 formula Fl da Fr ucnobebs Seicavs, ami ucnobi Zalis (am SemTxvevaSi Fl -is) modebis
tom Zalis momentTa balansis 12.9 formulac wertilze gadioda da amitom amocanis amoxsna
gvWirdeba. es formula 12.5 suraTis sibrtyis SesaZlebeli gaxda. Cvenma arCevanma Zalis
perpendikularuli nebismieri brunvis Rer momentebis formulidan es Zala gamoricxa da
ZisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. modiT brun Fr Zalis gamoTvla SesaZlebeli gaxada. Semdeg
vis RerZad Zelis marcxena boloze gamavali ZalTa komponentebis balansis formulas
RerZi avirCioT. Tu Zalis momenti brunvis davubrundiT da meore Zalis ucnobi sididec
RerZis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis mimar gamovTvaleT.
TulebiT uZravi sxeulis brunvas iwvevs, ma
Sin Zalis momenti uaryofiTia da Tu brunva sakontrolo wertili 3 suraTze
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimar naCvenebia statikur wonasworobaSi myofi
TulebiT xdeba, maSin Zalis momenti dadebi- erTgvarovani Zelaki. a) SesaZlebelia Tu
Tia. Zalis momentebi r┴F saxiT CavweroT, sadac F1 da F 2 Zalebis gamoTvla
ara
ZalTa
r┴ Zalis momentis mxari Fl -sTvis aris 0, Mg balansis saSualebiT? Tu F 2 Zalis
-sTvis _ L/4, mg -sTvis - L/2 da F r -sTvis – L. gamoTvla erTi formulis gamoyenebiT
amis Semdeg balansis formula (τt,z = 0) aseT gsurT, sad unda iyos brunvis RerZi? g) F2
saxes miiRebs: Zalis sididea 65 n. ra sididisaa F1 Zala?
(0)(Fl) – (L/4)(Mg) – (L/2)(mg) + (L)(Fr) = 0
rac gvaZlevs:
1
Fr = 1 Mg + 2 mg
4
= 1 (2,7 kg)(9,8 m/w2) + 1 (1,8 kg)(9,8 m/w2)
4 2
= 15,44 n ≈ 15 n (pasuxi)
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
12.7. drekadoba 419
12.7. drekadoba
rodesac atomebi erTad grovdeba da rkinis lursmnis
magvar myar sxeuls qmnis, isini samganzomilebian meserSi
wonasworul mdebareobebs ikaveben. atomebis ganlageba
meserSi meordeba da atomebs Soris gansazRvruli wo
nasworuli manZilia. atomebs atomTaSorisi Zalebi akavebs
erTad da 12.10 suraTze es Zalebi patara zambarebis saxiT
aris warmodgenili. meseri sakmaod myaria da, maSasadame,
`atomTaSorisi zambarebi~ xistia. swored amitom, bevri
Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad, kibe, magida an kovzi sakmaod
sur. 12.10. liTonis myari sxeulis
myaria. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Cveulebrivi sagani, magaliTad atomebi samganzomilebian meserSia
baRis sarwyavi mili an rezinis xelTaTmani, sulac ar ganlagebuli. zambarebi atomTa
gveCveneba myarad. amgvari sagnebis Semadgeneli atomebi 12.10 Soris Zalebs asaxavs.
gaWimva (F/A)
gawyvetis momentamde zrdian, deformacias saguldagulod
zomaven da mis grafiks ageben. Sedegad Zabvis deformaciaze wrfivi (drekadi) are
gaWimva da SekumSva
elementaruli gaWimvis an SekumSvis dros, saganze moqmedi
Zabva F/A, sadac F aris sagnis A farTobze perpendikularulad
modebuli Zala. am SemTxvevaSi, deformacia ganzomilebis
armqone ΔL/L sidide anu sagnis sigrZis fardobiTi cvli
lebaa. Tu sagani grZeli Zelakia da Zabva denadobis zRvars
ar aWarbebs, maSin ara mxolod mTliani Zelaki, aramed misi
yvela monakveTi Tanabar deformacias ganicdis, rodesac
mocemuli Zabva moqmedebs. vinaidan deformacias ganzomileba
ar gaaCnia, 12.22 formulaSi motanil deformaciis moduls
Zabvis ganzomileba aqvs anu farTobis erTeulze moqmedi
Zalaa.
gamWimi da SemkumSavi Zabvebis moduls iungis moduli
sur. 12.14. 9,8mm × 4,6mm zomebis
ewodeba da sainJinro praqtikaSi E simboloTi gamoisaxeba. tenzometri. tenzometri saganze
12.22 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs: magrdeba, romlis deformaciac
F ΔL unda gaizomos. tenzometri igive
=E (12.23) deformacias ganicdis, rasac sagani.
A L xelsawyos eleqtruli winaRoba
sagnis ΔL/L deformacia tenzometriT izomeba (sur. 12.14). deformaciasTan erTad icvleba
tenzometri martivi da sasargeblo mowyobilobaa. is da deformacia daaxloebiT 3%-is
zRvarSi izomeba.
moqmed meqanizmze pirdapir magrdeba da misi eleqtruli
maxasiaTeblebi deformaciazea damokidebuli.
12.7. drekadoba 421
iungis moduli gaWimvisa da SekumSvis SemTxvevaSi sagnisTvis Tanabari SeiZleba iyos, magram
sagnis simtkicis zRvari gaWimvisa da SekumSvis SemTxvevisaTvis SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes.
magaliTad, betoni Zalian Znelad ikumSeba, xolo misi gaWimva advilad SeiZleba. 12.1 cxrilSi
mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis iungis moduli da drekadobis sxva maxasiaTeblebi.
Zvra
Zabva Zvris SemTxvevaSic farTobis erTeulze modebuli Zalaa, magram Zalis veqtori zedapiris
sibrtyeSi Zevs da misi perpendikularuli ar aris. deformacia ganzomilebis armqone Δx/L
fardobaa (sur. 12.11b). Sesabamisi moduli sainJinro praqtikaSi G simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas
Zvris moduli ewodeba. Zvris SemTxvevaSi 12.22 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
F Δx
=G (12.24)
A L
Zvris Zabva Zalian did zegavlenas axdens datvirTvis qveS mbrunav RerZze _ iwvevs mis
gadaRunvas da, agreTve, Zvlis motexilobas.
hidravlikuri Zabva
12.11g suraTze, Zabva saganze moqmedi p siTxis wnevaa da rogorc me-14 TavSi gamoCndeba, wneva
farTobis erTeulze modebuli Zalaa. deformacia ΔV/V fardobaa, sadac V aris sagnis sawyisi
moculoba, xolo ΔV - sagnis moculobis cvlilebis absoluturi mniSvneloba. Sesabamisi moduli
B simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas nivTierebis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli ewodeba. sagani
hidravlikurad ikumSeba da wnevas hidravlikuri Zabva ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi 12.22 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
ΔV
p=B (12.25)
V
wylisTvis moculobiTi deformaciis modulia 2,2×109 n/m2, xolo foladisTvis _ 1,6×1011 n/m2.
wynari okeanis fskerze (daaxloebiT 4000m siRrmeze) wneva 4×107 n/m2-s utoldeba. wnevis
Sedegad wylis moculoba ΔV/V-iT anu 1,8%-iT ikumSeba, xolo foladis sagani mxolod
0,025%-iT. zogadad, myari atomuri mesris mqone sxeulebi ufro Znelad ikumSeba, vidre siTxe-
ebi, romlebSic atomebsa da molekulebs Soris kavSiri ufro sustia.
cxrili 12.1
sainJinro dainteresebis zogierTi nivTierebis drekadobis maxasiaTeblebi
Su simtkicis
E iungis moduli Sy denadobis
nivTiereba ρ simkvrive (kg/m3) zRvari
(109 n/m2) zRvari (106n/m2)
(106n/m2)
foladi a 7860 200 400 250
alumini 2710 70 110 95
mina 2190 65 50b
_
betoni g 2320 30 40b _
xe d 525 13 50b
_
Zvali 1900 9b 170b _
polistiroli 1050 3 48 _
a
samSeneblo foladi (ASTM-3
A 6)
b
SekumSvis dros
g
myari betoni
d
duglasis soWi
422 Tavi 12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
unda SeikumSos da masze ufro meti sididis taciuli Zala. 12.27 da 12.28 formulebis
F4 Zalam unda imoqmedos. sxva sityvebiT rom F3-sTvis amoxsnisTvis 12.28 formulidan
vTqvaT, magidis swori zedapiris pirobebSi: vadgenT, rom F4 = Mg – 3F3. Semdeg es Sedegi
mimoxilva da Sejameba
hidravlikuri Zabva. rodesac sagani sadac p aris siTxidan sxeulze moqmedi wneva
garemomcveli siTxidan moqmedi Zabvis Sedegad (hidravlikuri Zabva), ΔV/V - wnevis Sedegad
hidravlikurad ikumSeba, 12.22 formula sagnis moculobis fardobiTi cvlilebis
Semdeg saxes iRebs: absoluturi mniSvneloba (deformacia),
ΔV xolo B – sagnis moculobiTi deformaciis
p=B (12.25)
V moduli.
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
• 11 75kg masis fanjrebis mwmendavi 5m sigrZis • 15 12.29 suraTze naCvenebia adamianis fexis
da 10kg masis kibes iyenebs. mwmendavi kibis anatomiuri agebuleba, rodesac adamiani
bolos kedlidan 2,5m-iT moSorebiT debs, kibes TiTis wverze
fanjaras ayudebs da maRla adis. 3m-is asvlis dgas, terfi zeda
Semdeg fanjara tydeba. kibesa da fanjaras piridan odnav
Soris moqmedi xaxunis Zala ugulebelyaviT da aweulia da Sexebis
dauSviT, rom kibis bolo ar gadaadgildeba. adgili mxolod P
rodesac fanjara gatexvis zRvarzea, a) ra wertilzea. davu
Zala moqmedebs kibidan fanjaraze da b) ra SvaT a = 5 sm, b =
Zala moqmedebs miwidan kibeze? g) ra kuTxes 15 sm da adamianis sur. 12.29. amocana 15.
adgens (horizontalisadmi) miwidan kibeze wonaa W = 900 n.
moqmedi Zala? SSM fexze moqmedi Zalebidan ra a) sididis da
zedapirze Zevs da misi erTi gverdi Zalian Tulebisaa fexis qveda Zvlebidan B wertilze
kn
SemkumSavi Zabva simtkicis zRvris naxevari
iyos? SSM
kis daWimuloba.
sur. 12.52. amocana 43. Txveva da B gor
golaWis Tavze
44 12.53a suraTze naCvenebia or Senobas 10 kg masis yuTi
Soris gadebuli daxrili Zeli. Zelis devs. ra Zala
sur. 12.55. amocana 46.
marcxena bolo kedelzea mimagrebuli, xolo moqmedebs Zelze
marjvena boloze kedelze gadaadgilebis a) A gorgolaWidan da b) B gorgolaWidan?
unaris mqone gorgolaWia damagrebuli. Semdeg Zeli marcxnisken gordeba da
Senobidan gorgolaWze vertikaluri Zala misi centri B gorgolaWs emTxveva (sur.
ar moqmedebs da masze mxolod Fh sididis 12.55b). amjerad ra Zala moqmedebs Zelze
horizontaluri Zalaa modebuli. Senobebs g) A gorgolaWidan da d) B gorgolaWidan?
Soris horizontaluri manZilia D = 4 m. Zeli Semdeg Zeli marjvnisken gordeba da misi
h = 0,49 m manZiliT maRldeba. adamiani Zelze sigrZea 0,8m. e) yuTsa da B gorgolaWs Soris
marcxena bolodan gadadis. 12.53b suraTze ra horizontaluri manZili miiyvans Zels A
naCvenebia Fh Zalis marcxena Senobidan gorgolaWTan kontaqtis dakargvis zRvarze?
433
47 12.56 suraTze, 50 12.59 suraTze,
Zala 6,4kg masis ori identuri, erT
bloks da Skivebs gvarovani, xaxunis
wonasworul mdgo gan Tavisufali m
mareobaSi amyofebs. masis sfero myar
Skivebis masebi da marTkuTxa WurWel
maTze moqmedi xa Sia moTavsebuli.
xunis Zalebi um sferoebis centre
niSvneloa. gamoT bis damakavSirebe
valeT zeda Tokis li wrfe horizon sur. 12.59. amocana 50.
T daWimuloba. (mi talisadmi 45° kuT-
sur. 12.56. amocana 47.
niSneba: rodesac xes adgens. gamoTvaleT a) WurWlis fskeridan,
Toki Skivze naxevrad aris Semoxveuli, b) WurWlis marcxena gverdidan da g) WurWlis
Tokidan Skivze moqmedi jamuri Zala Tokis marjvena gverdidan sferoebze moqmedi Zala.
daWimulobaze orjer metia) d) ra ZaliT moqmedeben sferoebi erTmaneTze?
(miniSneba: sferoebs Soris moqmedi Zalebi
48 12.57 suraTze, centrebis damakavSirebeli wrfis gaswvriv
m masis yuTi mok aris mimarTuli).
le Tokzea Camoki
debuli. es Toki 51 8 sm sigrZis gverdis mqone kubi ho
pirveli Tokis sa rizontalur zedapirze Zevs. kubsa da zeda
SualebiT kedels pirs Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia
ukavSirdeba, xo μ. kubis erT-erTi vertikaluri zedapiris
sur. 12.57. amocana 48. perpendikularulad P horizontaluri
lo meore To
kis saSualebiT WerTanaa mimagrebuli. I Zala moqmedebs. es Zala kubis gverdze gamaval
Toki horizontalisadmi φ = 40° kuTxes ad vertikalur Suaxazze, zedapiridan 7 sm si
gens, xolo meore Toki - θ kuTxes. a) θ-is maRlezea modebuli. Semdeg P -s sidide
ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba meore Tokis izrdeba. μ-s ra mniSvnelobis dros daiwyebs
daWimuloba minimaluri? b) ras udris kubi a) srials da b) gadayiravebas? (miniSneba:
meore Tokis minimaluri daWimuloba mg-s gadayiravebis dawyebisas sad aris drekadobis
erTeulebSi? Zala modebuli?)
aqvs Toks da b) ra Zala moqmedebs saxsridan 72 iatakze gakeTebuli karebi 0,91m sigrZis
Zelze? (Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani veq gverdis mqone kvadratia da 11kg masa
torebiT.) aqvs. karebi erTi gverdiT damagrebulia,
xolo sapirispiro mxares saketia. Tu
68 95kg masis mTamsvleli Camovarda da Tokma
karis simZimis centri karis centridan
SeaCera misi vardna. Toki Tavdapirvelad
damagrebis adgilis mimarTulebiT 10sm
15m sigrZis da 9,6mm diametris iyo, xolo
manZilzea, ra Zalebi moqmedebs karebze
Semdeg 2,8sm-iT daiWima. gamoTvaleT Tokis
a) saketidan da b) damagrebis adgilidan?
a) deformacia, b) Zabva da g) iungis moduli.
73 46kg masis tan-
69 12.71 suraTze,
movarjiSe 12.72 su
marTkuTxa qvis fi
raTze gamosaxuli
qali θ = 26° kuTxiT
Zelis erT boloze
daxril kldeze Zevs.
dgas. Zeli 5m sig-
fiqalis sigrZea
sur. 12.71. amocana 69. rZis da 250kg ma-
L = 43 m, sisqea T = 2,5 m,
sisaa. TiToeuli
siganea W = 12 m da 1 sm3-s 3,2 g masa aqvs. fiqalsa sur. 12.72. amocana 73.
sayrdeni Zelis sa-
da kldes Soris statikuri xaxunis koe
Tanado bolodan 0,54m manZilzea ganlage-
ficientia 0,39. a) gamoTvaleT fiqalze moq
buli. ra Zalebi moqmedebs Zelze a) pirveli
-medi gravitaciuli Zalis kldis zedapiri-
sayrdenidan da b) meore sayrdenidan? (Zalebi
sadmi paraleluri komponenti. b) gamoTvaleT
CawereT erTeulovani veqtorebiT.)
fiqalze moqmedi statikuri xaxunis Zala.
a) da b) pasuxebis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom fi- 74 12.73 suraTze,
qali Camocurebis zRvarzea da mxolod klde- 12m sigrZis erT
ze arsebuli Sverilebi aCerebs. g) vardnis gvarovani Zeli ho
Tavidan asacileblad, fiqalze WanWikebi rizontaluri TokiT
kldis zedapirisadmi perpendikularulad da θ=50° kuTxis
Caxraxnes (suraTze ori maTgania naCvenebi). mdgeneli saxsriTaa
Tu TiToeuli WanWikis ganivi kveTis farTobia damagrebuli. Tokis
6,4sm2 da 3,6×108n/m2 Zvris Zabvis SemTxvevaSi daWimulobaa 400n.
ziandeba, ra minimaluri raodenobis WanWikia a) ra mizidulobis
sur. 12.73. amocana 74.
saWiro? davuSvaT, rom WanWikebi drekadobis Zala moqmedebs Zel
Zalaze gavlenas ar axdens. ze da b) ra Zala moqmedebs saxsridan Zelze?
(Zalebi CawereT erTeulovani veqtorebiT.)
70 5m sigrZis da 400n wonis kibe xaxunisgan
Tavisufal vertikalur kedelzea miyudebuli. 75 erTgvarovani
kibesa da dedamiwas Soris statikuri xaxunis kibe 10 m sigrZisaa
koeficientia 0,46. ra udides manZilze da 200 n-s iwonis.
SeiZleba ganlagdes kibis dasawyisi kedlidan, 12.74 suraTze, kibe
raTa kibe ar gasrialdes? xaxunisgan Tavisu
fal, vertikalur
71 73kg masis adamiani L sigrZis swor xidze
kedelze dedamiwi
dgas da xidis erTi bolodan L/4 manZilze
dan h=8m simaRlezea
imyofeba. xidi erTgvarovania da 2,7kn-s iwonis.
miyudebuli. kibis
ra vertikaluri Zalebi moqmedebs xidze sur. 12.74. amocana 75.
dasawyisidan d=2m
a) adamianisgan uSores boloSi ganlagebuli
manZilze horizontaluri Zala moqmedebs.
sayrdenidan da b) adamianisgan uaxloes bo
a) Tu F=50n, ra Zala moqmedebs dedamiwidan
loSi ganlagebuli sayrdenidan?
kibeze (Zala CawereT erTeulovani veqto
437
rebiT)? b) Tu F=150n, ra Zala moqmedebs 53-e amocanas). orive SemTxvevaSi Sverilis
dedamiwidan kibeze? g) davuSvaT dedamiwasa h manZili maqsimaluri unda gavxadoT.
da kibes Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia gamoTvaleT a1, a2, b1 da b2 optimaluri
0,38. F-is ra minimaluri mniSvnelobis dros manZilebi da h orive ganlagebisTvis.
daiwyebs kibis dasawyisi kedlisken moZra
80 mZime moris
obas?
tropikul jung
76 YTu 12.7a suraTze gamosaxulia fiWvis lebSi gadasatanad
kvadratuli Zeli. ra unda iyos misi sisqe, Semdegi saSualeba
raTa masze moqmedi SemkumSavi Zabva simtkicis arsebobs. moZebneT sur. 12.77. amocana 80.
zRvris 1 iyos? (ix. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi axalgazrda xe, ro
6
12.3.). melic moris savaraudo gadaadgilebis mima
rTulebiT mdebareobs da romlis kenwerodan
77 12.75 suraTze,
dedamiwamde lerwia CamoSvebuli. lerwi
40kg masis tramplini
mors SemoaxvieT da magrad moqaCeT, raTa
or sayrdenzea da
xe moiRunos. Semdeg lerwi mors swrafad
magrebuli. sayrde
moxseniT. amgvari procedura ramdenime
nebs Soris manZilia
xisTvis gaimeoreT. saboloo jamSi,
d1=1m. rodesac
sur. 12.75. amocana 77. lerwebidan moqmedi jamuri Zala mors
wyalSi mxtomeli
gadaadgilebs. albaT es yvelaferi sakmaod
tramplinis Soreul boloze dgas da meore
damRlelad mogeCvenebaT, magram swored
sayrdenidan d2=2,5m manZilzea, pirveli sa
am meTods iyenebdnen adamianebi, vidre
yrdeni tramplins 1200 n ZaliT dabla awveba.
Tanamedrove xelsawyoebs gamoigonebdnen.
pirveli sayrdenidan ra manZilze unda dadges
12.77 suraTze naCvenebia SemTxveva, rodesac
mxtomeli, raTa es Zala nulamde Semcirdes?
erTi lerwi M masis erTgvarovan moris
78 TviTnakeTi saqanelas dasamzadeblad bolozea damagrebuli. morsa da dedamiwas
Tokis erTi bolodan maryuJi gaakeTes, xolo Soris statikuri xaxunis koeficientia 0,8.
meore bolo xis tots miabes. bavSvi maryuJSi Tu mori gacurebis zRvarzea da misi marcxena
zis da Toki vertikalurad kidia, rodesac bolo odnav aweulia, risi tolia a) θ kuTxe da
bavSvis mama saqanelas horizontalur ZaliT b) lerwidan morze moqmedi T Zala?
ubiZgebs. bavSvis moZraobis dawyebamde Toki
81 pizas daxrili koSki (sur. 12.78) 55m
vertikalisadmi 15° kuTxes adgens da Tokis
simaRlis da 7m diametrisaa. koSkis wveri
daWimulobaa 280 n. a) ramdens iwonis bavSvi?
vertikalidan 4,5m-iT aris gadaxrili. koSki
b) ra ZaliT moqmedebs mama Svilze, vidre bavSvi
moZraobas daiwyebs? g) Tu mamis mxriadan
Svilze moqmedi maqsimaluri horizontaluri
Zalaa 93 n, ra
maqsimaluri kuT
xe SeiZleba Sead
ginos Tokma verti
kalTan?
a)
79 oTxi identuri
da L sigrZis aguri
magidaze ori sxva
dasxva ganlage
biT daalages (sur. b)
12.76. SeadareT sur. 12.76. amocana 79. sur. 12.78. amocana 81.
438 Tavi 12 wonasworoba da drekadoba
erTgvarovan, wriul cilindrad miiCnieT. 1 m3 qviSas 1800 kg masa aqvs. a) ra moculobis
a) ra damatebiTi gadaadgilebis Sedegad iqneba qviSaa borcvis im nawilSi, romlisTvisac
koSki gadayiravebis zRvarze? b) ra kuTxe r ≤ r m/2 ? (miniSneba: mTliani moculoba ver
eqneba am dros koSks vertikalisadmi? tikaluri cilindris moculobas plius ci
lindris Tavze mdebare konusis moculobaa.
82 Tqven qviSis
konusis moculobaa πR2h/3, sadac R aris
borcvi unda aagoT
konusis radiusi, xolo h - konusis simaRle).
da yuradReba mia
b) ra W wona aqvs qviSis am moculobas? g) 12.79b
qcioT iatakze moq
suraTis gamoyenebiT iatakze moqmedi σ Zabvis r
med Zabvas. udidesi a)
radiusze damokidebulebis funqcia dawereT,
Zabva borcvis wve
rodesac r≤r m . d) iatakis ra dA farTobi
ris qvemoT ki ar
ukavia r radiusis mqone, borcvis cetraluri
moqmedebs, aramed
vertikaluri RerZis mimarT centrirebul da
centraluri wer
dr radialuri siganis mqone rgols? e) ra dF
tilidan rm man b)
qvemoT mimarTuli Zala moqmedebs am rgolze
Zilze mdebare we sur. 12.79. amocana 82.
qviSidan? v) ra jamuri F Zala moqmedebs
rtilebze (sur.
iatakze borcvis im nawilidan, romlisTvisac
12.79a). maqsimaluri Zabvis amgvari gada
r≤r m /2 ? (miniSneba: e) gamosaxuleba r = 0-dan
adgileba qviSis marcvlebis mier warmoqmnili
r = r m /2 -mde aintegreT). raoden gasaocaric
TaRebis Sedegia. 12.79b suraTze naCvenebia
ar unda iyos, v) punqtSi gamoTvlili iatakze
σ Zabvis borcvis fuZis centraluri wer
moqmedi F Zala b) punqtSi gamoTvlili
tilidan r radiusze damokidebulebis gra
qviSis W wonaze naklebia. g) ra nawiliT aris
fiki. borcvis simaRlea H = 3 m, θ = 33°,
Semcirebuli F W-dan anu risi tolia (F–W)/W ?
σ0 = 40000n/m2, σm = 40024 n/m2, rm = 1,82 m da
gravitacia 13
am suraTze patara jvriT aRniSnuli irmis naxtomis galaqtikis
centrTan axlos mdebare varskvlavebia naGvenebi. yuradReba miaqcie,
rom zustad centrSi araferi Gans, magram centridan odnav moSorebiT
patara wrea. es wre S2-is saxeliT cnobili varskvlavis gamosaxulebaa.
suraTze naGvenebi sxva wreebic varskvlavebis gamosaxulebebia (maT
garSemo arsebuli Saravandedi suraTis damuSavebis meTodis xelovnuri
warmonaqmnebia). Gveni galaqtikis varskvlavebis umetesoba Zalian nela
moZraobs da mTeli sicocxlec rom davakvirdeT, erTmaneTis mimarT maT
gadaadgilebas mainc ver SevamGnevT. asea Tu ise, S2 sxvebisgan Zalian
gansxvavdeba, radgan misi moZraobis danaxva SegviZlia. marTlac, S2
imdenad swrafad moZraobs, rom galaqtikis centris garSemo srul wres
mxolod 15,2 weliwadSi Semowers. miuxedavad imisa, rom araferi Gans,
galaqtikis centrSi uzarmazari sxeuli unda iyos.
439
440 Tavi 13 gravitacia
3×108 sinaTlis weliwadiT aris daSorebuli. gravitaciuli Zala kidev ufro did manZilebze
vrceldeba da daSlisgan icavs mTel samyaros, romelic farTovdeba.
gravitaciuli Zalis Sedegia Cveni samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze amoucnobi movlenac – Savi
xvrelebi. rodesac mzeze bevrad didi varskvlavi wvas daasrulebs, mis nawilakebs Soris
moqmedi gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zalis Sedegad is mkveTrad ikumSeba da warmoiqmneba Savi
xvreli. aseTi varskvlavis zedapirze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala imdenad Zlieria, rom arc
nawilakebs da arc sinaTles misi zedapiridan Tavis daRweva ar SeuZlia (amitom uwodeben Sav
xvrels). nebismieri varskvlavi, romelic Sav xvrels miuaxlovdeba, Zlieri mizidulobis Zalis
zemoqmedebas ganicdis da Sav xvrelSi vardeba. varskvlavebis STanTqmis Sedegad zemasiuri didi
Savi xvrelebi warmoiqmneba. aseTi urCxulis warmoqmna samyaroSi sakmaod xSirad xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gravitaciuli Zala ar aris srulad axsnili, misi Secnobis sawyisebi isaak
niutonis mizidulobis kanonSia mocemuli.
erTgvarovani sferuli garsi mis gareT mdebare nawilaks ise miizidavs, TiTqos garsis
mTeli masa mis centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
(13.4)
aq F1, t pirvel nawilakze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedia, xolo, magaliTad, _ Zalaa, romliTac
mesame nawilaki pirvelze moqmedebs. am formulis ufro kompaqturad Cawera veqtorebis jamis
saxiTaa SesaZlebeli:
(13.5)
ra SeiZleba iTqvas mizidulobis Zalis Sesaxeb, romliTac realuri (ganfenili, didi) sxeuli
nawilakze moqmedebs? am Zalis gamoTvlisTvis sxeuli unda davyoT nawilebad (romelTac
nawilakebad ganvixilavT), Semdeg ki 13.5 formuliT TiToeuli nawilidan Cvens nawilakze
moqmedi Zalebis veqtoruli jami vipovoT. zRvrul SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia sxeuli dm usasrulod
mcire masis nawilebad davyoT, romelTagan TiToeuli nawilakze d F usasrulod mcire ZaliT
moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi 13.5 formulis jami integralad gardaiqneba da gveqneba:
(13.6)
sadac integreba ganfenili sxeulis farglebSi xdeba, xolo indeqsi `sruli~ mocilebulia. roca
ganfenili sxeuli erTgvarovani sfero an sferuli garsia, 13.6 formulis integrebis Tavidan
acilebisTvis unda davuSvaT, rom sxeulis masa mis centrSia koncentrirebuli, da gamoviyenoT
13.1 formula.
gamoiTvleba. maSasadame,
meore nawilaki Gm1m3
pirvelze moqmedebs F12 ZaliT: F13 =
(2a)
2
= 4,1 × 10–6 n (pasuxi)
amis nacvlad Cveni amocanisTvis damaxa gaiTvaliswine, rom pirvelsa da meoTxe na
siaTebeli simetria gamoviyenoT.
Tavda wilakebs Soris mexuTis arseboba meoTxedan
pirvelad
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom F12 da pirvelze moqmed gravitaciul Zalaze gav
F14 Zala sididiT tolia, xolo mimarTule lenas ar axdens.
biT sawinaaRmdego da, maSasadame, erTma-
neTs abaTilebs. 13.5b suraTis da 13.8 sakontrolo wertili 3. mocemul
formulis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom
F13-isa da suraTze risi tolia m masis nawilakebidan
F15-is x komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, m1 masis nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli
xolo y komponentebs Tanabari sidide aqvs da Zalis tolqmedis mimarTuleba, Tu m masis
TiToeuli y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT nawilakebs y RerZis mimarT simetriuli
moqmedebs. maSasadame, F1, t amave mimarTule- ganlageba gaaCniaT?
biT moqmedebs da misi sidide F13-is y kom
ponentze orjer metia.
Gm1m3
F1, t = 2 F13 cos θ = 2 cos θ
a2
(6,67 × 10–11 m3/kg·wm2)(8 kg)(2 kg)
=2 cos 30°
(0,02 m)2
= 4,6 × 10–6 n. (pasuxi)
Zala, ma g , mimarTulia dedamiwis centrisken. vinaidan
yuTi dedamiwis centris garSemo dedamiwasTan erTad
brunavs, amitom mas dedamiwis centrisken mimarTuli a
(a) centriskenuli aCqareba aqvs. 10.23 formulidan (ar=ω2r)
viciT, rom es aCqareba tolia ω2R-isa, sadac ω dedamiwis
kuTxuri siCqarea, xolo R – wris radiusi (daaxloebiT
dedamiwis radiusi). maSasadame, r RerZis gaswvriv moqmedi
ZalebisTvis (Ft,r = mar) niutonis meore kanoni SeiZleba
daiweros ase:
( gasazomi
wona )(
=
gravitaciuli
Zala )(
–
masa gamravlebuli
centriskenul aCqarebaze )
maSasadame, yuTis wona dedamiwis brunvis gamo yuTze moqmed mizidulobis Zalaze naklebia.
g-sa da ag-s Sesabamisi gamosaxulebis misaRebad 13.13 formulidan gamovricxoT m da davweroT:
g = ag – ω2R (13.14)
anu
( Tavisufali vardnis
aCqareba )(=
gravitaciuli
aCqareba )(–
centriskenuli
aCqareba ) .
= – 4,37 × 10 m/wm ,
–6 2
(pasuxi) mtkivneuli iqneba. Sav xvrelTan miaxloebis
sadac ME sidide C danarTidanaa aRebuli. SemTxvevaSi daWimuloba mkveTrad gaizrdeba.
dedamiwis masa rom Tanabrad yofiliyo ganawilebuli, nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala
dedamiwis zedapirze maqsimaluri iqneboda da dedamiwidan daSorebis Sedegad Semcirdeboda.
nawilakis dedamiwis siRrmeSi, magaliTad maRaroSi Casvlisas sruli gravitaciuli Zala ori
mizeziT Seicvleboda: 1) nawilakis dedamiwis centrTan miaxlovebis Sedegad mizidulobis Zala
gaizrdeboda; 2) nawilakis dedamiwis centrisken gadaadgilebisas dedamiwis im sferuli garsis
sisqe, romlis gravitaciuli zemoqmedeba nawilakze nulis toli iqneboda, gaizrdeboda, ris
Sedegadac nawilakze moqmedi sruli gravitaciuli Zala Semcirdeboda.
erTgvarovani dedamiwisTvis meore tendencia imZlavrebda da wertilze moqmedi Zala dedamiwis
centrTan miaxloebis Sedegad nulamde Semcirdeboda. asea Tu ise, realuri (araerTgvarovani)
dedamiwis SemTxvevaSi, nawilakze moqmedi Zala dedamiwis centrisken moZraobisas jer izrdeba,
garkveul siRrmeze maqsimums aRwevs da Semdeg TandaTan mcirdeba.
gaiTvaliswine, rom roca r usasrulobas uaxlovdeba, U(r) nuls uaxlovdeba, da r-is nebismieri
sasruli sididisTvis U(r)-is sidide uaryofiTia.
13.21 formuliT mocemuli potenciuri energia ori sxeulis sistemis maxasiaTebelia da ara
cal-calke sxeulebisa. am energias ver gavyofT da erT nawils pirvel, meores ki meore sxeuls
ver mivakuTvnebT. miuxedavad amisa, Tu M >> m, rac simarTlea M masis dedamiwisa da m masis
beisbolis burTisTvis, maSin vsaubrobT `beisbolis burTis potenciur energiaze~. am gamoTqmam
SecdomaSi SeiZleba Segviyvanos, vinaidan, rodesac beisbolis burTi dedamiwis maxloblad
moZraobs, burTi-dedamiwis sistemis potenciuri energiis cvlileba TiTqmis mTlianad
beisbolis burTis kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaSi gamoixateba, radgan dedamiwis kinetikuri
energiis cvlileba metad mcirea. 13.8 TavSi aseTive principiT dedamiwis orbitaze `xelovnuri
Tanamgzavris potenciur energiaze~ vsaubrobT, vinaidan Tanamgzavris masa dedamiwis masaze
450 Tavi 13 gravitacia
bevrad mcirea. rodesac sadari masebis sxeulebis potenciur energiaze vsaubrobT, am sxeulebis
sistemas yuradRebiT unda movepyroT.
rodesac sistema orze met sxeuls Seicavs, sxeulTa wyvilebs rigrigobiT ganvixilavT. 13.21
formuliT maT gravitaciul potenciur energias ise gamovTvliT, TiTqos sxva sxeulebi arc
arsebobs, Semdeg ki Sedegebs algebrulad SevkrebT. magaliTad, 13.9 suraTze gamosaxuli sami
wyvilisTvis 13.21 formulis misadageba mogvcems:
(13.23)
integrali F (r) Zalis da burTis traeqtoriis gaswvriv
sur. 13.10. beisbolis burTi
diferencialuri dr gadaadgilebis veqtoris skalarul
dedamiwis centridan R manZiliT
namravls Seicavs. am namravls SegviZlia aseTi saxe mivceT: daSorebuli P wertilis gavliT
aisroles. suraTze
naCvenebia
F (r ) ⋅ dr = F(r)dr cos φ (13.24) burTze moqmedi F mizidulobis
Zala da dr gadaadgilebis veqtori.
sadac φ F (r ) da dr veqtorebis mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxea.
orive veqtori r radialuri RerZis
φ-s nacvlad 180°-is da F(r)-is nacvlad 13.1 formulis CasmiT, gaswvrivaa mimarTuli.
13.24 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
GMm
F (r ) ⋅ dr = – 2 dr ,
r
sadac M dedamiwis masaa, xolo m burTis masa.
am formulis 13.23 formulaSi Casma da integreba mogvcems:
GMm GMm
= 0 – R = – R , (13.25)
sadac W burTis P wertilidan (R manZilze) usasrulobamde
gadaadgilebisTvis saWiro muSaobaa. 8.1 formula (ΔU = –W)
gvamcnobs, rom am muSaobis Cawera potenciuri energiebis
saSualebiTac SeiZleba:
U∞ – U = –W.
vinaidan U∞ potenciuri energia usasrulobaSi nulis tolia,
U potenciuri energiaa P wertilSi, xolo W 13.25 formuliTaa sur. 13.11. dedamiwasTan axlos,
beisbolis burTi A wertilidan G
mocemuli, amitom gveqneba: wertilisken gadaadgildeba tra
GMm
U = W = – eqtoriiT, romelic radialuri
R monakveTebisa da wris rkalebisgan
R-is r-iT CanacvlebiT miviRebT 13.21 formulas, risi Sedgeba.
damtkicebac gvsurda.
13.6. mizidulobis potenciuri energia 451
traeqtoriisgan damoukidebloba
13.11 suraTze beisbolis burTi A wertilidan G wertilisken gadaadgildeba traeqtoriiT,
romelic sami radialuri monakveTisa da sami rkalisgan Sedgeba. unda vipovoT burTis A-dan
G-mde gadaadgilebisas F gravitaciuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli W muSaoba. yovel rkalze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis tolia, vinaidan nebismier wertilSi F rkalis perpendikularulia.
maSasadame, W muSaoba sam radialur monakveTze Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamis tolia.
axla warmovidginoT, rom rkalebi nulamde Semcirda. am SemTxvevaSi burTi A-dan G-mde erTi
radialuri monakveTis gaswvriv imoZravebs. Seicvleba Tu ara W? ara, vinaidan rkalebis gaswvriv
F = –
dU
–
dr = dr
d
(
GMm
– r )
GMm
= – r2 . (13.27)
es niutonis mizidulobis kanonia (formula 13.1). `minus~ niSani imas niSnavs, rom m masaze
modebuli Zala mimarTulia radialurad SigniT, M masis mimarTulebiT.
gaqcevis siCqare
Tu sxeuls zeviT aisvri, is Seneldeba, meyseulad gaCerdeba da Semdeg dedamiwaze dabrundeba.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs minimaluri sawyisi siCqare, romliTac es sxeuli mudmivad zeviT
imoZravebs da, Teoriulad, mxolod sadRac usasrulobaSi gaCerdeba. am minimalur siCqares
(dedamiwidan) gaqcevis siCqare ewodeba.
ganvixiloT m masis sxeuli, romelic planetis (sxva astronomiuli sxeulis an sistemis)
1
zedapirs v gaqcevis siCqariT Sordeba. sxeulis energiaa K= 2 mv2, xolo U potenciuri energia
mocemulia 13.21 formuliT:
GMm
U=–
R
sadac M planetis masaa, xolo R _ planetis radiusi.
rodesac sxeuli usasrulobas miaRwevs, is SeCerdeba, anu am dros misi kinetikuri energia nulis
toli gaxdeba. sxeuls arc potenciuri energia eqneba, vinaidan or sxeuls Soris usasrulo
daSoreba nulovani potenciuri energiis mizezi xdeba. sxeulis mTliani energia usasrulobaSi
nulis tolia. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mTliani energia planetis
zedapirzec nulis toli unda iyos:
452 Tavi 13 gravitacia
1
K + U = 2 mv2 + – ( GMm
R ) =0
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
(13.28)
cxrili 13.2
gaqcevis siCqaris magaliTebi
sakontrolo wertili 4. m masis burTs M masis sferos aSoreb. a) izrdeba Tu mcirdeba burTi-
sferos sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energia? b) dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi burTsa da
sferos Soris moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
( )
Sejaxebas Tanamedrove civilizaciis gaqroba
2GM 1
vf2 = vi2 + 1 – 10
R SeuZlia, arada, dedamiwis orbitasTan axlos
aseTi milionia.
amis dasamtkiceblad 13.15 suraTze naCvenebi r radiusis (wrewiris radiusi elifsis didi
naxevarRerZis eqvivalenturia) wriuli orbita ganvixiloT. 13.15 suraTze orbitaze myofi
planetisTvis niutonis meore kanonis (F=ma) gamoyeneba mogvcems:
13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi: kepleris kanonebi 455
sur. 13.14. a) Δt droSi mzis da planetis damakavSirebeli r sigrZis xazi Δθ sur. 13.15. m masis pla
kuTxiT gadaadgildeba da ΔA farTobs Semowers (gamuqebulia). b) planetis p neta mzis garSemo r ra
impulsi da misi komponentebi. diusis wriul orbitaze
moZraobs.
GMm
r2 = (m)(ω r). (13.33)
2
cxrili 13.3
kepleris periodebis kanoni mzis sistemisTvis
aq F Zalis nacvlad 13.1 formula CavsviT, xolo 10.23 formula centriskenuli aCqarebis
nacvlad ω2r-is Casasmelad gamoviyeneT. Tu, 10.20 formulis daxmarebiT, ω-s nacvlad 2πT-s
CavsvamT, sadac T moZraobis periodia, miviRebT kepleris mesame kanons:
T 2 = ( )
4p2
GM
r3 (periodebis kanoni) (13.34)
amoxsna: 13.13 suraTze vxedavT, rom Ra+Rp=2a, b) risi tolia haleis kometis orbitis e
sadac a orbitis didi naxevarRerZia. maSasa eqscentrisiteti?
dame, Ra-s povna a-s povnis Semdeg SeiZleba. amoxsna: 13.13 formulis saSualebiT e, a da Rp
garda amisa, periodebis kanoniT (formula erTmaneTs SegviZlia davukavSiroT. vxedavT,
13.34) a-s mocemul periodTan dakavSireba rom ea = a – Rp, anu
formulaSi a-s nacvlad r-is CasmiT SeiZleba. a – Rp Rp
e= a =1– a
( )
amis Sedegad viRebT:
GMT 2 1/3
a= (13.35) 8,9 × 1010 m
4p2 =1– = 0,97 (pasuxi)
Tu 13.35 formulaSi M mzis masis nacvlad 2,7 × 1012 m
1,99×1030kg-s, xolo kometis T periodis pasuxi gvamcnobs, rom roca eqscentrisiteti
nacvlad 76 wels anu 2,4×109 wams CavsvamT, erTs uaxlovdeba, orbita grZeli, Txeli
miviRebT, rom a=2,7×1012 m. sabolood, elifsi unda iyos.
T2 = ( 4p2
GM ) a3 (13.36)
mocemuli. S2-s mdebareobaTa ganuzRvrelobebi
jvrebiTaa aRniSnuli. sagitarius A*-s mdebareobis
ganuzRvreloba wreSi Caxazuli jvriTaa aRniSnuli.
cnobili monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
4p 2 a 3 sagitarius A*-s bunebis gasagebad es masa mzis
M = =
GT 2 masaze (Mmze=1,99×1030 kg) gavyoT:
4p2(1,42×1014 m)3
= M = (3,7×106)Mmze
( )[ ( )]
2 2 2 2
6,67×10–11n·m2 (15,2 weli) 3,16×107n·m2
kg kg sagitarius A*-s masa 3,7 milioni mzis masis
TanamgzavrisTvis
U
K = 2 (13.39) energia
eqscentrisitetze. magaliTad, 13.17 suraTze naCvenebia erTi da imave didi naxevarRerZis mqone
oTxi orbita. oTxive orbitaze moZrav Tanamgzavrs Tanabari E sruli meqanikuri energia eqneba.
13.18 suraTze naCvenebia masiuri sxeulis garSemo wriul orbitaze moZravi Tanamgzavris K-s,
U-sa da E-s cvlilebebi r-is mixedviT.
sivrcis gamrudeba
aqamde gravitacias vxsnidiT, rogorc masebs Soris moqmedi ZaliT gamowveul movlenas.
ainStainma ki daamtkica, rom gravitacia gamowveulia sivrcis gamrudebiT, rasac es masebi
iwveven (rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, sivrce da dro erTmaneTSia CaxlarTuli da gamrudeba,
romelzec ainStaini laparakobs, sinamdvileSi sivrce-drois, Cveni samyaros oTxi ganzomilebis
erTobliobis gamrudebaa).
sivrcis (magaliTad, vakuumis) gamrudeba aRweras Znelad emorCileba. SeiZleba Semdegi analogia
sivrcis
gamrudeba
brtyeli paraleluri dedamiwasTan
sivrce traeqtoriebi axlos
dedamiwidan
Sors
traeqtoriebis
daaxloveba
dedamiwa
(a) (b) (g)
sur. 13.20. a) meridianebis gaswvriv moZravi ori sxeuli dedamiwis zedapiris simrudis gamo samxreT polusTan
erTmaneTs Sexvdeba. b) Tavisuflad vardnili ori sxeuli dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrcis simrudis
gamo dedamiwis centrTan erTmaneTs Sexvdeba. g) dedamiwidan moSorebiT sivrce brtyelia da paraleluri
traeqtoriebi paralelurobas inarCuneben. dedamiwasTan axlos, paraleluri traeqtoriebi erTmaneTs
uaxlovdeba, vinaidan dedamiwis masis gamo sivrce gamrudebulia.
460 Tavi 13 gravitacia
dagvexmaros: davuSvaT, orbitidan vakvirdebiT ori gemis Sejibrs, romlebic moZraobas dedamiwis
ekvatoridan samxreTisken iwyeben da erTmaneTisgan 20 km manZiliT arian daSorebulebni (sur.
13.20a). mezRvaurebis TvalTaxedviT, gemebi brtyel, paralelur traeqtoriebze moZraoben.
sinamdvileSi gemebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da samxreT polusTan Sexvdebian kidec.
mezRvaurebs es movlena gemebze moqmedi ZalebiT SeuZliaT axsnan, magram kosmosidan kargad
Cans, rom gemebis daaxloeba dedamiwis zedapiris simrudiTaa gamowveuli. CvenTvis amis danaxva
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan Sejibrs dedamiwis zedapiridan moSorebiT vakvirdebiT.
13.20 b suraTze aseTive Sejibria naCvenebi: ori vaSli dedamiwaze erTi da imave simaRlidan
vardeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaSlebs paraleluri traeqtorebi aqvT, dedamiwis centrisken
moZraobis gamo, isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian. vaSlebis moZraobis axsna dedamiwidan vaSlebze
moqmedi mizudulobis Zalis saSualebiT SegviZlia. moZraobis axsna aseve SesaZlebelia dedamiwis
masis gamo dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrcis simrudis saSualebiT. amjerad, sivrcis simrudes
ver vamCnevT, vinaidan gemebis SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavadac am sivrceSi vimyofebiT.
miuxedavad amisa, simrudis asaxva 13.20 g suraTze mocemuli naxaziT SeiZleba. naxazze vaSlebi
dedamiwisken moZraoben, romlis masis gamo dedamiwasTan axlos mdebare sivrce gamrudebulia.
dedamiwasTan axlos gavlisas sinaTlis traeqtoria sivrcis simrudis gamo odnav mruddeba.
am movlenas gravitaciuli fokusireba ewodeba. rodesac sinaTle ufro masiur struqturas,
magaliTad, galaqtikas an didi masis mqone Sav xvrels Cauvlis, misi traeqtoria ufro metad
mruddeba. roca aseTi masiuri struqtura Cvensa da kvazars (Zalian kaSkaSa da Zalian Sors
mdebare sinaTlis wyaro) Sorisaa, kvazaridan momavali sinaTle masiuri struqturis garSemo
ixreba da Cvensken moemarTeba (sur. 13.21 a). am SemTxvevaSi, sinaTle TiTqos ramdenime sxvadasxva
mimarTulebidan modis, Cven ki yvela am mimarTulebiT erTsa da imave kvazars vxedavT. zogjer
kvazarebi, romlebsac vxedavT, erTmaneTs erwymis da gigantur manaTobel rkals qmnis, romelsac
ainStainis rgoli ewodeba (sur. 13.21 b).
ras unda mivaweroT gravitacia, masebis arsebobis Sedegad sivrcis gamrudebas Tu masebs Soris
moqmed Zalas? an iqneb, rogorc zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoria amtkicebs, gravitacia gravitonad
wodebuli fundamenturi nawilakis moqmedebis maxasiaTebelia? jerjerobiT am kiTxvebis pasuxi
ar viciT.
kvazaridan momavali
sinaTlis traeqtoria
kvazaris xiluli
mimarTulebebi
saboloo traeqtoriebi
sur. 13.21. a) Soreuli kvazaridan momavali sinaTle galaqtikis an didi Savi xvrelis maxloblad mrudi
traeqtoriiT moZraobs, vinaidan galaqtikis an Savi xvrelis masam mimdebare sivrce gaamruda. b) MG1131+0456
saxeliT cnobili ainStainis rgoli teleskopis kompiuteris ekranze. sinaTlis wyaro (radiotalRebi, romlebic
uxilavi sinaTlis nairsaxeobaa) rgolis warmomqneli didi, uxilavi galaqtikis ukan mdebareobs. sinaTlis wyaros
nawili rgolze mdebare ori naTeli laqis saxiT moCans.
13.9. ainStaini da gravitacia 461
mimoxilva da Sejameba
siCqaris toli an metia. gaqcevis siCqare sadac M mimzidveli sxeulis, Cvens Sem
SekiTxvebi
1. 13.22 suraTze m da 2m masis ori nawilaki erT cemulia. daalage es situaciebi garsidan
wrfezea ganlagebuli. a) sad unda moTavsdes P nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis
RerZze (usasrulobis garda) mesame, 3m masis sididis klebadobis mixedviT.
nawilaki ise, rom danarCeni oridan masze
moqmedi sruli gravitaciuli Zala nulis
toli iyos: pirveli ori nawilakidan marcxniv,
marjvniv, or nawilaks Soris ufro masiurTan
axlos Tu naklebad masiurTan axlos?
b) Seicvleba Tu ara pasuxi, Tu mesame nawilakis
masaa 16m? g) arsebobs Tu ara am wrfis gareT
sur. 13.23. SekiTxva 2.
adgili (usasrulobis garda), sadac mesame
nawilakze moqmedi 3. 13.24 suraTze
sruli Zala nulis centraluri na
sur. 13.22. SekiTxva 1
tolia? wilaki sxva nawi
2. 13.23 suraTze naCvenebia sami situacia, lakebis ori rgo
romlebSic m masis mqone P nivTieri nawilaki liTaa garSemor
da Tanabrad ganawilebuli M masis sferuli tymuli, romelTa
garsi monawileobs. garsebis radiusebi mo radiusebia r da R
sur. 13.24. SekiTxva 3.
463
(R>r). yvela nawilakis masaa m. risi tolia romel meoTxedSi
centralur nawilakze rgolis nawilakebidan unda ganTavsdes D
moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedis wertili da romel
sidide da mimarTuleba? RerZTan unda iyos
4. 13.25 suraTze M axlos?
masis centraluri 8. 13.29 suraTze
nawilaki kvadratze naCvenebia oTxi
sur. 13.28. SekiTxva 7.
ganlagebuli nawi planetis ag gravi
lakebiTaa garSe taciuli aCqarebis planetis centridan r
mortymuli, romel manZilze damokidebulebis funqcia, planetis
13.25. SekiTxva 4.
Ta Soris manZilebia zedapiridan dawyebuli (radiusiT R1, R2,
d an d/2. risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan R3 da R4). pirveli da meore grafikebi r ≥ R2
centralur nivTier nawilakze moqmedi SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva. mesame da
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedis sidide da meoTxe grafikebi r ≥ R4 SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs
mimarTuleba? emTxveva. daalage oTxi planeta a) masebisa da
5. 13.26 suraTze b) simkvrivis klebadobis mixedviT.
naCvenebia identuri
nawilakebis sami gan
lageba. TiToeul
sur. 13.26. SekiTxva 5.
SemTxvevaSi sami
nawilaki 0,2m radiusis wreze, xolo meoTxe
_ wris centrSi mdebareobs. a) daalage
variantebi sami sxva nawilakidan centralur
nawilakze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
tolqmedis sididis klebadobis mixedviT. sur. 13.29. SekiTxva 8.
b) daalage variantebi oTxi nawilakis 9. 13.30 suraTze naCvenebia sami erTgvarovani,
sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energiis Tanabari zomisa da masis sferuli planeta.
klebadobis mixedviT. mocemulia planetebis brunvis T periodebi
6. 13.27 suraTze da gamosaxulia eqvsi wertili, sami _
naCvenebia sami nivTieri ekvatorze, sami ki _ CrdiloeT polusze.
nawilaki. B da C daalage wertilebi maTi g Tavisufali
identuri nawilakebi vardnis aCqarebis klebadobis mixedviT.
y RerZis mimarT si
metriulad aris gan
sur. 13.27. SekiTxva 6.
lagebuli da A nawi
lakidan d manZiliT aris daSorebuli. a) ra
mimarTuleba aqvs A nawilakze moqmed tolqmed
Ft gravitaciul Zalas? b) Tu C nawilaks
aTvlis saTaves davacilebT, Seicvleba Tu ara
sur. 13.30. SekiTxva 9.
Ft -is mimarTuleba? Tu Seicvleba, rogor da
10. daalage me-2 sakontrolo wertilSi
sadamde?
mocemuli oTxi Tanabari masis nivTier
7. 13.28 suraTze naCvenebia sami nivTieri nawilakTa sistema maTi gravitaciuli
nawilaki. B nawilakis masa C nawilakis masaze
potenciuri energiis absoluturi mniSvne
metia. SeiZleba Tu ara meoTxe D nawilaki ise
lobis klebadobis mixedviT.
movaTavsoT, rom A nawilakze B-dan, C-dan
11. 13.31 suraTze naCvenebia mTvaris garSemo
da D-dan moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
mbrunavi raketis eqvsi SesaZlo traeqtoria
tolqmedi nulis toli iyos? Tu SeiZleba,
464 Tavi 13 gravitacia
amocanebi
potenciuri ener
giis U(r) funqcia, planetis centridan 8×106 m maqsimalur
romelic saTaves RS manZils unda miaRwios, rogori sawyisi
radiusis planetis kinetikuri energiiT unda gauSvan planetis
zedapiridan iRebs. sur. 13.43.Bamocanebi 28 zedapiridan?
da 29.
Tu Wurvi zeda ••33. a) risi tolia 500 km radiusisa da
piridan –2×10 j meqanikuri energiiT ra
9 zedapirze 3 m/wm2 gravitaciuli aCqarebis
dialurad isroles, risi tolia a) misi mqone sferuli asteroididan gaqcevis
kinetikuri energia r = 1,25RS radiusze da siCqare? b) zedapiridan ra manZilze
b) misi Semobrunebis wertili (ixile qveTavi gadaadgildeba nawilaki, Tu asteroids
8.6)? 1000 m/wm radialuri siCqariT datovebs? g)
ra siCqariT daecema sxeuli asteroids, TuU
•29. 13.43 suraTze naCvenebia Wurvis
zedapiridan 1000 km simaRlidan Camoagdeben?
potenciuri energiis U(r) funqcia, romelic
SSM
468 Tavi 13 gravitacia
••34. Ria kosmosSi 20 kg masis A sfero x RerZis Tavi 13.7. planetebi da Tanamgzavrebi:
saTaveSia moTavsebuli, xolo 10 kg masis B kepleris kanonebi
sfero x = 0,8 m wertilSi. B sfero moZraobs, •38. kosmosuri namsxvrevebisa da moqmedi
A sfero ki uZravia. a) risi tolia ori sferos xelovnuri Tanamgzavris pirveli cnobili
sistemis gravitaciuli potenciuri energia, Sejaxeba 1996 wels moxda. erTi wlis frangul
rodesac B moZraobas iwyebs? b) risi tolia mzverav Tanamgzavrs 700 km simaRleze
B-s kinetikuri energia mas Semdeg, rac A-s raketa `arianes~ nawili Seejaxa, romelic
mimarTulebiT 0,2 m manZilze gadaadgildeba? orbitaze 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda.
••35. or neitronul varskvlavs Soris manZilia Sejaxebis Sedegad Tanamgzavri wyobidan
1×1010 m. TiToeulis masaa 1×1030kg, xolo gamovida da umarTavi gaxda. risi toli iyo
radiusi _ 1×105 m. Tavdapirvelad varskvla Sejaxebamde raketis nawilis siCqare km/
vebi erTmaneTis mimarT uZrav mdgomareobaSi sT-ebSi Tanamgzavris mimarT, Tu orive
arian. aTvlis am uZrav sistemaSi, ra siswrafiT wriul orbitaze moZraobda, xolo Sejaxeba
moZraoben varskvlavebi, a) rodesac maT Soris moxda a) pirispir da b) perpendikularuli
manZili ganaxevrdeba, da b) uSualod Sejaxebis traeqtoriebiT?
win? SSM ILW •39. marsis Tanamgzavri fobosi 9,4×106 m
••36. 13.45 a suraTze naCvenebia A nawilaki, radiusis wriul orbitaze moZraobs da
romelic y RerZis gaswvriv aTvlis misi periodia 7 sT da 39 wT. am informaciis
saTavidan usasrulo manZilze SeiZleba safuZvelze gamoTvale marsis masa.
gadaadgildes. aTvlis saTave erTnairi masis •40. marsidan mzemde saSualo manZili
B da C nawilakebs Sorisaa, romlebic x RerZze dedamiwidan mzemde manZilze 1,52-jer metia.
mdebareoben. D manZili 0,3057 m-is tolia.
kepleris periodebis kanonis daxmarebiT
13.45 b suraTze naCvenebia am sami nawilakis
gamoTvale marsis mier mzis garSemo erTi
sistemis U potenciuri energiis A nawilakis
brunis SemowerisTvis saWiro wlebis
mdebareobaze damokidebulebis grafiki.
raodenoba. Seni pasuxi C danarTSi mocemul
grafiki marjvniv grZeldeba da rodesac
mniSvnelobas Seadare.
y→∞, -2,7×10-11 j asimptots uaxlovdeba. ras
udris a) B da C wertilis masa? b) A wertilis •41. irmis naxtomis galaqtikis centridan
masa? 2,2×1020 m manZiliT daSorebuli mze
galaqtikis centris garSemo erT srul
wres 2,5×10 weliwadSi asrulebs. davuSvaT,
8
574 wlis aprilis erT dRes dainaxes, dedamiwis ••50. 20 kg masis Tanamgzavri 2,4 sT periodiT
caze kvlav gamoCnda 1994 wlis maisSi. davuSvaT, 8×106 m radiusis wriul orbitaze brunavs
am kometis brunvis periodia dakvirvebebs ucnobi masis planetis garSemo. Tu planetis
Soris dro, xolo eqscentritetia 0,11. risi zedapirze gravitaciuli aCqarebaa 8 m/wm2,
tolia a) kometis orbitis didi naxevarRerZi risi tolia planetis radiusi?
da b) kometis maqsimaluri daSoreba mzidan, ••51. ori varskvlavis sistemaSi TiToeul
plutonis orbitis Rp saSualo radiusebSi? varskvlavs Cveni mzis toli masa aqvs da
•48. 1993 wels kosmosurma xomaldma sistemis masaTa centris garSemo brunavs.
`galileim” dedamiwaze asteroid `243 aida~- am varskvlavebs Soris manZili dedamiwasa
sa da mis garSemo moZravi patara mTvaris da mzes Soris manZilis tolia. risi tolia
gamosaxuleba gamogzavna (sur. 13.47). es brunvis periodi wlebSi? ILW
iyo asteroidi-mTvaris sistemis pirveli •••52. Soreuli varskvlavis garSemo moZravi
damtkicebuli SemTxveva. am gamosaxulebaze uxilavi planetis arsebobas zogjer am
1,5 km siganis mTvare 55 km sigrZis asteroidis varskvlavis moZraobidan vaskvniT. vinaidan
centridan 100 km manZilze imyofeba. mTvaris varskvlavi da planeta varskvlavi-planetis
orbitis forma kargad ar aris cnobili. sistemis masaTa centris garSemo brunavs,
davuSvaT, es orbita wriulia da misi periodia amitom varskvlavi e.w. xedvis wrfis gaswvriv
27 sT. a) risi tolia asteroidis masa? b) gazomili siCqariT Cvensken moemarTeba da
`galileis” mier miRebuli gamosaxulebiT Semdeg gvSordeba. 13.48 suraTze naCvenebia
Tu vimsjelebT, asteroidis moculoba 14100 varskvlav `14 herkulesis~ siCqaris droze
km3ia. risi tolia asteroidis simkvrive? damokidebulebis grafiki. varskvlavis masa
Cveni mzis masaze 0,9-jer metia. davuSvaT,
varskvlavis garSemo mxolod erTi planeta meti: ayvanis energia Tu orbitaze yofnis
moZraobs da Cven orbitis sibrtyeSi kinetikuri energia?
vimyofebiT. am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT •58. 13.49 suraTze
gamoTvale a) planetis masa iupiteris mj m=125 kg masis ori
masebSi da b) planetis orbitis radiusi A da B xelovnuri
dedamiwis orbitis rE radiusebSi. Tanamgzavri deda
•••53. wrewirze mbrunavi M masis sami erTnairi miwis garSemo r =
varskvlavi tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis, 7,87×106 m radiusis sur. 13.49. amocana 58.
romelic sakuTari centris garSemo brunavs. wriul orbitaze
samkuTxedis gverdis sigrZea L. risi tolia urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZra
varskvlavebis siCqare? SSM obs da, maSasadame, erTmaneTs unda Seejaxos.
a) gamoTvale dedamiwisa da ori Tana
Tavi 13.8. Tanamgzavrebi: orbitebi da
mgzavrisgan Semdgari sistemis sruli
energia
EA+EB meqanikuri energia Sejaxebamde. b)
•54. Tanamgzavri ucnobi masis planetis gar- Tu Sejaxebis Semdeg ori sxeuli erTmaneTs
Semo 2×107 m radiusis wreze brunavs. planeti-
Seerwymeba (masa=2m), risi toli iqneb mTliani
dan Tanamgzavrze moqmedi gravitaciuli
meqanikuri energia Sejaxebis Semdeg? g)
Zalaa F=80 n. a) risi tolia Tanamgzavris
uSualod Sejaxebis Semdeg namsxvrevebi
kinetikuri energia am orbitaze? b) rogori
dedamiwis centrisken Camovardeba Tu
iqneba F, Tu orbitis radiusi 3×107 m-mde
dedamiwis garSemo orbitaze imoZravebs?
gaizrdeba?
••59. dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavri
•55. dedamiwis masaze 2×104-jer naklebi masis r radiusis wriul orbitaze moZraobs.
mqone asteroidi mzis garSemo wriul orbitaze
orbitiT SemosazRvruli A farTobi r2-zea
brunavs da mzidan orjer met manZilze
damokidebuli, vinaidan A=πr2. gansazRvre,
imyofeba, vidre dedamiwa. a) gamoTvale
rogor aris Tanamgzavris Semdegi
asteroidis brunvis periodi wlebSi. b) risi
maxasiaTeblebi r-ze damokidebuli: a) periodi,
tolia asteroidis kinetikuri energiis
b) kinetikuri energia, g) impulsis momenti da
fardoba dedamiwis kinetikur energiasTan?
d) siCqare.
SSM WWW
••60. dedamiwis orbitaze moZrav xelovnur
•56. m masis A da B xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebi Tanamgzavrze Tavdasxmis erT-erTi saSualebaa
dedamiwis garSemo wriul orbitaze unda
imave orbitaze, oRond sawinaaRmdego
gauSvan. A Tanamgzavri 6370 km simaRleze
mimarTulebiT burTebis grovis gaSveba.
imoZravebs, xolo B Tanamgzavri – 19110 km
davuSvaT dedamiwis zedapiridan 500 km
simaRleze. dedamiwis RE radiusia 6370 km. a)
simaRleze moZravi Tanamgzavri wriul
risi toli iqneba orbitaze B Tanamgzavris
orbitaze 4 g masis burTs Seejaxa. a) risi
potenciuri energiis fardoba A Tanamgzavris
tolia Sejaxebamde burTis kinetikuri energia
potenciur energiasTan? b) risi toli
Tanamgzavris aTvlis inerciul sistemaSi?
iqneba orbitaze B Tanamgzavris kinetikuri
b) risi tolia am kinetikuri energiis fardoba
energiis fardoba A Tanamgzavris kinetikur
4 g masis tyviis kinetikur energiasTan,
energiasTan? g) Tu TiToeuli Tanamgzavris
romelic Tanamedrove SaSxanidan 950 m/wm
masaa 14,6 kg, romel maTgans eqneba ufro meti
siCqariT isroles?
sruli energia? d) ramdeniT meti?
•••61. risi tolia dedamiwis zedapiridan 640
•57. a) dedamiwis zedapiridan ra simaRlezea km simaRlis wriul orbitaze moZravi 220 kg
Tanamgzavris am simaRlemde ayvanis energia
masis Tanamgzavris a) siCqare da b) periodi?
Tanamgzavris imave simaRlis orbitaze
davuSvaT, orbitaze erTi sruli brunis
yofnis kinetikuri energiis toli? b) ufro
Sesrulebisas Tanamgzavri 1,4×105 j meqanikur
didi simaRleebisTvis romeli energiaa
energias kargavs. Tanamgzavris orbita
471
wrewiria, romlis radiusi TandaTan mcirde- zRvruli masa, romelsac aseT manZilze
ba. gansazRvre Tanamgzavris g) simaRle, gauZleb? gaiTvaliswine sakuTari simaRle. b)
d) siCqare da e) periodi 1500 brunis Semdeg. es zeda zRvaria (ufro mcire masebis gaZleba
v) risi tolia Tanamgzavrze moqmedi saSualo SegiZlia) Tu qveda (ufro didi masebis gaZleba
Semanelebeli Zala? inaxeba Tu ara dedamiwis SegiZlia)?
centris garSemo z) Tanamgzavris impulsis 65. 1,5 kg masis oTxi erTnairi nawilaki 20
momenti da T) Tanamgzavri-dedamiwis sistemis sm gverdis sigrZis kvadratis kuTxeebSia
impulsis momenti (im daSvebiT, rom sistema ganlagebuli. risi tolia sxva nawilakebidan
izolirebulia)? SSM erT-erTze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalebis
Tavi 13.9. ainStaini da miziduloba tolqmedi?
•62. 13.19 b suraTze 60 kg masis fizikosi 66. a) legendaruli niutonis vaSli mzis
sasworze dgas, romelic 220 n wonas aCvenebs. ra masaze 1,6-jer meti masisa da 20 km radiusis
dro dasWirdeba gogras iatakze dasavardnad, mqone neitronuli varskvlavis zedapirze
Tu fizikosi mas 2,1 m simaRlidan daagdebs? 2 m simaRlidan rom Camovardniliyo, risi
toli iqneboda vaSlis siCqare varskvlavis
damatebiTi amocanebi
zedapirze dacemisas? b) vaSli rom varskvlavis
63. 13.50 suraTze naCvenebia dedamiwis
zedapirze yofiliyo, daaxloebiT risi toli
centrisken vardnisas centridan r manZilze
iqneboda vaSlis zeda da qveda nawilebze
asteroidis K kinetikuri energiis damo
moqmed gravitaciul aCqarebebs Soris
kidebulebis grafiki. a) risi tolia
gansxvaveba? am kiTxvis pasuxi adasturebs,
(daaxloebiT) asteroidis masa? b) risi tolia
rom neitronul varskvlavTan axlos vaSli
asteroidis siCqare, Tu r=1,945×107 m?
ver gadarCeboda.
67. 80 kg masis A sfero xy koordinatTa
sistemis aTvlis saTaveSia moTavsebuli. 60 kg
masis B sfero (0,25 m, 0) wertilSi mdebareobs.
0,2 kg masis C sfero pirvel meoTxedSia, A
sferodan 0,2m manZilze, xolo B sferodan
_ 0,15 m manZilze. risi tolia A da B-dan C-
ze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala (gamosaxeT
erTeulovani veqtorebis saSualebiT)?
68. Tanamgzavri 7×1024 kg masis planetis
sur. 13.50. amocana 63. garSemo elifsur orbitaze 8×104 wm periodiT
moZraobs. afeliumSi, romlis radiusia
64. Savi xvrelis Rh radiusi maTematikuri
r=4,5×107 m, Tanamgzavris kuTxuri siCqarea
sferos radiusia, romlis centri Savi xvrelis
7,158×10-5 rad/wm. risi tolia kuTxuri siCqare
centrs emTxveva. am warmosaxviT sferos
periheliumSi?
movlenaTa horizonti ewodeba. movlenaTa
horizontis SigniT momxdar movlenebze 69. kapitani jeinuei m = 3000 kg masis kos
informacia gare samyaroSi ar aRwevs. mosuri xomaldiT M=9,5×1025 kg masis pla
ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, netis garSemo r=4,2×107 m radiusis wriul
Rh=2GM/c2, sadac M Savi xvrelis masaa, xolo orbitaze moZraobs. risi tolia a) brunvis
c – sinaTlis siCqare. periodi da b) kosmosuri xomaldis siCqare?
jeinuei mcire droiT win mimarTul reaqtiul
davuSvaT, Savi xvrelis Seswavla 50Rh man
Zravas rTavs, rac xomaldis siCqares 2%-iT
Zilidan gsurs, magram ar ginda, rom Sens Tavsa
amcirebs. risi tolia amis Semdeg kosmosuri
da fexze moqmed gravitaciul aCqarebebs
xomaldis g) siCqare, d) kinetikuri energia,
Soris gansxvaveba 10 m/wm2-s aWarbebdes.
e) gravitaciuli potenciuri energia da
a) mzis Ms masaze ramdenjer didia Savi xvrelis
472 Tavi 13 gravitacia
v) meqanikuri energia? z) risi tolia elifsu 73. mA=40 kg, mB=35 kg, mC=200 kg da mD=50
ri orbitis didi naxevarRerZi, romelzec kg masis oTxi erTgvarovani birTvis
xomaldi amjerad moZraobs? T) risi tolia koordinatebia, Sesabamisad: (0, 5 sm), (0, 0),
Tavdapirvelad wriul orbitaze da Semdeg (-80 sm, 0) da (40 sm, 0). rogori saxe aqvs sxva
elifsur orbitaze moZraobis periodebis birTvebidan B birTvze moqmedi gravitaciuli
sxvaoba? i) romel orbitas aqvs ufro mcire Zalebis tolqmeds (gamosaxeT erTeulovani
periodi? veqtorebis saSualebiT)?
70. SesaniSnav moTxrobaSi `patara princi” 74. a) 73-e amocanidan A birTvi amoiRe da
amoucnobi stumari `saxlze odnav didi~ darCenili sami birTvis sistemis gravitaciuli
planetidan Camodis. davuSvaT, planetis potenciuri energia gamoTvale. b) Tu A birTvs
simkvrive dedamiwis simkvrivis tolia da ukan davabrunebT, oTxi birTvis sistemis
planeta umniSvnelo siCqariT brunavs. potenciuri energia a) sistemis potenciur
gamoTvale a) Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba energiaze meti iqneba Tu naklebi? g) a)-Si A
planetis zedapirze da b) planetidan gaqcevis birTvis amoRebisas Sens mier Sesrulebuli
siCqare. muSaoba dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi? d) b)-
71. tipur neitronul varskvlavs SeiZleba Si A-s dabrunebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mzis toli masa da mxolod 10 km radiusi dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi?
hqondes. a) risi tolia gravitaciuli aCqareba 75. pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavri 30
aseTi varskvlavis zedapirze? b) ra siCqariT m diametrisa da 20kg masis, haeriT savse
imoZravebs sxeuli, Tu aseTi varskvlavis aluminis burTi iyo. davuSvaT, 7 kg masis
zedapirze 1 m manZilidan Camovardeba (dauSvi, meteori Tanamgzavris zedapiridan 3 m
rom varskvlavi ar brunavs)? manZilze Caivlis. risi tolia Tanamgzavridan
72. vakvirdebiT m masis or, A da B identur meteorze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala?
astronomiur sxeulebs, romlebic maTi 76. R radiusis erTgvarovani birTvi ze
gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis gamo dapirze ag gravitaciul aCqarebas war
erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraoben. moqmnis. ra manZilzea centridan sferos
sxeulebis centrebs Soris manZilia Ri. a) SigniT da b) gareT mdebare wertilebi, sadac
davuSvaT, rom Cven am ori sxeulis sistemis gravitaciuli aCqarebaa ag /3?
masaTa centris mimarT uZrav aTvlis inerciul 77. tyvia dedamiwis zedapiridan 10 km/wm
sistemaSi vimyofebiT. gamoiyene meqanikuri sawyisi siCqariT vertikalurad isroles.
energiis mudmivobis kanoni (Kf+Uf=Ki+Ui), Tu haeris zemoqmedebas ugulebelvyofT,
raTa centrebs Soris 0,5Ri dacilebis dros dedamiwis zedapiridan ra manZils miaRwevs
gamoTvalo a) sistemis sruli kinetikuri tyvia?
energia, b) TiToeuli sxeulis kinetikuri
78. 50 kg masis Tanamgzavri planetis garSemo
energia, g) Cvens mimarT sxeulebis siCqare da
erT sruls wres 6 sT-Si asrulebs. planetidan
d) B sxeulis siCqare A-s mimarT.
Tanamgzavrze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalaa
Semdeg davuSvaT, rom A sxeulTan 80 n. risi tolia a) orbitis radiusi? b)
dakavSirebul aTvlis inerciul sistemaSi Tanamgzavris kinetikuri energia? g) planetis
vimyofebiT (anu am sxeulze vdgavarT). axla masa?
vxedavT, rom B sxeuli Cveni mimarTulebiT
79. ori varskvlavis sistemaSi 3×1030 kg masis
mofrinavs. am aTvlis sistemaSic gamoiyene
varskvlavebi sistemis masaTa centris garSemo
Kf+Uf=Ki+Ui formula, raTa sxeulebs Soris
1×1011 m radiusiT brunavs. a) risi tolia maTi
0,5Ri dacilebis dros gamoTvalo e) B sxeulis
saerTo kuTxuri siCqare? b) Tu meteori
kinetikuri energia da v) B sxeulis siCqare A
sistemis masaTa centrs varskvlavebis
sxeulis mimarT. z) ratom gansxvavdeba d)-s da
orbitaluri sibrtyis perpendikularulad
v)-s pasuxebi erTmaneTisgan? romeli pasuxia
Cauvlis, ra minimaluri siCqare unda hqondes
swori?
473
mas, raTa am ori varskvlavis sistemas 84. 7×1024 kg masisa da 1600 km radiusis planeta
`usasrulobaSi~ gaeqces? Tavdapirvelad mis mimarT uZrav meteors
80. dedamiwis ekvatorze mdebare sxeuli a) miizidavs. meteori planetisken moZraobs.
dedamiwis brunvis gamo dedamiwis centrisken davuSvaT, planetaze haeri ar aris. risi toli
Cqardeba, b) mzis garSemo dedamiwis wriul iqneba meteoris siCqare planetis zedapiris
orbitaze brunvis gamo mzisken Cqardeba da miRwevisas?
g) galaqtikis centris garSemo mzis brunvis 85. mzis garSemo dedamiwis orbita TiTqmis
gamo galaqtikis centrisken Cqardeba. g) wriulia: uaxloesi da uSoresi manZilebia
SemTxvevaSi brunvis periodia 2,5×108 w, xolo 1,47×108 km da 1,52×108 km. gansazRvre a) sruli
radiusi 2,2×1020 m. gamoTvale es sami aCqareba, energiis, b) gravitaciuli potenciuri
rogorc g=9,8m/wm2-is jeradi. energiis, g) kinetikuri energiisa da d)
81. sami sferos masebi da koordinatebia: 20 kg, orbitaluri siCqaris Sesabamisi cvlilebebi
x=0,5 m, y=1 m; 40 kg, x = – 1 m, y = – 1 m; 60 kg, x=0 m, am manZilebze. (miniSneba: gamoiyene energiisa
y = – 0 , 5 m. risi tolia am sami sferodan aTvlis da impulsis momentis mudmivobis kanonebi).
saTaveSi mdebare 20 kg masis sferoze moqmedi 86. kalkulatoriT 13.3 cxrilSi mocemuli
gravitaciuli Zalebis tolqmedi? planetebis T periodebis sia da a didi
82. 1865 wels Jiul vernma romanSi `dedamiwidan naxevarRerZebis sia Seadgine. T sidideebi
mTvaremde” aRwera, rogor gaisroles Sesabamis koeficientze gaamravle, raTa
zarbazniT sami astronavti mTvareze. vernis periodebi wamebSi gamoxato. a) T2-isa da
Tanaxmad, aluminis kafsula, romelSic a3-is mniSvnelobebiT ori axali sia Sead
astronavtebi iyvnen moTavsebulebi, 220 m gine. kalkulatorze Seadgine T2-is a3-ze
sigrZis zarbaznis lulaSi nitrocelulozis damokidebulebis wrfivi regresiuli Sesa
afeTqebis Sedegad aCqarda 11 km/wm siCqaremde. bamisoba. misi parametrebiT da G sididis
a) risi tolia zarbaznis lulaSi kafsulis da daxmarebiT gansazRvre mzis masa. b) aage
astronavtebis saSualo aCqareba g-ebSi? b) logT-s loga-ze damokidebulebis grafiki
es aCqareba astronavtebisTvis asatania Tu da Seadgine grafikis Sesabamisi wrfivi
momakvdinebeli? regresiuli Sesabamisoba. am Sesabamisobis
parametrebiTa da G sididis daxmarebiT
iaraRidan gasrolili kosmosuri xomaldis
gansazRvre mzis masa.
(Tumca mgzavrebis gareSe) Tanamedrove
versiac arsebobs. am versiaSi specialuri 87. planetas 6×1030 kg masis mzis garSemo
zarbaznis lulaSi meTanisa da haeris afeTqebis sruli wris Sesasruleblad 300 dedamiwis
Sedegad dguSi wyalbadiT savse konteiners dRe sWirdeba. risi tolia planetis a) orbitis
awveba, sadac maRali wneva warmoiqmneba da radiusi da b) orbitaluri siCqare?
raketas isvris. am dros raketa 3,5 km manZils 88. 20 kg masis sferoebi y RerZzea ganlagebuli
gadis da 7 km/wm siCqares aRwevs. g) rogori da maTi koordinatebia y=0,4 m da y=–0,4 m. amis
iqneba zarbazanSi moZravi raketis saSualo Semdeg moZraobas iwyebs 10 kg masis burTi x
aCqareba g-ebSi? d) ra damatebiTi siCqare RerZis im wertilidan, romelic sferoebidan
dasWirdeba raketas, raTa dedamiwis garSemo Zalian Sors, praqtikulad usasrulo manZil
700 km simaRlis orbitaze imoZraos? ze mdebareobs. Tu burTze modebulia mxolod
83. 150 kg masis raketa 3,7 km/sT siCqariT sferoebidan moqmedi mizidulobis Zala, maSin
dedamiwas Sordeba. dedamiwis zedapiridan rogori iqneba mis mier (0,3 m, 0) wertilis
200 km simaRleze misi Zrava gamoirTveba. miRwevisas a) misi kinetikuri energia da
a) ugulebelyavi haeris zemoqmedeba da b) sferoebidan masze moqmedi Zalebis tol
gamoTvale raketis kinetikuri energia qmedi erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
dedamiwis zedapiridan 1000 km simaRleze. b) 89. ra siCqariT Caivlis fosta dedamiwis
zedapiridan ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs centrs, Tu amocanis amoxsnis 13.4 nimuSSi
raketa? naxseneb gvirabSi vardeba?
474 Tavi 13 gravitacia
da rodesac inJinrebma is kvlav CarTes, is 3 g/sm3, rac tipuri sididea bevri planetis,
Tavisi orbitaluri adgilmdebareobidan Tanamgzavrisa Tu asteroidisTvis. dRemde ar
476
14.3. simkvrive da wneva 477
SesaZloa gagiCndeT kiTxva, ratom movuyareT Tavi Txevad nivTierebebs da airebs da ratom
vuwodeT maT yvelas siTxe? Txevadi wyali xom orTqlisa da yinulisgan gansxvavdeba?
sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. yinulis Semadgeneli atomebi, kristalisebri myari sxeulebis
msgavsad, zustad organizebul samganzomilebian masivs qmnian. am masivs kristaluri meseri
ewodeba. aseTi ganlageba orTqlSi da Txevad wyalSi ar gvxvdeba.
simkvrive
nebismier wertilSi siTxis ρ simkvrivis gamosaTvlelad, wertilis garSemo ΔV mcire moculobas
gamovyofT da am elementSi ganlagebuli siTxis Δm masas gamovTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi simkvrive
iqneba:
Δm
r=
(14.1)
ΔV
Teoriulad, siTxis nebismier wertilSi simkvrive 14.1 Sefardebis zRvaria, vinaidan elementis
ΔV moculoba sul ufro mcirdeba. praqtikaSi vuSvebT, rom siTxis nimuSi atomur zomebTan
SedarebiT didia da, maSasadame, `uswormaswori~ ki ar aris, aramed `gluvia~ (gaaCnia erTgvarovani
simkvrive). aseTi daSvebis Semdeg 14.1 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
m
r = (erTgvarovani simkvrive) (14.2)
V
m da V, Sesabamisad siTxis nimuSis masa da moculobaa.
simkvrive simkvrive
nivTiereba an sagani nivTiereba an sagani
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
varskvlavTSorisi sivrce 10-20 rkina 7,9×103
saukeTeso laboratoriuli vakuumi 10-17 vercxliswyali 13,6×103
haeri: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 1,21 dedamiwa: saSualo 5,5×103
20°C da 50 atm. wneva 60,5 birTvi 9,5×103
penoplasti 1×102 qerqi 2,8×103
yinuli 0,917×103 mze: saSualo 1,4×103
wyali: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 0,998×103 birTvi 1,6×105
20°C da 50 atm. wneva 1×103 TeTri juja varskvlavi (birTvi) 1010
zRvis wyali: 20°C da 1 atm. wneva 1,024×103 uranis birTvi 3×1017
sisxli 1,06×103 neitronuli varskvlavi (birTvi) 1018
478 Tavi 14 siTxeebi
simkvrive skalaruli sididea. SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia kg/m3. 14.1 cxrilSi mocemulia
zogierTi nivTierebis simkvrive da zogierTi sagnis saSualo simkvrive. gaiTvaliswineT, rom
airis simkvrive (ix. haeri) wnevasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad icvleba, Tumca siTxis simkvrive (ix.
wyali) mudmivia. es niSnavs, rom airebis SekumSva SeiZleba, xolo siTxeebis ara.
wneva
davuSvaT, wnevisadmi mgrZnobiare mcire mowyobiloba
(sensori) siTxiT savse WurWelSia Setivtivebuli (sur. 14.1a).
sensori (sur. 14.1b) ΔA farTobis zedapiris mqone dguSisgan
Sedgeba, romelic kargad morgebul cilindrSi moZraobs da
zambarazea damagrebuli. Cvenebis wamkiTxavi mowyobilobis
daxmarebiT vafiqsirebT garemomcveli siTxiT gamowveul
dakalibrebuli zambaris SekumSvis xarisxs, rac gviCvenebs
dguSis perpendikularulad moqmedi ΔF Zalis sidides.
siTxidan dguSze moqmedi wnevaa:
ΔF
p= (14.3)
ΔA
Teoriulad, siTxis nebismier wertilSi arsebuli wneva am
Sefardebis zRvaria, rodesac am wertilze centrirebuli
dguSis zedapiris ΔA farTobi sul ufro mcire da mcire xdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu A sibrtyeze Zala Tanabrad moqmedebs,
maSin 14.3 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
sur. 14.1. a) siTxiT savse WurWeli
F b)-ze naCveneb wnevis sensors Seicavs.
p = (erTgvarovani Zalis wneva sibrtyeze) (14.4)
A sensorSi moTavsebuli moZravi dgu
sadac F - perpendikularuli Zalis sididea A farTobze Sis fardobiTi mdebareobis mixed
viT wneva izomeba.
(“farTobze moqmedi Zala erTgvarovania” niSnavs, rom Zala
am farTobis yvela wertilze Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli).
eqsperimentiT dgindeba, rom uZravi siTxis nebismier mocemul wertilSi 14.4 formuliT
gansazRvruli wneva sensoris orientaciis miuxedavad erTi mniSvnelobisaa. wneva aris skalari,
romelsac ar gaaCnia mimarTulebasTaan dakavSirebuli Tvisebebi. wnevis sensoris dguSze
moqmedi Zala veqtoruli sididea, magram 14.4 formula mxolod am Zalis sidides anu skalarul
ricxvs Seicavs.
SI sistemaSi wnevis erTeulia n/m2 anu paskali (pa). metruli sistemis mqone qveynebSi avtomobi
lis saburavSi wnevis sazomi manometrebi kilopaskalebSia dagraduirebuli. paskali wnevis sxva
formuliT Caiwereba:
haeri
F2=F1+mg (14.5) F2
y = 0
wyali
Cven 14.5 formulis gardaqmna da masSi wnevis sididis Setana
y1 done 1, p1
gvsurs. 14.4 formulidan gamomdinareobs:
y2 done 2, p2
F1 = p1A da F2 = p2A (14.6) mg
F1
cilindrSi arsebuli wylis m masa 14.2 formulidan aris
m=ρV, sadac cilindris V moculoba waxnagis A farTobis da
(a)
y1-y2 simaRlis namravlis tolia. maSasadame m=ρA(y1-y2). Tu am
Sedegs da 14.6 formulas 14.5-Si CavsvamT, miviRebT:
p2A = p1A + ρAg(y1 – y2)
anu p2 = p1 + ρg(y1 – y2) (14.7)
am formulis gamoyeneba rogorc siTxeSi (siRrmis funqciis
saxiT), aseve atmosferoSi (simaRlis funqciis saxiT) wnevis
gamosaTvlelad SeiZleba. magaliTis saxiT davuSvaT, rom
siTxis zedapiridan h siRrmeze p wnevis gamoTvla gvsurs.
(b)
am SemTxvevaSi pirvel doned zedapirs miviCnevT, meore
doned misgan h siRrmeze (14.3 suraTis msgavsad), xolo p0- sur. 14.2. a) wyliT savse avzi,
iT zedapirze moqmed atmosferul wnevas aRvniSnavT. Semdeg romelSic A farTobis horizon
taluri fuZis mqone warmosaxviTi
14.7 formulaSi CavsvamT:
cilindria gamoyofili. F1 Zala
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = –h, p2 = p cilindris zeda zedapirze mo
qmedebs, F2 Zala - cilindris qveda
da miviRebT: zedapirze. cilindrSi arsebul
p = p0 + ρgh (wneva h siRrmeze) (14.8) wyalze moqmedi gravitaciuli Za
laa m g . b) Tavisufali sxeulebis
gaiTvaliswineT, rom siTxis mocemul siRrmeze moqmedi diagrama wylis svetisaTvis.
wneva am siRrmezea damokidebuli da ara horizontalur
zomebze.
maSasadame, 14.8 formula WurWlis formaze damokidebuli ar aris. Tu WurWlis qveda zedapiri
h siRrmezea, maSin 14.8 formula am wertilSi moqmed p wnevas gvaZlevs.
14.8 formulaSi, meore doneze moqmed p-s srul anu absolutur wnevas uwodeben. amis mizezi is
aris, rom 14.3 suraTis meore doneze moqmedi p wneva ori komponentisgan Sedgeba: 1) atmosferos
mier gamowveuli p0 wneva siTxes awveba da 2) meore donis zemoT
arsebuli siTxis mier gamowveuli ρgh wneva meore dones awveba. haeri
y = 0
absolutur wnevasa da atmosferul wnevas Soris sxvaobas p0 done 1
siTxe
manometruli wneva ewodeba (manometri am wnevaTa sxvaobas
h
zomavs). 14.3 suraTis SemTxvevaSi manometruli wneva ρgh-ia.
14.7 formula aseve gamosadegia siTxis zedapiris zeda p done 2
sakontrolo wertili 1. suraTze naCvenebia zeiTunis zeTis oTxi WurWeli. daalageT isini
h siRrmeze wnevis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
a) b) g) d)
p≈0
p≈0
done 1
done 2
h
h
p0
p0 done 2
done 1
sur. 14.5. a) vercxliswylis barometri. b) kidev sur. 14.6. Ria milis mqone manometri rezervuarzea
erTi vercxliswylis barometri. h manZili orive mierTebuli, raTa airis manometruli wneva gaizomos.
SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria U-milis marjvena mxare atmosferosadmi Riaa.
Ria milis mqone manometri (sur. 14.6) airis pairi manometrul wnevas zomavs. manometri siTxis
Semcveli U-milisgan Sedgeba. milis erTi bolo gasazomi wnevis mqone WurWelTanaa mierTebuli,
xolo meore bolo atmosferosadmi Riaa. Cven SegviZlia 14.7 formula gamoviyenoT da 14.6
suraTze naCvenebi h simaRlis daxmarebiT wneva gamovTvaloT. modiT pirveli da meore done 14.6
suraTis Tanaxmad avirCioT, Semdeg 14.7 formulaSi CavsvaT:
y1 = 0, p1 = p0 da y2 = –h, p2 = p
da gamovTvaloT:
pairi = p – p0 = ρgh, (14.10)
sadac ρ aris milSi Casxmuli siTxis simkvrive. pairi wneva h-is pirdapirproporciulia.
manometruli wneva SesaZloa iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, rac imazea damokidebuli p metia p0-ze
Tu piriqiT. haeriT gaberil saburavebSi an adamianis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi, absoluturi
wneva atmosferul wnevaze metia da manometruli wneva dadebiTi sididea, romelsac zogjer
Warb wnevasac uwodeben. miliT siTxis amowrupvisas, Tqvens filtvebSi moqmedi absoluturi
wneva atmosferul wnevaze naklebi iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi filtvebSi arsebuli manometruli
wneva uaryofiTia.
modiT WurWels tyvia davumatoT da pdaw wneva ∆pdaw sididiT sur. 14.7. dguSze moTavsebuli
tyvia (tyviis patara burTulebi)
gavzardoT. 14.11 formulaSi ρ, g da h sidideebi ar icvleba
SemosazRvrul (ukumSvad) siTxeze
da maSasadame P wertilSi wnevis cvlilebaa: pdaw wneviT moqmedebs. tyviis
damatebiT pdaw-s gazrdis dros,
∆p=∆pdaw (14.12) siTxis nebismier wertilSi moqmedi
wneva Tanabari sididiT izrdeba.
wnevis cvlileba h-ze damokidebuli ar aris, amitom paskalis
kanonis mixedviT cvlileba siTxis nebismieri wertilisTvis Tanabaria.
A
Ai
( )( )
A
W = F0d0 = Fi o di i = F1d1 ,
Ao
(14.15)
formulidan Cans, rom modebuli Zalis mier Semaval dguSze Sesrulebuli W muSaoba, gamomavali
dguSis mier masze moTavsebuli tvirTis awevaze Serulebuli muSaobis tolia.
hidravlikuri berketis upiratesoba Semdegia:
gravitaciuli Zalis sididis tolia Fam = mf g (f indeqsi siTxes, am SemTxvevaSi ki wyals aRniSnavs).
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amomgdebi Zalis sidide tomaraSi moTavsebuli wylis wonis tolia.
14.10b suraTze wyliani tomara qviT SevcvaleT. amboben, rom qvam wyali gamodevna anu manamde
wyliT savse sivrce daikava. xvrelis forma ar Segvicvlia, amitom xvrelis zedapirze moqmedi
Zalebi igive unda iyos. maSasadame, wyliT savse tomaraze moqmedi zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi
Zala qvazec moqmedebs. es niSnavs, rom amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide qvis mier gamodevnili wylis
mf g wonis tolia.
wyliT savse tomrisgan gansxvavebiT qva ar imyofeba statikur wonasworobaSi. qvaze moqmedi
qvemoT mimarTuli g gravitaciuli Zala zemoT mimarTul amomgdeb Zalaze metia, rogorc es
14.10b suraTze gamosaxuli Tavisufali sxeulebis diagramidan Cans. maSasadame, qva aCqardeba da
auzis fskerze iZireba.
Semdeg 14.10a suraTis xvreli msubuqi wonis xis napobiT SevavseT (sur. 14.10g). xvrelis zedapirze
moqmedi Zalebi amjeradac ar Secvlila da amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide gamodevnili wylis mf g
wonis tolia. qvis msgavsad napobic ar aris statikur wonasworobaSi. magram am SemTxvevaSi g
tivtivi
rodesac msubuqi wonis xis napobs wylis zedapirze CavuSvebT, napobis nawili wyalSi iZireba,
vinaidan gravitaciuli Zala dabla miaqanebs. rac ufro metad iZireba napobi wyalSi, miT ufro
izrdeba zemoT mimarTuli amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide. saboloo jamSi, roca Fam Zala napobze
moqmed Fg gravitaciul Zalas gauTanabrdeba, napobi Cerdeba. amis Semdeg napobi statikur
wonasworobaSia da wyalSi tivtivebs. zogadad:
rodesac sxeuli siTxeSi tivtivebs, sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zalis Fam sidide sxeulze
moqmedi gravitaciuli Zalis Fg sididis tolia.
es mtkiceba Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, motivtive sxeuli sakuTari wonis siTxes gamodevnis.
14.7. arqimedes kanoni 487
moCvenebiTi wona siTxeSi
Tu qvas wonis gasazomad dagraduirebul sasworze movaTavsebT, sasworis Cveneba qvis wona
iqneba, magram Tu igive moqmedebas wyalSi gavimeorebT, wylidan qvaze moqmedi amomgdebi Zala
Cvenebas Seamcirebs. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs moCvenebiT wonas. moCvenebiTi wona sxeulis
namdvil wonas da sxeulze moqmed amomgdeb Zalas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
( moCvenebiTi
wona ) (
=
namdvili
wona )(
–
amomgdebi Zalis
sidide ),
3. dineba arablantia. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, siTxis siblante dinebisadmi misi winaRobis sazomia.
magaliTad, sqeli Tafli wyalTan SedarebiT dinebisadmi ufro mdgradia da Tafls wyalze
ufro blant nivTierebas uwodeben. siblante myari nivTierebebis xaxunis analogia. orive
meqanizmis saSualebiT moZravi sagnebis kinetikuri energia Termul energiad gardaiqmneba.
xaxunis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sagani horizontaluri zedapiris gaswvriv mudmivi siCqariT
imoZravebs. aseTive principiT, Tu arablant siTxeSi moZravi sagani blanti winaRobis Zalis anu
siblantiT gamowveuli winaRobis Zalis moqmedebas ar ganicdis, is siTxeSi mudmivi siCqariT
moZraobas SeZlebs. ingliselma mecnierma, lordma jon releim sworad SeniSna, rom idealur
siTxeSi xomaldis Zrava ar imuSavebda, magram amave dros idealur siTxeSi xomalds Zrava
saerTod ar dasWirdeboda, Tu mas Tavdapirvelad aamoZravebdnen!
4. dineba aragrigaluria. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemdgomSi ar dagvWirdeba, Cven agreTve
vuSvebT dinebis aragrigalurobas! am Tvisebis Sesamowmeblad mtvris pawawina nawilaki
14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba 489
denis wiri
siTxis elementi
→
ν2
→
ν1 A2
(a) t dro
Tu 14.22 formulas 14.14 suraTze naCvenebi milis monakveTis marcxena da marjvena kideebisTvis
gamoviyenebT, miviRebT:
∆V = A1ν1 ∆t = A2ν2 ∆t
siCqarisa da ganivi kveTis farTobis amgvar kavSirs idealuri siTxis dinebis uwyvetobis
gantoleba ewodeba. formula gvauwyebs, rom ganivi kveTis farTobis Semcirebisas dinebis
siCqare izrdeba.
14.23 formula gamosadegia ara mxolod namdvili milisTvis, e →
ν
aramed e.w. denis milisTvis. denis mili warmosaxviTia, romlis
sazRvari denis wirebisgan Sedgeba. aseTi mili realuris (a) t dro
msgavsad moqmedebs, vinaidan siTxis elements denis wiris
e →
gadakveTa ar ZaluZs da denis milSi gamavali siTxe milis ν
sazRvrebs ar scdeba. 14.16 suraTze naCvenebia denis mili,
(b) ∆x
romlis ganivi kveTis farTobi dinebis mimarTulebis gaswvriv t+∆t dro
A1-dan A2-mde izrdeba. 14.23 formulidan viciT, rom farTobis sur. 14.15. siTxe milSi mudmivi ν
zrdasTan erTad siCqare unda Semcirdes, rac asaxulia kidec siCqariT miedineba. a) t droSi siT
xis e elementi daStrixul xazs ga
14.16 suraTis marjvena mxares, sadac denis wirebs Soris
dakveTs. b) t+∆t droSi e elementi
dacileba ufro metia. aseTive principiT, 14.12 suraTze daStrixuli xazidan ∆x=ν+∆t man
dinebis siCqare cilindris zemo da qvemo ubnebis siaxloves Zilzea.
2 5
6
4 8 4
A0ν0 = Aν (14.26)
14.18 suraTze naCvenebia mili, romelSic idealuri siTxe stacionarulad miedineba. davuSvaT
∆t drois SualedSi milis marcxena bolodan mewamuli feriT aRniSnuli ∆V moculobis siTxe
Sedis da meore bolodan mwvane feriT aRniSnuli igive moculobis siTxe gamodis. gamomavali
da Semavali moculoba erTmaneTis toli unda iyos, vinaidan siTxe ukumSvadia da mudmivi ρ
simkvrivisaa.
davuSvaT, y1, ν1 da p1 marcxnidan Semavali siTxis simaRle, siCqare da wnevaa, xolo y2, ν2 da p2
- marjvnidan gamomavali siTxis Sesabamisi sidideebi. Tu siTxes energiis Senaxvis kanons
mivusadagebT, gamoCndeba, rom es sidideebi Semdeg urTierTkavSirSia:
492 Tavi 14 siTxeebi
1 1
p1 + 2 ρν12 + ρgy1 = p2 + 2 ρν22 + ρgy2 (14.28) L
14.18 suraTze naCvenebi idealuri siTxis mTliani moculoba sistemad miviCnioT. am sistemas
energiis Senaxvis kanoni mivusadagoT, rodesac is sawyisi mdgomareobidan (sur. 14.18a) saboloo
mdgomareobaSi (sur. 14.18b) gadadis. 14.18 suraTze, L manZiliT daSorebul or vertikalur
sibrtyes Soris arsebuli siTxis maxasiaTeblebi procesis dros ar icvleba. Cven mxolod
Sesasvlel da gasasvlel napirebze momxdari cvlilebebi gvWirdeba.
1
aragrigaluri dinebis SemTxvevaSi, 14.29 formulis mudmivas mniSvneloba denis milis yvela wertilisTvis
Tanabaria. ar aris aucilebeli wertilebi erTi da igive denis wiris gaswvriv iyos ganlagebuli. analo-
giurad 14.28 formulaSi 1 da 2 wertilebi denis milis nebismier adgilze SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli.
14.10 bernulis gantoleba 493
Tavdapirvelad energiis Senaxvis kanoni muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremis saxiT CavweroT:
W = ∆K (14.31)
formula gvauwyebs, rom Cveni sistemis kinetikuri energiis cvlileba sistemaze Sesrulebuli
sruli muSaobis toli unda iyos. kinetikuri energiis cvlileba milis kideebs Soris siCqaris
cvlilebiT gamoiwveva da tolia:
1 1 1
∆K = ∆m ν22 – ∆m ν12 = ρ ∆V (ν22 – ν12 ), (14.32)
2 2 2
sadac ∆m(=ρ∆V) aris ∆t drois mcire SualedSi milSi Semavali da gamomavali siTxis masa.
muSaoba sistemaze ori wyarodan sruldeba. pirvel rigSi mizidulobis Zalam (∆m g ) ∆m masis
siTxeze muSaoba Sesvlis donidan gasvlis doneze vertikaluri awevisas unda Seasrulos:
Wg = –∆m g(y2 – y1) = – ρg ∆V (y2 – y1), (14.33)
es muSaoba uaryofiTia, radgan gadaadgilebis da gravitaciuli Zalis mimarTulebebi urTi
erTsawinaaRmdegoa.
garda amisa, muSaoba unda Sesruldes sistemaze (Sesasvlelze), raTa siTxe milSi Sevides da
muSaoba unda Seasrulos sistemamac (gamosasvlelze), raTa gamomavali siTxis win arsebul
siTxes win ubiZgos. A farTobis milSi arsebuli siTxis ∆x manZilze gadasaadgileblad F sididis
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
F ∆x = (pA)(∆x) = p(A ∆x) = p∆V.
am SemTxvevaSi, sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaobaa P1∆V, xolo sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSao
ba _ –P2∆V. maTi Wp jami tolia:
Wp = –p2∆V + p1∆V = –(p2 – p1)∆V (14.34)
14.31 formulis muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teorema Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
W = Wg + Wp = ∆K.
14.32, 14.33 da 14.34 formulebis Casma mogvcems:
1
– ρg∆V(y2 – y1) – ∆V(p2 – p1) = 2 ρ ∆V (ν22 – ν12 ).
mcire gardaqmnebis Semdeg es formula 14.28-is formas miiRebs, ris damtkicebasac vcdilobdiT.
saerTo simaRlea. formula erTi SexedviT wnevaTa sxvaoba 4120 pa-ia, magram p1–p2 aris
naklebad gamosadegi Cans, vinaidan sasurvel 4120 pa Tu –4120 pa? pirveli variantis
RV-s ar Seicavs da arc ν1 da ν2 siCqareebi viciT. siswore advilad misaxvedria, vinaidan sxva
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs am formulis SemTxvevaSi 14.38 formula warmosaxviT
gardaqmnis saSualeba. Tavdapirvelad 14.35 (kompleqsur) ricxvs mogvcemda, magram
formula gamoviyenoT da gaviTvaliswinoT, mixvedris da marCielobis nacvlad logikas
rom A2=A1/2: mivyveT. 14.35 formulidan Cans, rom viwro
RV R 2R monakveTSi (A2) ν2 siCqare farTo monakveTSi
da ν2 = V = V
ν1 = (14.37)
A1 A2 A1 (A1) ν1 siCqareze metia. Tu horizontalur
Semdeg es gamosaxulebebi 14.36 formulaSi traeqtoriaze moZraobisas siTxis siCqare
CavsvaT, ucnobi siCqareebi gavabaTiloT da izrdeba (rogorc am SemTxvevaSi), maSin siTxis
moculobis dinebis siCqare warmovadginoT. wneva mcirdeba. maSasadame p1 metia p2-ze da
RV-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems: p1 – p2 = 4120 pa. am da sxva monacemebis 14.38
formulaSi Casma mogvcems:
(14.38)
Cven kidev erTi gadawyvetileba gvaqvs RV = 1,2 × 10–3 m2
misaRebi. viciT, rom or monakveTs Soris
= 2,24 × 10–3 m3/w (pasuxi)
14.41 formulis 14.40 formulaSi Casma da qvemoT mimarTuli tolqmedi Zala manqanis
gardaqmna mogvcems: qvemoT moZravi haeris Semcirebuli wneviTaa
( A
)
2
1 gamowveuli da is manqanaze moqmedi miwis
p1 = p0 – 2 ρν02 A – 1 0
2 (14.42)
1 efeqtia. miwis efeqti manqanis trekze moZ
manqanis wina nawilis A0 farTobze gamavali raobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro uaryofiTi
haeris siCqarea 27,25m/wm, rac manqanis siCqaris amwevi Zalis daaxloebiT 30%-ia. uaryofiTi
tolia. 14.42 formulaSi es siCqare, ρ=1,21kg/m3 amwevi Zalis gareSe manqanam moxvevisas Zalian
sur. 14.20. a) haeri sportuli manqanis zemoT da qvemoT miedineba. b) manqanis qvemoT gamavali haeri A0 farTobis
mqone vertikalur ganiv kveTSi Sedis. g) Semdeg nakadi viwrovdeba da A1 farTobis vertikaluri ganivi kveTis
mqone milSi gadis.
496 Tavi 14 siTxeebi
unda Seanelos siCqare, raTa trekis kedels stacionarul dinebas aferxebs da miwis
ar Seejaxos. Sejibris dros mZRoli haeris efeqts gamoricxavs. Tu ukan mimyoli manqanis
wevas sxva manqanis devniT amcirebs, rasac mZRoli amas ar gaiTvaliswinebs da siCqares
berva ewodeba. miuxedavad amisa, win mimavali ar Seanelebs, kedelTan Sejaxeba gardauvali
manqana ukan mimyoli manqanis qvemoT haeris iqneba.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
simkvrive. nebismieri nivTierebis ρ sim paskalis kanoni. daxurul WurWelSi
kvrive moculobis erTeulSi nivTierebis moTavsebul siTxeze moqmedi wnevis cvlileba
masaa: siTxis yvela nawilze da WurWlis kedlebze
Δm Semcirebis gareSe gadadis.
r= , (14.1)
ΔV
rodesac nivTierebis zoma atomurTan Seda arqimedes kanoni. rodesac sxeuli sru
rebiT bevrad didia, 14.1 formula Semdegi lad an nawilobriv CaZirulia siTxeSi, ga
saxiT iwereba: remomcveli siTxe masze am amomgdebi ZaliT
m moqmedebs. es Zala mimarTulia zemoT da misi
r = (14.2)
V sididea:
siTxis wneva. siTxe iseTi nivTierebaa, Fam = mf g , (14.16)
romelsac dena SeuZlia. siTxe WurWlis sadac mf sxeulis mier gamodevnili siTxis
formas iRebs, vinaidan mas mxebi Zabvisadmi masaa.
winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SeuZlia. samagierod rodesac sxeuli siTxeSi tivtivebs, maRla
siTxes SeuZlia zedapiris perpendikularuli mimarTuli Fam sididis amomgdebi Zala sxeul
Zalis warmoqmna. es Zala p wnevis saSualebiT ze moqmedi qvemoT mimarTuli Fg simZimis Za-
aisaxeba: lis tolia. sxeulis moCvenebiTi wona nam
ΔF dvil wonas Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
r=, (14.3)
ΔA wonamoCv. = wona – Fam (14.19)
sadac ∆F aris zedapiris ∆A farTobis ele
mentze moqmedi Zala. Tu Zala sibrtyeze idealuri siTxeebis dineba. idealuri
Tanabrad nawildeba, maSin 14.3 formula siTxe ukumSvadia, ar aris blanti da misi
SekiTxvebi
1. 14.21 suraTze 4. 3kg masis sxeuli wyalSi srulad CavZireT.
naCvenebia wyliT sxeulis mier dakavebul sivrceSi wylis masa
savse rezervuari. 2kg iyo. a) rodesac sxeuls xels gavuSvebT
rezervuari xuTi is amoZravdeba zeviT, qveviT Tu saerTod
h o r i z o n t a l u r i uZravi darCeba? b) Tu sxeuls gansxvavebuli
iatakisa da Weris simkvrivis siTxeSi CavZiravT da Semdeg xels
gan Sedgeba. maTi gavuSvebT, rogor imoqmedebs es sxeuli?
farTobebi Tana 5. 14.24 suraTze naCvenebia wyliT piramde
baria da rezer sur. 14.21. SekiTxva 1. savse sami identuri Ria WurWeli. saTamaSo
vuaris zedapiridan ixvi or WurWelSi tivtivebs. WurWeli da
dacilebulia L, 2L da 3L-iT. daalageT isini maTi Semcveloba wonebis mixedviT dididan
dididan mcireze wylidan moqmedi Zalis mcireze daalageT.
mixedviT.
2. Caidanis efeqti.
Caidnidan gadmosul
wyals sakmaod did (a) (b) (g)
9. wyali hori K
zontalur milSi
laminarulad mie x
A B C
dineba. 14.27 su sur. 14.27. SekiTxva 9.
raTze naCvenebia
milis gaswvriv gavlebuli x RerZis gaswvriv
moZravi wylis elementis K kinetikuri
energia. milis dasaTaurebuli monakveTebi
radiusebis mixedviT dididan mcireze
daalageT.
sur. 14.28. SekiTxva 10.
10. 14.28 suraTze naCvenebia milTa oTxi
ganlageba, romlebSic wyali laminarulad
marjvniv miedineba. suraTze mocemulia milis sruli muSaoba a) nulis toli, b) dadebiTi da
monakveTebis radiusebi. romel ganlagebaSia g) uaryofiTi?
wylis moculobis erTeulze Sesrulebuli
amocanebi
•5. mtknari wylis siRrmeSi Casasvlelad
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Tevzi forovan ZvalSi an sahaero tomaraSi
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze dagrovil haers iyenebs, raTa misi saSualo
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday simkvrive wylisas gauTanabrdes. davuSvaT,
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- Tevzis sahaero tomara dazianda da Tevzis
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
com/college/halliday. simkvrivea 1,08g/sm3. gafarToebuli sxeulis
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs moculobis ra nawiliT unda gaberos Tevzma
• – •••
amocanis sirTules sahaero tomrebi, raTa misi simkvrive wylisas
gauTanabrdes? ILW
paragrafi 14.3. simkvrive da wneva •6. Tqven manqanis wina saburavebs 28 funti/
•1. ofisis fanjris zomebia 3,4m da 2,1m. duimi2-mde beravT. Semdeg sisxlis wnevas
Stormis Sedegad gare haeris wneva 0,96atm-mde izomavT da Cveneba 120/80-ia (mm Hg). metri-
ecema, magram oTaxis wneva 1atm-a. ra sididis kuli sistemis mqone qveynebSi aseTi wnevebi
tolqmedi Zala ubiZgebs fanjaras? SSM kilopaskalebSi (kpa) gamoisaxeba. risi tolia
•2. sami siTxe, romlebic erTmaneTSi ar ireva, kilopaskalebSi a) saburavis wneva da b) sisx-
cilindris formis WurWelSia Casxmuli. lis wneva?
siTxeebis moculobebi da simkvriveebia: 0,5l, ••7. 1654 wels, sahaero tumbos gamomgonebelma
2,6g/sm3; 0,25l, 1g/sm3 da 0,4l, 0,8g/sm3. ra oto fon gerikem saRvTo romis imperiis aris-
sididis Zala moqmedebis WurWlis fskerze tokratebisTvis Cveneba moawyo. CvenebaSi rva
am 1l=1000sm3 (atmosferos
siTxeebidan? cxenisgan Semdgari ori gundi monawileobda,
moqmedeba ugulebelyaviT). romlebmac TuTiis ori carieli naxevars-
•3. gamoTvaleT SpricSi siTxis wnevis mateba, feros gancalkeveba ver SeZles. a) davuSvaT,
rodesac medda 1,1sm radiusis wriul dguSs naxevarsferos kedlebi imdenad Txelia, rom
42n ZaliT awveba. SSM 14.29 suraTze R Sida da gare radiusad Sei-
•4. nawilobriv savse hermetul WurWels Zleba miviCnioT.
77m2 farTobis zedapiri da umniSvnelo masis daamtkiceT, rom
mWidro xufi aqvs. Tu xufis mosaxsnelad 480n naxev arsferoebis
Zalaa saWiro da atmosferuli wnevaa 1×105pa, gancalkevebisTvis
risi tolia WurWelSi haeris wneva xufis saWiro F Zalis si
moxsnamde? didea F=πR2∆p, sa- sur. 14.29. amocana 7.
499
dac ∆p aris sferos Sida da gare wnevebs So- Tu saketi maSin amo
ris sxvaoba. b) Tu R=30sm, Sida wnevaa 0,1atm, vardeba, rodesac
xolo gare wneva – 1atm, ra ZaliT unda imoqme- masze moqmedi Zala
don cxenebis gundebma, raTa naxevarsferoebi 9,8n-s gadaaWarbebs,
ganacalkevon? g) axseniT ratom SeZlebda cx- ra simaRleze unda sur. 14.30. amocanebi
enebis mxolod erTi gundi naxevarsferoebis iyos grZel mxarSi 13 da 67.
gancalkevebas, Tu naxevarsferoebs myar ke- wyali, raTa saketi
dels miamagrebdnen? SSM WWW amovardnis piras mivides?
•27. samma bavSvma, TiToulma woniT 356 n, 0,3m ••34. 14.39a suraTze, marTkuTxed bloks
diametris da 1,8m sigrZis morebi Sekra da siTxeSi TandaTanobiT Ziraven. blokis si
tivi daamzada. ramdeni moria saWiro, raTa maRlea d, xolo zeda da qveda waxnagebis
tivma mtknar wyalSi itivtivos? nafotebis farTobia A=5,67sm2. 14.39b suraTze naCvenebia
simkvrivea 800kg/m .
3
blokis WmoCv moCvenebiTi wonis h siRrmeze
•28. tivtiva marTkuTxa cilindris formisaa, damokidebulebis grafiki. ra simkvrivisaa
romlis simaRlea 0,5m, xolo zedapiris siTxe?
farTobia 4m2. tivtivas simkvrive mtknari
wylis simkvriveze 0,4-jer metia Tavdapir
velad tivtiva mtknar wyalSi srulad CaZires
WmoCv
Sxefebze da talRebze energiis gadacema ugu dasamyareblad 637,76g wonis gamokleba gaxda
lebelyaviT). saWiro. risi tolia a) modelis da b) namdvili
••37. 1800kg manqanis salonSi haeris mo tiranozavris moculoba? g) Tu tiranozavris
culobaa 5m3, Zravis da wina borblebis simkvrive daaxloebiT wylis simkvrivis
moculobaa 0,75m3, xolo ukana borblebis, toli iyo, ra masisaa
sawvavis avzis da sabargulis moculobaa tiranozavri?
0,8m . wyals mxolod samgzavro kupeSi SeuZlia
3
•••40. 14.42 su
SeaRwios. manqana tbaSi Sedis. a) Tavdapirvelad raTze naCvenebia
samgzavro kupeSi wyali ar aRwevs. manqanis sur. 14.42. amocana 40
umniSvnelo masis
ra nawilia (m -ebSi) wylis zedapirs qvemoT,
3
Tokze Camokidebuli rkinis burTula. To
rodesac manqana tivtivebs (sur. 14.40)?
ki cilindrzea mimagrebuli, romelic
b) wyali nel-nela Sedis da manqana iZireba.
wyalSi nawilobriv CaZirulia da tivtivebs.
ramdeni m3 wyalia manqanaSi, rodesac is wylis
cilindris simaRlea 6sm, zeda da qveda
zedapiridan gaqreba? (Tu sabargulSi mZime
waxnagebis farTobi - 12sm2, xolo simkvrive
tvirTia moTavsebuli, manqana horizontalur
- 0,3g/sm3. cilindris simaRlis 2sm wylis
mdgomareobaSi rCeba).
zedapirze maRlaa. risi tolia rkinis burTis
radiusi?
paragrafi 14.9. uwyvetobis gantoleba
•41. 1,9sm Sida diametris baRis sarwyavi mili
gamSxefebelzea mimagrebuli. gamSxefebeli
sur. 14.40. amocana 37. 24 naxvretis mqone WurWlisgan Sedgeba,
••38. xis blokis masaa 3,67kg, xolo simkvrive romelTa diametrebia 0,13 sm. Tu milSi wylis
- 600kg/m3. xis bloks tyvia (1,13×104kg/m3) ise siCqarea 0,91 m/wm, ra siCqariT gamova wyali
unda mivamagroT, rom blokis moculobis naxvretebidan? SSM
0,9 wyalSi CaiZiros da itivtivos. ra masis •42. 14.43 suraTze ori nakadi erTmaneTs
tyviaa saWiro, Tu is blokis a) zedapirze da b) uerTdeba da mdinares warmoqmnis. erTi
fskerze unda damagrdes? nakadis siganea 8,2m, siRrme - 3,4m da dinebis
••39. rodesac mkvle siCqare - 2,3m/wm. meore nakadis siganea 6,8m,
varebi dinozav siRrme - 3,2m da dinebis siCqare - 2,6m/wm. Tu
ris sakmarisad di mdinaris siganea 10,5m da siCqarea 2,9m/wm, ra
di zomis namarxs iqneba misi siRrme?
pouloben, plastma
sisgan damzadebuli
da dinozavris Zvle sur 14.41. amocana 39.
bis zomebze agebuli
masStaburi modelis mixedviT dinozavris
masas da wonas adgenen. modelis masStabia
1/20, anu sigrZe namdvilis 1/20-ia, farTobi
namdvilis (1/20)2 da moculoba namdvilis
(1/20)3. models sasworis erT mxarze kideben
da meore mxares sawonebs umateben, vidre
wonasworoba damyardeba. Semdeg models
wyalSi CaZiraven da meore mxars sawons
moakleben, raTa kvlav wonasworoba damyardes
(sur. 14.41). magaliTad, tiranozavris sur. 14.43. amocana 42
modelis SemTxvevaSi wonasworobis
••43. wyali datborili sardafidan 5m/wm
503
siCqariT 1sm radiusis SlangiT amotumbes. iqneba milis Tavisufal da daviwroebul
Slangi wylis donidan 3m simaRleze mdebare nawilebs Soris wnevebis sxvaoba?
fanjaraSi gadis. ra simZlavrisaa tumbo? SSM •49. didi diametris mqone cilindris
••44. 1,9sm Sida diametris mqone milSi formis rezervuari D=0,3m siRrmeze aavses.
gamdinare wyali 1,3sm diametris mqone sam rezervuaris fskerze gaCenili A=6,5sm2
milSi gadadis. a) Tu mcire milebSi wylis farTobis ganivi kveTis mqone xvreli wyals
xarjis siCqareebia 26, 19 da 11l/wT, ris uSvebs. a) ra tempiT (m3/wm) gamova wyali
tolia wylis xarjis siCqare 1,9sm-ian milSi? rezervuaridan? b) rezervuaris fskeridan ra
b) ris tolia wylis siCqareTa Sefardeba manZilze iqneba nakadis ganivi kveTis farTobi
1,9 sm-an da 26l/wT wylis xarjis siCqaris xvrelis farTobis naxevari? SSM
mqone milebisaTvis? •50. 14.45 suraTze naCvenebia gorakSi gamavali
paragrafi 14.10. bernulis gantoleba Zvel milTa sistemis ori monakveTi. manZilebia
•45. 4sm2 farTobis ganivi kveTis milSi wyali dA=dB=30m da D=110m. gorakis orive mxares
5m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. milis ganivi kveTis milis radiusia 2sm, xolo gorakSi milis
farTobi 8sm2-mde izrdeba da wyali 10m-iT radiusi ar viciT. am radiusis gasagebad
dabla Cadis. a) ras udris wylis siCqare yve hidroinJinrebi Tavdapirvelad marcxena da
laze dabal doneze? b) Tu maRal doneze marjvena nawilebSi wylis dinebis siCqares
wnevaa 1,5×105pa, risi toli iqneba wneva dabal adgenen, rac 2,5m/wm-ia. Semdeg wylis raime
doneze? SSM A wertilSi niSans CauSveben da igeben, rom
B wertilamde misvlas 88,8wm sWirdeba. risi
•46. 14.44 suraTze
tolia milis saSualo radiusi gorakSi?
Semwovis ganivi
kveTis farTobia
0,74m ,
2
xolo
wylis dinebis si sur. 14.44. amocana 46.
Cqarea 0,4m/wm.
gamosasvleli Semwovze D=180m-iT dabla
imyofeba, ganivi kveTis farTobi ufro mcire sur. 14.45. amocana 50.
aqvs da wylis gamodinebis siCqarea 9,5m/wm. •51. ra muSaobas Seasrulebs 13mm Sida
ras udris Sesasvlelze da gamosasvlelze diametris milSi gamaval 1,4m3 wyalze wneva,
wnevebis sxvaoba? Tu milis boloebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobaa
•47. 2,5sm Sida diametris mili wyals saxlis 1atm?
sardafisken 0,9m/wm siCqariT da 170kpa wneviT •52. davuSvaT, ori Ria rezervuari sxvadasxva
atarebs. Tu mils 1,2sm-mde SevaviwrovebT siTxes Seicavs. orive rezervuaris gverdze,
da 7,6m-iT maRla mdebare meore sarTulze siTxis zedapiridan h siRrmeze, xvrelia
avuSvebT, ris toli iqneba a) wylis siCqare da gakeTebuli, magram pirveli rezervuaris
b) wneva meore sarTulze? ILW xvrelis ganivi kveTis farTobi meoreze
•48. torpedos models zogjer gamdinare orjer naklebia. a) risi tolia siTxeebis
wylis horizontalur milebSi amowmeben, simkvriveebis ρ 1/ ρ 2 Sefardeba, Tu masis
xolo TviTmfrinavis modelis Sesamowmeblad dinebis siCqare orive xvrelSi Tanabaria?
aerodinamikuri mili gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT b) risi tolia ori rezervuaridan moculobis
25sm Sida diametris wriuli mili da milis dinebis siCqareTa RV /RV Sefardeba?
1 2
510
15.2. martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (SHM) 511
(b)
sadac xm, ω da φ mudmivebia. aseT moZraobas martivi harmoniuli moZraoba (simple harmonic
motion – SHM) ewodeba da niSnavs, rom perioduli moZraoba drois sinusoiduri funqciaa.
15.3 formulaSi sinusoiduri funqcia kosinusis funqciaa da 15.1b suraTzea asaxuli (am
grafiks miviRebT, Tu 15.1a suraTs saaTis isris sawinaaRmdegod 90°-iT SevatrialebT da Semdeg
nawilakis mdebareobis wertilebs grafikis saxiT mimdevrobiT SevaerTebT). grafikis formis
ganmsazRvreli sidideebi 15.2 suraTzea asaxuli. modiT ganvixiloT es sidideebi.
xm sidides moZraobis amplituda ewodeba. amplituda dadebiTi mudmivaa da misi mniSvneloba
moZraobis sawyis pirobebzea damokidebuli. m indeqsi maqsimums aRniSnavs, vinaidan amplituda
orive mimarTulebiT nawilakis maqsimaluri gadaadgilebaa. 15.3 formulaSi mocemuli kosinusis
funqcia ±1 sazRvrebSi meryeobs, amitom x(t) gadaadgilebac ±xm sazRvrebSia.
15.3 formulaSi droze damokidebul sidides (ωt+φ) moZraobis faza ewodeba, xolo φ mudmivas –
fazuri mudmiva (anu fazuri kuTxe). φ-s mniSvneloba t=0 droSi nawilakis gadaadgilebasa da
siCqarezea damokidebuli. 15.3a suraTze naCveneb x(t) grafikebze fazuri mudmiva nulis tolia.
ω mudmivas moZraobis kuTxuri sixSire (wriuli sixSire) ewodeba. misi gansazRvrisTvis
Tavdapirvelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom moZraobis erTi T periodis Semdeg x(t) gadaadgileba
sawyis mniSvnelobas unda daubrundes, anu nebismieri t-sTvis x(t)=x(t+T). analizis kidev ufro
gamartivebisTvis 15.3 formulaSi φ=0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
(a) (b)
sur. 15.3. samive SemTxvevaSi lurji grafiki 15.3 formulidan
miiReba, rodesac φ=0. a) wiTeli grafiki lurjisgan mxolod
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom wiTeli grafikis x´m amplituda metia
(maqsimaluri gadaadgilebebi metia). b) wiTeli grafiki
lurjisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom wiTeli grafikis
periodia T´=T/2 (wiTeli grafiki horizontalurad ikumSeba).
g) wiTeli grafiki lurjisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom wiTeli grafikisTvis φ=–π/4radiani (φ-s uaryofiTi
mniSvneloba wiTel grafiks marjvniv gadaadgilebs). (g)
kosinusis funqcia pirvelad maSin meordeba, rodesac misi argumenti (faza) 2π radianiT
gaizrdeba. maSasadame 15.4 formula mogvcems:
ω (t + T) = ωt+2π
anu ωT = 2π.
maSasadame, 15.2 formulidan gamomdinare kuTxuri sixSirea:
2π
ω= = 2πf (15.5)
T
SI sistemaSi kuTxuri sixSiris erTeulia radiani wamSi (φ radianebSi unda iyos mocemuli).
15.3 suraTze Sedarebulia ori martivi harmoniuli moZraobis x(t), romlebic erTmaneTisgan
amplitudiT, periodiT (maSasadame sixSiriT da kuTxuri sixSiriT) an fazuri mudmiviT
gansxvavdebian.
(a)
SHM-s siCqare
siCqare
grafiki x(t) grafikidan marcxniv 1/4 periodiTaa daZruli. rodesac gadaadgilebis mniSvneloba
udidesia (anu x(t)=xm), siCqaris mniSvneloba umciresia (anu ν(t)=0). rodesac gadaadgilebis
mniSvneloba umciresia (anu nulis tolia), siCqaris mniSvneloba udidesia (anu νm= ωxm).
SHM-s aCqareba
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis ν(t) siCqaris codnis SemTxvevaSi, merxevi nawilakis aCqarebis
gamosaxulebis povnisTvis kidev erTxel diferencirebaa saWiro. maSasadame, 15.6 formulidan
gvaqvs:
dv(t) d
a(t) = = [–ωxm sin(ωt+φ)]
dt dt
15.4g suraTi 15.7 formulis grafikia, rodesac φ=0. 15.7 formulis ω2xm sidides am aCqarebis
amplituda ewodeba. 15.4g suraTze, nawilakis aCqareba ±am=±ω2xm sazRvrebSi meryeobs.
1
agreTve yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom a(t) aCqarebis grafiki ν(t) siCqaris grafikisgan marcxniv T
4
periodiTaa daZruli.
15.3 da 15.7 formulebis gaerTianeba mogvcems:
a(t) = –ω2x(t) (15.8)
maSasadame, 15.4 suraTidan Cans, rom rodesac gadaadgilebas udidesi dadebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs, aCqarebas udides uaryofiT mniSvnelobas iZens da piriqiT. rodesac gadaadgileba nulis
tolia, aCqarebac nulia.
F = ma = –(mω2)x (15.9)
wrfivi SHM-is dros, sistemis a aCqareba da x funqciis saxiT miiReba. Tu moZraoba wrfivi
erTmaneTs: urTierTkavSirSia:
SeadaroT, dadebiTi mudmiva ω2-s tolad Tu masis mniSvneloba iciT, 15.12, 15.13 da
gafrTxileba: cos2A funqcia (cosA)2-s niSnavs da cosA2-s toli ar aris, rac Tavis mxriv cos(A2)-s
niSnavs.
15.5 suraTze gamosaxuli sistemis kinetikuri energia mTlianad bloks ukavSirdeba. kinetikuri
energia blokis moZraobis siCqareze anu ν(t)-zea damokidebuli. 15.6 formulis saSualebiT
miviRebT:
15.4 energia martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi 517
1 1
K(t) = 2 mv2 = 2 mω2xm2 sin2(ωt + φ) (15.19)
energia
15.19 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
1 1
K(t) = 2 mv2 = 2 kxm2 sin2(ωt + φ) (15.20)
energia
1
= 2 kxm2 [cos2(ωt + φ) + sin2(ωt + φ)].
nebismieri α kuTxisTvis:
(b)
cos2α + sin2α = 1
sur. 15.6. a) wrfivi harmoniuli
maSasadame, zemoT miRebul formulaSi kvadratul frCxilebSi oscilatoris U (t) potenciuri
Casmuli sidide erTis tolia da gveqneba: energiis, K (t) kinetikuri energiis
da E meqanikuri energiis t droze
1
E = U + K = 2 kxm2 (15.21) damokidebulebis grafikebi. gaiTva
liswineT, rom yvela energia dade
wrfivi oscilatoris meqanikuri energia marTlac mudmivia da biTia, xolo kinetikuri da potenci-
droze damokidebuli ar aris. wrfivi oscilatoris kineti- uri energiebi yovel periodSi piks
orjer aRweven. b) xm amplitudis
kuri da potenciuri energiebis t droze damokidebulebis
mqone wrfivi harmoniuli oscila-
grafikebi 15.6a suraTze aris mocemuli, xolo x gadaadgile toris U(x) potenciuri energi-
bis funqciis saxiT 15.6b suraTze Cans. is, K(x) kinetikuri energiis da E
meqanikuri energiis x mdebareobaze
axla, SesaZloa, mixvdiT, ratom Seicavs merxevi sistema
damokidebulebis grafikebi. rode-
drekadobis da inerciis elementebs. pirveli maTgani sac x=0, energia mTlianad kinetiku-
potenciur energias inaxavs, xolo meore – kinetikur energias. ria, xolo rodesac x=±xm, energia
mTlianad potenciuria.
15.6. qanqarebi
amjerad martivi harmoniuli oscilatorebis iseT saxeobas ganvixilavT, sadac drekadoba
mizidulobis Zalas ukavSirdeba da ara gvarlis grexas an zambaris SekumSva-gaWimvas.
martivi qanqara
Tu vaSls damagrebul Tokze CamokidebT da mcire manZilze gaaqanebT, gamoCndeba, rom vaSlis
moZraoba periodulia. aris Tu ara es moZraoba martivi harmoniuli? Tu aris, maSin risi tolia T
periodi? pasuxebis gasacemad martivi qanqara (maTematikuri qanqara) ganvixiloT, romelic masis
armqone, uWimadi L sigrZis erTi boloTi damagrebuli sakidi Tokisa da masze Camokidebuli m
masis nawilakisgan (qanqaris balansiri) Sedgeba (sur. 15.9a). balansiri wignis furclis sibrtyeze
win da ukan, xolo sayrden wertilze gamavali wrfis marjvniv da marcxniv Tavisuflad qanaobs.
balansirze moqmedebs ori Zala: Tokidan T Zala da Fg gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zala.
es Zalebi 15.9b suraTzea naCvenebi, rodesac Toki vertikalidan θ kuTxiTaa gadaxrili. Fg
Zala Fgcosθ radialur da balansiris traeqtoriis mxeb Fgsinθ komponentebad davSaloT. mxebi
520 Tavi 15 rxevebi
τ = –L(Fgsinθ), (15.24)
– L(mg sin θ) = Iα ,
(15.25)
(b)
sadac I aris qanqaris inerciis momenti brunvis centris
mimarT, xolo α - kuTxuri aCqareba am wertilis mimarT. sur. 15.9. a) martivi qanqara.
15.25 formula gamartivdeba, Tu θ kuTxes sakmarisad mcired b) balansirze Fg gravitaciuli
miviCnevT da sinθ-s miaxloebiT θ-Ti SevcvliT (magaliTad Tu Zala da Tokidan T Zala moqmedebs.
gravitaciuli Zalis F sinθ kom
θ=5°=0,0873radiani, maSin sinθ=0,0872 da gansxvaveba mxolod ponenti aRmdgeni Zalaa,g romelic
0,1%-ia). amgvari daSvebis da gardaqmnis Semdeg miviRebT: qanqaris centralur mdebareobaSi
mgL dabrunebas cdilobs.
α = – θ , (15.26)
I
es formula 15.8-is (SHM-s niSnis) kuTxuri eqvivalentia. mis Tanaxmad, qanqaris α kuTxuri
aCqareba θ kuTxuri gadaadgilebis proporciuli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. maSasadame, rodesac
balansiri 15.9a suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsad marjvnisken moZraobs, marcxnisken mimarTuli
aCqareba izrdeba, vidre balansiri gaCerdeba da marcxnisken moZraobas daiwyebs. Semdeg, rodesac
balansiri marcxnivaa wonasworobis mdebareobidan, marjvnisken mimarTuli aCqareba balansiris
ukan dabrunebas cdilobs da a.S. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, mcire kuTxeebiT moqanave martivi
qanqaris moZraoba daaxloebiT SHM-a. mcire kuTxeebis pirobis dadgena sxvagvaradac SeiZleba:
moZraobis θm kuTxuri amplituda (maqsimaluri kuTxe) mcire unda iyos.
15.26 da 15.8 formulebis Sedarebidan Semdeg Cans, rom qanqaris kuTxuri sixSirea . Tu
am gamosaxulebas 15.5 formulaSi (ω=2π/T) CavsvamT, qanqaris periodi Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
(15.27)
martivi qanqaris mTeli masa nawilakis msgavsi balansiris m masaSia Tavmoyrili, romelic
brunvis centridan L radiuszea. maSasadame, 10.33 formula (I=mr2) SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, raTa
qanqaris inerciis momentisaTvis I=mL2 formula daiweros. am formulis 15.27 formulaSi Casma
da gamartiveba mogvcems:
15.28 formula mcire kuTxeebze moqanave martivi qanqaris periodis ufro martivi gamosaxulebaa
(am TavSi kuTxeebs mcired miviCnevT).
15.6. qanqarebi 521
fizikuri qanqara
realur qanqaraSi, romelsac Cveulebriv fizikur qanqaras
uwodeben, masis ganawileba sakmaod rTulia da martivi
qanqarisgan gansxvavdeba. ganicdis Tua ara fizikuri qanqara
SHM-s? Tu ganicdis, risi tolia misi periodi?
erT mxares θ kuTxiT gadaadgilebuli
15.10 suraTze naCvenebia
fizikuri qanqara. Fg gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zala O
brunvis centridan h manZilze mdebare C masaTa centrze
moqmedebs. 15.10 da 15.9b suraTebis Sedareba fizikur
da martiv qanqarebs Soris mxolod erT mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebas gviCvenebs. fizikuri qanqaris SemTxvevaSi
sur. 15.10. fizikuri qanqara.
gravitaciuli Zalis Fgsinθ komponents brunvis centris
aRmdgeni brunvis momentia hFgsinθ.
mimarT h manZilis momentis mxari gaaCnia da ara Tokis L rodesac θ=0, C masaTa centri
sigrZis. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, 15.27 formulis CaTvliT zustad O brunvis centris qvemoTaa.
martivi qanqaris analizi fizikuri qanqaris analizis
identuria. am SemTxvevaSic (mcire θm-sTvis) gamoCndeba, rom
moZraoba daaxloebiT SHM-a.
15.27 formulaSi L SevcvaloT h-iT da periodisTvis CavweroT:
iseve, rogorc martivi qanqaris SemTxvevaSi, I aris qanqaris inerciis momenti O-s mimarT.
miuxedavad amisa, amjerad I ubralod mL2 ar aris (fizikuri qanqaris formazea damokidebuli),
magram kvlav m-is proporciulia.
fizikuri qanqara ar iqanavebs, Tu Camokidebis wertili mis sakuTar masaTa centrs emTxveva.
es mdgomareoba 15.29 formulaSi h=0 Casmas Seesabameba. Semdeg formula mogvcems T=∞, rac
niSnavs, rom amgvari qanqara erT rxevasac ver Seasrulebs.
O brunvis centris garSemo T periodiT merxev fizikur qanqaras igive T periodis da L0 sigrZis
martivi qanqara Seesabameba. L0-is gamoTvla 15.28 formuliT xdeba. O wertilidan fizikuri
qanqaris gaswvriv L0 manZilze mdebare wertils fizikuri qanqaris rxevis centri ewodeba
mocemuli Camokidebis wertilisaTvis.
g-s gazomva
fizikuri qanqara dedamiwis zedapiris garkveul adgilze Tavisufali vardnis g aCqarebis
gasazomad gamoiyeneba (geofizikuri kvlevebis dros mravali aTasi amgvari gamoTvla Catarda).
simartivisTvis qanqara L sigrZis erTgvarovan Rerod miviCnioT, romelic erTi boloTi
1
damagrebulia. amgvari qanqaris brunvis centrsa da masaTa centrs Soris h manZilia L. 10.2e
2
cxrili gvauwyebs, rom masaTa centrze gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT amgvari
1
qanqaris inerciis momentia 12
mL2. Semdeg paraleluri RerZebis Sesaxeb Teoremis 10.36
formulidan (I=Icom+Mh ), Reros erT boloze gamavali perpendikularuli RerZis mimarT
2
( )
gveqneba:
m 2p 2
τ = LFsin 90°, (15.33) k= 2,5 (15.38)
3 t1
sadac L aris F Zalis momentis mxari, xolo
90° momentis mxarsa da Zalis moqmedebis wrfis =
(20 kg)
3 ( 2p
0,62wm
2,5 ) 2
dasav.
frTa
x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis gveqneba:
Fw = –bν, (15.39)
mileva, b
sadac b aris siTxis da frTis maxasiaTeblebze
damokidebuli milevis mudmiva da SI sistemaSi misi
sur. 15.15. idealizebuli milevadi erTeulia kg/wm. minus niSani aRniSnavs, rom Zala
w
martivi harmoniuli oscilatori.
siTxeSi CaZiruli frTa blokze wi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegoa.
naRobis ZaliT moqmedebs da bloki x zambaridan blokze Fd = –kx drekadobis Zala moqmedebs.
RerZis paralelurad irxeva. davuSvaT, rom blokze moqmedi gravitaciuli mizidulobis
526 Tavi 15 rxevebi
. (15.43)
Tu b=0 (mileva ar gvaqvs), maSin 15.43 formula miulevadi oscilatoris kuTxuri sixSiris
15.12 formulaze ( ) daiyvaneba, xolo 15.42 formula – miulevadi oscilatoris
gadaadgilebis 15.3 formulaze. Tu milevis mudmiva mcirea, magram nulis toli ar aris
(b<< ), maSin ω´ ≈ ω.
15.42 formula kosinusis funqciad SegviZlia ganvixiloT, romlis xme–bt/2m amplituda droSi
mcirdeba, rac 15.16 suraTzea gamosaxuli. miulevadi oscilatoris meqanikuri energia mudmivia
da 15.21 formuliT (E= 1 k xm ) gamoiTvleba. Tu oscilatori milevadia, maSin meqanikuri energia
2
2
droSi mcirdeba. Tu mileva sustia, maSin 15.21 formulaSi xm-s xme–bt/2m-iT (milevadi rxevis
amplitudiT) SevcvliT da E(t)-s gamovTvliT:
1
E(t) ≈ 2 kxm2 e –bt/m (15.44)
15.44 formula gvauwyebs, rom meqanikuri energia amplitudis msgavsad droSi eqsponencialurad
mcirdeba.
wyvili 1 2k0 b0 m0
wyvili 2 k0 6b0 4m0
wyvili 3 3k0 3b0 m0
x(t) = xm · cos(ωd t + φ), (15.45)
amplituda
b=70 gr/wm
sadac xm rxevebis amplitudaa. b=140 gr/wm
xm gadaadgilebis amplitudis sidide ωd-s da ω-s rTul
funqciazea damokidebuli. rxevebis νm siCqaris amplitudis
asaxva ufro martivia da misi mniSvneloba udidesia, rodesac:
mimoxilva da Sejameba
sixSire. perioduli anu rxeviTi moZraobis f mudmivaa. ω kuTxuri sixSire moZraobis
sixSire wamSi Sesrulebuli rxevebis ricxvia. periodsa da sixSires Semdegi formuliT
SI sistemaSi sixSiris erTeulia herci: ukavSirdeba
1 herci = 1hc = 1 rxeva wamSi = 1 wm–1 (15.1) 2π
ω= = 2πf (kuTxuri sixSire) (15.5)
periodi. T periodi erTi sruli rxevisTvis T
15.3 formulis diferencireba wertilis
anu ciklisTvis saWiro droa. periods da
SHM-s siCqares da aCqarebas drois funqciis
sixSires Soris Semdegi kavSiria:
saxiT gvaZlevs:
1
T= (15.2)
f ν(t) = – ωxm sin (ωt+φ) (siCqare) (15.6)
martivi harmoniuli moZraoba. mar da a(t) = –ω xmcos (ωt+φ) (aCqareba)
2
(15.7)
tivi harmoniuli moZraobis (SHM) dros, 15.6 formulaSi ωxm dadebiTi sidide
wonasworuli mdgomareobidan wertilis x(t) moZraobis νm siCqaris amplitudaa. 15.7
gadaadgilebaa: formulaSi ω xm dadebiTi sidide moZraobis
2
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions zambara warmoqmnis, risi tolia zambaris
Manual-Si.
sixiste?
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday •3. 1×10-20kg masis nawilaki martivi harmoniuli
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- moZraobiT irxeva. rxevis periodia 1×20–5 wm,
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
com/college/halliday. xolo maqsimaluri siCqare - 1×103m/wm. gamo
0,75 wamSi imeorebs. gamoTvaleT a) periodi, b) funqcia 15.31 suraTzea naCvenebi, xolo
sixSire hercebSi da g) kuTxuri sixSire radian mdebareobis x(t) funqciaa x = xm cos(ωt+φ)?
wamebSi. •13. dinamiki bgeras diafragmis rxevis Sedegad
•7. martiv harmoniul moZraobaSi myof sxeuls gamoscems, romlis maqsimaluri amplitudaa
nulovani siCqaris wertilidan meore amgvar 1 mkm. a) ra sixSirezea diafragmis a aCqareba
wertilamde misvlisTvis 0,25wm sWirdeba. g-s toli? b) ufro maRal sixSireebze a metia
wertilebs Soris manZilia 36sm. gamoTvaleT a) Tu naklebi g-ze? SSM
periodi, b) sixSire da g) moZraobis amplituda. ••14. wylis mimoqcevis Sedegad navsayudelSi
•8. rodesac vertikaluri rxevebiT vinte okeanis zedapiri iweva maRla da dabla d
resdebiT, avtomobili oTx identur zam manZiliT (umaRlesidan umcires donemde).
baraze Semdgar sagnad SegviZlia miviCnioT. moZraoba martivi harmoniulia da misi
garkveuli avtomobilis zambarebi isea periodia 12,5 sT. ra dro dasWirdeba wyals
SerCeuli, rom rxevis sixSire 3hc iyos. a) umaRlesi donidan 0,25d manZiliT dasawevad?
risi tolia TiToeuli zambaris sixiste, Tu ••15. bloki moTavsebulia martiv harmoniul
manqanis masaa 1450kg da es masa zambarebze moZraobaSi myof horizontalur zedapirze,
Tanabrad nawildeba? b) risi toli iqneba romelic 2hc sixSiriT win da ukan irxeva.
rxevis sixSire, Tu saSualod 73kg masis xuTi bloksa da zedapirs Soris statikuri xaxunis
mgzavri avtomobiliT moZraobs da masebi koeficientia 0,5. ra maqsimaluri sididis
Tanabrad nawildeba? SeiZleba iyos SHM-s amplituda, raTa bloki
•9. sxeulis martivi harmoniuli moZraoba zedapiris gaswvriv ar gasrialdes? SSM WWW
x = (6 m) cos [(3π rad/wm)t + π/3 rad] funqciiT
••16. 15.32 suraTze 0,2kg masis pirveli
moicema. rodesac t=2wm, risi tolia a)
bloki xaxunisgan Tavisufal zedapirze 8m/wm
gadaadgileba, b) siCqare, g) aCqareba da d)
siCqariT misrialebs. es bloki drekad
moZraobis faza? garda amisa, risi tolia
Seejaxebas ganicdis meore uZrav blokTan,
moZraobis e) sixSire da v) periodi?
romelic 1208,5n/m sixistis zambarazea
•10. risi tolia harmoniuli oscilatoris damagrebuli (dauSviT, rom zambara Sejaxebaze
fazuri mudmiva, gavlenas ar axdens). Sejaxebis Semdeg meore
Tu mdebareobis bloki SHM-iT irxeva 0,14wm periodiT.
x(t) funqcia 15.29 pirveli bloki sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
suraTzea naCvenebi mocuravs da h=4,9m simaRlidan d manZilze
da x = xm cos(ωt+φ)? ecema. risi tolia d?
•11. 15.30 suraTze sur. 15.32. amocana 16.
7580 n/m sixistis sur. 15.29. amocana 10.
ori identuri zam-
bara 0,245kg masis
blokzea damagre
buli. bloki xaxu
nisgan Tavisufal sur. 15.30. amocanebi 11
da 24. ••17. oscilatori zambaraze (k=400n/m)
zedapirze irxeva.
damagrebuli blokisgan Sedgeba. drois t
risi tolia rxevis
momentisaTvis blokis mdebareoba (aTvlili
sixSire?
sistemis wonasworuli mdebareobidan),
•12. risi tolia
siCqare da aCqarebaa x=0,1m, ν = – 13,6m/wm da
harmoniuli osci
a = –123m/wm2. gamoTvaleT a) rxevis sixSire,
latoris fazuri
b) blokis masa da g) moZraobis amplituda. ILW
mudmiva, romlis
siCqaris ν(t) sur. 15.31. amocana 12. ••18. 15.33a suraTze naCvenebia 1,2rad/wm
533
kuTxuri sixSiris ••23. masis armqone zambara Werzea
martivi harmoniuli Camokidebuli da mis qveda boloze patara
oscilatoris x(t) sagani kidia. Tavdapirvelad sagani yi
mdebareobis fun wertilSi uZravad ukaviaT da am dros zambara
qciis grafiki. deformirebuli ar aris. Semdeg sagans
15.33b suraTze aTavisufleben da is maRla da dabla rxevas
Sesabamisi ν(t) iwyebs, Tanac misi yvelaze qveda mdebareoba
siCqaris fun yi-dan 10sm manZilzea. a) risi tolia rxevis
qciis grafikia. ri sixSire? b) risi tolia sagnis siCqare,
si tolia SHM-s rodesac sawyisi mdebareobidan 8sm-iT dabla
fazuri mudmiva, imyofeba? g) pirvel saganze 300g masis meore
Tu x(t) mdeba- sagani daamagres, ris Sedegadac sistemis
reobis funqciaa rxevis sixSire ganaxevrda. ra masisaa pirveli
x = xm cos(ωt + φ)? sur. 15.33. amocana 18 sagani? d) yi-s qvemoT ra manZilze iqneba axali
••19. martivi wonasworuli mdebareoba, rodesac zambaraze
harmoniuli oscilatori 100 n/m sixistis ori sagania damagrebuli? SSM
zambaraze damagrebuli 2kg masis ••24. 15.30 suraTze, blokze ori zambaraa
blokisgan Sedgeba. rodesac t=1wm, blokis damagrebuli. bloks xaxunisgan Tavisufal
mdebareobaa x=0,129m, xolo siCqare – zedapirze rxeva SeuZlia. Tu marcxena
ν=3,415m/wm. a) risi tolia rxevis ampli- zambaras moxsnian, bloki 30hc sixSiriT irxeva,
tuda? risi tolia blokis b) mdebareoba da xolo Tu marjvena zambaras moxsnian, maSin
g) siCqare, rodesac t = 0 wm? rxevis sixSire 45hc iqneba. ra sixSiriT irxeva
••20. bloki moTavsebulia dguSze, romelic bloki, rodesac orive zambara damagrebulia?
vertikaluri mimarTulebis martiv harmoniul •••25. 15.34 suraT
moZraobaSi imyofeba. a) Tu SHM-s periodia ze naCvenebia hori
1wm, moZraobis ra amplitudaze gancal zontalur, xaxu
kevdebian bloki da dguSi? b) Tu dguSis nisgan Tavisufal
amplitudaa 5sm, ra maqsimalur sixSireze zedapirze ganla sur. 15.34. amocana 25.
iqnebian bloki da dguSi mudmiv kontaqtSi? gebuli ori bloki
••21. ori nawilaki A sigrZis saerTo wrfis (m=1kg da M=10kg) da zambara (k=200n/m).
monakveTis gaswvriv martivi harmoniuli blokebs Soris xaxunis koeficientia 0,4.
moZraobiT irxeva. TiToeuli nawilakis zambara-blokis sistemis martivi harmoniuli
rxevis periodia 1,5wm, magram maTi fazuri moZraobis ra amplituda miiyvans mcire bloks
sxvaobaa π/6 radiani. a) ra manZilia nawilakebs dididan Camovardnis kideze?
Soris naklebi fazuri mudmivas mqone •••26. 15.35 suraTze
nawilakis mier traeqtoriis erTerTi bolos ori erTmaneTze
datovebidan 0,5 wm-is Semdeg? b) am dros isini gadabmuli zamba
erTi mimarTulebiT, erTmaneTis Semxvedri ra 0,245kg masis sur. 15.35. amocana 26.
mimarTulebiT Tu urTierTsawinaaRmdego blokzea damagre
mimarTulebiT moZraoben? buli, romelic xaxunisgan Tavisufal zeda
••22. ori nawilaki paraleluri wrfeebis pirze irxeva. TiToeuli zambaris sixistea
gaswvriv Tanabari amplitudis da sixSiris k=6430n/m. risi tolia rxevebis sixSire?
martiv harmoniul moZraobs asrulebs. •••27. 15.36 suraTze 14n wonis bloki
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi damagrebulia 0,45m sigrZis, 120n/m sixistis
nawilakebi erTmaneTs Cauvlian, rodesac maTi da masis armqone zambaraze. zedapiris
gadaadgileba amplitudis naxevaria. risi daxris kuTxea θ=40°. a) daxrili zedapiris
tolia fazuri sxvaoba?
534 Tavi 15 rxevebi
Reros periodia 1,5wm, xolo kuTxuri xeva. a) Reros masaTa centrsa da O sayrden
amplituda - 10°. a) ra sigrZisaa Rero? wertils Soris ra x manZili iZleva umcires
b) risi tolia Reros maqsimaluri kinetikuri periods? b) risi tolia umciresi periodi?
energia? ••52. 15.47 suraTze 3kg
••49. 15.44 suraT kedeli masis kubis gverdis
ze 0,6kg masis sigrZea d=6sm da kubi
erTgvarovani Re sakuTar centrze ga
ro horizonta brunvis RerZi maval RerZzea dama
lur sibrtyeSi mis sur. 15.44. amocana 49.
grebuli. zambara (k = sur. 15.47. amocana 52.
centrze gamavali 1200n/m) kubis zeda
vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad kuTxes kedelTan akavSirebs. Tavdapirvelad
brunavs. k=1850n/m sixistis zambara Re zambara wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Tu
ros erT bolosa da kedels Soris aris kubs 3°-iT movabrunebT da xels gavuSvebT,
damagrebuli. wonasworul mdgomareobaSi risi toli iqneba Sedegad miRebuli SHM-s
Rero kedlis paraleluria. risi tolia Reros periodi?
odnav mobrunebis da xelis gaSvebis Sedegad ••53. 15.9b suraTze gamosaxuli qanqaris
miRebuli mcire rxevebis periodi? kuTxea θ=θmcos[(4,44radiani/wm)t+φ]. rodesac
••50. marTkuTxa t=0, θ=0,04 radians da dθ/dt = – 0,2 rad/wm. risi
bloki, romlis wax tolia a) φ fazuri mudmiva da b) θm maqsimaluri
nagis gverdebis kuTxe? (miniSneba: θ-s cvlilebis siCqare dθ/dt
sigrZeebia a=35sm ar agerioT SHM-s ω-sTan).
da b=45sm, viw ••54. 15.48a suraTze liTonis dafa masaTa
ro xvrelSi gama centrze gamaval RerZzea damagrebuli.
val Txel hori k=2000n/m sixistis zambara kedels masaTa
zontalur Rero centridan r=2,5sm manZilze mdebare kidis
ze unda Camoiki sur. 15.45. amocana 50
wertilTan akavSirebs. Tavdapirvelad
dos. Semdeg blo zambara wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Tu
kma Reros garSemo qanqaris msgavsad unda dafas 7°-iT movabrunebT da Semdeg xels
Seasrulos rxevebi mcire kuTxeebiT, raTa gavuSvebT, is RerZis mimarT SHM-iT ibrunebs
SHM miviRoT. 15.45 suraTze naCvenebia blokis da kuTxuri mdebareoba 15.48b suraTiT
centridan r manZiliT daSorebuli da blokis moicema. risi tolia dafis inerciis momenti
kuTxisa da centris damakavSirebul wrfeze masaTa centris mimarT?
mdebare xvreli. a) aageT qanqaris periodis am
wrfis gaswvriv r manZilze damokidebulebis
grafiki ise, rom minimumi Candes. b) r-is ra
mniSvnelobisTvis Cndeba es minimumi? sinam
dvileSi blokis centris garSemo im wertilTa
xazi arsebobs, ro
melTa mimarTac
rxevis periodi igi
ve minimaluri mniS (a) (b)
vnelobisaa. g) ra
sur. 15.48. amocana 54.
formisaa es xazi?
•••55. grZeli Txeli Rero sakuTari
••51. 15.46 suraTze
wertilis garSemo brunavs da qanqaras qmnis.
L=1,85m sigrZis Re
eqsperimentebis seriaSi, periodi sayrden
ro fizikuri qan
wertilsa da Reros centrs Soris d manZilis
qaris msgavsad ir sur. 15.46. amocana 51
537
funqciis saxiT izomeba. a) Tu Reros sigrZea asacilebeli sistemisTvis gamoTvaleT a) k
L=2,2m da misi masaa m=22,1g, risi tolia zambaris sixiste da b) b milevis mudmiva, Tu
minimaluri periodi? b) Tu d periodis TiToeuli borblis datvirTva 500kg tolia.
minimumamde dasayvanad aris SerCeuli da
paragrafi 15.9. iZulebiTi rxevebi da
Semdeg L izrdeba, periodi izrdeba, mcirdeba
rezonansi
Tu igive rCeba? g) Tu m izrdeba da L ar
•61. horizontalur Zelakze cxra martivi
icvleba, periodi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
qanqara kidia, romelTa sigrZeebia a) 0,1, b) 0,3,
rCeba? SSM WWW
g) 0,4, d) 0,8, e) 1,2, v) 2,8, z) 3,5, T) 5 da i) 6,2m.
•••56. 15.49 su
davuSvaT Zelaki 2 rad/wm-dan 4 rad/wm-mde
raTze 2kg ma
kuTxuri sixSireebis horizontalur rxe
sis da D = 42 sm
vebs ganicdis. romeli qanqara mova Zlier mo
diametris disko
ZraobaSi?
L = 76 sm sigrZis
•62. 15.45 formulisTvis davuSvaT, rom xm
da umniSvnelo
amplitudaa:
masis Rerozea Ca
mokidebuli. a) Tu ,
masis armqone
sadac Fm 15.15 suraTze gamosaxuli myari
grexiT zambaras
sur. 15.49. amocana 56. sayrdenidan zambaraze moqmedi gare merxevi
movxsniT, risi to
Zalis amplitudaa. rezonansis dros risi
li iqneba rxevis periodi? b) rodesac grexiTi
tolia merxevi sagnis a) amplituda da b)
zambara damagrebulia, Rero wonasworul
siCqaris amplituda?
mdgomareobaSi vertikaluria. risi tolia
••63. 1000kg masis manqanas oTxi 82kg-iani
zambaris grexis mudmiva, Tu rxevis periodi
adamiani gadayavs. manqana oRroCoRro gzaze
0,5wm-iT mcirdeba?
moZraobs, sadac uswormasworoba yovel
paragrafi 15.8. milevadi martivi harmo 4m manZilze gvxvdeba. manqana maqsimaluri
niuli moZraoba amplitudiT irxeva, rodesac misi siCqarea
•57. 15.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi risi tolia 16km/sT. Semdeg manqana Cerdeba da xalxi
milevadi rxevebis amplitudis Sefardeba me- gadmodis. ra manZiliT aiwia manqanis Zaram?
20 ciklis bolos sawyis amplitudasTan?
damatebiTi amocanebi
•58. milevadi oscilatoris amplituda
64. risi tolia m/wm2
yoveli ciklis ganmavlobaSi 3%-iT mcirdeba.
harmoniuli osci
oscilatoris meqanikuri energiis ramdeni
latoris fazuri
procenti ikargeba yovel ciklSi?
mudmiva, Tu misi a(t)
•59. 15.15 suraTze blokis masaa 1,5kg, xolo aCqarebis funqciis
zambaris sixistea 8 n/m. winaaRmdegobis Za grafiki. 15.50 su
la mocemulia –b(dx/dt) formuliT, sadac raTzea mocemuli,
b=230g/wm. bloki 12sm-iT dabla Camowies da xolo x(t) mdeba
sur. 15.50. amocana 64.
544
16.2. talRebis saxeobebi 545
(b)
miwaSi da zemoT wyalSi gaigzavna (sur. 16.3b). sinamdvileSi, navis namsxvrevebi daaxloebiT
wyalSi mimavali impulsi wylis zedapirsa 115m siRrmeze ipoves.
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx–ωt) (16.2)
sidideebs ganvixilavT, modiT 16.5 suraTi gavarCioT, romelzec x-is dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
moZravi sinusoiduri talRis xuTi `fotosuraTia~ naCvenebi. talRis moZraobas marjvniv
mimarTuli mokle isari asaxavs, xolo Toki mxolod y RerZis paralelurad moZraobs. amis
naTlad dasanaxad, modiT Tokis wiTlad SeRebili x=0 elementis moZraobas mivyveT. pirvel
fotosuraTze (16.5a), am elementis gadaadgilebaa y=0. Semdeg fotosuraTze, elementi
maqsimalurad qvemoT aris gadaadgilebuli, vinaidan talRis Rrmuli (udablesi wertili)
masze gadis. Semdeg elementi kvlav y=0 mdebareobas ubrundeba. meoTxe fotosuraTze elementi
maqsimalurad maRal wertilSia, vinaidan talRis Txemi (umaRlesi wertili) masze gadis. mexuTe
fotosuraTze elementi kvlav y=0 mdebareobas ubrundeba da erT srul rxevas asrulebs.
amplituda da faza
16.5 suraTze moyvanilis msgavsi talRis ym amplituda warmoadgens elementebis maqsimaluri
gadaadgilebebis sidides wonasworuli mdebareobebidan, rodesac maTze talRa gadis. (m indeqsi
maqsimums aRniSnavs). vinaidan ym sididea, gazomvis mimarTulebis miuxedavad is yovelTvis
dadebiTia.
16.2 formulaSi sinusis kx–ωt argumenti talRis fazaa. rodesac talRa gadis garkveul x
mdebareobaze myofi Tokis elementze, misi faza t drois mixedviT wrfivad icvleba. es niSnavs,
rom sinusic icvleba da +1 da –1-s Soris meryeobs. udidesi
dadebiTi mniSvneloba (+1) elementze gamavali talRis
Txems Seesabameba. am momentSi x mdebareobaze y=ym. umciresi
uaryofiTi mniSvneloba (–1) elementze gamavali talRis
Rrmuls Seesabameba. am momentSi x mdebareobaze y = –ym.
maSasadame, sinusis funqcia da droze damokidebuli (a)
(b)
fazuri mudmiva
rodesac sinusoiduri msrboli talRa 16.2 formulis funqciiT moicema, x=0 mdebareobis
axlos talRa 16.7a suraTis msgavsad gamoiyureba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom x=0 mdebareobaze
gadaadgilebaa y=0 da grafikis daxriloba maqsimalur dadebiT mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Cven
SegviZlia 16.2 formulas zogadi saxe mivceT, Tu talRis funqciaSi φ fazur mudmivas CavsvamT:
y = ym sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.10)
φ-s mniSvneloba ise SegviZlia avirCioT, rom funqciam raime sxva gadaadgileba da daxriloba
mogvces x=0 wertilSi, rodesac t=0. magaliTad, φ=+π/5 radiani 16.7b suraTze naCveneb
gadadgilebas da daxrilobas gvaZlevs, rodesac t=0. talRa kvlav sinusoiduria da ym, k da ω
mniSvnelobebi igivea, Tumca amjerad talRa 16.7a suraTze gamosaxulis mimarT (sadac φ=0)
wanacvlebulia.
kx – ωt = mudmiva. (16.11)
rac Tavis mxriv x-is droSi Semcirebas moiTxovs. maSasadame, uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZrav
talRas Semdegi formula aRwers:
y(x,t) = h(kx ± ωt), (16.17)
sadac h aris nebismieri funqcia, maT Soris SesaZlebelia sinusis funqcia. wina analizma aCvena,
rom yvela talRa, romlisTvisac x da t cvladebi kx±ωt kavSirSi Sedis, msrboli talRaa. ufro
metic, yvela msrboli talRa 16.17 formulis formis unda iyos. maSasadame y(x,t)= SesaZlo
msrboli talRaa. meores mxriv, ν(x,t)=sin(ax –bt) funqcia msrbol talRas ar warmoadgens.
2
ganzomilebaTa analizi
ganzomilebaTa analizis dros mocemul mdgomareobaSi arsebuli yvela fizikuri sididis
ganzomilebas vakvirdebiT, raTa maT mier warmoqmnili sidideebi ganvsazRvroT. am SemTxvevaSi,
masas da drekadobas vakvirdebiT, raTa ν siCqare gamovTvaloT. siCqaris ganzomileba manZili
gayofili drozea.
masis SemTxvevaSi Tokis elementis masas viyenebT. Tokis elementis masa Tokis m masis Tokis l
sigrZeze gayofiT miiReba. am Sefardebas Tokis μ wrfiv simkvrives vuwodebT. maSasadame μ=m/l
da misi ganzomilebaa masa Sefardebuli sigrZeze.
talRa Tokis gaswvriv ver imoZravebs, Tu Toki daWimuli ar aris anu mis orive boloze Zalebi
ar moqmedeben. Tokis τ daWimuloba am ori Zalis saerTo sididea. rodesac talRa Tokis gaswvriv
moZraobs, Tokis elementebi gadaadgilebian, erTmaneTs ubiZgeben da damatebiT gaWimvas iwveven.
maSasadame, Tokis daWimuloba mis drekadobasTan SegviZlia gavaigivoT. Tokis τ daWimulobis
ganzomileba Zalis ganzomilebas emTxveva.
Cveni mizani μ-s da τ-s dakavSirebaa, raTa ν siCqare miviRoT. sxvadasxva kombinaciebis mosinjva
saboloo jamSi mogvcems:
(16.22)
a= v
2
(aCqareba). (16.25)
R
16.23, 16.24 da 16.25 formulebi niutonis meore kanonis elementebs Seicaven. gavaerTiaenoT
isini:
Zala = masa × aCqareba
τ Δl
= (μ Δl) v .
2
da miviRebT:
R R
am formulis ν siCqarisTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
(siCqare) , (16.26)
siCqaris formula 16.22 formulasTan zust SesabamisobaSia, Tu C mudmiva erTis tolia. 16.26
formula 16.10 suraTze gamosaxuli impulsis siCqares da igive daWimulobis Tokze moZravi
nebismieri sxva talRis siCqares gvaZlevs.
16.26 formulis mixedviT:
talRis sixSires talRis warmomqmneli winaswar gansazRvravs (magaliTad, 16.1b suraTze aseTi
adamiania). talRis sigrZe 16.13 formuliT gamoiTvleba λ=ν/f.
sakontrolo wertili 3. Tqven Tokis erT bolos arxevT da talRas am Tokis gaswvriv
gzavniT. Tu rxevis sixSires gazrdiT a) talRis siCqare da b) talRis sigrZe gaizrdeba,
Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba? Tu Tokis daWimulobas gazrdiT g) talRis siCqare da d)
talRis sigrZe gaizrdeba, Semcirdeba Tu igive darCeba?
16.7. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRis energia da simZlavre 555
kinetikuri energia
Tokis dm masis elementi martivi harmoniuli moZraobiT
ganivad irxeva, rodesac masze talRa gaivlis. elementis
kinetikuri energia u ganiv siCqaresTan asocirdeba.
rodesac elementi (16.12 suraTze b elementi) y=0
mdebareobas Cauvlis, misi ganivi siCqare da, maSasadame,
kinetikuri energia, maqsimaluria. rodesac elementi sur. 16.12. Tokze moZravi talRis foto
t=0 droSi. a elementi y=ym mdebareobaze
(16.12 suraTze a elementi) ukidures y=ym mdebareobaze
imyofeba, xolo b elementi – y=0
imyofeba, misi ganivi siCqare da, maSasadame, kinetikuri mdebareobaze. elementis kinetikuri
energia, nulis tolia. energia orive SemTxvevaSi elementis
ganiv siCqarezea damokidebuli. poten
ciuri energia elementis daWimulobazea
damokidebuli, rodesac talRa masze
gaivlis.
556 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
energiis gadatana
Tokis merxev elements maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia da maqsimaluri drekadobis potenciuri
energia y=0 mdebareobaze aqvs. 16.12 suraTze, maqsimaluri gadaadgilebis adgilze Tokis
monakveTebs energia ar gaaCniaT, xolo nulovani gadaadgilebis adgilze Tokis monakveTebis
energia maqsimaluria. rodesac talRa Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs, Tokis daWimulobiT gamowveuli
Zalebi mudmivad asruleben muSaobas da energiis mqone monakveTebidan energiis armqone
monakveTebze gadaaqvT energia.
davuSvaT, horizontaluri x RerZis gaswvriv gaWimul Tokze talRa moZraobs da 16.2 formula
Tokis gadaadgilebas asaxavs. talRis gagzavna Tokis erTi bolos mudmivi rxeviT SeiZleba,
rogorc es xdeba 16.1b suraTze. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven moZraobisTvis da Tokis daWimvisTvis saWiro
energias mudmivad warmovqmniT. Tokis monakveTebi x RerZis perpendikularulad irxeva da maT
kinetikuri da elastiuri potenciuri energia gaaCniaT. rodesac talRa manamde uZravad myof
monakveTebze gadis, energia am axal monakveTebs gadaecema. maSasadame, vambobT, rom talRas
energia Tokis gaswvriv gadaaqvs.
P saS = 2 ( dKdt )
saS
(16.32)
dm = μ dx (16.35)
anu (16.38)
vinaidan davuSviT, rom elementi mxolod mcirediT gadaixreba F2y<<F2x da, aqedan gamomdinare,
16.38 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
τ = F2x (16.39)
exla SegviZlia 16.35, 16.36, 16.40 da 16.41 formulebi 16.34 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
d 2y
τS2 – τS1 = (μ dx) ,
dt 2
S2 – S1 μ d 2y
anu = (16.42)
dx τ dt 2
vinaidan Tokis elementi moklea, S2 da S1 daxrilobebi mxolod dS diferencialuri sididiT
gansxvavdebian, sadac S aris daxriloba nebismier wertilSi:
dy
S = (16.43)
dx
Tavdapirvelad 16.42 formulaSi S2 – S1 SevcvaloT dS-iT da Semdeg 16.43 formula gamoviyenoT,
raTa S-s dy/dx CavanacvloT:
dS μ d 2y
= ,
dx τ dt 2
16.9. talRebis superpoziciis principi 559
d(dy/dx) μ d 2y
= ,
dx τ dt 2
∂2y μ ∂2 y
da = , (16.44)
∂x2 τ ∂t 2
ukanasknel safexurze kerZo warmoebulis aRniSvnaze gadavediT, vinaidan formulis marcxena
mxares mxolod x-iT xdeba diferencireba, xolo marjvena mxares - mxolod t-iT. da bolos, 16.26
formulis Casma mogvcems:
∂ 2y 1 ∂ 2 y
= (talRis gantoleba) (16.45)
∂x2 v2 ∂t 2
es aris zogadi diferencialuri gantoleba, romelic yvela saxis talRis moZraobas asaxavs.
y´(x,t) = y1(x,t) + y2(x,t) (16.46)
y1(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) (16.47)
y´(x, t) = y1(x, t) + y2(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) + ym sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.49)
Tu φ = 0 radians (0°), maSin ori urTierTgadamkveTi talRa 16.16a suraTis msgavsad zustad
erTnair fazaSia. am SemTxvevaSi 16.51 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
16.10. talRebis interferencia 561
sur. 16.16. ori identuri sinusoiduri talRa y1(x,t) da y2(x,t), x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, Tokis gaswvriv
moZraobs. isini interferireben da iZlevian jamur y´(x,t) talRas. jamuri talRa aris is, rasac faqtiurad
vxedavT Tokze. interferenciaSi monawile or talRas Soris φ fazuri sxvaobaa a) 0 radiani, b) π radiani anu
180° da g) 2/3 π radiani anu 120°. Sesabamisi jamuri talRebi d), e) da v) suraTebzea naCvenebi.
jamuri talRis grafiki 16.16d suraTzea naCvenebi. suraTidan da 16.53 formulidan Cans, rom
jamuri talRis amplituda TiToeuli gadamkveTi talRis amplitudaze orjer metia. es aris
jamuri talRis udidesi SesaZlo mniSvneloba, vinaidan 16.51 da 16.52 formulebSi kosinuss
udidesi mniSvneloba (erTi) aqvs, rodesac φ=0. udidesi SesaZlo amplitudis warmomqmnel
interferencias srulad konstruqciuli interferencia ewodeba.
Tu φ=πradians (180°), urTierTgadamkveTi talRebi 16.16b suraTis msgavsad zustad sapirispiro
fazebSi imyofeba. am SemTxvevaSi cos1/2φ gaxdeba cosπ/2 da 16.52 formuliT mocemuli jamuri
talRis amplituda nuli iqneba. x-is da t-s nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis:
jamuri talRis grafiki 16.16e suraTzea naCvenebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tokis gaswvriv ori
talRa gavgzavneT, Tokis moZraobas ver vamCnevT. amgvari saxis interferencias srulad
destruqciuli interferencia ewodeba.
sinusoiduri talRa formas yoveli 2π radianis Semdeg imeorebs da amitom φ=2π radiani (360°)
fazuri sxvaoba erTi talRis meorisgan erTi talRis sigrZis manZiliT daZvras Seesabameba.
maSasadame, fazuri sxvaobebi kuTxeebis msgavsad talRis sigrZeebSic SeiZleba aRiweros.
magaliTad, 16.16b suraTze SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom talRebi 0,5 talRis sigrZiT gansxvavebul
fazebSi imyofebian. 16.1 cxrilSi mocemulia fazuri sxvaobebis da maT mier warmoqmnili
interferenciis magaliTebi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac interferencia ar aris srulad
konstruqciuli an destruqciuli, mas Sualeduri interferencia ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi,
2
jamuri talRis amplituda 0-sa da 2ym-s Sorisaa. magaliTad, 16.1 cxrilSi 120° (φ= π radiani =
3
0,33 talRis sigrZe) fazuri sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi jamuri talRis amplitudaa ym.
erTi da igive sigrZis ori talRa erTnair fazaSia, Tu maTi fazuri sxvaoba nuli an talRis
sigrZis nebismieri mTeli ricxvia. maSasadame, talRis sigrZeebSi gamosaxuli nebismieri fazuri
sxvaobis mTeli nawili SeiZleba ukuvagdoT. magaliTad, 0,4 talRis sigrZis fazuri sxvaoba
562 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
2,4 talRis sigrZis fazuri sxvaobis eqvivalenturia da gamoTvlebSi am ori ricxvidan ufro
martivi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
cxrili 16.1
fazuri sxvaobebi da Sedegad miRebuli interferenciis saxea
fazuri sxvaoba
jamuri
talRis talRis interferenciis saxeoba
gradusebSi radianebSi amplituda
sigrZeebSi
16.11 fazorebi
Tokze gamavali talRa (an nebismieri sxva saxis talRa) veqtoruli saxiT SegviZlia warmovadginoT
fazoris saSualebiT. fazori veqtoria, romelsac talRis amplitudis toli sidide aqvs da
aTvlis saTavis garSemo brunavs. fazoris kuTxuri siCqare talRis ω kuTxuri sixSiris tolia.
magaliTad:
y1(x, t) = ym1 sin(kx – ωt) (16.55)
16.55 formulis mqone talRa 16.17a suraTze fazoris saxiT aris asaxuli. fazoris sidide
talRis ym1 amplitudaa. vinaidan fazori aTvlis saTavis garSemo ω1 kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs,
vertikalur RerZze misi y1 gegmili ym1 maqsimumidan nulamde, Semdeg –ym1 minimumamde da kvlav ym1-
mde sinusoidurad icvleba. es cvlileba Tokis gaswvriv nebismieri wertilis y1 gadaadgilebis
sinusoidur cvlilebas Seesabameba, rodesac talRa am wertilze gaivlis.
rodesac ori talRa Tokis gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs, isini am talRebis da
jamuri talRis fazorTa diagramiT aisaxeba. 16.17b suraTze naCvenebi fazorebi 16.55 formulis
talRas da meore talRas asaxaven, romelic Semdegi formuliT moicema:
y2(x, t) = ym2 sin(kx – ωt + φ) (16.56)
meore talRa pirvelisgan φ fazuri mudmiviT aris daZruli. vinaidan fazorebi Tanabari ω
kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs, maT Soris kuTxe yovelTvis φ-s tolia. Tu φ dadebiTi sididea, maSin
meore talRis fazori brunvisas pirveli talRis fazors CamorCeba, xolo Tu φ uaryofiTi
sididea, maSin meore talRis fazori pirvelisas win uswrebs.
vinaidan y1 da y2-is k kuTxuri talRuri ricxvi da ω kuTxuri sixSire Tanabaria, 16.51 da 16.52
formulebidan gamomdinare maTi jamuri talRaa:
sur. 16.19. a) marcxniv moZravi talRis xuTi foto. drois t momenti g) suraTis qvemoT aris mocemuli (T
rxevis periodia). b) marjvniv moZravi identuri talRis xuTi foto drois igive momentebSi. g) ori talRis
1
superpoziciis Sesabamisi fotoebi. rodesac t = 0, 2 T da T, Txemebi da Rrmulebi erTmaneTs emTxveva da
1 3
srulad konstruqciuli interferencia xdeba. rodesac t = 4 T da 4 T, Txemebi Rrmulebs emTxveva da srulad
destruqciuli interferencia xdeba. zogierTi wertili (kvanZebi) arasdros irxeva, xolo zogierTi (burcobebi)
yvelaze metad irxeva.
16.19 suraTze, zemoT naxsenebi SemTxveva grafikulad aris asaxuli. 16.19a suraTze erTi talRa
marcxniv moZraobs, xolo 16.19b suraTze meore talRa marjvniv moZraobs. 16.19g suraTze
naCvenebia superpoziciis principiT miRebuli maTi jami. jamuri talRis gasaocari Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tokze kvanZebad wodebuli adgilebi Cndeba, romlebic mudmivad
uZravia. 16.19g suraTze wertilebiT aRniSnuli oTxi aseTi kvanZia naCvenebi. mimdebare kvanZebs
Soris Sua wertils burcobi ewodeba da am wertilSi jamuri talRis amplituda maqsimaluria.
16.19g suraTze naCveneb talRur models mdgari talRebi ewodeba, vinaidan isini marcxniv an
marjvniv ar moZraoben. minimumis da maqsimumis mdebareoba ar icvleba.
y´(x, t) = y1(x, t) + y2(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt) + ym sin(kx + ωt)
1
= (n + 2 ) π, n = 0, 1, 2, ... (16.63)
arekvla kideze
daWimul Tokze mdgari talRa warmoiqmneba, Tu moZravi talRa Tokis boloze ise airekleba, rom
sakuTari Tavis gavliT ukan imoZravebs. dacemuli (sawyisi) talRa da arekvlili talRa 16.58 da
16.59 formulebis saSualebiT aisaxeba da maTi interferencia mdgar talRebs qmnis.
16.21 suraTze erTi impulsis gamoyenebiT kargad Cans rogor xdeba msgavsi arekvla. 16.21a
suraTze Tokis marcxena bolo damagrebulia. rodesac
impulsi am adgils miaRwevs, maRla mimarTuli ZaliT
kedelze imoqmedebs. niutonis mesame kanonis Tanaxmad
kedeli Tokze igive sididis da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis
ZaliT imoqmedebs. es meore Zala Tokis damagrebis wertilSi
axal impulss warmoqmnis, romelic Tokis gavliT sawyisi
impulsis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs. amgvari
arekvlis dros kedelze kvanZi unda iyos, vinaidan Toki
am wertilSi uZravia. am wertilSi arekvlil da dacemul
impulss sawinaaRmdego niSnebi unda hqondeT, vinaidan am
wertilSi isini erTmaneTs abaTileben.
16.21b suraTze Tokis marcxena bolo msubuq rgolzea
damagrebuli, romelic Reros gaswvriv xaxunis gareSe
curavs. rodesac sawyisi impulsi rgols miaRwevs, rgoli
sur. 16.22. marcxena boloze ganlagebuli oscilatoris rxevis Sedegad Tokze warmoqmnili mdgari
talRuri struqturebis stroboskopuli fotosuraTebi. stuqturebi Cndeba rxevaTa garkveuli sixSireebis
SemTxvevaSi.
568 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
a) ra m masa miscems oscilators Tokze meoTxe 16.68 formulidan ν 16.67 formulaSi CavsvaT,
harmonikis warmoqmnis saSualebas? meoTxe harmonikisTvis n=4 aviRoT da m-sTvis
amoxsna: Toki rezonans mxolod garkveul amovxsnaT:
sixSireebze ganicdis, romlebic 16.66 4L2f 2μ
m= (16.69)
formulidan gamomdinare ν talRis siCqariT n2g
da Tokis L sigrZiT ganisazRvrebian: (4)(1,2 m)2(120 hc)2(0,0016 kg/m)
=
v (4)2(9,8 m/wm2)
f =n , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (16.67)
2L = 0,846 kg ≈ 0,85 kg (pasuxi)
meoTxe harmonikis warmosaqmnelad (romli
sTvisac n=4), Cven gvWirdeba, rom am formulis b) mdgari talRis romeli piroba dakmayo
marjvena mxare, rodesac n=4, oscilatoris fildeba, Tu m=1kg?
sixSires (120hc) gauTanabrdes. amoxsna: Tu m-is mSvnelobas 16.69 formulaSi
16.67 formulaSi L-is regulireba SeuZle CavsvamT da n-sTvis amovxsniT, miviRebT, rom
belia, magram samagierod ν regulirdeba, n=3,7. n aucileblad mTeli ricxvi unda iyos,
vinaidan es siCqare Tokze Camokidebuli amitom n=3,7 miuRebelia. maSasadame, rodesac
blokis m masazea damokidebuli. 16.26 m=1kg, oscilatori Tokze mdgar talRas
formulis Tanaxmad . am SemTxvevaSi ver warmoqmnis da Tokis rxeva Zalian mcire
Tokis τ daWimuloba blokis mg wonis tolia iqneba.
da gveqneba:
maSin fiqsirebul sayrden wertilebs Soris damokidebuli, rac Tavis mxriv Tokis
mimoxilva da Sejameba
ganivi da grZivi talRebi. meqanikuri talRa y(x, t) = ym sin(kx – ωt), (16.2)
mxolod nivTier garemoSi arsebobs da niu- sadac ym talRis amplitudaa, k kuTxuri
tonis kanonebs emorCileba. ganivi meqanikuri talRuri ricxvia, ω kuTxuri sixSirea, xolo
talRebis SemTxvevaSi, garemos nawilakebi kx–ωt fazaa. λ talRis sigrZe k-s Semdegi
talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendiku- formuliT ukavSirdeba:
larulad irxevian. talRebs, rodesac garemos 2π
k=
(16.5)
nawilakebi talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis λ
paralelurad irxevian, grZiv talRebs uwode- talRis T periodi da f sixSire ω-s Semdegi
ben. formuliT ukavSirdeba:
ω 1
= f = (16.9)
sinusoiduri talRebi. x RerZis dadebiTi 2π T
mimarTulebiT moZravi sinusoiduri talRis da bolos, ν talRis siCqare danarCen am
maTematikuri formaa: parametrebs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
570 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
asaxavs, xolo minus niSani - dadebiTi saTavis garSemo talRis ω kuTxuri sixSiris
amocanebi
y m sin(kx – ωt + φ).
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Manual-Si. risi tolia φ? (ga
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze frTxileba: kalku
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday latori Sebrunebu-
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. li trigonometriu
com/college/halliday. li funqciis swor
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs pasuxs yovelTvis
• – ••• sur. 16.31. amocana 4.
amocanis sirTules
ar iZleva, amitom
paragrafi 16.5. moZravi talRis siCqare pasuxi da ω-s daSvebuli mniSvneloba y(x,t)
•1. sinusoidaluri talRa Tokis gaswvriv funqciaSi CasviT da SeamowmeT).
moZraobs. maqsimaluri gadaadgilebidan nu ••5. 500 hc sixSiris sinusoidaluri talRa
lamde gadaadgilebisTvis garkveul wertils 350 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. a) ra manZilzea
0,17 wm sWirdeba. risi tolia a) periodi da π/3 radiani fazuris sxvaobis mqone ori
b) sixSire? g) talRis sigrZea 1,4 m. risi tolia wertili? b) risi tolia fazuri sxvaoba or
talRis siCqare? gadaadgilebas Soris 1mwm-is intervalSi? ILW
•2. talRas 110 radiani/wm kuTxuri sixSire da ••6. Zalian grZeli Tokis gaswvriv moZravi
1,8m talRis sigrZe aqvs. gamoTvaleT a) talRis ganivi talRis gantolebaa y = 6 sin(0,02πx+4πt),
kuTxuri ricxvi da b) talRis siCqare. sadac x da y santimetrebSia, xolo t - wamebSi.
•3. Tu Tokis gaswvriv moZravi talRaa y(x,t) gansazRvreT a) amplituda, b) talRis sigrZe,
= (6 mm) sin(kx + (600 radiani/wm) t + φ), ra dro g) sixSire, d) siCqare, e) talRis gavrcelebis
dasWirdeba Tokis nebismier wertils y = + 2 mm mimarTuleba da v) Tokis nawilakis
maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare. z) risi tolia
da y = –2 mm mdebareobebs Soris manZilis
gasavlelad? ganivi gadaadgileba x=3,5sm mdebareobaze,
rodesac t = 0,26 wm?
••4. 16.31 suraTze naCvenebia u ganivi si
Cqaris Tokis x = 0 mdebareobis wertilze ••7. ganivi sinusoiduri talRa x RerZis
damokidebulebis grafiki, rodesac talRa dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Tokis gaswvriv 80m/wm
masze gadis. talRis gamosaxulebaa y(x,t) = siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac t=0, x=0 wertilSi
573
mdebare Tokis nawilakis wonasworuli sinusis uaryofiTi funqcia? risi tolia b) ym,
mdebareobidan ganivi gadaadgilebaa 4sm da ar g) k, d) ω, e) φ, v) ω-s swori niSani da z) talRis
moZraobs. Tokis nawilakis maqsimaluri ganivi siCqare? T) risi tolia x=0 wertilSi mdebare
siCqarea 16m/wm. a) risi tolia talRis sixSire? nawilakis ganivi siCqare, rodesac t=5wm?
b) risi tolia talRis sigrZe? Tu talRis paragrafi 16.6. talRis siCqare daWimul
gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt+φ), risi tolia Tokze
g) ym, d) k, e) ω, v) φ da z) ω-s swori niSani? •12. violinos yvelaze mZime da yvelaze
••8. y(x,t)=(15sm)cos(πx–15πt) funqcia, sadac x msubuqi simebis wrfivi simkvriveebia 3 da
metrebSia da t wamebSi, daWimul Tokze moZrav 0,29 g/m. risi tolia yvelaze mZime simis
talRas asaxavs. risi tolia Tokze mdebare diametris Sefardeba yvelaze msubuqi simis
wertilis ganivi siCqare, rodesac am wertilis diametrTan Tu davuSvebT, rom simebi erTi da
gadaadgilebaa y=+12sm? igive nivTierebisgan aris damzadebuli?
••9. 16.32 suraTze Tokis gaswvriv moZravi •13. risi tolia 500 n daWimulobis, 2 m sigrZis
sinusoiduri talRa orjer aris naCvenebi. da 60 g masis Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis
talRis A maqsimumi x RerZis dadebiTi siCqare?
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da 4mwm-Si d=6sm •14. orive boloTi momWerebze damagrebuli
manZils gadis. RerZis niSnulebs Soris mavTulis daWimuloba mavTulis sigrZis
manZili 10sm-ia. Tu talRis gantolebaa Secvlis gareSe gaaormages. risi tolia
y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω da mavTulis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRebis
d) ω-s swori niSani? axali siCqaris Sefardeba Zvel siCqaresTan?
•15. Tokis wrfivi simkvrivea 1,6x10-4kg/m.
Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis gantolebaa:
y=(0,021m)sin[(2m-1)x+(30wm-1)t].
risi tolia a) talRis siCqare da b) Tokis
daWimuloba?
•16. rodesac Tokis daWimulobaa 120n, masze
sur. 16.32. amocana 9. gamavali ganivi talRis siCqarea 170m/wm. ra
sididiT unda Seicvalos daWimuloba, raTa
••10. sinusoiduri
talRis siCqare 180m/wm gaxdes?
talRa daWimuli
Tokis gaswvriv •17. daWimuli Tokis masa sigrZis erTeulze
moZraobs. 16.33 su- aris 5g/sm, xolo daWimuloba - 10n. am Tokze
sur. 16.33. amocana 10.
raTze naCvenebia gamavali sinusoiduri talRis amplitudaa
daxriloba Tokis gaswvriv, rodesac t=0. risi 0,12mm, xolo sixSire – 100hc. talRa x RerZis
tolia talRis amplituda? uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Tu
talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx±ωt), risi
••11. 20sm talRis
tolia a) ym, b) k, g) ω da d) ω-s swori niSani?
sigrZis ganivi si
SSM WWW
nusoiduri talRa
x RerZis dadebiTi •18. Tokze gamavali ganivi talRis
sur. 16.34. amocana 11.
mimarTulebiT To gantolebaa:
kis gaswvriv moZraobs. x=0 wertilSi mdebare y=(2mm)sin[(20m–1)x+(600wm–1)t].
Tokis nawilakis y gadaadgileba t drois Tokis daWimulobaa 15n. a) risi tolia
funqciis saxiT aris mocemuli 16.34 suraTze. talRis siCqare? b) gamoTvaleT Tokis wrfivi
talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=y msin(kx±ωt+φ). simkvrive g/m-ebSi.
a) rodesac t=0, y-is x-ze damokidebulebis
••19. sinusoiduri ganivi talRa Tokis
grafiki sinusis dadebiTi funqciaa Tu
gaswvriv x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
574 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
••50. Tokze arsebuli mdgari talRa Semdegi π
y = (6 sm) cos
[(2 m–1) x + (8 wm–1)t].
gantolebiT aisaxeba: 2
meore boloze moTavsebuli generatori ki
y(x,t) = 0,04(sin 5πx)(cos 40πt),
Semdeg talRas warmoqmnis:
sadac x da y metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. π
y = (6 sm) cos [(2 m–1) x – (8 wm–1)t].
x ≥ 0-sTvis ra mdebareobazea kvanZi x-is a) 2
umciresi, b) meore umciresi da g) mesame gamoTvaleT TiToeuli talRis a) sixSire,
umciresi mniSvnelobiT? d) risi tolia b) talRis sigrZe da g) siCqare. x≥0 areSi ra
nebismieri wertilis (kvanZis garda) rxevis adgilze mdebareobs x-is d) umciresi, e) meore
periodi? risi tolia ori msrboli talRis umciresi da v) mesame umciresi mniSvnelobis
e) siCqare da v) amplituda, romlebic mqone kvanZi? x≥0 areSi ra adgilze mdebareobs
interferenciis Sedegad am mdgar talRas x-is z) umciresi, T) meore umciresi da i) mesame
qmnian? t ≥ 0-sTvis, risi tolia z) pirveli, T) umciresi mniSvnelobis mqone burcobi? SSM
meore da i) mesame dro, rodesac Tokis yvela ••54. Tanabari amplitudis da talRis sigrZis
elementis ganivi siCqare nulis tolia? ori sinusoiduri talRa x RerZis gaswvriv
••51. grZel Tokze gaWimuli Tokis gaswvriv moZraobs. 16.41 sura-
garkveuli ga- Tze jamuri talRa orjer aris naCvenebi, rode-
nivi mdgari tal- sac A burcobi maqsimaluri maRla gadaadg-
Ris burcobi x = ilebidan maqsimalur dabla gadaadgile-
0 mdebareobazea, bamde 6mwm-Si moZraobs. davuSvaT, erT-erTi
xolo kvanZi - x = talRis gantolebaa y(x,t)=ymsin(kx+ωt). meore
0,1 m mdebareoba-
sur. 16.40. amocana 51. talRis gantolebaSi risi tolia a) ym, b) k,
ze. x = 0 wertilSi mdebare Tokis nawilakis g) ω da d) ω-s niSani?
y(t) gadaadgileba 16.40 suraTzea naCvenebi.
rodesac t=0,5wm, risi tolia Tokis a) x=0,2m
da b) x=0,3m wertilebSi mdebare nawilakebis
gadaadgileba? risi tolia Tokis x=0,2m
wertilSi mdebare nawilakis ganivi siCqare,
rodesac g) t=0,5wm da d) t=1wm? e) x=0-dan
x=0,4m-mde areSi mdgari talRa sqematurad
gamosaxeT, rodesac t=0,5wm. sur. 16.41. amocana 54.
••52. qvemoT mocemuli ori talRa •••55. 16.42 suraTze L1=60sm sigrZis, 1×10-2sm2
horizontaluri Tokis urTierTsawinaaR farTobis ganivi kveTis da 2,6g/sm3 simkvrivis
mdego mimarTulebiT ise igzavneba, rom aluminis mavTuli 7,8g/sm3 simkvrivis da igive
vertikalur sibrtyeSi mdgar talRas farTobis ganivi kveTis foladis mavTulzea
warmoiqmnas: gadabmuli. gaerTianebul mavTulze m=10kg
y1(x,t)=(6mm)sin(4πx–400πt) masis blokia Camokidebuli da SeerTebis
adgilidan Skivamde manZilia 86,6sm. mavTulze
y2(x,t)=(6mm)sin(4πx+400πt)
ganiv talRebs cvalebadi sixSiris mqone gare
x metrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. burcobi A
wertilSi mdebareobs. am wertilis maq
simaluri maRla gadaadgilebidan maqsimalur
alumini foladi
dabla gadaadgilebamde moZraobis drois
SualedSi ra manZils gaivlis TiToeuli
talRa Tokis gaswvriv?
••53. Zalian grZeli Tokis erT boloze
moTavsebuli generatori Semdeg talRas sur. 16.42. amocana 55.
warmoqmnis:
578 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
wyaro warmoqmnis. kvanZi Skivze mdebareobs. si? g) h(x–5t) aageT x-is funqciis saxiT, rode-
a) gamoTvaleT umciresi sixSire, rodesac sac t=2wm. d) h(x–5t) aageT t-s funqciis saxiT,
mdgari talRis erT-erTi kvanZi SeerTebis rodesac x=10sm.
wertils emTxveva. b) ramdeni kvanZi iarsebebs 60. fazebis garda yvela sxva maxasiaTeblebiT
amgvar sixSireze? SSM identuri ori sinusoiduri talRa Tokis
•••56. 16.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemul gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT moZraobs
mowyobilobas mdgari talRebis Sesaqmnelad da y´(x,t)=(3mm)sin(20x–4t+0,82radiani) jamur
iyeneben, magram Toki gansxvavebulia. mdgari talRas warmoqmnis, sadac x metrebSia, xolo
talRa maSin Cndeba, rodesac Camokiduli t - wamebSi. risi tolia a) ori talRis λ sigrZe,
blokis masaa 286,1g an 447g. risi tolia Tokis b) maT Soris fazaTa sxvaoba da g) maTi ym
wrfivi simkvrive? amplituda?
67. ym amplitudis da λ talRis sigrZis ganivi 74. garkveuli stiliT dakvrisas violinos
sinusoiduri talRa daWimul Tokze moZraobs. simis umciresi rezonansuli sixSirea
a) gamoTvaleT nawilakis maqsimaluri siCqaris 440hc. risi tolia simis a) meore da b) mesame
(siCqare, romliTac Tokis calkeuli nawilaki harmonikis sixSire?
talRis ganivad moZraobs) Sefardeba talRis 75. 120sm sigrZis Toki or fiqsirebul
siCqaresTan. b) damokidebulia Tu ara es sayrdens Soris aris gadaWimuli. risi tolia
Sefardeba Tokis nivTierebaze? Tokze moZravi talRebis a) udidesi, b) meore
68. ra maqsimaluri siswrafis ganivi talRa udidesi da g) mesame udidesi talRis sigrZe,
SeiZleba gaigzavnos foladis mavTulis gas- Tu Tokze mdgari talRebi unda warmoiqmnas?
wvriv? usafrTxoebisTvis foladis mavTulis d) daxateT es mdgari talRebi.
maqsimaluri gaWimvis Zabvaa 7×108n/m2. fo- 76. Tokis gaswvriv moZravi ganivi talRis
ladis simkvrivea 7800kg/m3. daamtkiceT, rom gantolebaa:
pasuxi mavTulis diametrze damokidebuli ar y=0,15sin(0,79x–13t),
aris.
580 Tavi 16 talRebi - I
[ ( t x
y = 2 sin 2π 0,4 + 80 )], bagiri mokle bagiris Sua wertilze gamavali
horizontaluri TokiT aris gadabmuli.
Tavdapirvelad Toki arc moSvebulia da arc
sadac x da y santimetrebSia, xolo t – wamebSi. daWimuli. rodesac t=0, qari bagirebs mar-
a) t=0 drois momentisaTvis aageT y-is jvniv gadaaadgilebs da fudamenturi piro-
x-ze damokidebulebis funqciis grafiki bis rxevas iwvevs. TA iyos A bagiris rxevis
intervalSi 0 ≤ x ≤ 160 sm. b) gaimeoreoT igive periodi da davuSvaT, rom bagirebis rxeva
t=0,05wm da t=0,1wm drois momentebisTvis. gadaubmelobis SemTxvevaSi Tanabari ampli
grafikebidan g) talRis siCqare da d) talRis tudis iqneboda. 0,25TA , 05TA , TA , 1,25TA , 1,5TA ,
moZraobis mimarTuleba gansazRvreT. 1,75TA da 2TA drois momentebidan romelSi
92. aCveneT, rom identuri amplitudebis ori iqneba Toki a) daWimuli, b) sawyis mdgomareobaSi
msrboli talRis mier warmoqmnili mdgari da g) moSvebuli? 16.50g suraTze naCvenebia
talRis maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia Tokis ganlagebis meore varianti. d) Seasus
TiToeul maryuJSi aris 2π2μy2m fν. tebs Tu ara es ori ganlageba bagirebis rxe-
93. 16.49 suraTze, ori impulsi Tokis gaswvriv vas fundamenturi rxevebis SemTxvevaSi?
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZra
obs. talRis siCqarea 2m/wm, xolo rodesac t=0,
impulsebs Soris manZilia D=6sm. a) daxateT
talRis suraTebi,
rodesac t=5, 10,
15, 20 da 25mwm. b)
ra saxisaa impulsis
energia, rodesac sur. 16.49. amocana 93.
t=15mwm?
94. safrangeTSi, mdinare senaze gadebuli le
pon de normandi msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli
bagiriani xidia (sur. 16.50a). agebis Semdeg
mcire qaric ki xidis bagirebze mdgar talRebs
qmnida. aseTi rxevebi gasaTvaliswinebeli
iyo, vinaidan maT bagiris liTonis
wnulebis wyobidan gamoyvana SeeZloT, es
ki xidis Cangrevas gamoiwvevda. problemis
aRmosafxvrelad mTamsvlelebi xidze aZvrnen
da mimdebare bagirebs Soris Tokebi daamagres.
ganvixiloT 16.50b suraTze naCvenebi ori (a) (b)
vertikaluri bagiris ganlageba. L sigrZis sur. 16.50. amocana 94.
talRebi - II 17
wyalSi yvinTvisa da Wamis Semdeg saimperatoro pingvini mewyvilesTan
brundeba. antarqtikis mkacr zamTarSi, rodesac temperatura -40°C-ia
da qaris siGqare 300km/sT-s aRwevs, gayinvisgan Tavis dasacavad pingvinebi
erTad jgufdebian da Zalian gvanan erTmaneTs. pingvini sakuTar mewyviles
vizualurad ver gamoarGevs.
583
584 Tavi 17 talRebi - II
, (17.1)
sadac (ganivi talRebisTvis) τ Tokis daWimulobaa, xolo μ – Tokis wrfivi simkvrive. Tu garemo
haeria da talRa grZivia, maSin μ-s Sesabamisi inerciulobis maxasiaTebeli haeris moculobiTi
ρ simkvrivea. ra iqneba drekadobis maxasiaTebeli?
daWimuli Tokis potenciuri energia Tokis elementis periodul daWimvas ukavSirdeba, rodesac
masze talRa gadis. vinaidan bgeriTi talRa haerSi moZraobs, potenciuri energia haeris mcire
moculobis elementebis periodul gafarToebas da SekumSvas ukavSirdeba. garemos elementis
moculobis cvlilebas, rodesac masze moqmedi wneva icvleba, B moculobiTi deformaciis
moduli asaxavs:
17.3. bgeris siCqare 585
Δp
B = – (moculobiTi deformaciis modulis gansazRvreba) (17.2) cxrili 17.1
ΔV/V
bgeris siCqarea
aq ΔV/V aris wnevis Δp cvlilebiT gamowveuli moculo-
bis fardobiTi cvlileba. 14.3 Tavidan viciT, rom SI garemo siCqare (m/wm)
sistemaSi wnevis erTeulia n/m2, romelsac specialuri
airebi
saxeli – paskali (pa) ewodeba. 17.2 formulidan Cans,
haeri (0°C) 331
rom B-s erTeulic paskalia. Δp-s da ΔV-s niSnebi yov-
haeri (20°C) 343
elTvis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. rodesac elementze
heliumi 965
moqmedi wneva izrdeba (Δp dadebiTia), moculoba mc-
wyalbadi 1284
irdeba (ΔV uaryofiTia). 17.2 formulaSi minus niSani
siTxeebi
SevitaneT, raTa B yovelTvis dadebiTi sidide iyos.
wyali (0°C) 1402
Semdeg 17.1 formulaSi τ-s nacvlad B CavsvaT, xolo μ-s
wyali (20°C) 1482
nacvlad – ρ:
zRvis wyalib 1522
v = (bgeris siCqare) (17.3) myari nivTierebebi
alumini 6420
es formula B moculobiTi deformaciis modulis da
foladi 5941
ρ simkvrivis garemoSi bgeris siCqares gvaZlevs. 17.1 graniti 6000
cxrilSi CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva garemoSi moZravi
a
0°C-ze da 1atm. wnevaze, garda aRniSnulisa
bgeris siCqareebi. b
20°C-ze da 3,5% marilianobaze
wylis simkvrive haerisaze TiTqmis 1000-jer metia. Tu
mxolod es maxasiaTebelia arsebiTi, maSin 17.3 formulidan gamomdinare mosalodnelia, rom
wyalSi moZravi bgeris siCqare haerSi moZravi bgeris siCqareze bevrad naklebi iqneba. miuxedavad
amisa, 17.1 cxrili sapirispiros amtkicebs. vaskvniT (kvlav 17.3 formulidan gamomdinare), rom
wylis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli haerisaze 1000-jer meti unda iyos. es marTlac asea.
wyali haerze bevrad ukumSvadia (ix. 17.2 formula) anu wylis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli
bevrad metia.
ganvixiloT Δx sisqis da A farTobis wina zedapiris mqone haeris elementi, romelic impulsisken
ν siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac elementi impulsSi Seva, misi wina zedapiri ufro maRali wnevis
areSi xvdeba da elementis siCqare ν+Δν-mde mcirdeba, sadac Δν uaryofiTia. Seneleba mTavrdeba
maSin, rodesac elementis ukana zedapiric impulsSi Seva, rasac Semdegi drois intervali
sWirdeba:
Δx
Δt = (17.4)
v
amjerad elementisTvis niutonis meore kanoni gamoviyenoT. Δt drois SualedSi elementis ukana
zedapirze moqmedi da marjvnisken mimarTuli saSualo Zalaa pA, xolo wina zedapirze moqmedi
da marcxnisken mimarTuli saSualo Zala – (p + Δp)A (sur. 17.3b). aqedan gamomdinare, Δt drois
SualedSi elementze Semdegi saSualo tolqmedi Zala moqmedebs:
minus niSani asaxavs, rom 17.3b suraTze gamosaxuli haeris elementze moqmedi tolqmedi Zala
marcxniskenaa mimarTuli. elementis moculobaa AΔx da 17.4 formulis saSualebiT masa Semdegi
saxiT Caiwereba:
maSasadame, niutonis meore kanonidan (F=ma) gamomdinare 17.5, 17.6 da 17.7 formulebi
mogvcems:
Δv
–ΔpA = ( ρAν Δt ) .
Δt
rac asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
Δp
ρν2 = –
, (17.8)
Δv/v
impulsis gareT V moculobis (=AνΔt) mqone haeri impulsSi Sesvlisas ΔV (=AΔνΔt) moculobiT
ikumSeba, amitom:
ΔV A Δν Δt Δv
= = . (17.9)
V AνΔt v
17.8 formulaSi jer 17.9, xolo Semdeg 17.2 formula CavsvaT da miviRebT:
Δp Δp
ρν2 = – = – = B.
Δv/v ΔV/V
am formulis ν-sTvis amoxsna 17.3 suraTze marjvnisken moZravi haeris siCqaris 17.3 formulas
mogvcems da maSasadame marcxnisken moZravi impulsis namdvil siCqares gamovTvliT.
s(x,t) = sm cos(kx – ωt) (17.13)
V = AΔx . (17.17)
ΔV = AΔs . (17.18)
Δp = Bksm sin(kx – ωt).
17.5. interferencia
ganivi talRebis msgavsad bgeriTi talRebic ganicdian
intereferencias. ganvixiloT erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
moZravi ori identuri bgeriTi talRis interferencia.
17.8 suraTze naCvenebia amgvari situaciis magaliTi. S1 da S2 sur. 17.8. S1 da S2 wertilovani
wertilovani wyaro Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis da erTnair wyaroebi erTnair fazaSi myof
fazaSi myof bgeriT talRebs asxiveben. maSasadame, orive sferul bgeriT talRebs asxiveben.
sxivebi P saerTo wertilis gavliT
wyaro imyofeba erTnair fazaSi anu wyaroebidan talRebis talRebis moZraobas asaxavs.
gamosxivebis dros maTi gadaadgilebebi identuria. Cven
gvainteresebs talRebi, romlebic 17.8 suraTze P wertilis gavliT moZraoben. vuSvebT, rom
P-mde manZili wyaroebs Soris manZilze bevrad metia da CavTvliT, rom orive talRa erTi da
imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
Tu talRebi P wertilamde Tanabari sigrZis traeqtoriebs gadian, maSin am wertilSi talRebi
erTnair fazaSi iqnebian. iseve, rogorc ganivi talRebis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom am wertilSi
talRebi srulad konstruqciul intereferencias ganicdian. magram, 17.8 suraTze S2-dan
gamosxivebuli talRis L2 traeqtoria S1-dan gamosxivebuli talRis L1 traeqtoriaze grZelia.
sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba niSnavs, rom P wertilSi talRebi SesaZloa gansxvavebul fazebSi
iyvnen. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, P wertilSi φ fazuri sxvaoba traeqtoriis sigrZeebs Soris
sxvaobazea DL = L2 - L1 damokidebuli.
φ fazur sxvaobasa da ΔL traeqtoriebis sigrZeTa sxvaobas Soris kavSiris dasadgenad gavixsenoT
(16.4 paragrafi), rom 2π radiani fazuri sxvaoba erT talRis sigrZes Seesabameba. maSasadame,
SegviZlia davweroT Semdegi proporcia:
φ ΔL
= (17.20)
2π λ
saidanac miviRebT:
ΔL
φ= 2π (17.21)
λ
srulad konstruqciuli interferencia maSin xdeba, rodesac φ aris nuli, 2π an 2π-is nebismieri
mTeli jeradi:
decibelebis skala
17.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi gamoCnda, rom adamianis yurisTvis gadaadgilebis amplituda
10–5 m-dan (uZlieresi bgera) 10–11 m-mde (usustesi bgera) meryeobs (Sefardeba 106-is tolia). 17.27
formulidan gamomdinare bgeris intensivoba amplitudis kvadratis saxiT icvleba da amitom
adamianis smenis aparatis ori zRvruli intensivobis Sefardebaa 1012. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamians intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis SegrZneba SeuZlia.
mniSvnelobaTa amgvari uzarmazari diapazonisTvis logariTmebs viyenebT. ganvixiloT kavSiri:
y = log x ,
sadac x da y cvladebia. am formulis maxasiaTebelia, rom Tu x-s 10-ze gavamravlebT, y 1-iT
gaizrdeba:
y´ = log(10x) = log10 + logx = 1+y
aseve Tu x-s 10 -ze gavamravlebT, y mxolod 12-iT gaizrdeba.
12
∂s
νs = = – ωsm sin(kx –ωt).
∂t
am formulis gamoyenebiT da dm=ρAdx-is CasmiT 17.30 formula gardaiqmneba:
1
dK = (ρA dx)(– ωsm )2 sin2(kx –ωt). (17.31)
2
Tu 17.31 formulas dt-ze gavyofT, talRis gaswvriv kinetikuri energiis gadatanis temps
gavigebT. me-16 Tavidan viciT, rom dx/dt ganivi talRis νs siCqarea:
dK 1
= ρAvω2sm 2 sin2(kx –ωt). (17.32)
dt 2
kinetikuri energiis gadatanis saSualo tempia:
( )
dK
dt saS
=
1
2
ρAvω2sm 2 [sin2(kx –ωt)]saS
1
= ρAvω2sm 2 (17.33)
4
am formulis misaRebad gamoviyeneT faqti, rom erTi rxevis ganmavlobaSi sinusis (an kosinusis)
1
funqciis kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba -ia.
2
vuSvebT, rom talRis gaswvriv potenciuri energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi igivea. talRis
I intensivoba aris farTobis erTeulSi orive saxis energiis gadatanis saSualo tempi da 17.33
formulidan miviRebT:
2(dK/dt)saS 1
I= A = ρvω2sm 2 ,
2
rac 17.27 formulaa.
I = (17.35)
Ad da miviRebT:
SegviZlia warmovidginoT a)-s cilindrul
Pd = (21,2 vt/m2)(2×10–4 m2) = 4,2 mvt (pasuxi)
( )
= log–1 (–2) = 0,01 (pasuxi)
If I Ii
βf – βi = (10 db) log – log i .
I0 I0 maSasadame, yuris baliSi bgeriTi talRebis
Tu Cven Semdeg igiveobas gamoviyenebT: intensivobas sawyisi intensivobis 100-jer
a c ad amcirebs, rac ori rigiT Semcirebas niSnavs.
log – log = log ,
b d bc
596 Tavi 17 talRebi - II
17.8. pulsaciebi
Tu erTmaneTisgan ramdenime wuTis intervaliT daSorebul 552 da 564hc sixSiris or bgeras
gavigonebT, maT Soris gansxvavebs ver SevniSnavT. Tu bgerebi Cvens yurebs erTdroulad
moaRweven, maSin 558hc sixSiris bgeras gavigonebT, romelic sawyisi ori sixSiris saSualoa. garda
amisa gavigonebT am bgeris intensivobis mkveTr cvlilebas. intensivoba izrdeba da mcirdeba
neli, meryevi pulsaciebis saxiT, romlebic meordebian 12hc sixSiriT, rac ori sawyisi sixSiris
sxvaobis tolia. 17.18 suraTze naCvenebia pulsaciis fenomeni.
17.8. pulsaciebi 599
sur. 17.18. a, b) cal-calke miRebuli ori bgeriTi talRis Δp wnevis cvlilebebi. talRebis sixSireebi TiTqmis
erTmaneTis tolia. g) jamuri wnevis cvlileba, rodesac talRebi erTdroulad miiReba.
davuSvaT, garkveul mdebareobaze ori bgeriTi talRis mier gamowveuli gadaadgilebebis droze
damokidebuli cvlilebaa:
s1 = sm cos ω1t da s2 = sm cos ω2t, (17.42)
exla davuSvaT, rom gaerTianebuli talRebis ω1 da ω2 sixSireebi TiTqmis Tanabaria anu 17.44
formulaSi ω>>ω´. maSin Cven SegviZlia 17.45 formula kosinusis funqciis saxiT ganvixiloT,
romlis kuTxuri sixSirea ω, xolo amplituda (romelic ar aris mudmivi da ω´ kuTxuri sixSiriT
icvleba) frCxilebSi Casmuli sididis absoluturi mniSvnelobaa.
maqsimaluri amplituda maSin miiReba, rodesac 17.45 formulaSi cosω´t-s mniSvneloba +1 an
–1-ia, rac kosinusis funqciis TiToeul gameorebaSi (periodSi) orjer xdeba. vinaidan cosω´t-s
kuTxuri sixSirea ω´, pulsaciebis kuTxuri sixSirea ω´pulsacia=2ω´. 17.44 formulis saSualebiT
daiwereba:
1
ω´pulsacia = 2ω´ = (2)( )(ω1 – ω2) = (ω1 – ω2)
2
vinaidan ω=2πf :
fpulsacia = f1 – f2 (pulsaciis sixSire) (17.46)
Ria bolos mqone milis SemTxvevas. davuSvaT, f1=ν/2L, xolo meore harmonikis – f2=2ν/2L. am
A mxaris mier warmoqmnili pirveli harmonikis ori sixSiris Sedareba mogvcems:
sixSirea fA1=432hc, xolo B mxaris mier warmo- f2 = 2f1
qmnili pirveli harmonikis sixSirea fB1=371hc.
pingvinis SemTxvevaSi A mxaris meore
risi tolia am ori pirveli harmonikis six-
harmonikis sixSirea fA2 = 2fA1, xolo B mxaris
Sireebsa da ori meore harmonikis sixSireebs
meore harmonikis sixSirea fB2 = 2fB1. 17.46
Soris pulsaciis sixSire?
formulis gamoyenebiT pulsaciis sixSires
amoxsna: or sixSires Soris pulsaciis sixSire gamovTvliT:
17.46 formulis Tanaxmad maTi sxvaobaa
fpulsacia,2 = fA2 – fB2 = 2fA1 – 2fB1
(fpulsacia = f1 – f2). ori pirveli harmonikis si
xSireebisTvis: = 2(432hc) – 2(371hc) = 122hc (pasuxi)
fpulsacia,1 = fA1 – fB1 = 432 hc – 371 hc eqsperimentebidan Cans, rom pingvinebs aseTi
= 61 hc (pasuxi) maRali sixSireebis pulsaciis aRqma Seu-
vinaidan pingvinSi warmoqmnili mdgari ZliaT (adamianebs ki ara). maSasadame, pingvi-
talRebi ori Ria bolos mqone milis talRebs nis yvirili sxvadasxva harmonikebiT da sx-
gvanan, rezonansuli sixSireebi 17.39 for vadasxva pulsaciebis sixSireebiT mdidaria,
muliT (f=nν/2L) gamoiTvleba, sadac L aris Sesabamisad misi xmis amocnoba aTasobiT Se-
milis sigrZe. pirveli harmonikis sixSirea jguful pingvinTa xmebs Soris SeiZleba.
(b)
(a) (b)
sur. 17.23. a) bgeris S wyaro bgeris da, maSasadame, talRuri frontis siCqaris toli νS siCqariT moZraobs.
b) S wyaro bgeris da, maSasadame, talRuri frontebis siCqareze swrafad νS siCqariT moZraobs. rodesac wyaro S1
mdebareobaSi imyofeboda, W1 talRuri fronti warmoqmna, xolo rodesac wyaro S6 mdebareobaSi imyofeboda, W6
talRuri fronti warmoqmna. sferuli talRuri frontebi bgeris ν siCqariT vrceldebian, konusis zedapirze
iyrian Tavs da dartymiT talRas warmoqmnian. konuss maxis konusi ewodeba. konusis zedapiris naxevarkuTxea θ
da zedapiri yvela talRuri frontis mxebia.
17.10 zebgeriTi siCqareebi, dartymiTi talRebi 605
dartymiTi talRa am konusis zedapiris gaswvriv arsebobs, vinaidan talRuri frontebis erTad
Tavmoyra haeris wnevis swraf zrdas da klebas iwvevs, rodesac zedapiri nebismier wertilze
gaivlis. 17.23b suraTidan Cans, rom konusis θ naxevarkuTxea (maxis konusis kuTxe):
νt ν
sin θ = = (maxis konusis kuTxe) (17.57)
vS t vS
νS /ν Sefardebas maxis ricxvi ewodeba. TviTmfrinavi 2,3 maxiT mifrinavs niSnavs, rom misi siCqare
haerSi bgeris siCqares 2,3-jer aRemateba. zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavis (sur. 17.24) an sasrolis
mier warmoqmnili dartymiTi talRa Zlier xmaurs iwvevs, romelsac bgeriTi dartyma ewodeba.
bgeriTi dartymis dros haeris wneva Tavidan Zalian swrafad da mkveTrad izrdeba, xolo Semdeg
aseve swrafad normalurze mcire xdeba, vidre normaluris toli gaxdeba. SaSxanidan tyviis
gasrolis dros gamocemuli xmis nawili swored bgeriTi dartymaa. bgeriTi dartyma ismis
agreTve Soltis moqnevisas. Soltis moZraobis dros misi wveri bgeraze swrafad moZraobs da
mcire bgeriT dartymas warmoqmnis.
me-11 Tavis pirvel furcelze gamosa
xulia Thrust SSC manqana, rodesac is
nevadis bleq-rokis udabnoSi bgeraze
swrafad moZraobs. manqaniT warmoqmnili
dartymiTi talRis bgeriTi dartyma,
romelic udabnoSi vrceldeba, manqanis
siCqaris sizebgeriTobaze miuTiTebs.
fotosuraTze dartymiTi talRa manqanis
Tavze Cans. ukana xedi damaxinjebulia,
vinaidan sinaTle dartymiT talRaSi
sur. 17.24. Navy FA 18 TviTmfrinavis frTebis mier
gavlisas (fotokameramde mosvlamde) warmoqmnili dartymiTi talRebi. dartymiTi talRebi
haeris wnevis da simkvrivis Sedegad xilvadia, vinaidan haeris wnevis mkveTrma davardnam
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. cvlilebebma haerSi wylis molekulebis kondensacia gamoiwvia da nisli
warmoiqmna.
sinaTlis gadaxra gamoiwvia da Sedegad
fotografiis ukana xedi damaxinjda.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
bgeriTi talRebi. bgeriTi talRebi myar garemos wonasworuli wnevis Δp-iT Secvlas
sxeulebSi, siTxeebSi da airebSi moZravi iwvevs:
grZivi meqanikuri talRebia. B moculobiTi Δp = Δpm sin(kx – ωt) (17.14)
deformaciis modulis da ρ simkvrivis sadac wnevis amplitudaa:
garemoSi moZravi bgeriTi talRis siCqarea:
Δpm = (νρω)sm (17.15)
v = (bgeris siCqare) (17.3)
interferencia. saerTo wertilze gamavali
20°C temperaturis haerSi bgeris siCqarea Tanabari talRis sigrZeebis mqone ori bgeriTi
343m/wm. talRis intereferencia am wertilSi maT
bgeriTi talRa garemoSi masis elementis s Soris φ fazur sxvaobazea damokidebuli. Tu
grZiv gadaadgilebas iwvevs: bgeriTi talRebi erTnair fazaSi gamosxivdnen
ganvlil manZilebs Soris sxvaoba). srulad Sedareba xdeba. intensivobis 10-jer gazrdi-
konstruqciuli interferencia maSin xdeba, sas xmamaRlobis dones 10 decibeli emateba.
rodesac φ aris 2π-s mTeli jeradi: mdgari talRis struqturebi milebSi. mdgari
bgeriTi talRebis struqturebi milebSi
φ = m(2π), rodesac m=0,1,2,... (17.22)
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas. orive Ria bolos mqone
da ΔL talRis sigrZes Semdegnairad milSi rezonansi Semdeg sixSireebze miiReba:
ukavSirdeba: v nv
ΔL f= = , n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17.39)
= 0, 1, 2, ... (17.23) λ 2L
λ
sadac ν aris bgeris siCqare milis haerSi. erTi
srulad destruqciuli interferencia maSin
Ria da erTi daxuruli bolos mqone milisTvis
xdeba, rodesac φ aris π-s kenti jeradi:
rezonansuli sixSireebia:
φ = (2m + 1)π, rodesac m = 0, 1, 2, ... (17.24) v nv
f=
= , n = 1, 3, 5, ... (17.41)
λ 4L
da ΔL talRis sigrZes Semdegnairad ukav
pulsaciebi. pulsaciebi maSin warmoiqmneba,
Sirdeba:
ΔL rodesac erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavebuli
= 0,5, 1,5, 2,5, ... (17.25)
λ f1 da f2 sixSireebis ori talRis erTad miReba
bgeris intensivoba. bgeriTi talRis I xdeba. pulsaciis sixSirea:
intensivoba zedapirze aris talRis mier
fpulsacia = f1 – f2 (17.46)
farTobis erTeulSi energiis gadatanis
saSualo tempi zedapiris gavliT an dopleris efeqti. dopleris efeqti tal-
zedapirze: Ris sixSiris cvlilebaa, rodesac wyaro an
P deteqtori gadamtani garemos mimarT (magal-
I = , (17.26)
A
iTad, haeris mimarT) moZraobs. miRebuli
sadac P aris bgeriTi talRis energiis
bgeris f ´ sixSire f wyaros sixSiriT ase ga-
gadatanis tempi (simZlavre), xolo A – bgeris
moiTvleba:
gadamkveTi zedapiris farTobi. I intensivoba
v ± vD
bgeriTi talRis sm gadaadgilebis amplitudas f ´ = f , (dopleris zogadi efeqti) (17.47)
v ± vS
Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba: sadac νD aris deteqtoris siCqare garemosadmi,
1 νS – wyaros siCqare garemosadmi, xolo ν –
I = ρυω2sm2 (17.27)
2 bgeris siCqare garemoSi. niSnebi isea arCeuli,
Ps simZlavris bgeriTi talRebis gamomasxi rom erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas
vebeli wertilovani wyarodan r manZilze
f ´ izrdeba, xolo moSorebiT moZraobisas
intensivobaa:
Ps mcirdeba.
I = , (17.28)
4πr2 dartymiTi talRebi. Tu wyaros siCqa
xmamaRlobis done decibelebSi. β re garemos mimarT garemoSi bgeris siCqares
bgeriTi talRa milSi erTdroulad igzavneba mcireze (miniSneba: skalaze jer mdgari
da maT Soris φ fazuri sxvaoba 0, 0,2 an 0,5 talRebi gaavleT, xolo Semdeg milebi).
talRis sigrZea. a) daalageT φ-s variantebi
energiis gadatanis saSualo tempis mixedviT
dididan mcireze. b) φ-s pirveli variantisTvis
risi toli iqneba PsaS,1-iT gamosaxuli energiis
gadatanis saSualo tempi?
4. milSi meeqvse harmonika warmoiqmna.
a) ramdeni Ria bolo aqvs mils? b) milis
Sua wertilSi kvanZia, burcobia Tu raime sur. 17.28. SekiTxva 8.
Sualeduri mdgomareoba?
608 Tavi 17 talRebi - II
10. megobari sam karuselze rigrigobiT fikebi a) bgeris wyaros ν wiriTi siCqaris,
amocanebi
manZilze arian erTmaneTisgan mayureblebi?
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
SSM
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze •4. risi tolia Jangbadis moculobiTi
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
deformaciis moduli, Tu 32g Jangbadi 22,4l
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. moculobas ikavebs da JangbadSi bgeris
com/college/halliday. siCqarea 317m/wm?
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs
• – •••
amocanis sirTules ••5. qva WaSi Cavarda da Cavardnis xma 3 wamis
Semdeg gaisma. ra siRrmisaa Wa? SSM WWW
••6. Txeli Reros erT boloze CaquCi daartyes.
paragrafi 17.3. bgeris siCqare
ReroSi bgeris siCqare haerSi bgeris siCqareze
•1. jariskacTa kolona wuTSi 120 nabijs 15-jer metia. Reros meore bolosTan qals
gadis da kolonis saTaveSi myof medoles yuri axlos aqvs mitanili da dartymis xma
uwyobs nabijs. SemCneulia, rom ukana rigebSi 0,12wm drois SualedSi orjer esmis. erTi xma
momavali jariskacebi marcxena fexs win Rerodan modis, xolo meore xma – haeridan. Tu
dgamen, rodesac medole marjvena fexs dgams. haerSi bgeris siCqarea 343m/wm, ra sigrZisaa
risi tolia kolonis miaxloebiTi sigrZe? Rero?
•2. rodesac Sotlandiis qalaq hamiltonSi, ••7. miwisZvra bgeriT talRebs dedamiwis
mavzoleumis eklesiis kari ixureba, karebis SigniT Ywarmoqmnis. airisgan gansxvavebiT
SigniT mdgom adamians ukanaskneli eqo 15 wamis dedamiwaSi ganivi (S) da grZivi (P) bgeriTi
Semdeg esmis. a) Tu eqo karebis sawinaaRmdego talRebi SeiZleba gaCndes. S talRebis siCqare
kedelze erTi arekvliTaa gamowveuli, ra daaxloebiT 4,5km/wm-ia, xolo P talRebis
manZilzea kedeli karebidan? b) Tu kedeli siCqare – 8km/wm. seismografi miwisZvris
25,7m-iT moSorebiTaa, ramdenime arekvla (win Sedegad gaCenil P da S talRebs afiqsirebs.
da ukan) Seesabameba ukanasknel eqos? pirveli P talRa pirvel S talRamde 3 wuTiT
•3. monJuikis stadionze msxdomi ori adre modis. Tu talRebi wrfivad moZraoben,
gulSematkivari xedavs, rom burTs fexi ra manZilze moxda miwisZvra? SSM ILW
daartyes, mcire xnis Semdeg ki dartymis
paragrafi 17.4. msrboli bgeriTi talRebi
xmac esmis. A mayureblisTvis drois Sualedi
•8. msrbol bgeriT talRaSi moqmedi wnevaa:
0,23wm-ia, xolo B mayureblisTvis – 0,12wm. ori
mayureblis moTamaSis xedvis xazebi 90° kuTxiT Δp = (1,5 pa) sin π[(0,9 m–1)x – (315 wm–1)t].
kveTen erTmaneTs. ra manZilzea moTamaSidan gamoTvaleT a) wnevis amplituda, b) sixSire,
a) A mayurebeli da b) B mayurebeli? g) ra g) talRis sigrZe da d) talRis siCqare.
609
•9. 4,5mhc sixSiris diagnostikuri ultrab- trolis kvanZis
gera rbil qsovilebSi simsivnis gamosakvle- gamosavali mona-
vad gamoiyeneba. a) risi tolia amgvari bgeriTi cemebi. Tu tal-
talRis sigrZe haerSi? b) Tu qsovilSi bgeris Ris gadaadgi
siCqarea 1500m/wm, risi tolia talRis sigrZe lebis funqciaa
qsovilSi? SSM s = s m cos(kx – ωt),
•10. haerSi moZravi bgeriTi talRaa: risi tolia a) sm,
b) k da g) ω? Semdeg sur. 17.32. amocana 13.
s(x,t) = (5 nm) cos(kx + (3000 radiani/wm)t + φ)
haeri ise gaciv-
ra dro dasWirdeba haeris nebismier mole
da, rom misi simkvrive 1,35kg/m3 gaxda, xolo
kulas s = +2 nm da s = –0,2 nm gadaadgilebebs
bgeriTi talRis siCqare haerSi aris 320m/wm.
Soris manZilis dasafarad?
bgeris wyaro bgeriT talRebs igive sixSiriT
••11. amfiTeatrSi aplodismentebis Sedegad da wnevis igive amplitudiT asxivebs. exla
bgeriTi talRebi Cndeba, romlebic w = 0,75 mm risi tolia d) dm, e) k da v) ω?
siganis kibeebidan ganibneva (sur. 17.31). bgera paragrafi 17.5. interferencia
scenaze impulsebis perioduli seriis saxiT
•14. sxvadasxva wyarodan gamosxivebuli ori
brundeba da TiToeuli kibidan erTi impulsi
bgeriTi talRis sixSirea 540hc. talRebi
modis. impulsebis rigi erTi notis saxiT
erTi da igive mimarTulebiT 330m/wm siCqariT
JRers. a) davuSvaT, 17.31 suraTze yvela sxivi
moZraoben. wyaroebi erTnair fazaSi imyo
horizontaluria. gamoTvaleT impulsebis
febian. risi tolia erTi wyarodan 4,4m
dabrunebis sixSire (anu aRqmuli notis
manZilze da meore wyarodan 4m manZilze
sixSire). b) Tu kibeebis w sigane ufro mcirea,
dacilebul wertilSi talRebs Soris fazuri
sixSire naklebi iqneba Tu meti? SSM
sxvaoba?
••15. 17.33 suraTze
naCvenebia S1 da S2
izotropuli wer sur. 17.33. amocanebi 15
tilovani wyaro. da 100.
wyaroebi erTnairi
fazis 0,5m talRis sigrZis talRebs asxivebs.
wyaroebs Soris manZilia D=1,75m. Tu bgeris
deteqtors wyaroebs Soris Sua wertilis
sur. 17.31. amocana 11.
garSemo gavlebul did wrewirze avamoZ-
••12. s=smcos(kx-ωt+φ) formis bgeriTi talRa ravebT, ramden wertilSi eqnebaT deteqtorze
grZel horizontalur milSi 343m/wm siCqariT
mosul talRebs a) zustad erTnairi faza da
moZraobs. garkveul momentSi haeris x=2m
b) zustad sapirispiro faza?
wertilSi mdebare A molekula Tavis 6nm-is
••16. 17.34 suraTze
toli maqsimaluri dadebiTi gadaadgilebis
40 sm talRis sig
mdgomareobaSia, xolo haeris x=2,07m wertilSi
rZis bgera wya
mdebare B molekula Tavis 2nm-is toli sur. 17.34. amocana 16.
rodan marjvniv
dadebiTi gadaadgilebis mdgomareobaSia. A-s
swori monakveTisa da naxevarwrewirisgan
da B-s Soris myofi molekulebi Sualeduri
Semdgar milSi moZraobs. bgeriTi talRis
gadaadgilebebis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. nawili naxevarwrewirs gaivlis da Semdeg
ra sixSirisaa talRa? isev talRis im nawils uerTdeba, romelmac
••13. 17.32 suraTze naCvenebia 1,21kg/m erT-3
swori monakveTi gaiara. SeerTebis Sedegad
gvarovani simkvrivis haerSi 343m/wm siCqa- interferencia xdeba. ra umciresi r radiusi
riT moZravi bgeriTi talRis traeqtoriis gamoiwvevs deteqtorze intensivobis
erTerT wertilSi damagrebuli wnevis kon- minimums?
610 Tavi 17 talRebi - II
umciresi fmax,1 sixSire? ra ricxvze unda tropulia da erTnair fazaSia, xolo wyaroe-
gamravldes fmax,1, raTa maqsimaluri signalis bs Soris dacilebaa d=16m. x RerZis nebismier
momcemi b) meore umciresi fmax,2 sixSire da g) P wertilSi S1-dan da S2-dan momavali talRebi
mesame umciresi fmax,3 sixSire miviRoT? SSM interferencias ganicdian. rodesac P Zalze
••18. 17.36 suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze Sorsaa (x≈∞), risi tolia a) S1-dan da S2-dan
Tanabrad ganawilebuli oTxi izotropuli momaval talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba da b)
wertilovani bgeriTi wyaro. wyaroebi ra tipis interferencia xdeba? Tu x RerZis
bgerebs Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis, Tanabari gaswvriv P wertils S1-sken gadavaadgilebT
sm amplitudiT da erTnairi faziT asxiveben. g) talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba gaizrdeba
x RerZze aRebulia P wertili. dauSviT, Tu Semcirdeba? ra x manZilzea talRebs Soris
rom bgeriTi talRebi P wertilis gavliT fazuri sxvaoba d) 0,5λ, e) 1λ da v) 1,5 λ?
moZraoben da maTi amplitudebi umniSvnelod paragrafi 17.6. intensivoba da xmamaRlobis
mcirdeba. sm-is ra jeradi iqneba P wertilSi done
jamuri talRis amplituda, Tu suraTze d
•21. wyaro bgeris talRebs izotropulad
manZilia a) λ/4, b) λ/2 da g) λ?
asxivebs. wyarodan 2,5m manZilze talRebis
–4
intensivobaa 1,91×10 vt/m2. davuSvaT, talRe
bis energia inaxeba. gamoTvaleT wyaros
simZlavre. SSM
sur. 17.36. amocana 18.
•22. 1vt simZlavris wertilovani wyaro bgeris
••19. or dinamiks Soris manZilia 3,35m. talRebs izotropulad asxivebs. davuSvaT,
msmeneli erTi dinamikidan 18,3m manZilze talRebis energia inaxeba. gamoTvaleT
imyofeba, xolo meore dinamikidan – 19,5m intensivoba a) wyarodan 1m manZilze da
manZilze. xmis Semowmebis dros, signalis b) wyarodan 2,5m manZilze.
warmomqneli dinamikebs Tanabar amplitudaze,
•23. 300hc sixSiris bgeris talRis inten-
Tanabar sixSireze da erTnair fazaSi ayenebs.
sivobaa 1 mkvt/m2. risi tolia talRis mier
gadacemuli sixSire smenadobis diapazons
gamowveuli haeris rxevis amplituda?
gaivlis (20hc-dan 20khc-mde). a) risi tolia
611
•24. ori bgeris xmamaRlobis doneebs Soris
sxvaoba 1 decibelia. risi tolia meti inten-
sivobis Sefardeba nakleb intensivobasTan?
•25. bgeris wyaros xmamaRlobis done 30
decibeliT gaizarda. ramdenjer gaizarda
a) misi intensivoba da b) misi wnevis amplituda?
SSM WWW
•33. A milSi garkveuli harmoniuli sixSiris sigrZis da ori Ria bolos mqone cilindris
Sefardeba momdevno umcires harmoniul formis mili. haeriT savse milSi bgeris
sixSiresTan aris 1,2. B milSi garkveuli siCqarea 344 m/wm. a) ra sixSireze amyarebs
harmoniuli sixSiris Sefardeba momdevno dinamikidan gamosuli bgera milSi rezonass?
umcires harmoniul sixSiresTan aris 1,4. risi tolia b) umciresi da g) meore umciresi
ramdeni Ria bolo aqvs a) A mils da b) B mils? sixSire, romelzec rezonansi xdeba? SSM
•34. bgeris talRa Txevad garemoSi dabrko ••40. ori Ria bolos mqone A milis erT-erTi
lebidan airekleba da mdgar talRas qmnis. harmoniuli sixSire 325hc-ia. momdevno
kvanZebs Soris manZilia 3,8sm, xolo gav umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 390hc. a) ra
rcelebis siCqare – 1500m/wm. gamoTvaleT umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 195hc-is
bgeris talRis sixSire. Semdeg? b) ra nomeria es harmonika?
•35. 15sm sigrZis orive boloTi damagrebu- mxolod erTi Ria bolos mqone B milis erT-
li violinos simis rxevis pirobaa n=1. simze erTi harmoniuli sixSire 1080hc-ia. momdevno
talRebis siCqarea 250m/wm, xolo haerSi bg- umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 1320hc? g)
eris siCqarea 348m/wm. risi tolia gamosxive- ra umaRlesi harmoniuli sixSirea 600hc-is
buli bgeris talRis a) sixSire da b) talRis Semdeg? b) ra nomeria es harmonika?
sigrZe? ••41. vertikaluri Wa da wyali fskerze
•36. ori Ria bolos mqone A salamuris 7hc-iT rezonirdebian (Wis haeriT savse
fundamenturi sixSirea 300hc. erTi Ria bolos nawili erTi Ria bolos mqone milis msgavsad
mqone B salamuris mesame harmonikis sixSire A moqmedebs). WaSi haeris simkvrivea 1,1kg/m3,
salamuris meore harmonikis sixSiris tolia. xolo moculobiTi deformaciis moduli
ra sigrZisaa a) A salamuri da b) B salamuri? – 1,33×10 pa. Wis zedapiridan ra manZilzea
5
damatebiTi amocanebi
sur. 17.42. amocana 58. 65. mudmivi siCqariT moZravi deteqtori
•••59. gogona aRmosavleTisken 10 m/wm siC- uZrav bgeriT wyaros pirdapiri mimarTulebiT
qariT moZravi matareblis Ria fanjarasTan uaxlovdeba, Cauvlis mas da Semdeg pirdapiri
zis. gogonas biZa relsebTan axlos dgas da mimarTulebiT Sordeba mas. gamosxivebuli
matarebels uyurebs, romelic mas scil- sixSirea f. miaxloebis dros miRebuli six-
deba. lokomotivis sayviri 500 hc sixSiris
´ , xolo moSorebis dros – frec
Sirea fapp ´
. risi
bgeras asxivebs. haeri uZravia. a) ra sixSires tolia deteqtoris siCqaris bgeris siCqar-
gaigonebs biZa? b) ra sixSires gaigonebs gog- ´ – frec
esTan Sefardeba, Tu (fapp
´
)/f = 0,5?
ona? qari 10 m/wm siCqariT qrolvas iwyebs. 66. sinusoiduri bgeris talRa x RerZis
g) ra sixSires gaigonebs amjerad biZa? d) ra dadebiTi mimarTulebiT haerSi 343m/wm siC-
sixSires gaigonebs amjerad gogona? SSM WW qariT moZraobs. garkveul momentSi, haeris A
•••60. 2000 hc sixSiris sirena da samoqalaqo molekula RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT
dacvis moxele miwis mimarT uZravia. ra six- maqsimalur gadaadgilebas aRwevs, xolo haer-
Sires gaigonebs moxele, Tu qari a) wyarodan is B molekula wonasworul mdebareobaSia. am
moxelisken da b) moxelidan wyarosken 12 m/wm dros molekulebs Soris manZilia 15sm, xolo
siCqariT uberavs? A da B-s Soris mdebare molekulebis gadaadg-
•••61. ori matarebeli erTmaneTisken miwis mi- ileba RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT Su-
marT 30,5 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. erTi matare- aleduria. a) ra sixSirisaa bgeriTi talRa?
beli 500 hc sixSiris signals gamoscems. a) ra msgavsi ganlagebis da gansxvavebuli sinu-
sixSiris bgeras gaigeben meore matarebelSi? soiduri bgeris talRis pirobebSi haeris C
b) ra sixSiris bgeras gaigeben meore matareb- molekula RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
elSi, Tu qari pirveli matareblisken 30,5m/wm maqsimalur gadaadgilebas aRwevs, xolo D
615
molekula RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT s harmoniuli sixSire A-s erTerT harmoniul
gadaadgilebis maqsimumzea. molekulebs So- sixSires udris?
ris manZili kvlav 15sm-ia da C-s da D-s Soris 72. 17.43 suraTze, 0,85m talRis sigrZis bgeras
mdebare molekulebis gadaadgileba Suale- izotropuli wertilovani S wyaro asxivebs.
duria. b) ra sixSirisaa bgeriTi talRa? pirveli sxivi pirdapir L=10m manZiliT
67. AB wrfe 5m-iT dacilebul or wertilovan daSorebuli D deteqtoriskenaa mimarTuli.
wyaros akavSirebs. wyaroebi Tanabari am meore sxivi D-sken brtyel zedapirze arekvlis
plitudis da zustad sapirispiro fazebis Sedegad miemarTeba. arekvla SD wrfis
bgeriT talRebs 300hc sixSiriT asxiveben. perpendikularul biseqtrisaze, wrfidan d
a) risi tolia umoklesi manZili AB-s manZilze xdeba. dauSviT, rom arekvla bgeris
Sua wertilsa da AB-s im wertils Soris, talRas 0,5λ-iT waanacvlebs. d-s ra umciresi
sadac interferirebadi talRebi haeris mniSvnelobisTvis (nulis garda) mivlen D-ze
molekulebis maqsimalur rxevas iwveven? risi pirdapiri bgera da arekvlil bgera a) zustad
tolia b) meore umciresi da g) mesame umciresi sapirispiro fazebSi da b) zustad erTnair
manZili? fazebSi?
68. 12nm amplitudis da 35sm talRis
sigrZis ori bgeriTi talRa grZeli milis
gaswvriv erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
moZraobs. talRebs Soris fazuri sxvaoba
π/3 radiania. risi tolia interferenciis
Sedegad warmoqmnili jamuri bgeriTi
talRis a) amplituda da b) talRis sigrZe? sur. 17.43. amocana 72.
L (m) 97 71 53 49 35 24 13 11 8
76. 0,6m sigrZis da erTi Ria bolos mqone mili
ucnobi airiTaa savse. milis mesame umciresi 80. garkveuli dinamikebis sisteba 2000hc
harmoniuli sixSire 750hc-ia. a) risi tolia sixSiris da 0,96mvt/m2 intensivobis bgerebs
bgeris siCqare ucnob airSi? b) risi tolia 6,1m manZilze izotropulad asxivebs.
milis fundamenturi sixSire, rodesac is dauSviT, rom arekvla ar xdeba. a) risi tolia
ucnobi airiTaa savse? intensivoba 30m manZilze? 6,1m manZilze risi
77. 1000hc sixSiris bgeris gamomsxivebeli tolia bgeris b) gadaadgilebis amplituda da
sirena Tqven gSordebaT da kldisken 10m/wm b) wnevis amplituda?
siCqariT moZraobs. haerSi bgeris siCqarea 81. garkveul wertilSi ori talRa wnevis
330m/wm. a) risi tolia Tqvens mier gagonili cvlilebebs warmoqmnis: Δp1=Δpmsinωt da
bgeris sixSire? b) risi tolia Tqvens mier Δp2=Δpmsin(ωt – φ). am wertilSi risi tolia
gagonili bgeris sixSire kldidan arekvlis Δpr/Δpm, Tu Δpr aris jamuri talRis wnevis
Semdeg? g) risi tolia pulsaciis sixSire or amplituda da φ aris a) 0, b) π/2, g) π/3 da
bgeras Soris? aris Tu ara is SegrZnebadi d) π/4?
(is 20hc-ze naklebi ar unda iyos, raTa misi 82. zedapiridan 10km siRrmeze dedamiwis qer-
SegrZneba SevZloT)? qis saSualo simkvrivea 2,7g/sm3. Soreuli mi-
78. erTi mesayvire moZrav vagonze dgas, xolo wisZvridan momavali grZivi seismuri talRis
meore mesayvire liandagebTan axlos imyofeba siCqare am siRrmeze aris 5,4km/wm. gamoiyeneT
da orive 440hc sixSiris nots ukravs. or es informacia da am siRrmeze dedamiwis qer-
musikoss Soris uZravad mdgomi damkvirvebeli qis moculobiTi deformaciis moduli gamoT-
bgeris talRebs iRebs, romelTa pulsaciis valeT. SedarebisTvis, foladis moculobiTi
sixSire 4pulsacia/wm-ia. ra siCqariT moZraobs deformaciis modulia 16×1010 pa.
vagoni? 83. bgeris izotropuli wertilovani
79. CanCqeris akustika. wylis turbulenturi wyarodan 10m manZilze bgeris intensivobaa
biZgebi CanCqeris garSemo miwis dabali 0,008vt/m2. a) risi tolia wyaros simZlavre?
617
b) risi tolia bgeris intensivoba wyarodan dauSviT, rom porSes maqsimaluri siCqare
5m manZilze? g) risi tolia xmamaRlobis done 80m/wm-ia, xolo policiis manqanis – 54m/wm.
wyarodan 10m manZilze? rodesac orive manqana maqsimalur siCqares
84. vagonze mdgomi adamiani sayvirs 440hc miaRwevs, ra sixSiris bgeras gaigonebs porSes
sixSiriT ukravs. vagoni kedlisken 20m/wm mZRoli, Tu policiis manqanis sirenis sixSire
85. ori identuri kamertoni 440hc sixSiriT wyaroebi Tanabari λ talRis sigrZis da
SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv erTi da igive P2 deteqtorze mosul talRebs Soris fazuri
mimarTulebiT 3m/wm siCqariT moZraoben sxvaoba 5 talRis sigrZea. a) ra manZilia
ismis. xmauri srialis dros qviSis fenis sisqis damakavSirebul axal wrfeze mdebare P3
perioduli rxeviT (fenis sisqe periodulad wertilSi mosul talRebs Soris fazuri
gaCena (kavitacia) xmis impulss anu tkacuns cilindruli zambaris gaswvriv igzavneba.
diafragmaa, xolo D aris bgeris deteqtori 99. x RerZze uZravad mdebare wertilovani
(yuris an mikrofonis msgavsi). SBD traeqto- wyaro 686hc sixSiris da 343m/wm siCqaris
riis sigrZe icvleba, xolo SAD traeqtoriis bgeriT sinusoidur talRas asxivebs. talRa
sigrZe ucvlelia. SBD traeqtoriiT D-ze wyarodan radialurad vrceldeba da haeris
momavali bgeris talRa SAD traeqtoriiT molekulebis radialurad SigniT da gareT
momaval bgeris talRasTan interferirebs. rxevas iwvevs. modiT talRuri fronti iyos
erT-erTi Cvenebisas, moZravi mxaris garkveul haeris molekulebis maqsimaluri gareT
mdebareobaze D-ze mosuli bgeris intensivo- gadaadgilebis wertilebis SemaerTebeli
ba 100 erTeulia da mxaris 1,65sm-iT daZvri- xazi. nebismier mocemul momentSi, talRuri
sas nel-nela maqsimalur 900 erTeuls aRw- frontebi koncentruli wrewirebia, romelTa
evs. gamoTvaleT a) wyarodan gamosxivebuli centri wyaroa. a) x RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilia
bgeris sixSire da b) D deteqtorze SAD tal- mimdebare talRur frontebs Soris? Semdeg
Ris da SBD talRis amplitudebis Sefardeba. wyaro x RerZis gaswvriv 110m/wm siCqariT
g) es talRebi erTi da igive wyarodan gamosx- moZraobs. x RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilia
ivda. ratom aris maTi amplitudebi gansxvave- b) wyaros win da g) wyaros ukan ganlagebul
buli? mimdebare talRur frontebs Soris?
96. or bgeras Soris xmamaRlobis doneebis 100. 17.33 suraTze S1 da S2 bgeris izotropuli
619
wertilovani wyaroebia. isini erTnairi TiToeulma saxeobam blokis energiis 20%
fazebis da 0,5m talRis sigrZis talRebs miiRo. ugulebelyaviT moZraobisas talRebis
asxiveben. wyaroebs Soris manZilia D=1,6m. meqanikuri energiis danakargi da gamoTvaleT
Tu wyaroebs Soris Sua wertilis garSemo a) moculobiTi talRis da b) zedapiruli
gavlebul wreze deteqtors avamoZravebT, talRis intensivobebi, rodesac maT 200km-
wris ramden wertilSi iqneba mosuli talRebi iT daSorebul seismografs miaRwies. d) am
a) zustad erTnair fazebSi da b) zustad gamoTvlebis mixedviT romeli talRa ufro
sapirispiro fazebSi? iolad aRmoaCina seismografma?
101. davuSvaT, sferos formis dinamiki bgeras 103. kaSalotis (sur. 17.50a) xmas mimdevrobiTi
izotropulad 10vt simZlavriT asxivebs tkacaniT vigebT. sinamdvileSi, kaSaloti
oTaxSi, romlis kedlebi, iataki da Weri Tavis wina nawilSi mxolod erT bgeras
srulad mSTanTqmeli zedapirebisgan Sedgeba. warmoqmnis da mimdevrobac amis Semdeg iwyeba.
a) risi tolia bgeris intensivoba wyaros bgeris nawili Tavidan wyalSi gamodis da
centridan d=3m manZilze? b) risi tolia d=4m mimdevrobis pirveli tkacani xdeba. bgeris
manZilze talRis amplitudis Sefardeba d=3m darCenili nawili spermacetis CanTaSi gadis,
manZilze talRis amplitudasTan? wina CanTidan (haeris fena) airekleba da
102. 1996 wlis 10 ivliss, iosemites velSi Semdeg kvlav spermacetis CanTaSi brundeba.
granitis bloki kedlidan mowyda. kedelze rodesac bgera Tavis wina nawilSi ganlagebul
Camocurebis Semdeg man gasrolili sxeuliv- periferiul CanTas (haeris kidev erTi fena)
iT gaagrZela moZraoba. rodesac bloki mi- miaRwevs, bgeris nawili wyalSi gamodis da
waze daeca, seismuri talRebi warmoiqmna da meore tkacans qmnis. bgeris darCenili nawili
es talRebi 200km-is daSorebiT myofma seis- kvlav spermacetis CanTaSi brundeba da a.S.
mografmac ki daafiqsira. gamoTvlebma aCve- 17.50b suraTze naCvenebia wylis qveS
na, rom blokis masa 7,3×10 kg-sa da 1,7×10 kg-s
7 8 ganlagebuli mikrofonis mier Cawerili
Soris iyo. “gasrolis” wertilidan (gasro- lenturi diagrama. diagramaze bgerebs Soris
lis kuTxe cnobili ar aris) bloki vertika- intervali 1mwm-ia. davuSvaT, spermacetis
lurad 500m qvemoT da horizontalurad 30m CanTaSi bgera 1372m/wm siCqariT moZraobs.
win davarda. a) SeafaseT blokis kinetikuri gamoTvaleT CanTis sigrZe. amgvari gamo
energia dacemis momentSi. Tvlebis Sedegad mecnierebi kaSalotis
110. uZravi (haerisa da miwis mimarT) msme- mesamed manZilze xidisken Camoacurebs.
622
18.2. temperatura 623
TanTadanobiT dnobas ganixilaven. sasoflo-sameurneo sferos muSakebs meteorologiur
pirobebTan aqvT Sexeba, romlebic gansazRvraven kidec viTardeba soflis meurneoba Tu ara.
eqimebi ikvleven Tu ra temperatura axasiaTebs msubuq virusul infeqcias an kibos zrdas.
Termodinamikis Seswavlas temperaturis cnebis gansazRvrebiT da misi gazomviT viwyebT.
18.2. temperatura
temperatura SI sistemis Svidi ZiriTadi sidididan erT-erTia. fizikosebi temperaturas
kelvinis skalaze kelvinebSi zomaven. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxeulis temperaturas zeda zRvari
ar gaaCnia, mas qveda zRvari aqvs. es zRvruli temperatura kelvinis skalaze nulia. oTaxis
temperatura am absoluturi nulidan daaxloebiT 290 kelvinia, rac 290K saxiT Caiwereba. 18.1
suraTze naCvenebia temperaturaTa farTo diapazoni.
rodesac samyaro 13,7 miliardi wlis win Seiqmna, misi temperatura daaxloebiT 1039kelvini (1039K)
iyo. mogvianebiT samyaro gacivda da dResdReobiT misi temperatura daaxloebiT 3 kelvinia (3K).
Cven, dedamiwaze mcxovrebi arsebebi odnav ufro Tbilebi varT, vinaidan varskvlavTan axlos
vcxovrobT. mzis gareSe Cveni temperaturac 3 kelvini iqneboda (anu saerTod ar viarsebebdiT).
indeqsi 3 `sammag wertils~ niSnavs. igive SeTanxmebis mixedviT kelvinis absolutur nulsa da
wylis sammag wertilis temperaturas Soris sxvaobis 1/273,16 nawilia.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom kelvinis temperaturebis aRniSvnisas gradusis niSans ar viyenebT.
gvaqvs 300K (da ara 300°K) da ikiTxeba `300 kelvini~ (da ara `300 gradusi kelvini~). prefiqsebi
SI sistemaSi kelvinisTvis gamosadegia anu 0,0035K niSnavs 3,5milikelvins (3,5 mK). kelvinis
temperaturebi da temperaturis sxvaobebi terminologiurad ar gansxvavdebian, anu SegviZlia
vTqvaT: `gogirdis duRilis temperaturaa 717,8 kelvini~ da `wylis temperaturam 8,5 kelviniT
moimata~.
()
p
()
p
T = T3 p3 = (273,16 K) p3 (pirobiTi) (18.5)
T = (273,16 K)
p
p3 ( ) (18.6)
am formulis mixedviT T ucnobi temperatura ase unda gaizomos: Termometris baloni nebismieri
airis (magaliTad azotis) raime raodenobiT gaavseT da gazomeT p3 (sammagi wertilis WurWlis
gamoyenebiT) da p, airis wneva gasazom temperaturaze. (airis moculoba orive gazomvis dros
Tanabari iyos.) Semdeg p/p3 Sefardeba gamoTvaleT. Semdeg orive gazomva ufro mcire raodenobis
airisTvis gaimeoreT da ase ganagrZeT, vidre p/p3 Sefardebis eqstrapolirebas SeZlebT iseTi
situaciisaTvis, rodesac balonSi airi TiTqmis saerTod ar aris. eqstrapolirebuli Sefardeba
18.3 formulaSi CasviT da T temperatura gamoTvaleT (am temperaturas idealuri airis
temperatura ewodeba).
TC = T – 273,15° (18.7)
sadac TF aris farengeitis temperatura. or skalas Soris gadasvla iolad xdeba, Tu ramdenime
Sesabamis temperaturas, magaliTad wylis gayinvisa da duRilis temperaturebs daimaxsovrebT
(cxrili 18.1). 18.7 suraTzea erTmaneTTan Sedarebuli kelvinis, celsiusis da farengeitis
skalebi.
18.5 celsiusis da farengeitis skalebi 627
0°C = 32°F
es niSnavs, rom celsiusis skalaze 0° farengeitis skalaze 32° temperaturis tolia, maSin
rodesac:
5C° = 9F°
niSnavs, rom 5 gradusi celsiusi sxvaoba (SeniSneT, rom gradusis simbolo C-s Semdegaa) 9
gradusi farengeitis sxvaobis tolia.
vis temperaturas viyenebT. Semdeg viTval- 180F° sxvaobis eqvivalenturia (sur. 18.8)
iswinebT, rom T am temperaturaze naklebia da gadayvanis koeficientad (180F°)/(79Z°)
moculobiTi gafarToeba
Tu temperaturasTan erTad myari sxeulis yvela zoma farTovdeba, maSin myari sxeulis
moculobac unda gafarTovdes. siTxeebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod moculobiT gafarToebas aqvs
azri. Tu V moculobis mqone myari sxeulis an siTxis temperatura ΔT-iT gaizrda, moculoba
Semdegi mniSvnelobiT gaizrdeba:
ΔT = Vβ ΔT , (18.10)
β = 3α (18.11)
630 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni 630
yvelaze gavrcelebuli siTxe - wyali, sxva siTxeebis msgavsad ar iqceva. 4°C-ze zemoT, wyali
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad farTovdeba, magram 0-sa da 4°C-s Soris wyali temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad ikumSeba. maSasadame, daaxloebiT 4°C-ze wylis simkvrive maqsimums aRwevs.
yvela sxva temperaturaze wylis simkvrive maqsimalur mniSvnelobaze naklebia.
swored wylis es Tvisebaa imis mizezi, rom tba zemodan iyineba da ara fskeridan. rodesac tbis
zedapirze wyali, vTqvaT, 10°C-dan gayinvis temperaturisken civdeba, is ufro mkvrivi (`mZime~)
xdeba, vidre qveda donis wyali da fskerze iZireba. magram 4°C temperaturidan Semdgomi gaciveba
tbis zedapirze arsebul wyals naklebad mkvrivs (`msubuqs~) xdis da Sesabamisad wyali gayinvamde
zedapirze rCeba. maSasadame zedapiri iyineba, xolo mis qvemoT wyali isev Txevadi rCeba. tba rom
fskeridan iyinebodes, gadnobas zafxulSic ki ver moaswrebda, vinaidan zedapirze mdgomi wyali
mis fskers izolaciaSi moaqcevda. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, dedamiwis temperaturul zonebSi
arsebuli Ria wylis masebi nel-nela gaiyineboda da wyalSi cxovreba saerTod aRar iarsebebda.
cxrili 18.2
wrfivi gafarToebis koeficientebia
siTbo aris sistemasa da mis garemos Soris arsebuli temperaturuli sxvaobis Sedegad
maT Soris gadacemuli energia.
gaixseneT, rom sistemasa da garemos Soris energiis gacvla sistemaze moqmedi Zalis W muSaobis
Sedegadac SeiZleba. temperaturis, wnevisa da moculobisgan gansxvavebiT, siTbo da muSaoba ar
warmoadgens sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas. isini mxolod sistemaSi an sistemidan energiis gadacemas
aRweren. kargi analogiaa fraza `$600-is transferi~, romelic angariSidan gadaricxvas an
angariSze Caricxvas niSnavs da ara angariSis Semcvelobas. angariSze ki Senaxulia fuli da
ara transferi. maSasadame swori iqneba fraza: `ukanaskneli 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi garemodan
sistemaSi 15j siTbo gadavida~ an `ukanaskneli wuTis ganmavlobaSi garemodan sistemaze 15j
muSaoba Sesrulda~, xolo frazebi: `sistema 450j siTbos Seicavs” an `sistema 385j muSaobas
Seicavs~ sruliad uazroa.
vidre mecnierebi gaiazrebdnen, rom siTbo gadacemuli energiaa, siTbo wylis temperaturis
gazrdis SesaZleblobiT izomeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, kaloria iyo siTbos raodenoba,
romelic 1g wylis temperaturas 14,5°C-dan 15,5°C-mde gazrdida. britaneTSi siTbos erTeuli
britanuli siTburi erTeuli (bse) iyo. is ganisazRvreboda, rogorc siTbos raodenoba,
romelic 1 funti wylis temperaturas 63°F-dan 64°F-mde gazrdida.
1948 wels, samecniero sazogadoebam gadawyvita, rom radganac siTbo (muSaobis msgavsad)
gadacemuli energiaa, amitom SI sistemaSi misi erTeuli energiis erTeuli anu jouli unda
iyos. dResdReobiT kaloria wylis gaTbobas aRar exeba da zustad 4,1868 joulia. (kvebasTan
dakavSirebuli termini kaloria, sinamdvileSi kilokaloriaa). siTbos erTeulebs Soris Semdegi
kavSiria:
1 kaloria = 3,969 × 10–3 bse = 4,1868 j. (18.12)
kuTri siTbotevadoba
erTi da igive nivTierebisgan, magaliTad marmarilosgan damzadebuli sagnebis siTbotevadoba
maTi masis proporciulia. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneba `masis erTeulze
siTbotevadobis~ anu c kuTri siTbotevadobis gansazRvreba SemoviRoT, romelic exeba ara
sagans, aramed nivTierebis masis erTeuls. am SemTxvevaSi 18.13 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
18.8. myari sxeulebis da siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma. 633
Q = cmΔT = cm(Tf – Ti ) (18.14)
c = 1kal/g·C° = 1 bse/funti · F° = 4190j/kg·K (18.15)
moluri siTbotevadoba
mraval SemTxvevaSi nivTierebis raodenobis gansazRvrebisTvis moli yvelaze mosaxerxebeli
erTeulia:
maSasadame 1moli alumini 6,02x1023 atoms (atomi elementaruli erTeulia) niSnavs, xolo 1moli
aluminis oqsidi - 6,02×1023 molekulas (molekula naerTis elementaruli erTeulia).
rodesac sidideebi molebSi gamoisaxeba, siTbotevadobac mols (da ara masas) unda Seicavdes. am
SemTxvevaSi mas moluri siTbotevadoba ewodeba. 18.3 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi myari niv-
Tierebis moluri siTbotevadoba oTaxis temperaturaze.
634 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi
vidre nebismieri nivTierebis kuTr siTbotevadobas ganvsazRvravT da viyenebT, saWiroa
vicodeT pirobebi, rodesac energia siTbos saxiT gadaicema. myari sxeulebisa da siTxeebisTvis
Cveulebriv vuSvebT, rom gadacemis dros wneva (Cveulebriv, atmosferuli) mudmivia. aseve
SesaZlebelia, rom siTbos STanTqmis dros moculoba mudmivi iyos. es niSnavs, rom nimuSis siTbur
gafarToebas gare wnevis moqmedeba uSlis xels. myari sxeulebisa da siTxeebisTvis amgvari
eqsperimentis Catareba Zalian rTulia, magram gamoTvlebis Catareba SeiZleba da aRmoCndeba,
rom mudmivi wnevisa da mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi nebismieri myari sxeulisa Tu siTxis kuTri
siTbotevadobebi mxolod ramdenime procentiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. airebs mudmivi
wnevisa da mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli kuTri siTbotevadobebi aqvT.
gardaqmnis siTbo
rodesac myari sxeuli an siTxe energias siTbos saxiT STanTqavs, ar aris aucilebeli
temperatura gaizardos. amis nacvlad nimuSma faza anu mdgomareoba SeiZleba Seicvalos.
nivTiereba sam ZiriTad mdgomareobaSi arsebobs. myar mdgomareobaSi nivTierebis molekulebi
urTierTmizidulobis Sedegad myar struqturas qmnian. Txevad mdgomareobaSi molekulebis
energia metia da ufro mets moZraoben. maT SeuZliaT moklevadiani jgufebis Seqmna, magram
nivTierebas myari struqtura ar gaaCnia da miedineba an WurWlis formas iRebs. airad anu
orTqlis mdgomareobaSi molekulebs kidev ufro meti energia aqvT, erTmaneTisgan Tavisuflebi
arian da WurWlis mTeli moculobis Sevseba SeuZliaT.
myari sxeulis dnoba myari mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs. es procesi
energias moiTxovs, vinaidan sxeulis molekulebi myari struqturidan unda gamonTavisufldnen.
gavrcelebuli magaliTia yinulis wylad gadaqceva. siTxis gamyareba (gayinva) dnobis Sebrunebuli
procesia da energiis Semcirebas moiTxovs, raTa molekulebma kvlav myari struqtura Seqmnan.
siTxis aorTqleba Txevadi mdgomareobidan airad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs. es procesi
dnobis msgavsad energias moiTxovs, vinaidan molekulebi jgufebidan unda ganTavisufldnen.
duRilisas Txevadi wylis gadaqceva wylis orTqlad sakmaod gavrcelebuli magaliTia. airis
kondensacia, romlis drosac siTxe warmoiqmneba, aorTqlebis Sebrunebuli procesia. am
procesis dros airs energia unda waerTvas, raTa molekulebi kvlav Sejgufdnen.
masis erTeulze siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiis raodenobas, rodesac nimuSi fazas srulad
icvlis, L gardaqmnis kuTri siTbo ewodeba. maSasadame, rodesac m masis nimuSi fazas srulad
icvlis, sruli gadacemuli energiaa:
Q = Lm (18.16)
cxrili 18.4
gardaqmnis kuTri siTboebi
dnoba duRili
dnobis LF dnobis kuTri duRilis LV orTqladqcevis
nivTiereba temperatura siTbo temperatura kuTri siTbo
(K) (kj/kg) (K) (kj/kg)
wyalbadi 14 58 20,3 455
Jangbadi 54,8 13,9 90,2 213
vercxliswyali 234 11,4 630 296
wyali 273 333 373 2256
tyvia 601 23,2 2017 858
vercxli 1235 105 2323 2336
spilenZi 1356 207 2868 4730
saSualebiT gamovTvliT Tu 18.16 formulas maSasadame darCenili yinulis masaa 720 g – 580
LF-sTan erTad gamoviyenebT: g anu 140g. maSasadame gvaqvs:
QdarC. 194 kj 580g wyali da 140g yinuli 0°C-ze (pasuxi)
m= = = 0,583 kg ≈ 583 g
LF 333 kj/kg
sadac dV aris dguSis moZraobis Sedegad airis moculobis diferencialuri cvlileba. rodesac
tyvias sakmarisi raodenobiT SeamcirebT da airis moculoba Vi-dan Vf-ze Seicvleba, airis mier
Serulebuli sruli muSaobaa:
(18.25)
moculobis cvlilebis dros airis wneva da temperatura SeiZleba Seicvalos. 18.25 formulis
integralis gamosaTvlelad Cven unda vicodeT rogor icvleba wneva moculobasTan erTad im
konkretul procesSi, romliTac Cveni sistema i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
airis i mdgomareobidan f mdgomareobamde gadasayvanad umaravi meTodi arsebobs. erT-erTi
meTodi 18.14a suraTzea naCvenebi, sadac airis wnevis moculobaze damokidebulebis grafikia
gamosaxuli. am grafiks p–V diagramasac uwodeben. 18.14a suraTze Cans, rom moculobis zrdasTan
erTad wneva mcirdeba. 18.25 formulis integrali (da, maSasadame, airis mier Sesrulebuli W
muSaoba) grafikis i da f wertilebis Soris gamuqebuli ariTaa warmodgenili. vinaidan dguSis
maRla awevisas airis moculoba izrdeba, muSaoba dadebiTia.
638 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
∗ dQ da dW, dES-isgan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgenen namdvil diferencialebs. es niSnavs, rom mxolod sis-
temis mdgomareobaze damokidebuli Q(p,V) da W(p,V) funqciebi ar arsebobs. dQ da dW sidideebs arasruli
diferencialebi ewodeba da Cveulebriv đQ da đW simboloebiT aRiniSneba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, isini Segvi-
Zlia usasrulod mcire energiis gadacemad ganvixiloT.
640 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
sistemaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis sawinaaRmdegoa. ase rom,
Tu 18.26 formulas sistemaze Sesrulebuli Won muSaobisTvis gadavwerT, miviRebT ΔES = Q + Won.
maSasadame, sistemis Sinagani energia izrdeba, Tu sistema siTbos STanTqavs an sistemaze
dadebiTi muSaoba sruldeba. aseve Sinagani energia mcirdeba, Tu sistema siTbos kargavs an
sistemaze uaryofiTi muSaoba sruldeba.
1. adiabaturi procesebi. adiabaturi procesi maSin xdeba, rodesac procesi Zalian swrafia
an sistema imdenad kargad aris izolirebuli, rom sistemasa da garemos Soris siTbos saxiT
energiis gadacema ar xdeba. pirvel kanonSi (formula 18.26) Q = 0 CavsvaT da miviRebT:
formulis Tanaxmad Tu muSaobas sistema asrulebs (anu W dadebiTia), sistemis Sinagani energia
muSaobis odenobiT mcirdeba. aseve, Tu muSaoba sistemaze sruldeba (anu W uaryofiTia),
sistemis Sinagani energia muSaobis odenobiT izrdeba.
18.15 suraTze naCvenebia idealizebuli adiabaturi procesi.
izolirebul sistemaSi siTbo arc Sedis da arc gamodis.
maSasadame, sistemasa da garemos Soris energiis gadacemis
erTaderTi saSualeba muSaobaa. Tu tyvias dguSidan aviRebT
da airs gafarToebis saSualebas mivcemT, sistemis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia da airis Sinagani energia
mcirdeba.
cxrili 18.5
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni: oTxi gansakuTrebuli
SemTxveva
18.16 suraTze naCvenebia rogor xdeba amgvari gafarToeba. siTbur wonasworobaSi myofi airi
izolirebuli ormagi kameris erT mxares Camketi onkanis saSualebiT aris moqceuli. kameris
meore naxevari carielia. Semdeg onkans xsnian da airi Tavisuflad farTovdeba da kameris
orive mxares avsebs. airi ar iZens an kargavs siTbos, vinaidan izolirebulia. airi muSaobas ar
asrulebs, radgan vakuumSi Sedis da araviTari wneva ar eRobeba.
Tavisufali gafarToeba zemoT ganxiluli procesebisgan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan misi gakon-
troleba da nela Catareba SeuZlebelia. amgvari gafarToebis nebismier momentSi airi siTbur
wonasworobaSi ar aris da misi wneva araerTgvarovania. maSasadame, p–V diagramaze airis sawyisi
da saboloo mdgomareobebis ageba SesaZlebelia, magram Tavad gafarToebis grafiki ver aigeba.
g) ramdeniT icvleba sistemis Sinagani energia sidide dadebiTia da niSnavs, rom sistemis Sina-
procesis ganmavlobaSi? gani energia duRilis dros gaizarda. es ener-
gia H2O molekulebis gancalkevebaze ixarje-
amoxsna: Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis
ba, romlebic Txevad mdgomareobaSi erTmaneTs
(18.26 formula) Tanaxmad sistemis Sinagani
Zlierad miizidaven. wylis duRili procesSi
energiis cvlilebas siTbos (am SemTxvevaSi
siTbos daaxloebiT 7,5%^(=169kj/2260kj) at-
sistemisTvis gadacemul energias) da muSaobas
mosferos Seviwroebaze Sesrulebul muSaoba-
(am SemTxvevaSi sistemidan gasul energias) ze ixarjeba. darCenili siTbo sistemis Sinagan
ukavSirdeba: energias emateba.
Tbogamtaroba
Tu liTonis saCxreks cecxlSi xangrZlivad gaaCerebT, misi saxeluri gacxeldeba. energia
cecxlidan saxelurs saCxrekis sigrZis gaswvriv Tbogamtarobis saSualebiT gadaecema. cecxlSi
moTavsebuli liTonis atomebis da molekulebis rxevis amplituda maRali temperaturis gamo
Zalian izrdeba. gazrdili amplituda da, maSasadame, energia mimdebare atomebis SejaxebaTa
dros saCxrekis gaswvriv atomidan atoms gadaecema. aseTi meTodiT gazrdili temperaturis are
saCxrekis saxeluramde aRwevs.
ganvixiloT A farTobis zedapiris da L sisqis firfita, romlis zedapirebi TH da TC temperaturebs
cxeli da civi rezervuarebis saSualebiT inarCuneben (18.18 suraTi). Q iyos firfitis cxeli
18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqanizmebi 643
L zedapiridan civ zedapirze siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energia t
droSi. eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom Tbogamtarobis tempia (drois
erTeulSi gadacemuli energiis raodenoba):
k
cxeli civi Q T H – TC
rezervuari rezervuari PTbogam = t = kA L , (18.32)
T HH Q TCH
sadac k kuTr Tbogamtarobad wodebuli mudmivaa da firfitis
nivTierebis gvarobazea damokidebuli. nivTierebas, romelic
energias iolad atarebs, kargi Tbogamtari ewodeba da misi k
THH > TCH maRali mniSvnelobisaa. 18.6 cxrilSi mocemulia gavrcele-
sur. 18.18. Tbogamtaroba. ener- buli liTonebis, airebis da samSeneblo nivTierebebis Tbo
gia THH temperaturis rezervua gamtarobebi.
ridan TC temperaturis ufro civ
rezervuarze L sisqis da k kuTri
Tbogamtarobis mqone firfitis cxrili 18.6
gavliT gadadis.
Tbogamtaroba
nivTiereba k (vt/m·K)
Tbogamtarobisadmi siTburi winaRoba liTonebi
uJangavi foladi 14
(R-sidide) tyvia 35
rkina 67
rodesac saxlis izolireba an piknikze koka-kolas TiTberi 109
qilebis dabali temperaturis SenarCuneba gsurT, alumini 235
Tqven cudi Tbogamtarebi karg Tbogamtarebze spilenZi 401
metad gainteresebT. amitom sainJinro praqtikaSi R vercxli 428
siTburi winaRobis cneba SemoiRes. L sisqis firfitis airebi
R-sididea: haeri (mSrali) 0,026
L heliumi 0,15
R= k (18.33)
wyalbadi 0,18
rac ufro naklebia nivTierebis kuTri Tbogamtaroba, samSeneblo nivTierebebi
miT metia misgan damzadebuli firfitis R-sidide. poliureTanis nimuSi 0,024
ase rom, Tu raime sxeulis R-sidide maRalia, maSin mineraluri matyli 0,043
es sxeuli siTbos cudi gamtaria da, Sesabamisad, is boWkovani mina 0,048
siTbos kargi izolatoria. TeTri fiWvi 0,11
gaiTvaliswineT, rom R konkretuli sisqis firfitis fanjris mina 1
maxasiaTebelia da ara misi nivTierebis. R-is
gavrcelebuli erTeulia futi2 · F° · sT/bse (albaT
mixvdiT ratom iyeneben am erTeuls iSviaTad)
wiladis mniSvnelSi arsebuli jamis niSani gvauwyebs, rom L/k mniSvnelobebi yvela nivTierebisTvis
unda Seikribos.
konveqcia
rodesac sanTlis an asanTis als umzerT, Tqven Tvalyurs adevnebT konveqciis Sedegad
siTburi energiis gadatanas zeviT. energiis amgvari gadacema maSin xdeba, rodesac haeris an
wylis magvari denadi garemo ufro maRali temperaturis mqone saganTan modis kontaqtSi.
garemos im nawilis temperatura, romelic saganTan kontaqtSi imyofeba, izrdeba, umetes
SemTxvevaSi garemos nivTiereba farTovdeba da naklebad mkvrivi xdeba. vinaidan garemos
gafarTobuli nawili mis garemomcvel ufro civ nawilebTan SedarebiT msubuqia, amomgdebi
Zala mis maRla asvlas iwvevs. Semdeg garemomcveli civi nawilebi maRla asuli Tbili nawilis
adgils ikaveben da procesi SesaZloa gagrZeldes.
konveqcia mravali bunebrivi procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. atmosferuli konveqcia
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs globaluri klimatis da dRis ganmavlobaSi amindis cvlilebebSi.
planeris pilotebi da Citebi analogiurad eZeben Tbili haeris konveqciur dinebebs, raTa
simaRle SeinarCunon. igive procesis dros okeaneebSi uzarmazari raodenobis energiis gadacema
xdeba. energia mzis birTvuli keridan, romelic mis SuagulSi mdebareobs, mzis zedapirze
konveqciis uzarmazari raodenobis ujredebiT gadaicema. Tbili airi ujredis gulis gaswvriv
mzis zedapirze adis, xolo gulis garSemo arsebuli ufro civi airi mzis zedapirdan qvemoT
eSveba.
18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi 645
gamosxiveba
mesame saSualeba, romliTac sagans da mis gare-
mos siTbos saxiT energiis urTierTgacvla Seu-
ZliaT, eleqtromagnituri talRebia (xiluli
sinaTle eleqtromagnituri talRis magaliTia).
msgavsi meTodiT gadacemul energias siTbur ga-
mosxivebas uwodeben, raTa is eleqtromagnitu-
ri signalebisgan (magaliTad, televizorebSi) da
birTvuli gamosxivebisgan (birTvis mier gamosx-
ivebuli energia da nawilakebi) gaarCion. rode-
sac cecxlis win dgaxarT, misgan momaval siTbur
gamosxivebas STanTqavT da TbebiT. es niSnavs,
sur. 18.20 Termogramaze saxlis mier energiis
rom Tqveni siTburi energia izrdeba da cecxlis gamosxivebis tempi Cans. gamosxivebis tempebi
siTburi energia mcirdeba. gamosxivebis saSuale- TeTri, yviTeli, wiTeli, mewamuli, mwvane da Savi
biT siTbos gadacemisTvis garemo saWiro ar aris. ferebiTaa kodirebuli. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
gamosxivebas vakuumSi gavrceleba SeuZlia, ro- Weri da fanjrebi cudad izolirebulia.
gamosxiveba igive refleqsur qmedebas iwvevs da miuxedavad imisa, rom gveli mkvdaria, misi
nervuli sistema moqmedebas ganagrZobs. gvelebis eqspertis rCeviT, mokluli Cxriala gveli
grZeli joxiT unda gadaagdoT da ara xeliT.
temperaturebidan cnobilia T1 = 25°C, sur. 18.21. oTxi fenisgan Semdgar kedelSi siTbos
T2 = 20°C da T5 = –10°C. risi tolia zedapiris ucvleli gadacema xdeba.
T4 temperatura?
amoxsna: T4 temperaturis saSualebiT agurSi T1 – T 2 T 4 – T5
Pa = ka A La da Pd = kd A
Ld
energiis gatarebis Pd temps ganvsazRvravT
(18.32 formula). miuxedavad amisa, 18.32 Pa = Pd gantolebis T4-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
formulas T4-sTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan ka Ld
T4 = k L (T1 – T2) + T5 .
sakmarisi monacemebi ar gagvaCnia. vinaidan d a
energiis gadatana stacionarul reJimSi xdeba, gavixsenoT, rom Ld=2La da kd=5ka, CavsvaT
agurSi Pd gatarebis tempi fiWvSi Pa gatarebis cnobili temperaturebi da miviRebT:
tempis toli unda iyos. 18.32 formulidan da ka (2 La)
T4 = (5 k ) L (25°C – 20°C) + (–10°C)
18.21 suraTidan miviRebT: a a
= –8°C (pasuxi)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
siTbo. Q siTbo aris sistemasa da mis garemos saZlebelia icvlebodes moculobis cvlile-
Soris temperaturuli sxvaobiT gamowveuli basTan erTad.
energiis gadacema. siTbo SeiZleba joulebSi Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni. Termo
(j), kaloriebSi (kal), kilokaloriebSi dinamikuri procesisTvis energiis Senaxvis
(kkal) an britanul siTbur erTeulSi (bse) kanoni Termodinamikis pirveli kanoniT
gaizomos: gamoisaxeba:
–3
1 kal = 3,969 × 10 bse = 4,1868 j (18.12) ΔES = ES ,f – ES ,i = Q – W (pirveli kanoni) (18.26)
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions wnevebs Soris, Tu orive baloni aduRebul
Manual-Si.
wyalSia moTavsebuli? (miniSneba: ix. sur. 18.6).
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday b) romeli airis wnevaa meti?
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- •2. wylis duRilis temperaturaze airis
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
com/college/halliday. temperaturaa 373,15K. risi toli iqneba
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs duRilis temperaturaze da wylis sammag
amocanis sirTules
wertilze airis wnevaTa Sefardebis zRvari?
20°C-ze siTxiT naxevrad savsea. ramdeniT dauSviT, rom cximis am raodenobiT dawvisas
Seicvleba siTxis svetis simaRle, Tu 3500kal siTbo gamoiyofa, romelic mTlianad
mils 30°C-mde gavaTbobT? αmina = 10–5/K da gadaecema gamdnar wyals. ratom ar aris
βsiTxe = 4×10 /K.
–5
sasurveli amgvari dietis dacva? (erTi litri
radioaqtiuri
••20. garkveul eqspe wyaro = 103sm3. wylis simkvrivea 1g/sm3).
rimentSi mcire ra •25. gamoTvaleT energiis raodenoba jou
dioaqtiuri wyaro lebSi, rac saWiroa 15°C temperaturis 130g
SerCeuli, uaRresad vercxlis srulad gasadnobad.
dabali siCqareebiT sur. 18.29. amocana 20. •26. ra masis karaqi, romlis sasargeblo
unda moZraobdes. es energia 6kkal/g-ia (=6000kal/g), iqneba 73kg
moZraoba aluminis Reros erTi boloze wyaros masis adamianis gravitaciuli potenciuri
damagrebiT da Semdeg Reros centraluri energiis cvlilebis eqvivalenturi, romelic
monakveTis gaxurebiT xorcieldeba. Tu zRvis donidan everestis mTis mwvervalze
18.29 suraTze Reros gaxurebuli monakveTis (8,84km simaRleze) adis? dauSviT, rom maRla
sigrZea d=2sm, ra mudmivi tempiT unda asvlisas saSualo g 9,8m/wm2-ia.
Seicvalos Reros temperatura, raTa wyarom
•27. mcire eleqtromaduRara 100g wylis
100nm/wm mudmivi siCqariT imoZraos?
gasacxeleblad gamoiyeneba. maduRaras awe-
•••21. 32C°-iT tem ria “200 vati” (am simZlavriT eleqtrul ener-
peraturis gaz gias siTbur energiaSi gardaqmnis). gamoTva-
rdisas centrSi leT wylis 23°C-dan 100°C-mde gacxelebis-
bzaris mqone fir Tvis saWiro dro. siTbos danakarebi ugule-
fita maRla iz belyaviT. SSM
niqeba (sur. 18.30).
sur. 18.30. amocana 21.
•28. garaJis zedmeti gaciebisgan dacvis erT-
Tu L0=3,77m da
erTi saSualeba, rodesac Ramis ganmavlobaSi
firfitis wiriTi gafarToebis koeficientia
temperatura nuls qvemoT Camodis, wylis
25×10–6/C°, gamoTvaleT centris awevis x
kasris garaJSi moTavsebaa. Tu wylis masaa
manZili. SSM ILW
125kg da misi sawyisi temperatura 20°C-
paragrafi 18.8. myari sxeulebisa da ia, a) ra raodenobis energia unda gadasces
siTxeebis mier siTbos STanTqma wyalma garemos, raTa mTlianad gaiyinos da
•22. ra raodenobis wyali darCeba Txevad b) risi tolia wylis da garemos umciresi
mdgomareobaSi, Tu gayinvis temperaturaze temperatura, vidre wyali gaiyineba?
myof 260g Txevad wyals siTbos saxiT 50,2kj ••29. arametrikuli versia: ra dro dasWirdeba
energia waarTves? 2×105bse/sT wylis gamacxelebels, raTa 40
•23. garkveuli nivTierebis moluri masa aris galoni wylis temperatura 70°F-dan 100°F-
50g/moli. rodesac 30g nivTierebas 314j mde gazardos? metrikuli versia: ra dro
siTbo daumates, nivTierebis temperatura dasWirdeba 59kvt wylis gamacxelebels, raTa
25°C-dan 45°C-mde gaizarda. risi tolia 150l wylis temperatura 21°C-dan 38°C-mde
nivTierebis a) kuTri siTbotevadoba da b) gazardos?
moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba? g) ramdeni ••30. 150g masis spilenZis Tasi 220g wyals
molia nivTierebaSi? Seicavs da orives temperatura 20°C-ia. Semdeg
•24. dietologi pacientebs gamdnari wylis Zalian cxeli 300g masis spilenZis cilindri
dalevas urCevs. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, wyalSi Caagdes, wyli aduRda da 5g orTqlad
sxeulma sakmarisi raodenobis cximi unda iqca. sistemis saboloo temperaturaa 100°C.
dawvas, raTa wylis temperatura 0°C-dan ugulebelyaviT garemosTan energiis gacvla.
37°C-mde gazardos. ramdeni litri wyali a) ra raodenobis energia (kaloriebSi) miewoda
unda davlioT, raTa 454g cximi davwvaT? wyals siTbos saxiT? b) ra raodenobis energia
653
miiRo Tasma? g) ras udris cilindris sawyisi daelodnen. 18.32a suraTze naCvenebia nimuSe-
temperatura? bis T temperaturis t droze damokidebulebis
••31. 100°C temperaturis ra masis orTqli grafikebi. A nimuSis masaa 5kg, xolo B nimuSis
unda Seerios Tboizolirebul WurWelSi - 1,5kg. 18.32b suraTze gamosaxulia B nimuSis
moTavsebul, dnobis temperaturaze myof nivTierebis zogadi grafiki. masze naCven-
150g yinuls, raTa 50°C temperaturis Txevadi ebia nivTierebis temperaturis ΔT cvlileba,
wyali miviRoT? ILW rodesac nivTiereba masis erTeulze Q siTbos
••32. 0,4 kg masis saxiT gadacemul energias iRebs. risi tolia A
nivTiereba moTav- nimuSis kuTri siTbotevadoba?
sebulia gamaci- ••35. eTilis spirtis duRilis temperaturaa
T (K)
••38. nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba tem- muSaobas Seasrulebs sistema ABCA ciklis
peraturasTan erTad icvleba c = 0,2 + 0,14T + ganmavlobaSi?
0,023 T , sadac T aris celsiusis gradusebSi,
2
wneva
••39. a) 50g masis yinulis ori kubi Termulad
izolirebul WurWelSi Casxmul 200g wyalSi
Caagdes. Tu wylis sawyisi temperaturaa 25°C
3
moculoba (m )
da yinuli sayinuleSi –15°C-ze miiReba, risi
tolia Termuli wonasworobisas saboloo
sur. 18.35. amocana 42.
temperatura? b) risi toli iqneba saboloo
•43. airis nimuSi
temperatura, Tu mxolod erT kubs gamovi-
1m3-dan 4m3-mde
yenebT? SSM WWW
farTovdeba da
••40. izolirebul TermosSi 80°C tempe misi wneva 40pa-
wneva
raturis 130sm3 yava asxia. Semdeg TermosSi dan 10pa-mde
dnobis temperaturis mqone 12g yinuli ya- mcirdeba. ra
vis gasacieblad Caagdes. ramdeni gradusiT muSaobas Sea
gacivdeba yava, rodesac yinuli gadneba? yava srulebs airi,
moculoba
mtknar wylad miiCnieT da garemosTan energi- Tu misi wneva mo
sur. 18.36. amocana 43.
is gacvla ugulebelyaviT. culobasTan er
Tad 18.36 suraTis a) A traeqtoriiT, b) B
•••41. 0°C tempe
traeqtoriiT da g) C traeqtoriiT icvleba?
raturis spilen
•44. davuSvaT,
Zis 20g masis rgo-
sistemaze 200 j
lis Sida diametria
muSaoba Sesru
D = 2,54 sm. 100°C
lda da sis
t e m p e r a t u r i s
wneva
temidan siTbos
aluminis sfer-
saxiT 70kaloria
os diametria d = sur. 18.34. amocana 41. e n e r g i a
2,54508 sm. sfero
d a i x a r j a .
rgolze moaTavses (sur. 18.34) da Termuli moculoba
Termodinamikis
wonasworobis damyarebas daelodnen. siTbo sur. 18.37. amocana 45.
pirveli kanonis
garemoSi ar ikargeba. wonasworuli temper- mixedviT risi tolia a) W, b) Q da g) ΔES
aturis damyarebisas sfero rgolSi gasri- mniSvnelobebi (niSnis CaTvliT)?
alda. risi tolia sferos masa? SSM •45. daxurul kameraSi moTavsebuli airi 18.37
paragrafi 18.11. Termodinamikis pirveli suraTis p-V diagramaze naCveneb cikls gadis.
kanonis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi gamoTvaleT erTi sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi
sistemisTvis siTbos saxiT damatebuli
•42. Termodinamikuri A mdgo
sistema
energia. SSM ILW
mareobidan B mdgomareobis gavliTYC mdgo
•46. airis nimuSi 18.38
mareobaSi gadaiyvanes da Semdeg kvlav A
suraTis p–V diagram-
mdgomareobaSi daabrunes. es yvelaferi
aze naCveneb abca cikls
18.35a suraTis p–V diagramazea naCvenebi. a)-
gadis. mTliani muSaoba
z) 18.35b cxrilis aRniSnul ujrebSi plius
+1,2j. ab traeqtoriaze
niSani, minus niSani an nuli CasviT. T) ra
Sinagani energiis cvli
sur. 18.38. amocana 46.
655
lebaa +3j, xolo Sesrulebuli muSaobaa 5j. paragrafi 18.12. siTbos gadacemis meqa
ca traeqtoriaze airisTvis siTbos saxiT ga- nizmebi
dacemuli energiaa +2,5j. ra raodenobis ener- •50. civi klimatis pirobebSi sacxovrebeli
gia gadaica siTbos saxiT a) ab traeqtoriaze saxlis Weris R-is mniSvneloba 30 unda iyos.
da b) bc traeqtoriaze? amgvari izolirebisTvis ra sisqis unda iyos
•47. 18.39 suraTze a) poliureTanis qafis da b) vercxlis fena?
naCvenebia airis Caketi- •51. ganvixiloT 18.18 suraTze naCvenebi
li cikli (suraTi dag- firfita. davuSvaT L=25sm, A=90sm2 da
raduirebuli ar aris). nivTiereba spilenZia. Tu TH=125°C, TC=10°C
a-dan c mdgomareobaSi da ucvleli mdgomareoba gvaqvs, gamoTvaleT
abc traeqtoriiT gada firfitis Tbogamtarobis tempi (PTbogam). SSM
sur. 18.39. amocana 47.
svlisas airis Sinagani •52. Tu kosmosSi aRWurvilobis gareSe mzidan
energiis cvlileba –200j-ia. c-dan d mdgo- moSorebiT gaiseirnebT, kosmosis sicives
mareobaSi gadasvlisas aris siTbos saxiT 180j igrZnobT. Tqven am dros energias asxivebT
energia unda gadaeces. d-dan a mdgomareobaSi da garemodan TiTqmis ar STanTqavT. a) ra
tempiT dakargavT energias? b) ra raodenobis
dabrunebisas siTbos saxiT damatebiT 80j
energiis gadacemaa saWiro. ra muSaoba srul- energias dakargavT 30 wamSi? dauSviT, rom
+72°F? b) igive sisqis minis meore fanjara pir- qis yinulis fena
veli fanjris paralelurad aris ganlagebu- warmoiqmna (sur.
li da fanjrebs Soris 7,5sm manZilze haeria. 18.45). yinulis Tav
amjerad ra tempiT ikargeba energia, Tu gam- ze haeris tempe
taroba energiis dakargvis erTaderTi mniS- raturaa –10°C.
vnelovani meqanizmia? ILW gamoTvaleT yinu
••58. 18.43 su lis warmoqmnis
raTze naCvenebia tempi (sm/sT-ebSi).
sami fenisgan dam yinulis Tbogam sur. 18.45. amocana 61.
zadebuli kedlis tarobaa 0,004 ka-
ganivi kveTi. fe loria/wm · sm · C°, xolo simkvrive - 0,92g/sm3.
nebis sisqeebia sur. 18.43. amocana 58.
dauSviT, rom rezervuaris kedlebsa da fsk-
L1, L2=0,7L1 da L3=0,35L1. Tbogamtarobebia ers Soris energiis gadacema ar xdeba.
k1, k2=0,9k1 da k3=0,8k1. kedlis marcxena da
damatebiTi amocanebi
marjvena kideebze temperaturebia 30°C da
62. yuTidan civi Sokoladis amoRebisas
–15°C. kedlis Tbogamtaroba ucvlelia. a)
Sokoladze wneva moqmedebs da muSaoba
risi tolia meore fenaze ΔT2 temperaturuli
sruldeba. Sokoladis masis erTeulze
sxvaoba? (fenis marcxena da marjvena kideebs
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa p/ρ, sadac p aris
Soris. Tu k2=1,1k1 b) kedelSi gatarebuli
modebul wnevasa da Sokoladis amoRebis
energiis tempi ufro meti iqneba, naklebi
adgilze moqmed wnevas Soris sxvaoba,
iqneba da igive darCeba? g) ra iqneba am
xolo ρ Sokoladis simkvrivea. Sokoladis
SemTxvevaSi ΔT2?
temperaturis gazrdis nacvlad es muSaoba
••59. 18.44 suraTze naCvenebi oTxi fenisgan
kakaos adnobs. kakaos dnobis temperaturaa
Semdgari kedlis ganivi kveTi. fenebis Tbog-
150kh/kg. dauSviT, rom mTeli muSaoba dnobaze
amtarobebia k1=0,06vt/m · K, k3=0,04vt/m · K da
sruldeba da kakao Sokoladis masis 30%-
k4=0,12vt/m · K (k2 cnobili ar aris). fenebis
ia. kakaos ra procenti dadna Sokoladis
sisqeebia L1=1,5sm, L3=2,8sm da L4=3,5sm (L2 cno-
amoRebis dros, Tu p=5,5mpa da ρ=1200kg/m3?
bili ar aris). kedelSi energiis gadacema ucv-
63. 18.46 suraTze mo-
lelia. risi tolia mesame da meoTxe fenebis
gamyofi zedapiris temperatura? cemul p–V diagramaze
naCvenebia airis nimu-
Sis a mdgomareobidan
b mdgomareobaSi gada
yvanis ori SesaZlo
traeqtoria. pirvel
traeqtoriaze airs
sur. 18.46. amocana 63.
sur. 18.44. amocana 59. siTbos saxiT 5p1V1 en-
••60. patara tbis zedapiri gaiyina da ucvleli ergia unda gadaeces. meore traeqtoriaze
mdgomareoba damyarda. yinulis Tavze haeris airs siTbos saxiT 5,5p1V1 energia unda gadae-
temperaturaa –5°C, xolo tbis fskeris ces. risi tolia p2/p1?
657
64. 20sm gverdis sigrZis aluminis myari kubi SeurTdeba, Tu amundsen-skotis samxreT
vercxliswyalSi tivtivebs. ramdeniT aiwevs polusis sadgurze temperatura –700C-s
vercxliswylis done kubis gverdebze, Tu qvemoT daecema. aseT dros jariskavi jer
temperatura 270-dan 320Kmde gaizarda? cxel saunaSi Tbeba, Semdeg ki fexsacmlis
(vercxliwylis moculobiTi gafarToebis amara gareT garbis (es, ra Tqma unda, Zalian
koeficientia 1,8×10-4/K). saxifaToa, magram amave dros samxreT
65. 18.9 formula (ΔL=αLΔT, sadac L aris polusis civi zamTris winaaRmdeg garkveuli
nebismieri mocemuli procesis sawyisi ritualicaa). davuSvaT, saunidan gamosvlisas
sigrZe) temperaturis cvlilebiT gamowveul jariskacis kanis temperaturaa 102°F, saunis
sigrZis cvlilebas miaxloebiT gvaZlevs. kedlebis, Weris da iatakis temperatura ki
modiT SevamowmoT es formula. 20kj energia 30°C-ia. gamoTvaleT jariskacis zedapiris
L=3m sawyis sigrZis da 0,4kg masis spilenZis farTobi da kanis gamosxivebis koeficientad
Reros siTbos saxiT gadaeca. davuSvaT 0,8 miiCnieT. a) daaxloebiT ra P tempiT
α=17×10 /°C spilenZis wrfivi gafarToebis
–6 kargavs jariskaci energias oTaxTan Termuli
gamosxivebis gacvlis Sedegad? gareT
zusti koeficientia da 386j/kg · K spilenZis
gamosvlisas jariskacis zedapiris farTobis
zusti kuTri siTbotevadobaa. 18.9 formulis
erTi naxevari Termul gamosxivebas –25°C
mixedviT a) ramdeniT gaizarda Reros sigrZe
temperaturis casTan cvlis, xolo meore
da b) risi tolia axali sigrZe? Semdeg
igive raodenobis energia Rerodan siTbos naxevari _ –80°C temperaturis TovlTan da
saxiT gamovida (Rero sawyis mdgomareobaSi miwasTan. risi tolia Termuli gamosxivebis
b) casTan da g) yinulTan da miwasTan gacvlis
dabrunda). 18.9 formulis mixedviT a) ram
Sedegad energiis dakargvis miaxloebiTi
deniT Semcirda Reros sigrZe da b) risi tolia
tempi?
axali sigrZe? e) ra sxvaobaa sawyis sigrZesa da
d)-s pasuxs Soris? 68. 0,3kg masis nimuSi
gamaciebel aparatSi
66. eqsperimentebis mimdinareobisas Tana
moaTavses, romelic
bari masis A da B blokebi Termulad izo
energias 2,81vt mud
lirebul WurWelSi moaTavses. TiToeul eqs
mivi tempiT aclis. 18.48
perimentSi B blokis sawyisi temperaturaa TB,
suraTze mocemulia ni-
magram A blokis TA temperatura sxvadasxva
muSis T temperaturis
eqsperimentebSi icvleba. nebismier eqspe
rimentSi Termuli wonasworobis damyarebis t droze damokideb-
ulebis grafiki. risi sur. 18.48. amocana 68.
Semdeg Tf saboloo temperatura iqmneba.
tolia nimuSis kuTri
18.47 suraTze mocemulia Tf temperaturis
siTbotevadoba?
TA temperaturis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebze
69. a) mzis zedapiris temperatura daax-
damokidebulebis grafiki. risi tolia
loebiT 6000K-ia. gamosaxeT es temperatura
a) TB temperatura da b) blokebis kuTri
farengeitis skalaze. b) adamianis sxeulis
siTbotevadobebis cB/cA Sefardeba?
normaluri 98,6°F temperatura celsiusis
skalaze gamosaxeT. g) amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, rojers pasSi, montanaSi rekordu-
lad dabali temperatura –70°F dafiqsirda.
gamosaxeT es temperatura celsiusis skalaze.
d) Jangbadis duRilis temperaturaa –183°C.
gamosaxeT es temperatura farengeitis ska-
laze.
TA(K)
70. ramdeniT gaizrdeba 5sm gverdis sigrZis
sur. 18.47. amocana 66.
mqone aluminis kubis moculoba, Tu kubs
67. axlad gawveuli jariskaci naxevrad
10°C-dan 60°C-mde gavaxurebT.
gasaidumloebul `300 F~ klubs maSin
71. liTonis kuTri siTbotevadoba Semdegi
658 Tavi 18 temperatura, siTbo da Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni
wneva
naCvenebi p–V dia
gramaze B traeq wneva (pa) boloo mdgo
toriis gaswvriv mareobaSi 18.50
airis nimuSis mo suraTis p-V dia
culoba 1m -dan
3 gramaze naCvenebi moculoba
4m -mde
3
izrdeba. sami sxvadasxva
sur. 18.50. amocana 77.
moculoba (m3) traeqtoriiT ga
Semdeg A trae-
sur. 18.49. amocana 72. dadis. pirvel procesSi (traeqtoriaze)
qtoriaze an C
airisTvis gadacemuli energiaa 10piVi. piVi-s
traeqtoriaze airis moculoba kvlav 1m3
TermebSi risi tolia a) meore procesSi
xdeba. gamoTvaleT airis mier sruli cik-
airisTvis gadacemuli energia da b) mesame
lis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba
procesSi airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba?
a) BA traeqtoriaze da b) BC traeqtoriaze.
78. CrdiloeT amerikis miwis zedapiridan
73. aTlets wonis dakleba dasWirda. a) ram energiis gatarebis saSualo tempi 54vt/m2-
denjer unda awios aTletma 80kg wona 1m ia, xolo zedapiris axlos mdebare qvebis
manZilze, raTa 1funti cximi dawvas. 1 funti Tbogamtarobaa 2,5vt/m · K. davuSvaT, zeda
cximi 3500 kaloriis eqvivalenturia. b) Tu piris temperaturaa 10°C. ra temperaturaa
aTleti wonas yovel 2 wamSi erTxel awevs, 35km siRrmeze (qerqis fskerTan axlos).
ramdeni dro dasWirdeba igive raodenobis radioaqtiuli elementebis mier warmoqmnili
cximis dawvas? siTbo ugulebelyaviT.
74. 6m sigrZis 1sm diametris spilenZis, 79. pireqsis diskos temperatura 10°C-dan
aluminis da TiTberis Reroebi erTad
60°C-mde gaizarda. diskos sawyisi radiusia
daalages da aluminis Rero SuaSi moaqcies.
8sm, xolo sawyisi sisqe - 0,5sm. risi tolia
spilenZis Reros Tavisufali bolo wylis
diskos moculobis cvlileba? (ix. cxrili
duRilis temperaturazea, xolo TiTberis
18.2)
Reros Tavisufali bolo - wylis gayinvis
temperaturaze. risi tolia a) spilenZis 80. mzis energiis saxlSi mzidan mosuli
da aluminis da b) aluminis da TiTberis energia wyliT savse kasrebSi inaxeba. zamTris
SeerTebis adgilis temperatura? 5 Rrubliani dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlis Sida
75. dedamiwis Seqmnidan mokle xanSi, temperaturis 22°C-ze SesanarCuneblad
radioaqtiuli elementebis daSlis Sedegad 1×10 kkaloria energiaa saWiro. davuSvaT,
6
cxadia Cndeba SekiTxva: `ramdeni atomi an molekulaa erT molSi?~. pasuxi eqsperimentulad
dadgenilia da me – 18 Tavidan ukve viciT:
moli–1 aris Sebrunebuli moli da niSnavs `molis erTeulze~. NA-s italieli mecnieris amadeo
avogadros (1776-1856) pativsacemad avogadros ricxvi ewodeba. avogadrom ganacxada, rom
temperaturis da wnevis erTnairi pirobebis dros Tanabari moculobis airebi erTi da igive
raodenobis atomebs an molekulebs Seicaven.
nebismieri nivTierebis nimuSSi molebis n raodenoba tolia nimuSSi N da 1 molSi NA molekulebis
raodenobaTa Sefardebas:
N
n= (19.2)
NA
(gafrTxileba: formulaSi Sesuli sami simbolo advilad SeiZleba erTmaneTSi agerioT, amitom
maTi mniSvnelobebi kargad daimaxsovreT). nimuSis molebis n ricxvis dadgena nimuSis Mnim masiT
da M moluri masiT (1 molis masa) an m molekuluri masiT (erTi molekulis masa) SeiZleba:
Mnim M
n= = nim . (19.3)
M mNA
19.3 formulaSi gamoviyeneT faqti, rom 1 molis M masa erTi molekulis m masis da 1 molSi
molekulebis NA raodenobis namravlia:
M = mNA (19.4)
sadac p aris absoluturi wneva, n – airis molebis ricxvi, xolo T – temperatura kelvinebSi. R
simbolos airis mudmiva ewodeba da yvela airisTvis:
R = 8,31 j/moli · K (19.6)
19.5 formulas idealuri airis kanoni ewodeba. airis mcire simkvrivis pirobebSi es kanoni
nebismieri erTi airisTvis an sxvadasxva airebis narevisTvis gamosadegia (narevis SemTxvevaSi n
iqneba molebis mTliani ricxvi).
19.5 formula k bolcmanis mudmivis saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros. bolcmanis mudmiva ase
ganisazRvreba:
R 8,31 j/mol·K
k= = = 1,38×10–23 j/k (19.7)
NA 6,02×1023mol–1
nR = Nk (19.8)
19.8 formula 19.5 formulaSi CavsvaT da idealuri airis kanonis meore gamosaxulebas
miviRebT:
W=
(19.11)
W= (19.12)
Tu moculoba icvleba da airis p wneva mudmivia, maSin 19.11 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
Vf
W = nRT ln
Vi
19 l
= (1 mol)(8,31 j/mol)(310 K) ln
12 l
= 1180 j. (pasuxi)
Fx
p = = = , (19.18)
L2
sadac N aris molekulebis ricxvi yuTSi.
vinaidan N=nNA 19.18 formulis frCxilebis meore wyvilis SigniT nNA wevria. es sidide nNA(νx2 )saS.
-iT SegviZlia SevcvaloT, sadac (νx2 )saS. aris yvela molekuluri siCqaris x komponentebis
kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba. 19.18 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
nmNA
p = = (νx2 )saS
L3
mNA airis M moluri masaa (anu erTi moli airis masa). garda amisa, L3 yuTis moculobaa da aqedan
gamomdinare:
nM(νx2 )saS
p = . (19.19)
V
nebismieri molekulisTvis ν2 = νx2 + νy2 + νz2. vinaidan molekulebi uricxvia da yvela sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT moZraobs, maTi siCqaris komponentebis kvadratebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi
1
Tanabaria da νx2 = ν2. maSasadame, 19.19 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
3
nM(ν2)saS
p = . (19.20)
3V
(ν2)saS-dan kvadratuli fesvi saSualo siCqaris erTerTi saxeobaa, romelsac molekulebis saSu-
alo kvadratuli siCqare ewodeba da νsaS.kv simboloTi aRiniSneba. saxelwodeba Sinaarss sakmaod
kargad aRwers. Tqven kvadratSi agyavT TiToeuli siCqare, Semdeg poulobT am kvadratuli siC-
qareebis saSualo mniSvnelobas da Semdeg am saSualo mniSvnelobidan kvadratul fesvs iRebT.
saS.kv
da 19.20 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
nMνsaS.kv
2
p = . (19.21)
3V
19.21 formulaSi naTlad Cans
kinetikuri Teoris suliskveTeba. cxrili 19.1
es formula gvauwyebs rogor aris saSualo kvadratuli siCqare oTaxis
airis wneva (makroskopuli sidide) temperaturaze (T=300K)a
molekulebis siCqareze (mikroskopuli
sidide) damokidebuli. moluri masa
airi ννsaS.kv (m/wm)
19.21 formula νsaS.kv-is gamosaTvlelad (10 – 3kg/moli)
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. amisTvis 19.21 wyalbadi (H2) 2,02 1920
formula idealuri airis kanonTan heliumi (He) 4 1370
(pV=nRT) gavaerTianoT: wylis orTqli (H2O) 18 645
azoti (N2) 28 517
νsaS.kv (19.22)
Jangbadi (O2) 32 483
19.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19.22 formu- naxSirorJangi (CO2) 44 412
lis saSualebiT gamoTvlili saSualo gogirdis dioqsidi (SO2) 64,1 342
kvadratuli siCqareebi, romlebic sak- a
simartivisTvis oTaxis temperaturas 300K-d mi-
maod maRalia. oTaxis temperaturaze viCnevT (27°C an 81°F), Tumca es sakmaod gamTbari
(300K) wyalbadis molekulebis saSualo oTaxis temperaturaa.
668 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
kvadratuli siCqarea 1920m/wm an 4300mili/sT, e.i. molekula tyviaze swrafad moZraobs. mzis
zedapirze, 2×106K temperaturis pirobebSi wyalbadis molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli siC-
qare 82-jer meti iqneba, magram amgvari siCqareebis dros molekulebi Sejaxebas ver uZleben da
iSlebian. daimaxsovreT, rom saSualo kvadratuli siCqare saSualo siCqaris erT-erTi saxeobaa.
airSi bgeris siCqare airis molekulebis saSualo kvadratul siCqaresTan axlo kavSirSia.
bgeris talRaSi SeSfoTeba molekulidan molekulas Sejaxebis Sedegad gadaecema. talRas
molekulebis `saSualo~ siCqareze swrafad moZraoba ar SeuZlia. ufro metic, bgeris siCqare
`saSualo~ molekulur siCqareze naklebic unda iyos, vinaidan yvela molekula talRis moZrao-
bis mimarTulebiT ar gadaadgildeba. magaliTad, oTaxis temperaturaze wyalbadis da azotis
molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli siCqarea 1920m/wm da 517m/wm. am or airSi bgeris siCqare igive
temperaturaze 1350m/wm da 350m/wm-ia.
xSirad Cndeba kiTxva: Tu molekulebi ase swrafad moZraoben, ratom sWirdeba wuTi an meti dro
sunamos surnelis mosvlas, rodesac oTaxSi sunamos flakons gaxsnian? pasuxi is aris, rom mar-
Talia sunamos molekulebi swrafad moZraoben, magram isini flakons sakmaod nela Sordebian,
vinaidan erTmaneTTan Sejaxebebi maT oTaxis gaswvriv pirdapir Tqvensken wamosvlas xels uSlis.
am SemTxvevas 19.6 paragrafSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
mocemulia xuTi ricxvi: 5, 11, 32, 67 da 89
KsaS = 3RT .
2NA
19.7 formulis gamoyenebiT (k=R/NA) SegviZlia davweroT:
3
KsaS = 2 kT (19.24)
sur. 19.5. a) Sejaxeba maSin xdeba, rodesac ori molekulis centrebs Soris
manZili molekulis d diametrze naklebia. b) eqvivalenturi, magram ufro
martivi meTodi molekulis d radiusis mqoned da yvela sxva molekulis
wertilebad warmodgenaa. Sejaxebis piroba ar icvleba.
670 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
pasuxi daaxloebiT 380 molekulis diametria. pasuxis mixedviT Jangbadis molekula wamSi 4
miliardamde Sejaxebas ganicdis.
b) davuSvaT, Jangbadis molekulebis saSualo
siCqarea ν=450m/wm. ris tolia Sejaxebebs sakontrolo wertili 3. molekulis 2d0
Soris t saSualo dro? ra tempiT xdeba diametris da molekulis ν0 saSualo siC-
molekulebis Sejaxebebi anu risi tolia qaris mqone A airis erTi moli garkveul
Sejaxebis f sixSire? WurWelSia moTavsebuli. molekulis d0
amoxsna: Sejaxebebs Soris molekula ν diametris da molekulis 2ν0 saSualo siC-
siCqariT moZraobs da λ saSualo Tavisufal qaris mqone B airi identur WurWelSia
ganarbens gadis. maSasadame, Sejaxebebs Soris moTavsebuli. romel airSi iqneba Seja-
saSualo droa: xebaTa saSualo tempi ufro meti?
siCqare (m/wm)
, (19.27)
sadac M aris airis moluri masa, R – airis mudmiva, T – airis temperatura, xolo ν – moleku-
luri siCqare. 19.7a,b suraTze am formulis grafikebia mocemuli. 19.27 formulaSi da 19.7 su-
raTze P(ν) sidide albaTobaTa ganawilebis funqciaa. nebismieri ν siCqarisTvis P(ν)dν namravli
molekulebis is nawilia, romelTa siCqareebi ν siCqaris garSemo dν intervalSi xvdeba.
19.7a suraTze Cans, rom molekulebis es nawili P(ν) simaRlis da dν siganis zolis farTobis
tolia. ganawilebis grafikis qveS moqceuli sruli are molekulaTa im nawils Seesabameba,
romelTa siCqare nulsa da usasrulobas Sorisaa. yvela molekula am kategoriaSi xvdeba da
amitom farTobis mniSvneloba erTis tolia:
(19.28)
(19.29)
νsaS = (19.30)
(ν2)saS = (19.32)
molekulas yvelaze ufro savaraudod νp siCqare unda hqondes, magram zogierT molekula am
siCqareze ramdenjerme swrafad moZraobs. es molekulebi 19.7 suraTis ganawilebis grafikebis
19.7. molekuluri siCqareebis ganawileba 673
maRali siCqareebis kudSia moqceuli. Cven swored amgvar maRalsiCqarian molekulebs unda
vumadlodeT, rom wvima da mzis sinaTle arsebobs. Tu ratom, mogvianebiT gamoCndeba.
mzis sinaTle. 19.7a suraTis grafiki amjerad mzis birTvSi mdebare protonebs mivusadagoT.
mzis energia birTvuli sinTezis procesis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, es procesi ki ori protonis
gaerTianebiT iwyeba. protonebi eleqtruli muxtebis gamo erTmaneTs ganizidaven, amitom
saSualo siCqaris mqone protonebs sakmarisi energia ar aqvT, raTa daZlion es winaaRmdegoba
da erTmaneTs gaerTianebisTvis sakmarisad miuaxlovdnen. Zalian swrafad moZrav protonebs ki
amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT da mzec swored amis gamo anaTebs.
pasuxi 19.7a suraTzea gamosaxuli bze siCqareTa maRali mniSvnelobebi ν2-is in-
tegrebisas ufro met gavlenas axdens, vidre
b) risi tolia νsaS.kv. saSualo kvadratuli siC-
ν-s integrebisas.
qare 300K temperaturaze?
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad 19.27 formulis P(ν) g) risi tolia νP ualbaTesi siCqare 300K
ganawilebis funqciiT ν 2
siCqaris awonviT temperaturaze?
da Semdeg miRebuli gamosaxulebis SesaZlo amoxsna: νP ganawilebis P(ν) funqciis maqsimums
siCqareTa areSi integrebiT (ν2)saS siCqare unda Seesabameba da gamovTvliT, Tu warmoebuls
gavigoT. miRebuli Sedegidan kvadratul fesvs nuls gavutolebT dP/dν=0 da am gantolebas
amoviRebT da 19.34 formulamde davalT: ν-sTvis amovxsniT. Semdeg 19.35 formulamde
mivalT:
νsaS.kv.
νP =
= = 483 m/wm. (pasuxi)
= = 395 m/wm (pasuxi)
miRebuli Sedegi, romelic 19.7a suraTzea
gamosaxuli, νsaS-ze metia, vinaidan gamoTvle es pasuxic 19.7a suraTzea gamosaxuli.
ES Sinagani energia
Tavdapirvelad davuSvaT, rom Cveni idealuri airi erTatomiani airia (calkeuli atomebisgan
da ara molekulebisgan Sedgeba). amgvari airis magaliTia heliumi, neoni da argoni. aseve davuS-
vaT, rom Cveni idealuri airis ES Sinagani energia misi atomebis gadataniTi kinetikuri ener-
giebis jamia (kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, individualur atomebs brunviTi kinetikuri energia
ar gaaCniaT).
erTi atomis saSualo gadataniTi kinetikuri energia mxolod airis temperaturazea
3
damokidebuli da 19.24 formulis (KsaS= kT) saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. amgvari airis n moli nNA
2
atoms Seicavs da ES Sinagani energiaa:
3
ES = (nNA)KsaS = (nNA)( 2 kT) (19.37)
gamoviyenoT 19.7 formula (k=R/NA) da 19.37 formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
3
ES = 2 nRT (erTatomiani idealuri airi) (19.38)
magaliTis saxiT 19.9 suraTis p–V diagramaze gamosaxul or izoTermas Soris sami traeqtoria
ganvixiloT. pirveli traeqtoria mudmivi moculobis procesia. meore traeqtoria mudmivi wnevis
procesia (romelsac gamovikvlevT kidec), xolo mesame traeqtoria iseTi procesia, rodesac
sistemasa da garemos Soris siTbos gacvla ar xdeba (es procesi 19.11 paragrafSi ganixileba).
am sam traeqtoriasTan dakavSirebuli Q siTbo, W muSaoba, pf da Vf gansxvavebulia, magram ΔES
mniSvneloba samive traeqtoriisTvis Tanabaria da yvela maTgani 19.45 formuliT gamoiTvleba,
vinaidan temperaturis ΔT cvlileba samive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare,
miuxedavad imisa romel traeqtorias gaivlis airi T-sa T+ΔT Soris, Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia
pirveli traeqtoria avirCioT da 19.45 formulis saSualebiT ΔES martivad gamovTvaloT.
W = pΔV = nRΔT (19.48)
erTatomiani He 3 0 3 3 5
2
R 2
R
oratomiani O2 3 2 5 5 7
2
R 2
R
mravalatomiani CH4 3 3 6 3R 4R
680 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
rxeviTi
sur. 19.12. CV /R-s temperaturaze damokide-
bulebis grafiki wyalbadis oratomiani air-
isTvis. vinaidan brunviTi da rxeviTi moZrao- brunviTi
bebi garkveul energiebze iwyeba, Zalian dabal
temperaturaze mxolod gadataniTi moZraobaa
SesaZlebeli. rodesac temperatura izrdeba,
gadataniTi
brunviTi moZraobac SesaZlebeli xdeba. kidev
ufro maRal temperaturaze rxeviTi moZrao-
bac SesaZlebeli xdeba.
temperatura (K)
19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi gafarToeba 681
19.12 suraTi brunviTi da rxeviTi moZraobis `CarTvis~ danaxvaSi dagvexmareba. suraTze
oratomiani wyalbadis airis (H2) CV /R Sefardebis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafikia
gamosaxuli, sadac temperaturis skala logariTmulia da mniSvnelobaTa ramdenime rigs
moicavs. 80K-s qvemoT CV /R=1,5. Sedegi migvaniSnebs, rom kuTr siTbotevadobaSi wyalbadis
mxolod gadataniTi Tavisuflebis sami xarisxi iRebs monawileobas.
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad CV /R mniSvneloba TandaTanobiT izrdeba da 2,5 xdeba. es
niSnavs, rom Tavisuflebis kidev ori damatebiTi xarisxi gaCnda. kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad
Tavisuflebis es ori xarisxi wyalbadis molekulebis brunviT moZraobasTan aris dakavSirebuli
da es moZraoba garkveul minimalur energias moiTxovs. Zalian dabali temperaturis dros (80K-s
qvemoT), molekulebs brunvisTvis saWiro energia ar gaaCnia. temperaturis zrdasTan erTad jer
mcire raodenobis da Semdeg sul ufro meti da meti raodenobis molekula iZens brunvisTvis
saWiro energias, CV /R izrdeba, sabolood yvela molekula brunvas iwyebs da CV /R = 2,5.
igive kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, molekulebis rxeviT moZraobasac garkveuli minimaluri
energia sWirdeba. rogorc 19.12 suraTze Cans, minimaluri energia maSin miiRweva, rodesac
temperatura daaxloebiT 1000K-s aRwevs. temperaturis zrdasTan erTad CV /R izrdeba, sul
ufro meti molekula iwyebs rxevas, saboloo jamSi yvela molekula irxeva da CV /R = 3,5 (19.12
suraTis grafiki 3200K-ze Cerdeba, vinaidan wyalbadis molekulis atomebi am dros imdenad
Zlierad irxevian, rom kavSirebi wydeba da molekula or gancalkevebul atomad disocirdeba).
(a) (b)
sur. 19.13. a) dguSidan tvirTis mocilebis Sedegad idealuri airis moculoba izrdeba. procesi adiabaturia
(Q = 0). b) procesi i-dan f-mde, p – V diagramaze gamosaxuli adiabatas gaswvriv xdeba.
682 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
sadac γ = Cp /CV . 19.13b suraTze naCveneb p – V diagramaze procesi wiris gaswvriv xdeba, romelsac
/
adiabata ewodeba. wiris gantolebaa p = (mudmiva) V . vinaidan airi i sawyisi mdgomareobidan f
γ
adiabaturi procesis formulis Cawera T-s da V-s saSualebiTac SeiZleba. 19.53 formulaSi p-s
gasabaTileblad idealuri airis formulas (pV=nRT) viyenebT da vwerT:
( )V =
nRT
V
γ
mudmiva
19.55 formulis `mudmiva~ 19.53 formulis `mudmivisgan~ gansxvavdeba. rodesac airi i sawyisi
mdgomareobidan f saboloo mdgomareobaSi gadadis, 19.55 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
γ–1 γ–1
TiVi = Tf Vf (adiabaturi procesi) (19.56)
adiabaturi procesebis gaazrebis Semdeg mixvdebiT ratom warmoiqmneba mcire raodenobis nisli
Sampaniuris civi boTlidan sacobis amovardnisas an gaziani wylis civi boTlis Tavsaxuris
axdisas. nebismieri karbonizebuli sasmlis daxurul WurWelSi naxSirorJangis airi da wylis
orTqlia dagrovebuli. vinaidan airis wneva WurWelSi atmosferul wnevaze metia, WurWlis
gaxsnis dros airi atmosferoSi farTovdeba. maSasadame, airis moculoba izrdeba da airi
atmosferos wnevis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobas asrulebs. vinaidan gafarToeba Zalian swrafad
xdeba, procesi adiabaturia da muSaobis SesrulebisTvis saWiro energiis erTaderTi wyaro
airis Sinagani energiaa. Sinagani energiis SemcirebasTan erTad airis temperaturac mcirdeba
da wylis orTqli nislis wveTebSi kondensirdeba (19.56 formulac gavuwyebs, rom adiabaturi
procesis dros temperatura unda Semcirdes. Vf >Vi da amitom Tf<Ti).
vinaidan airi Tboizolirebulia (anu gafarToeba adiabaturia), Q=0. Semdeg 19.45 formulis
gamoyenebiT dES-is nacvlad nCV dT CavsvaT da mcire gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:
n dT = – ( )dV
p
CV
(19.58)
19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi gafarToeba 683
idealuri airis kanonis (pV = n RT) Tanaxmad gvaqvs:
p dV + V dp = nR dT (19.59)
moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebis Sefardeba γ-iT SevcvaloT da vaintegroT (ix. E damateba, me-5
integrali):
ln p + γ ln V = mudmiva.
γ
formulis marcxena mxare ln pV saxiT CavweroT da Semdeg orive mxaris antilogariTmi aviRoT:
γ
pV = mudmiva (19.61)
formula damtkicebulia.
Tavisufali gafarToeba
18.11 paragrafidan gavixsenoT, rom airis Tavisufali gafarToeba adiabaturi procesia, romlis
drosac airze an airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da Sinagani energiis cvlileba nulis tolia.
maSasadame, Tavisufali gafarToeba 19.53-19.61 formulebiT asaxuli adiabaturi procesisgan,
sadac muSaobac sruldeba da Sinagani energiac icvleba, sakmaod gansxvavdeba. es formulebi
Tavisufali gafarToebisTvis ar gamodgeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom gafarToeba adiabaturi
procesia.
Tavisufali gafarToebis dros airi wonasworobaSi mxolod sawyis da saboloo mdgomareobebSia.
maSasadame p–V diagramaze Cven SegviZlia mxolod am wertilebis ageba da ara Tavad gafarToebis
traeqtoriisa. garda amisa ΔES=0 da saboloo mdgomareobis temperatura sawyisi mdgomareobis
temperaturis toli unda iyos. e.i. p – V diagramaze sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareobis wertilebi
erTi da igive izoTermazea da 19.56 formulis nacvlad gveqneba:
Tu Semdeg davuSvebT, rom airi idealuria (pV=nRT), maSin, radganac temperatura ar icvleba, pV
namravlic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos. 19.53 formulis nacvlad miviRebT:
saWiro energia mxolod airis Sinagani 19.64 formulis Tf -sTvis amoxsna da cnobili
energiidan modis monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
γ–1
3. vinaidan Sinagani energia mcirdeba, T TiVi (310 K)(12 L)1,4–1
Tf = =
temperaturac mcirdeba. Vf
γ–1
(19 L)1,4–1
sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi mo = (310 K)( 12
19 )
0,4
= 258 K (pasuxi)
culobebs 19.56 formuliT SegviZlia
b) risi tolia saboloo temperatura da
davukavSiroT:
wneva, Tu airis sawyisi wneva 2pa-ia da airi
γ–1 γ–1
TiVi = Tf Vf (19.64) Tavisuflad farTovdeba?
vinaidan molekulebi oratomiania da mxolod amoxsna: Tavisufali gafarToebisas tempe
brunviTi da gadataniTi moZraoba gaaCniaT, 19.3 ratura ar icvleba:
cxrilidan moluri kuTri siTbotevadobebi Tf = Ti = 310K (pasuxi)
SegviZlia aviRoT: axal wnevas 19.63 formuliT gamovTvliT:
7
Cp R Vi 12 L
γ = C = 25 = 1,4. pf = pi V = (2 pa) 19 L = 1,3 pa. (pasuxi)
V 2R f
oTxi procesi
gansakuTrebuli Sedegebi
19.14 suraTis mudmivi
procesis tipi (yoveli traeqtoriisTvis
traeqtoria sidide
ΔES=Q – W da ΔES=nCVΔT)
pV = mudmiva
γ
bamisi CV unda Cajdes. (adiabaturi procesi), (19.53)
Tavisuflebis xarisxebi da CV . CV-s
mniSvnelobas energiis Tanabrad ganwilebis /
sadac γ = Cp CV. Tavisufali gafarToebisas
pV = mudmiva.
Teoremis mixedviT gamovTvliT. am Teoriis
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
wneva (kn/m2)
moimata, xolo temperatura 30°C gaxda, ra abca ciklur pro
moculobas daikavebs airi? dauSviT, rom airi
cess asrulebs. a
ar gaedineba.
wertilSi T = 200 K.
•8. 1,8 moli idealuri airi 30°C-ze izoTermu-
a) ramdeni moli airi
li SekumSvis Sedegad 3m3-dan 1,5 m3 moculobis
gvaqvs nimuSSi? risi moculoba (m3)
gaxda. a) ra odenobis energia gadaica siTbos
saxiT SekumSvis dros? b) energia airs gadaeca tolia b) b wertilSi sur. 19.19. amocana 12.
Tu airidan gamovida? airis temperatura,
sur. 19.18. amocana 10. Seicavs. WurWeli viwro miliT (da daxuruli
sarqveliT) B WurWelTan aris mierTebuli.
••11. 310K-dan 330K-mde
temperaturul
diapazonSi araidealuri airis p wneva V meore WurWlis moculoba pirvelisaze
moculobas da T temperaturas Semdegi for oTxjer metia. B WurWeli 1×10 pa wnevis 400 K 5
naCvenebia airis N
nawilakiani nimuSis
siCqare
siCqareebis hipo
sur. 19.22. amocana 39.
Teturi ganawileba
(gaiTvaliswineT, rom rodesac ν>2ν0, P(ν)=0).
ν (m/wm) risi tolia a) aν0, b) νsaS/ν0 da g) νsaS.kv. /ν0?
d) nawilakebis ra nawils aqvs 1,5ν0-sa da 2ν0-s
sur. 19.21. amocana 34. Soris siCqare? SSM WWW
Cv3 = 20j/moli · K. risi tolia nazavis Cv? SSM paragrafi 19.9. Tavisuflebis xarisxi da
••44. rodesac idealur airs siTbos saxiT moluri kuTri siTbotevadoba
20,9j daemata, misi moculoba 50sm3-dan 100sm3 •48. oratomian airs 70j energia siTbos
gaxda, xolo wneva 1atm-s toli darCa. a) ram- saxiT miewodeba da mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi
deniT Seicvala airis Sinagani energia? Tu farTovdeba. airis molekula brunavs, magram
–3
airis raodenobaa 2×10 moli, risi tolia ar irxeva. ramdeniT gaizarda airis Sinagani
b) Cp da g) CV? energia?
••45. airis molekulis masis gamoTvla mudmi- •49. 0°C temperaturis 1 mol Jangbadis airs
vi moculobis pirobebSi misi cV kuTri siTbo- (O2) mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi acxeleben. ra
tevadobis saSualebiT SeiZleba (yuradReba raodenobis energia unda daematos airs, raTa
miaqcieT, rom es ar aris CV). argonisTvis misi moculoba gaormagdes? (molekulebi
cV=0,075kal/g · C°. gamoTvaleT a) argonis ato brunavs, magram ar irxeva). ILW
mis masa da b) argonis moluri masa. ILW ••50. 12g Jangbadis airi (O2) mudmivi
••46. erTi moli idea a b atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi 25°C-dan
125°C-mde a)
wneva (kn/m )
450°C-mde aseve Tanabari tempiT izrdeba. paragrafi 19.11. idealuri airis adiabaturi
procesis ganmavlobaSi airi Termodinamikuri gafarToeba
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. risi •52. Cven viciT, rom adiabaturi procesisTvis
γ
tolia a) airze Sesrulebuli mTliani muSaoba, PV = mudmiva. 2 moli idealuri airi p = 1 atm
b) airis mier siTbos saxiT STanTqmuli wnevis da T = 300 K temperaturis pirobebSi
mTliani energia da g) procesis moluri adiabatur process ganicdis. gamoTvaleT
kuTri siTbotevadoba? (miniSneba: muSaobis `mudmiva~. dauSviT, rom oratomiani airis
integralis gamosaTvlelad ganusazRvreli molekulebis brunavs, magram ar irxeva.
integrali unda gamoiyenoT: •53. airi 1,2atm wnevis da T = 310 K tempe
a + bx bx aB – bA raturis pirobebSi 4,3 l moculobas ikavebs.
dx = + ln(A + Bx).
A + Bx B B2 Semdeg airi 0,76 l moculobamde adiabaturad
davuSvaT, es procesi or safexurad dayves.
ikumSeba. gamoTvaleT a) saboloo wneva da
pirvel safexurze airis moculoba mudmivi b) saboloo temperatura, Tu airi idealuria
temperaturis pirobebSi mcirdeba, xolo meore da γ = 1,4.
692 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
axali p2 wneva sawyis p0 wnevaze 50,4-jer metia. 73. 250pa mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi SekumSvi-
a) airi erTatomiani, molekulebis brunvis sas, idealuri airis moculoba 0,8m3-dan
gareSe oratomiania, mrbunavis molekulebis 0,2m3-mde mcirdeba. sawyisi temperaturaa
mqone oratomiania Tu mravalatomiani? risi 360 K da airi 210 j siTbos kargavs. risi
tolia molekulaze saSualo kinetikuri en- tolia airis a) Sinagani energiis cvlileba da
b) saboloo temperatura?
ergiis saboloo mniSvnelobis Sefardeba saw-
yis mniSvnelobasTan b) Tavisufali gafarToe- 74. idealuri airi 1,5 moli oratomiani
bis Semdeg da g) adiabaturi SekumSvis Semdeg? molekulebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic brunaven,
magram ar irxevian. molekulis diametri
67. idealur airebSi adiabaturi procesebis
250 pm-ia. airi 1,5×105 pa mudmivi wnevis
dros daamtkiceT, rom a) moculobiTi
pirobebSi farTovdeba da siTbos saxiT 200 j
694 Tavi 19 airebis kinetikuri Teoria
rkveuli airis
nawilakebis si risi tolia siTbos saxiT gadacemuli sruli
CqareTa hipo energia?
siCqare
Teturi gana
sur. 19.27. amocana 89.
wileba: P(ν)=Cν2,
rodesac 0<ν≤ν0 da P(ν)=0, rodesac ν>ν0. gamoT-
valeT a) C-s gamosaxuleba ν0-is saSualebiT,
b) nawilakebis saSualo siCqare da g) nawilake- 400
p (pa)
20 entropia da Termodinamikis
meore kanoni
popkornis yuTis mikrotalRur RumelSi gacxelebisas simindis marcvlebi
fumfula, gemriel saWmelad iqceva da, magaliTad, fexburTis TamaSis
yurebisas Seucvlelia. amis Semdeg marcvlebi macivarSi moaTavseT da
isini uwindebul mdgomareobaSi aRar dabrundebian. ratom ar SeiZleba
procesis ukusvla, Tu videokasetis ukan gadaxveva SesaZlebelia?
entropia energiisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Senaxvis kanons ar emorCileba. daxuruli sistemis
energia inaxeba da yovelTvis mudmivia. Seuqcevadi procesebis SemTxvevaSi daxuruli sistemis
entropia yovelTvis izrdeba. am Tvisebis gamo entropiis cvlilebas xSirad `drois isars~
uwodeben. magaliTad, Cven popkornis nedli marcvlis aalebas drois pirdapir mimarTulebasTan
da entropiis zrdasTan vakavSirebT. drois sapirispiro mimarTuleba (videokasetis ukan
datrialeba) Seesabameba popkornis aalebuli marcvlis sawyis nedl mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas.
vinaidan es Seqceuli procesi entropiis Semcirebas iwvevs, is arasdros moxdeba.
sistemis entropiis cvlileba SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ori ekvivalenturi gziT: 1) sistemis
temperaturis da sistemis mier siTbos saxiT miRebuli an dakarguli energiis saSualebiT da
2) sistemis Semadgeneli atomebis da molekulebis SesaZlo ganlagebaTa daTvlis saSualebiT.
Semdeg paragrafSi pirvel meTods gamoviyenebT, xolo 20.8 paragrafSi – me–2 meTods.
vinaidan Qd = Q, sadac Q aris procesis ganmavlobaSi siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energia,
gveqneba:
Q
ΔS = Sf – Si = (entropiis cvlileba, izoTermuli procesi) (20.2)
T
20.3 suraTze gamosaxuli izoTermuli gafarToebisas airis T temperaturis mudmivobis
SesanarCuneblad, Q siTbo rezervuaridan airisTvis gadacemuli energia unda iyos. maSasadame,
Q dadebiTia da am izoTermuli procesis da 20.1 suraTze gamosaxuli Tavisufali gafarToebisas
airis entropia izrdeba.
saboloo jamSi, Caketil sistemaSi momxdari Seuqcevadi procesis entropiis cvlilebis
gamosaTvlelad, am process nebismieri Seqcevadi procesiT vcvliT, romelic igive sawyis da
saboloo mdgomareobebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. Seqcevadi procesis entropiis cvlilebas
20.1 formuliT gamovTvliT.
rodesac sistemis temperaturis ΔT cvlileba procesamde da procesis Semdeg temperaturebTan
SedarebiT mcirea, entropiis cvlileba Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
Q
ΔS = Sf – Si ≈ , (20.3)
TsaS
sadac TsaS aris procesis ganmavlobaSi sistemis saSualo temperatura kelvinebSi.
dES = dQ – dW.
formulis marcxena mxares 20.1 formuliT gansazRvruli entropiis ΔS (=Sf – Si ) cvlilebaa:
. (20.4)
daxuruli sistemis entropiis cvlileba am ori sididis jamis tolia da nuls udris.
am Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT Cven SegviZlia 20.2 paragrafSi moyvanili postulati ganzogadebuli
postulatiT SevcvaloT, romelic Seuqcevad procesebTan erTad Seqcevad procesebsac
moicavs:
entropia Caketili sistemis erT nawilSi SeiZleba Semcirdes, magram sistemis sxva nawilSi
entropiis ufro meti an Tanabari zrda iqneba da mTliani sistemis entropia arasdros Semcirdeba.
es faqti Termodinamikis meore kanonis erTerT formas warmoadgens da Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba
Caiweros:
metobis niSani Seuqcevad procesebs Seesabameba, xolo tolobis niSani – Seqcevad procesebs.
20.5 formula mxolod Caketili sistemebisTvis gamodgeba.
realur samyaroSi TiTqmis yvela procesi Seuqcevadia, vinaidan xaxuni, turbulenturoba da
mravali sxva faqtori arsebobs. ase rom realur Caketil sistemebSi da realur procesebSi
entropia yovelTvis izrdeba. procesebi, rodesac sistemis entropia mudmivia, yovelTvis
idealizebulia.
704 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni 704
Cven aqcents gavakeTebT karnos Zravad wodebul idealur Zravaze, romelic 1824 wels frangma
mecnierma da inJinerma n. l. sadi karnom gamoigona. amgvari idealuri Zrava siTbos saxiT
energias saukeTesod iyenebs da sasargeblo muSaobas asrulebs. gasakviria, magram karnom Zravas
moqmedebis analizi Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis da entropiis cnebis aRmoCenamde SeZlo.
20.7 suraTze naCvenebia karnos Zravas moqmedebis sqema. TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi muSa
sxeuli TH mudmivi temperaturis siTburi rezervuaridan
energias |QH| siTbos saxiT STanTqavs da TL ufro mcire
temperaturis meore siTbur rezervuars energias |QL|
siTbos saxiT gadascems.
20.8 suraTze naCvenebia muSa sxeulis mier ganvlili ciklis
anu karnos ciklis p–V grafiki. rogorc isrebi mianiSneben,
cikli saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT sruldeba.
warmoidgineT, rom muSa sxeuli moZravi datvirTuli
dguSiT aRWurvil izolirebul cilindrSi moTavsebuli
airia. cilindri 20.6 suraTis msgavsad oridan erT-erT
siTbur rezervuarze an maizolirebel firfitaze SeiZleba
sur. 20.8. 20.7 suraTze gamosaxuli
moTavsdes. 20.8 suraTze Cans, rom Tu cilindrs TH maRali karnos Zravas muSa sxeulis ciklis
temperaturis mqone rezervuarTan moviyvanT kontaqtSi, wneva–moculobis grafiki. cikli
ori izoTermuli (ab da cd) da ori
maSin rezervuaridan muSa sxeuls |QH| siTbo gadaecema
adiabaturi procesisgan (bc da da)
da airi Va moculobidan Vb moculobamde izoTermulad Sedgeba. cikliT SemosazRvruli
farTovdeba. aseTive principiT, Tu muSa sxeuli TL gamuqebuli are karnos Zravas mier erT
ciklSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa.
SedarebiT naklebi temperaturis mqone rezervuarTan
20.5. entropia realur samyaroSi: Zravebi 705
iqneba kontaqtSi, |QL| siTbo muSa sxeulidan rezervuars gadaecema da airi Vc moculobidan Vd
moculobamde izoTermulad SeikumSeba.
20.7 suraTze gamosaxuli ZravasTvis davuSviT, rom muSa sxeulisken an muSa sxeulidan siTbo
mxolod 20.8 suraTze gamosaxuli ab da cd izoTermuli procesebis dros gadaicema. aqedan
gamomdinare, TH da TL temperaturis izoTermebis damakavSirebuli bc da da procesebi Seqcevadi
adiabaturi procesebia anu energia siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema. amis dasadastureblad, bc da da
procesis ganmavlobaSi cilindri maizolirebel firfitaze Tavsdeba da muSa sxeulis moculoba
icvleba.
20.8 suraTze gamosaxuli ab da bc mimdevrobiTi procesebis dros muSa sxeuli farTovdeba da
datvirTuli dguSis awevaze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs. 20.8 suraTze muSaoba grafikis abc
monakveTis qvemoT aris gamosaxuli. cd da da mimdevrobiTi procesebis ganmavlobaSi muSa sxeuli
ikumSeba da garemoze uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs anu datvirTuli dguSis qvemoT Camosvlisas
garemo masze muSaobas asrulebs. es muSaoba grafikis cda monakveTis qvemoT aris warmodgenili.
20.7 da 20.8 suraTze naCvenebi ciklis ganmavlobaSi W sruli muSaoba am or ares Soris sxvaobaa
da dadebiTi sididea, romelic 20.8 suraTze abcda ciklis SigniT moqceuli gamuqebuli aris
tolia. W muSaoba raime gare sxeulze, magaliTad asawev tvirTze, sruldeba.
20.1 formulis (ΔS = dQ / T ) Tanaxmad, siTbos saxiT energiis nebismieri gadacema entropiis
cvlilebasac moicavs. karnos ZravasTvis entropiis cvlilebis sailustraciod temperatura–
entropiis diagramaze (T–S) karnos ciklis grafiki avagoT (sur. 20.9). a, b, c da d wertilebi 20.8
suraTze gamosaxuli p–V diagramis wertilebs Seesabameba. ori horizontaluri wrfe karnos
ciklis ori izoTermuli procesis Sesabamisia (vinaidan temperatura mudmivia). ab procesi
ciklis izoTermuli gafarToebaa. vinaidan TH mudmiv temperaturaze gafarToebis dros muSa
sxeuli energias |QH| siTbos saxiT STanTqavs (Seqcevadad), misi entropia izrdeba. cd izoTermuli
SekumSvisas muSa sxeuli TL mudmiv temperaturaze energias |QL| siTbos saxiT kargavs da misi
entropia mcirdeba.
20.9 suraTze gamosaxuli ori vertikaluri wrfe karnos ciklis or adiabatur process
Seesabameba. vinaidan am procesis ganmavlobaSi energia siTbos saxiT ar gadaicema, muSa sxeulis
entropia ucvlelia.
muSaoba. ciklis ganmavlobaSi karnos Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamosaTvlelad
Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis 18.26 formula (ΔES=Q–W) muSa sxeulisTvis gamoviyenoT.
sxeuli ciklis pirobiTad arCeul mdgomareobas kvlav da kvlav unda daubrundes. Tu X
aris muSa sxeulis mdgomareobis maxasiaTeblis (wnevis, temperaturis, moculobis, Sinagani
energiis an entropiis) amsaxveli, yoveli ciklisTvis ΔX = 0. maSasadame, muSa sxeulis mTliani
ciklisTvis ΔES=0. gavixsenoT, rom 18.26 formulaSi Q aris ciklis ganmavlobaSi siTbos sruli
gadacema, xolo W – sruli muSaoba da karnos ciklisTvis
Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
temperatura T
radgan energia muSa sxeulidan |QL| siTbos saxiT gamodis (entropia mcirdeba). vinaidan entropia
mdgomareobis funqciaa, erTi sruli ciklisTvis ΔS=0. 20.7 formulaSi ΔS=0 Casmis Sedegad
gveqneba:
|QH| |QL|
= . (20.8)
TH TL
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom vinaidan TH>TL, maSin |QH|>|QL|; anu maRali temperaturis mqone
rezervuaridan ufro meti energia gamodis siTbos saxiT, vidre naklebi temperaturis mqone
rezervuars miewodeba.
amjerad 20.6 da 20.8 formulebs gamoviyenebT, raTa karnos Zravas margi qmedebis koeficientis
gamosaxuleba miviRoT.
stirlingis Zrava
20.11 formula 20.8 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavs yvela karnos Zravas miesadageba da ara yvela
warmosaxviT Zravas. magaliTad, 20.12 suraTze naCvenebia warmosaxviTi Zravas – stirlingis
Zravas _ samuSao cikli. 20.8 suraTze gamosaxul karnos ciklTan Sedareba aCvenebs, rom
TiToeuli Zrava TH da TL temperaturebze siTbos izoTermulad gadascems. stirlingis Zravas
ciklis ori izoTerma karnos Zravas msgavsad adiabaturi procesiT ki ar aris dakavSirebuli,
aramed mudmivi moculobis procesebiT. airis temperaturis mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
TL-dan TH -mde Seqcevadi saxiT gasazrdelad (da procesi 20.12 suraTze) siTburi rezervuaridan
muSa sxeulze energia siTbos saxiT unda gadaices, siTburi rezervuaris temperatura ki am
areSi unda icvlebodes. garda amisa, bc procesSic Seqcevadi gadacemaa saWiro. maSasadame,
siTbos Seqcevadi gadacema (da entropiis Sesabamisi cvlileba) stirlingis Zravas ciklis
oTxive procesSi xdeba da ara karnos Zravas msgavsad mxolod
or procesSi. aqedan gamomdinare, 20.11 formulis misaRebad
gamoyenebuli gamoTvlebi stirlingis warmosaxviTi ZravasTvis
ar gamodgeba. ufro metic, stirlingis warmosaxviTi Zravas
margi qmedebis koeficienti igive or temperaturaze moqmed
karnos ZravasTan SedarebiT naklebia. stirlingis realuri
Zravebis margi qmedebis koeficienti kidev ufro naklebia.
stirlingis Zrava 1816 wels robert stirlingma Seqmna.
es Zrava karga xnis ganmavlobaSi ugulebelyofili iyo,
magram dResdReobiT avtomobilebsa da TviTmfrinavebSi
gamoiyeneba.
sakontrolo wertili 3. karnos sami Zrava rezervuarebis a) 400 da 500K, b) 600 da 800K da
g) 400 da 600K temperaturebze moqmedebs. daalageT Zravebi margi qmedebis koeficientebis
mixedviT dididan mcireze.
a) risi tolia Zravas margi qmedebis koefi amoxsna: karnos ZravasTvis ciklis ganmav
cienti? lobaSi Sesrulebuli W muSaoba siTbos saxiT
gadacemuli energiebis |QH| – |QL| sxvaobis
amoxsna: karnos Zravas ε margi qmedebis
tolia, maSasadame:
koeficienti mxolod siTburi rezervuarebis
|QL| = |QH| – W
temperaturebis TL/TH Sefardebazea damoki
= 1855j – 1200j = 655j (pasuxi)
debuli. maSasadame, 20.11 formula mogvcems:
TL 300 K e) ramdeniT icvleba muSa sxeulis entropia
εC = 1 – =1– = 0,647 ≈ 65% (pasuxi)
TH 850 K maRali temperaturis rezervuaridan miRe
buli energiis Sedegad da dabal temperaturis
b) risi tolia Zravas saSualo simZlavre?
rezervuarze energiis gadacemis Sedegad?
amoxsna: Zravas P saSualo simZlavre ciklis
amoxsna: T mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobis cik
Q siTbos saxiT energiis gadacemisas
lis t drosTan Sefardebaa:
entropiis ΔS cvlileba20.2 formuliT
W 1200 j (ΔS = Q/T) gamoiTvleba. maSasadame, TH maRali
P= = = 4800 W = 4,8 kW. (pasuxi)
t 0,25 wm temperaturis rezervuaridan miRebuli QH
g) ra raodenobis |QH| energias iRebs siTbos dadebiTi siTbosTvis muSa sxeulis entropiis
saxiT karnos Zrava maRali temperaturis cvlilebaa:
rezervuaridan TiToeuli ciklis ganmavlo QH 1855 j
ΔSH = = = +2,18 j/K (pasuxi)
baSi? TH 850 K
aseve TL dabali temperaturis rezervua
amoxsna: nebismieri Zravas da maT Soris kar-
risTvis gadacemuli QL uaryofiTi siTbosTvis
nos Zravas ε margi qmedebis koeficienti
gveqneba:
ciklSi Sesrulebuli W muSaobis ciklis gan-
QL –655 j
ΔSL = = –2,18 j/K (pasuxi)
300 K =
mavlobaSi maRali temperaturis rezervuari-
TL
dan siTbos saxiT miRebul |QH| energiasTan Se-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom erTi sruli ciklis
/
fardebaa (ε = W |QH|):
ganmavlobaSi muSa sxeulis entropiis
W 1200 j sruli cvlileba nulis tolia, rogorc 20.8
|QH| = ε = = 1855 j. (pasuxi)
0,647
formulis miRebisas ganvsazRvreT.
sur. 20.13. macivris elementebi. centralur maryuJze gavlebuli ori Savi isari
ciklSi moqmed muSa sxeuls p–V grafikis msgavsad asaxavs. dabali temperaturis
rezervuaridan QL energia siTbos saxiT muSa sxeuls gadaecema. muSa sxeulidan
maRali temperaturis rezervuars QH energia siTbos saxiT miewodeba. W muSaoba
macivarze (muSa sxeulze) sruldeba.
710 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni
gadacema karnos Zravas sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT xdeba. msgavs idealur macivars karnos
macivars vuwodebT.
macivris Semqmnelis survili dabali temperaturis rezervuaridan maqsimaluri |QL| energiis
minimaluri |W| muSaobis saSualebiT miRebaa. macivris moqmedebis efeqturoba ase izomeba:
|QL|
K= (moqmedebis koeficienti, nebismieri macivari) , (20.12)
|W|
sadac K aris macivris moqmedebis koeficienti. karnos macivrisTvis Termodinamikis pirveli
kanonia |W| = |QH| – |QL|, sadac |QH| aris maRali temperaturis rezervuarisTvis gadacemuli
energia. 20.12 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
|QL|
K= (20.13)
|QH| – |QL|
vinaidan karnos macivari karnos Zravas Sebrunebulad moqmedi mowyobilobaa, 20.8 da 20.13
formulebi gavaerTianoT da mcire gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
TL
KC = (macivris moqmedebis koeficienti, karnos macivari) (20.14)
TH – TL
oTaxis tipiuri sahaero kondicionerebisTvis K≈2,5. saxlis macivrebisTvis K≈5. rac ufro
axlosaa ori rezervuaris temperatura, miT metia K–s mniSvneloba. swored amitom, zomieri
klimatis pirobebSi siTburi tumboebi ufro efeqturia, vidre iseT dros, rodesac gare
temperatura sasurvel Sida temperaturaze bevrad naklebia.
mSvenieri iqneba iseTi macivris Seqmna, romelsac muSaobis miwodeba anu CarTva ar dasWirdebo-
da. 20.14 suraTze naCvenebia kidev erTi `gamomgoneblis ocneba~ – srulyofili macivari (meore
gvaris perpetuum mobile), romelsac civi rezervuaridan Tbil rezervuarze energia Q siTbos
saxiT muSaobis saWiroebis gareSe gadaaqvs. vinaidan macivari ciklebSi moqmedebs, muSa sxeulis
entropia sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba. samagi-
TH
erod ori rezervuaris entropia icvleba. civi rezervuaris
entropiis cvlilebaa –|Q|/TL, xolo Tbili rezervuaris – Q
+|Q|/TH . maSasadame, mTliani sistemis entropiis cvlilebaa:
|Q| |Q|
ΔS = – +
TL TH
vinaidan TH>TL , formulis marjvena mxare uaryofiTia da
macivari+rezervuarebi daxuruli sistemis entropiis Q
cvlileba ciklis ganmavlobaSi agreTve uaryofiTia.
entropiis Semcireba Termodinamikis meore kanons (20.5 TL
formula) arRvevs da amitom srulyofili macivari (meore sur. 20.14. srulyofili macivris
gvaris perpetuum mobile) ar arsebobs (macivari unda (meore gvaris perpetuum mobile)
CarToT). elementebi. macivars dabali tem
peraturis rezervuaridan maRali
miRebul Sedegebs Termodinamikis meore kanonis alterna-
temperaturis rezervuarze energia
tiul versiamde mivyavarT: muSaobis gareSe gadaaqvs.
vinaidan X Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba karnos macivarze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia,
20.6 formuliT gansazRvruli Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni mogvcems:
|QH| – |QL| = |Q´H | – |Q´L | ,
romelic asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
karnos
macivari
sur. 20.15. a) X Zrava karnos macivars
Zrava
amuSavebs. b) Tu X Zravis margi qmedebis
srulyofili koeficienti karnos Zravaze metia,
macivari
maSin a)–ze naCvenebi gaerTianeba b)–ze
naCvenebi srulyofili macivris (meore
gvaris perpetuum mobile) msgavsia. es
Termodinamikis meore kanons arRvevs,
amitom X Zravas karnos Zravaze meti margi
qmedebis koeficienti ar SeiZleba hqondes.
(a) (b)
712 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni
20.16 suraTze naCvenebia airis eqvsi identuri sur. 20.16. izolirebuli yuTi airis
molekulis Semcveli yuTi. mocemuli molekula drois eqvs molekulas Seicavs. yuTis marcxena
an marjvena mxareSi moxvedris albaToba
nebismier momentSi yuTis marcxena an marjvena mxareSi TiToeuli molekulisTvis Tanabaria.
iqneba. vinaidan yuTis orive naxevaris moculoba erTi a) SemTxveva 20.1 cxrilis III ganlagebas
da igivea, molekulis romelime mxareSi moxvedris Seesabameba, xolo b) SemTxveva – IV
ganlagebas.
albaToba Tanabaria.
20.1 cxrilSi mocemulia eqvsi molekulis Svidi SesaZlo ganlageba da yvela maTgani romauli
ricxviTaa danomrili. magaliTad, pirvel ganlagebaSi eqvsive molekula yuTis marcxena mxarezea
(n1=6) da arc erTi maTgani marjvena mxareze ar aris (n2=0). nebismieri ganlageba ramdenime
meTodiT SeiZleba miviRoT. molekulebis sxvadasxvagvar ganlagebebs mikromdgomareobebs
vuwodebT. modiT gamovTvaloT mocemuli ganlagebis Sesabamisi mikromdgomareobebis ricxvi.
cxrili 20.1
yuTSi moTavsebuli eqvsi molekula
I 6 0 1 6!/(6! 0!) = 1 0
II 5 1 6 6!/(5! 1!) = 6 2,47
III 4 2 15 6!/(4! 2!) = 15 3,74
IV 3 3 20 6!/(3! 3!) = 20 4,13
V 2 4 15 6!/(2! 4!) = 15 3,74
VI 1 5 6 6!/(1! 5!) = 6 2,47
VII 0 6 1 6!/(0! 6!) = 1 0
sul = 64
davuSvaT N mTliani raodenobis molekulebis n1 ricxvi yuTis erT mxarezea, xolo n2 ricxvi –
meore mxareze (n1+n2=N). modiT warmovidginoT, rom molekulebs `xeliT~ vanawilebT. Tu N=6,
pirveli molekula eqvsi meTodiT anu eqvsidan erT-erTi molekula SegviZlia avirCioT. meore
molekula xuTi meTodiT anu darCenili xuTidan SegviZlia avirCioT da a.S. eqvsi molekulis
20.8. entropiis statistikuri ganxilva 713
arCevis meTodebis mTliani ricxvi am meTodebis ricxvebis namravlis tolia 6×5×4×3×2×1=720.
maTematikurad SegviZlia CavweroT 6!=720, sadac 6! `eqvsis faqtorialia~. Tqvens kalkulators
faqtorialebis gamoTvla albaT SeuZlia. mogvianebiT dagvWirdeba codna, rom 0!=1.
vinaidan molekulebis erTmaneTisgan garCeva SeuZlebelia 720–ve ganlageba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli ar aris. magaliTad, rodesac n1=4 da n2=2 (III ganlageba 20.1 cxrilSi), yuTis
erTerT mxares garkveul oTx molekulas rogori TanmimdevrobiT CavawyobT mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
oTxi molekulis Cawyobis TanmimdevrobaTa ricxvi 4!=24 udris, xolo yuTis meore naxevarSi ori
molekulis Cawyobis TanmimdevrobaTa ricxvi 2!=2 tolia. gansxvavebuli ganlagebebis ricxvis
misaRebad 720 unda gavyoT 24-ze da agreTve 2-ze. Sedegad miRebul sidides, romelic mocemuli
makroskopuli ganlagebis Sesabamisi mikromdgomareobebis ricxvia, ganlagebis W jeradobas
vuwodebT. maSasadame III ganlagebisTvis:
6! 720
WIII = = = 15.
4! 2! 24×2
e.i. 20.1 cxrilis III ganlagebas 15 gansxvavebuli mikromdgomareoba Seesabameba. aseve
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Svid ganlagebaze ganawilebuli eqvsi molekulisTvis mikromdgomareobebis
mTliani raodenobaa 64.
eqvsi molekulidan N raodenobis molekulebis zogad SemTxvevaze eqstrapolireba mogvcems:
N!
W= (ganlagebis jeradoba) (20.18)
n1! n2!
SeamowmeT gvaZlevs Tu ara 20.18 formula 20.1 cxrilSi mocemuli ganlagebis jeradobebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu 20.16 suraTze gamosaxul yuTSi moZrav eqvs molekulas
bevr fotosuraTs gadavuRebT da TiToeuli mikromdgomareobis raodenobas davTvliT,
aRmoCndeba, rom 64-ve mikromdgomareoba Tanabari sixSiriT xdeba. maSasadame, sistema TiToeul
mikromdgomareobaSi saSualod Tanabar dros gaatarebs.
TiToeuli mikromdgomareoba Tanabrad mosalodnelia, magram sxvadasxva ganlagebebs sxvadasxva
raodenobis mikromdgomareobebi aqvT, amitom yvela ganlageba Tanabrad mosalodneli ar aris.
20.1 cxrilis IV ganlagebas 20 mikromdgomareoba gaaCnia da yvelaze ufro mosalodnelia. misi
albaTobaa 20/64=0,313. es niSnavs, rom sistema IV ganlagebaSi drois 31,3%–s atarebs. I da VII
ganlagebebi, romlebSic yvela molekula yuTis erT mxareSia ganlagebuli, yvelaze ufro
naklebad mosalodnelia da maTi albaTobaa 1/64=0,016 anu 1,6%. gasakviri ar aris, rom swored is
ganlagebaa yvelaze ufro mosalodneli, romelSic molekulebi yuTis orive mxareze Tanabarad
nawildeba, vinaidan siTburi wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi zustad aseT ganlagebas movelodebiT.
sakmaod ucnauria, rom arsebobs mcire, magram mainc albaToba, rodesac yvela molekula yuTis
erT mxareSi moiyris Tavs da meore naxevari carieli darCeba.
W mikromdgomareobaTa ricxvi
N–is didi mniSvnelobebisTvis mikromdgomareobebis ricxvi Zalian didia, Tumca TiTqmis yvela
mikromdgomareoba iseT ganlagebas Seesabameba, rodesac molekulebi yuTis orive mxareze
Tanabrad nawildeba (sur. 20.17). marTalia airis gazomili temperatura da wneva mudmivi rCeba,
magram airi “moZraobs” da misi molekulebi yvela SesaZlo mikromdgomareobebs Tanabari
albaTobiT gadian. miuxedavad amisa, 20.17 suraTis centraluri ganlagebis piks gareT Zalian
mcire raodenobis mikromdgomareobaa da amitom SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom airis molekulebi
yuTis orive mxares yovelTvis Tanabrad arian ganawilebulni. mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, rom
swored am ganlagebas aqvs udidesi entropia.
albaToba da entropia
1877 wels, avstrielma fizikosma ludvig bolcmanma airis ganlagebis S entropiasa da am
ganlagebis W jeradobis Soris damokidebuleba gamoiyvana:
sakontrolo wertili 5. yuTi 1 mol airs Seicavs. ganixileT ori ganlageba: a) yuTis
orive naxevarSi molekulebis Tanabari raodenobaa da b) yuTis TiToeuli mesamedi nawili
molekulaTa erT mesameds Seicavs. romeli ganlagebis mikromdgomareobaTa ricxvia meti?
mimoxilva da Sejameba
muSaobis saWiroebis gareSe mTlianad gada erT mxareSi, xolo n2 – molekulebis raodenoba
ecema. msgavsi macivari Termodinamikis me yuTis meore mxareSi. statistikuri meqanikis
ore kanons arRvevs, romelic asec SeiZleba ZiriTadi daSveba imaSi mdgomareobs,
amocanebi
paragrafi 20.3. entropiis cvlileba
•1. 4 moli idealuri airi T = 400 K temp
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Manual-Si. eraturaze Vi sawyisi moculobidan V2 = 2V1
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze saboloo moculobamde Seqcevadad izoTer
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
mulad farTovdeba. gamoTvaleT a) airis mier
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley. Sesrulebuli muSaoba da b) airis entropiis
com/college/halliday.
cvlileba. g) Tu gafarToeba Seqcevadia da
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs
• – ••• izoTermulis nacvlad adiabaturia, risi
amocanis sirTules
tolia airis entropiis cvlileba? SSM
719
•2. ra raodenobis energia unda gadaeces ••9. 20.5 suraTze naCvenebia Seuqcevadi
siTbos saxiT 132°C temperaturis idealur procesi, rodesac 305,5 da 294,5K tempera
airs, raTa Seqcevadi izoTermuli gafarToebis turebis mqone identur L da R blokebs Soris
dros airis entropia 46j/K–iT gaizardos? 215j energia unda gadaices, raTa wonasworuli
•3. 2,5 moli idealuri airi 360K temperaturaze mdgomareoba damyardes. 20.6 suraTze gamo
Seqcevadad da izoTermulad farTovdeba saxuli Seqcevadi procesebisTvis risi toli
vidre misi moculoba gaormagdeba. ramdeniT a) L blokis, b) misi WurWlis, g) R blokis,
izrdeba airis entropia? ILW d) misi WurWlis, e) ori blokisgan Semdgari
•4. a) risi tolia 12g yinulis kubis entropi- sistemis da v) ori blokisa da ori WurWlisgan
is cvlileba, Tu yinuli wyalSi, romlis tem- Semdgari sistemis ΔS?
peratura wylis gayinvis temperaturaze od- ••10. 364g bloki siTbur rezervuarTan
nav metia, mTlianad dneba? b) risi tolia 5g kontaqtSia. Tavdapirvelad blokis tempera
wylis entropiis cvlileba, Tu wyali gaxure- tura rezervuaris temperaturaze mcirea.
bul firfitaze, romlis temperatura wylis dauSviT, rom rezervuaridan blokze
duRilis temperatura odnav metia, mTlianad energiis siTbos saxiT gadacema Seqcevadia.
orTqlad iqceva? 20.23 suraTze naCvenebia blokis entropiis
•5. 2kg spilenZis blokis temperatura ΔS cvlileba siTburi wonasworobis dam
25°C-dan 100°C-mde Seqcevadad izrdeba. yarebamde. risi tolia blokis kuTri siTbo
risi tolia a) siTbos saxiT STanTqmuli tevadoba?
energia da b) entropiis cvlileba? spilenZis
kuTri siTbotevadobaa 386j/kg · K. ILW
•6. idealuri airi 77°C temperaturaze
ganicdis Seqcevad izoTermul gafarToebas
da misi moculoba 1,3l-dan 3,4l-mde izrdeba.
airis entropiis cvlilebaa 22j/K. ramdeni
moli airia?
••7. 100°C temperaturis 200g alumini sur. 20.23. amocana 10.
WWW / / /
a) p2 p1, b) p3 p1 da g) T3 T1?
1 → 2 traeqtoriisTvis
••8. airis nimuSi Seqcevadad izoTermul
risi tolia d) W/nRT1, sur. 20.24. amocana 11.
gafarToebas ganicdis. 20.22 suraTze naCve
e) Q/nRT1, v) ΔES /nRT1 da
nebia airis entropiis ΔS cvlilebis airis
z) ΔS/ nR? 2→3 traeqtoriisTvis risi tolia
Vf saboloo moculobaze damokidebulebis
T) W/ nRT1, i) Q/ nRT1, k) ΔES / nRT1 da l) ΔS/ nR?
grafiki. ramdeni molia nimuSSi?
3→1 traeqtoriisTvis risi tolia m) W/ nRT1,
n) Q/ nRT1, o) ΔES / nRT1 da p) ΔS/ nR?
•12. Zalian dabal temperaturaze mrava-
li myari sxeulis moluri siTbotevadoba
daaxloebiT aris CV= A T 3 , sadac A niv
Tierebazea damokidebuli. aluminisTvis
sur. 20.22.
A=3,15×10–5j/moli · K4. gamoTvaleT 4 moli
amocana 8.
720 Tavi 20 entropia da Termodinamikis meore kanoni
wneva
yuTSi moaTavses. a) risi tolia ori blo
kisgan Semdgari sistemis wonasworuli suraTze gamosa
temperatura? b) risi tolia sistemis Sinagani xuli abc traeq
energiis cvlileba sawyis da wonasworul toriis gavliT a moculoba
mdgomareobebs Soris? g) risi tolia sistemis mdgomareobidan c sur. 20.26. amocana 18.
wneva
rebs Soris muSaobs da ciklis ganmavlobaSi g) airis mier Ses-
maRal temperaturaze 6,3×10 j energias STan
4 rulebuli sruli
energia gadaicema. b) icvleba Tu ara Reros 54. 80°C temperaturis da 600g masis spilen-
entropia? Zis naWeri izolirebul WurWelSi Casx-
51. dedamiwis qerqSi, erT–erT polusTan mul 10°C temperaturis da 70g masis wyalSi
axlos Rrma Saxti gaTxares. polusis Caagdes (kuTri siTbotevadobebisTvis ix. 18.3
zedapiris temperaturaa –40°C, xolo Saxtis cxrili). a) risi tolia spilenZisa da wylis-
siRrmeze temperaturaa 8000C. a) risi tolia am gan Semdgari sistemis wonasworuli tempera-
or temperaturas Soris momuSave Zravas margi tura? risi tolia b) spilenZis, g) wylis da
qmedebis koeficientis Teoriuli zRvari? d) spilenZisa da wylisgan Semdgari sistemis
b) Tu dabali temperaturis rezervuarze entropiis cvlileba, rodesac sistema wona
siTbos saxiT gadacemuli energiis mTliani sworul temperaturas miaRwevs?
raodenoba –40°C temperaturis yinulis 55. 0,55 moli idealuri airi qvemoT CamoT-
725
vlil oTx SemTxvevaSi izoTermulad da 61. sami nawilakisgan Semdgari A sistema da
Seqcevadad farTovdeba. risi tolia airis xuTi nawilakisgan Semdgari B sistema 20.16
entropiis cvlileba TiToeul mdgomareoba- suraTze gamosaxulis magvar yuTebSia mo
Si? Tavsebuli. risi tolia a) A sistemis da b) B
SemTxveva (a) (b) (g) (d) sistemis umciresi W jeradoba? risi tolia
temperatura (K) 250 350 400 450 g) A-s da d) B-s udidesi W jeradoba? risi
sawyisi moculoba (sm3) 0,2 0 ,2 0,3 0,3 tolia e) A-s da v) B-s udidesi entropia?
saboloo moculoba (sm3) 0,8 0 ,8 1,2 1,2
62. organul sawvavze momuSave eleqtro
56. risi tolia 3,2 moli idealuri erTato- sadguri saaTis ganmavlobaSi 380 metrul
miani airis entropiis cvlileba, romlis tona qvanaxSirs moiTxovs, raTa sasargeblo
temperatura mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi muSaoba 750 mgvt simZlavriT Seasrulos.
380K-dan 425K-mde Seqcevadad izrdeba? gamoTvaleT sadguris margi qmedebis koe-
57. 0,6kg masis wylis nimuSi Tavdapirvelad ficienti. qvanaxSiris wvis kuTri siTboa
727
728 Tavi 21 eleqtruli muxti
modiT, moviyvanoT magaliTi, Tu rogor SeuZlia gamtarobas sagnis zedmeti muxtvis gabaTileba.
rodesac spilenZis Reros matylTan axaxunebT, muxti matylidan Reroze gadadis. Tu Rero
giWiravT da, amavdroulad, onkans exebiT, Rero ar daimuxteba, vinaidan Rero da onkani gamtarebia
da dedamiwis zedapirs milebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. zedmeti muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs
da pirveli maTgani Reros, Tqveni sxeulis, onkanisa da milis gavliT dedamiwis zedapirs miaRwevs,
sadac muxti ganibneva. procesis Sedegad Rero eleqtrulad neitraluri rCeba.
Tu dedamiwis zedapirsa da sagans Soris gamtarebisgan Semdgar biliks gavakeTebT, sagans
damiwebuli, xolo sagnis neitralizacias (daubalansebeli dadebiTi an uaryofiTi muxtebis
mocilebas) ganmuxtva ewodeba. Tu spilenZis Reros xelis nacvlad izolirebuli saxeluriT
daiWerT, maSin dedamiwisken denis gamtari biliki gamoiricxeba (muxti Reroze rCeba) da, vidre
xeliT ar SeexebiT, Rero xaxunis Sedegad daimuxteba.
gamtarebis da dieleqtrikebis maxasiaTeblebs atomebis struqtura da eleqtruli buneba
gansazRvravs. atomebi dadebiTad damuxtuli protonebisgan, uaryofiTad damuxtuli
eleqtronebisgan da eleqtroneitraluri neitronebisgan Sedgeba. protonebi da neitronebi
centralur birTvSi mWidrod arian ganlagebuli.
erTi eleqtronis da erTi protonis muxti sididiT erTi da igive, xolo niSniT sawinaaRmdego.
aqedan gamomdinare, eleqtrulad neitraluri atomi eleqtronebis da protonebis Tanabar
raodenobas Seicavs. eleqtronebi birTvTan axlos mdebareoben da, vinaidan maTi eleqtruli
niSani birTvSi ganlagebuli protonebis niSnis sawinaaRmdegoa, birTvisken miizidebian.
rodesac spilenZis magvari gamtaris atomebi myar sxeuls qmnian, atomis birTvidan yvelaze
moSorebiT ganlagebuli eleqtroni advilad swydeba Tavis atoms da myar sxeulSi Tavisuflad
gadaadgildeba. Sesabamisad, atomi dadebiTad imuxteba (xdeba dadebiTi ioni). moZrav
eleqtronebs gamtarobis eleqtronebs vuwodebT. aragamtarSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis
raodenoba mcirea.
21.4 suraTze gamosaxul eqsperimentSi naCvenebia rogor moZraobs gamtarSi muxti. uaryofiTad
damuxtuli plastmasis Rero izolirebuli neitraluri spilenZis Reros orive bolos miizidavs.
spilenZis RerosTan ufro axlos mdebare boloze ganlagebuli gamtarobis eleqtronebs
plastmasis Reros uaryofiTi muxti ganizidavs. gamtarobis eleqtronebis nawili spilenZis
Reros Soreuli bolosken gadaadgildeba, meore bolo eleqtronebisgan icleba da dadebiT
muxts iZens. es dadebiTi muxti plastmasis Reros uaryofiTi muxtis mier miizideba. spilenZis
Rero kvlav neitraluria da mas inducirebuli muxtis mqone ewodeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mis
gareT, axlomdebare muxtis Sedegad spilenZis Reros dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis nawilebi
gancalkevdnen.
Tu dadebiTad damuxtul minis Reros eleqtroneitraluri spilenZis Reros romelime
bolosTan mivitanT, spilenZis Reros gamtarobis eleqtronebi am bolosken miizideba, bolo
uaryofiTad daimuxteba, xolo meore bolo dadebiTad damuxtulia da spilenZis Rero kvlav
inducirebuli muxtis mqonea. miuxedavad imisa, rom spilenZis Rero kvlav neitraluria, is da
minis Rero erTmaneTs miizidaven.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom uaryofiTi muxtis mqone gamtarobis eleqtronebs moZraoba SeuZlia,
xolo dadebiTi ionebi uZravia. maSasadame, sagani dadebiTad mxolod maSin imuxteba, rodesac
mas uaryofiT muxtebs movaSorebT.
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi 731
=
1, t 12
+ 13
+ 14
+ 15
+...+ 1n
. (21.7)
sadac, magaliTad 14
aris pirvel nawilakze moqmedi meoTxe nawilakis arsebobiT gamowveuli
Zala. igive formula miesadageba mizidulobis Zalasac.
saboloo jamSi, mizidulobis SeswavlisTvis gamosadegi Teoremis analogi eleqtrostatikaSic
gvxvdeba:
Tanabrad damuxtuli garsi mis gareT mdebare damuxtul nawilaks ise miizidavs an
ganizidavs, TiTqos garsis muxti centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
(pirvel TeoremaSi vuSvebT, rom garsis muxti nawilakis muxtze bevrad metia. am SemTxvevaSi
nawilakis muxtis Sedegad garsze muxtis gadanawileba SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT).
Tu sferos formis liTonis garsidan uaryofiT muxts movaSorebT, dadebiTi muxti sferos
zedapirze aseve Tanabrad ganawildeba. magaliTad, n raodenobis eleqtronebis mocilebis
Sedegad garsze Tanabrad gavrcelebuli dadebiTi muxtis n adgili gaCndeba. garsis pirveli
Teoremis Tanaxmad, garsi gare muxts kvlav ise miizidavs an ganizidavs, TiTqmos misi muxti
centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
da ra mimarTulebisaa es Zala?
amoxsna: vinaidan orive nawilaki dadebiTadaa
(g)
damuxtuli, meore nawilaki pirvels 21.4
formuliT mocemuli ZaliT ganizidavs.
maSasadame, 12
Zala meore nawilakidan (d) (v)
moSorebiTaa mimarTuli, x RerZis uaryofiTi sur. 21.8. a) q1 da q2 muxtis mqone nawilakebi x RerZzea
mimarTulebiT, rogorc es Cans Cans 21.8b ganlagebuli b) pirveli nawilakis Tavisufali
suraTze gamosaxul Tavisufali sxeulis sxeulis diagrama. naCvenebia meore nawilakidan masze
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala. g) damatebulia
grafikze. 21.4 formulaSi r-is nacvlad mesame nawilaki d) pirveli nawlakis Tavisufali
R manZili CavsvaT da F12 Zalis sidides sxeulis diagrama. e) damatebulia meoTxe nawilaki.
gamovTvliT: v) pirveli nawilakis Tavisufali sxeulis diagrama
1 |q1||q2|
F12 = q3 = –3,2×10–19k da pirveli nawilakisgan 3/4R
4πε0 r 2
(1,6×10 –19
k) (3,2×10–19
k) manZiliTaa daSorebuli. risi tolia meore da
= (8,99×109 n·m2/k2) ×
(0,02 m)2 mesame nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze moqmedi
= 1,15×10–24 n. tolqmedi Zala?
1,t
maSasadame, 12
Zalis sidide da mimarTulebaa amoxsna: mesame nawilakis arseboba meore
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi): nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze moqmed
1,15×10–24 n da 180° (pasuxi) eleqtrostatikur Zalaze zegavlenas ar
12
Zala erTeuli veqtorebis saSualebiTac axdens. aqedan gamomdinare, Zala pirvel
12
SeiZleba Caiweros: nawilakze kvlav moqmedebs. aseve mesame
12
= –(1,15×10–24 n) (pasuxi) nawilakidan pirvel nawilakze 13
Zala moq
medebs da meore nawilakis arseboba masze
b) 21.8g suraTi 21.8a suraTis identuria,
gavlenas ar axdens. vinaidan pirveli da
oRond amjerad mesame nawilaki x RerZze
mesame nawilakebis muxtebi sawinaaRmdego
pirvelsa da meore nawilaks Sorisaa
niSnisaa, pirveli nawilaki mesame nawila
ganlagebuli. mesame nawilakis muxtia
kisken miizideba. maSasadame, 13
Zala mesame
21.4. kulonis kanoni 735
nawilakiskenaa mimarTuli, rogorc es Cans Semdeg 21.7 formulis Tanaxmad pirvel wer
21.8d suraTze gamosaxul Tavisufali sxeulis tilze moqmedi tolqmedi 1,t
Zalaa:
diagramaze. = +
1,t 12 14
13
Zalis sididis gamosaTvlelad 21.4
vinaidan 12
da 14
Zalebi erTi da igive Rer
formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
Zis gaswvriv ar moqmedebs, maTi sidideebis
1 |q1||q3|
F13 =
4πε0 ( 34 R) 2 Sekreba ar SeiZleba. es Zalebi veqtorulad
= (8,99×109 n·m2/k2) unda Seikribos. amisaTvis ramdenime meTods
(1,6×10–19 k) (3,2×10–19 k) SemogTavazebT:
×
( 34 ) 2 (0,02 m)2 meTodi 1. veqtorul kalkulatorze pir
= 2,05×10–24 n. dapiri Sekreba. 12
veqtorisTvis Segvaqvs
1,15×10 –24
sidide da 180° kuTxe. 14
veqto
13
Zala erTeuli veqtoris saSualebiTac
risTvis Segvaqvs 2,05×10–24 da 60° kuTxe.
SeiZleba Caiweros:
Semdeg veqtorebs vkrebT.
13
= (2,05×10–24 n)
meTodi 2. Sekreba erTeulovan-veqtorul
pirvel nawilakze moqmedi 1,t
tolqmedi Zala
CanawerSi. Tavdapirvelad Semdegi saxiT
12
da 13
Zalebis veqtoruli jamia anu 21.7 14
CavweroT:
formulis mixedviT pirvel nawilakze moqmedi
14
= (F14 cos θ) + (F14 sin θ)
1,t
tolqmedi Zala erTeulovani veqtoris
saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros: F14-is nacvlad 2,05×10–24 n CavsvaT, xolo θ-
is nacvlad 60° da formula Semdeg saxes
1,t
= + 13
12
miiRebs:
= –(1,15×10–24n) + (2,05×10–24 n)
= (9×10–25n) . (pasuxi) 14
= (2,05×10–24 n) + (1,775×10–24 n)
Semdeg vkrebT:
maSasadame, 1,t
Zalis sidide da mimarTulebaa
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi): 1,t
= 12
+ 14
(g) (d)
21.4. kulonis kanoni 737
ganlagebuli, rogorc 21.9g suraTis S werti gardaqmna mogvcems:
li, maSin 1
da 2
Zala urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebisaa. 21.4 formula gvauwyebs, rom
( )
x – L
x
2
=
1
4
.
F1 meti iqneba F2-ze, vinaidan F1 Zalas ufro orive mxridan kvadratuli fesvi amoviRoT da
/
rodesac B-s muxti +Q 2-mde gaizrdeba da b) davuSvaT, A sfero jer daamiwes da Semdeg mi-
A-s muxti aseve +Q/2-mde Semcirdeba. amgvari wasTan kavSiri moxsnes. ra eleqtrostatikuri
mdgomareoba maSin miiReba, rodesac mavTulis Zala moqmedebs sferoebs Soris?
/
gavliT –Q 2 muxti gaivlis. amoxsna: mTlianad –Q/2 muxtis mqone
mavTulis moxsnis Semdeg (21.10g suraTi) eleqtronebi miwasTan kavSiris saSualebiT
SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom arc erTi sferos miwidan A sferosken gadaadgildeba (21.10d
muxti meore sferoze muxtis Tanabrad suraTi) da am sferos neitralizacias axdenen
ganawilebaze zegavlenas ar axdens, vinaidan (21.10e suraTi). A sferoze muxti ar aris da
sferoebis zomebi maT centrebs Soris man- sferoebs Soris eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar
ZilTan SedarebiT mcirea. am SemTxvevaSi Ti- moqmedebs (rogorc es iyo 21.10a suraTze).
sakontrolo wertili 4. Tavdapirvelad A sferos muxtia –50e, xolo B sferos muxtia +20e.
sferoebi gamtari nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli da maTi zomebi identuria. Tu sferoebi
erTmaneTs Seexeba, risi tolia iqneba A sferos muxti?
raodenobaa 238. birTvSi protonebis raodenoba Z atomuri ricxvia, romelic F damatebaSi yvela
elementisTvisaa CamoTvlili. siidan Cans, rom daSlis dros:
238
U → 234Th + 4He (21.13)
U mSobeli birTvi 92 protons (+92e muxtis) Seicavs, Th Svili birTvi – 90 protons (+90e
238 234
muxtis), xolo 4He gamosxivebuli alfa nawilaki – 2 protons (+2e muxtis). mTliani +92e muxti
daSlamde da daSlis Semdegaa anu muxti inaxeba (protonebis da neitronis mTliani raodenobac
narCundeba – 238-ia daSlamde, xolo daSlis Semdeg 234 + 4 = 238).
muxtis Senaxvis kidev erTi magaliTia, rodesac e– eleqtroni
(-e muxtis) da misi antinawilaki e+ pozitroni (+e muxtis)
ganadgurebis process ganicdis da or gama sxivad gardaiq
mneba (maRali energiis sinaTle):
e– + e+ → γ + γ (ganadgureba anu anihilacia) (21.14)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
1. 21.12 suraTze naCvenebia sami mdgomareoba, rodesac damuxtuli nawilakebi RerZze
romelSic damuxtuli nawilaki da Tanabrad uZravad arian ganlagebuli. romel mdgo
damuxtuli sferos formis garsi Sedis. mareobaSi arsebobs nawilakebis marcxniv
muxtebi mocemulia da garsis radiusebic ganlagebuli wertili, romelzec eleqtroni
aRniSnulia. daalageT mdgomareobebi wonasworobaSi iqneba?
garsidan nawilakze moqmedi Zalis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
(a)
amocanebi
•2. +3×10–6k muxtis nawilaki –1,5×10–6k ••5. mcire sferos Q sawyisi muxtis q nawili
muxtis meore nawilakisgan 12sm manZilzea. axlomdebare meore sferos unda gadaeces.
gamoTvaleT or nawilaks Soris moqmedi orive sfero nawilakad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
eleqtrostatikuri Zala. q/Q-s ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba or sferos
Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
•3. risi toli unda iyos q1 = 26 mkk wertilovan
maqsimaluri? SSM ILW
muxtsa da q2 = –47 mkk wertilovan muxts
Soris manZili, raTa maT Soris moqmedi ••6. 21.22 suraTze oTxi nawilaki kvadrats
eleqtrostatikuri Zala 5,7 n-is toli iyos? qmnis. maTi muxtebia q1=q4=Q da q1=q3=q. a) risi
SSM tolia Q/q, Tu pirvel da mesame nawilakze
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
•4. ori identuri gamtari sfero Tanabradaa
nulia? b) arse
damuxtuli da maT Soris manZili sferoebis
bobs Tu ara q-s
diametrze bevrad metia (sur. 21.21.a).
iseTi mniSvneloba,
pirveli sferodan meoreze moqmedi eleqtro
romelic TiToeul
statikuri Zalaa . Semdeg izolirebuli
nawilakze moqmed
saxeluris mqone da neitraluri mesame sfero
tolqmed eleqtro
jer pirvel sferos (sur. 21.21b) Seexo, Semdeg statikur Zalas gaa
meore sferos (sur. 21.21g) da bolos saerTod nulebs?
sur. 21.22. amocanebi 6, 7
da 45.
744 Tavi 21 eleqtruli muxti
••7. 21.22 suraTze nawilakTa muxtebia aris ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia 8 sm.
q1 = –q2 = 100 nk da q3 = –q4 = 200 nk, xolo man q3 = +8×10–19k muxtis mesame nawilaki pirvel da
Zilia a = 5 sm. risi tolia mesame nawilakze meore nawilakebs Soris ise unda ganlagdes,
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis rom masze 3,t
tolqmedma eleqtrostatikur
a) x da b) y komponentebi? ILW ma Zalam imoqmedos. 21.25b suraTze naCvenebia
••8. sami nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli. am Zalis x komponentis mesame nawilakis x
q1 muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = –a wertilze koordinatze damokidebulebis grafiki. a) ra
mdebareobs, xolo q2 muxtis meore nawilaki - niSani aqvs q1 muxts da b) risi tolia q2/q1?
x = +a wertilze. Tu +Q muxtis mesame nawilakze
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
nulis toli unda iyos, risi tolia q1/q2,
rodesac mesame nawilaki a) x = +0,5a wertilze
(a)
da b) x = +1,5a wertilze mdebareobs? (b)
••9. ori identuri gamtari sfero erTmaneTs sur. 21.25. amocana 12.
0,108 n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT izidavs
••13. 21.26 suraTze
da maT centrebs Soris manZilia 50 sm.
+1 mkk muxtis pirveli
Semdeg sferoebi Txeli gamtari mavTuliT
nawilaki da –3 mkk mux
gadaabes. rodesac mavTuli moxsnes, sferoebi
tis meore nawilaki sur. 21.26. amocanebi
erTmaneTs 0,036 n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT
ganizidaven. sferoebis sawyisi muxtebidan ra
x RerZze aris gan 13, 17, 40, 49 da 71.
••12. 21.25a suraTze q1 muxtis pirveli ••15. xy sibrtyeze ganlagebuli ori da
muxtuli nawilakis muxtebi da koordi
nawilaki da q2 muxtis meore nawilaki x RerZze
745
natebia: q1 = +3 mkk, x1 = 3,5 sm, y1 = 0,5 sm da metrebSi, xolo b = 3 mkk/m2. risi tolia garsis
q2 = –4 mkk, x2 = –2 sm, y2 = 1,5 sm. gamoTvaleT jamuri muxti?
pirveli nawilakidan meoreze moqmedi eleq •••20. 21.29 su
trostatikuri Zalis a) sidide da b) mimar raTze q1 = q2 = +
Tuleba. ra g) x da d) y koordinatze unda 3,2 × 10–19k mux
ganlagdes q3 = +4 mkk muxtis mesame nawilaki, tis ori nawi
raTa pirveli da meore nawilakebidan mesameze laki y RerZzea
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala ganlagebuli da sur. 21.29. amocana 20.
nulis toli iyos? aTvlis saTavidan
••16. ori nawilaki x RerZzea ganlagebuli. maTi daSorebaa d = 17 sm. q3 = +6,4×10–19 k muxtis
40 mkk muxtis pirveli nawilaki x = –2 sm mesame nawilaki x = 0-dan x = 5 m-mde gadaadg-
ildeba. x-is ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba danar-
wertilzea ganlagebuli, xolo Q muxtis meore
Ceni ori nawilakidan mesame nawilakze moqmedi
nawilaki – x = 3sm wertilze. 20 mkk muxtis
eleqtrostatikuri Zala a) minimaluri da
mesame nawilaki y = 2 sm wertilidan amoZravda.
b) maqsimaluri? risi tolia g) minimaluri da
risi tolia Q, Tu mesame wertilis sawyisi
d) maqsimaluri mniSvneloba?
aCqareba a) x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa
da b) y RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. paragrafi 21.5. muxti ikvanteba
•21. 5×10–10 m manZiliT daSorebul or identur
••17. 21.26 suraTze +q muxtis pirveli nawilaki
ions Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
da +4q muxtis meore nawilaki x RerZze aris
Zalaa 3,7×10–9 n. a) risi tolia TiToeuli
ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia L= 9 sm. Tu
ionis muxti? b) ramdenime eleqtroni `aklia~
q3 muxtis mesame nawilaki ise unda ganlagdes,
TiToeul muxts? SSM
rom samive nawilaki uZravad darCes, risi
•22. risi tolia erTeuli muxtis mqone
tolia a) q3/q da mesame nawilakis b) x da g) y
natriumis ionsa (Na+, +e muxti) da erTeuli
koordinati?
muxtis mqone qloris ions (Cl–, –e muxti) Soris
•••18. 21.28 su moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala marilis
raTze naCvenebia
kristalSi, Tu maT Soris manZilia 2,82×10–10m?
oTxi damuxtuli
nawilakis ganla
•23. ramdeni eleqtroni unda movaciloT
monetas, raTa misi muxti +1×10–7k gaxdes? ILW
geba. θ = 30° da
d = 2 sm. meore na •24. ori pawawina, sferos formis wylis
sur. 21.28. amocana 18. wveTis muxtia –1×10–16k da maT centrebs Soris
wilakis muxtia
manZilia 1 sm. a) risi tolia wveTebs Soris
q2=+8×10 k, xolo me-3 da me-4 nawilakis
–19
••27. 21.30a suraTze naCvenebia x RerZze maSasadame misi muxtia –e). a) risi tolia
ganlagebuli ori damuxtuli nawilaki kubis wveroebze ganlagebuli rva Cs+ ionidan
(1 da 2). pirveli nawilakis muxtia |q1|=8e. Cl – ionze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala?
q3=+8e muxtis mesame nawilaki jer meore
b) erT-erTi Cs+ ionis gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi
nawilakTan axlos x RerZzea ganlagebuli.
kristals defeqturi ewodeba. risi tolia
Semdeg mesame nawilaki x RerZis dadebiTi
darCenili Svidi Cs+ ionidan Cl – ionze moqmedi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs. Sedegad pirveli
da mesame nawilakidan meoreze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala? SSM
tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalaa 2,t
.
21.30b suraTze mocemulia tolqmedi Zalis x
komponentis mesame nawilakis x mdebareobaze
damokidebulebis grafiki. grafikis asim
ptotaa F2,t = 1,5×10–25 n, rodesac x→∞. meore
nawilakis q2 muxti niSnis CaTvliT gamoTvaleT
e-s jeradis saxiT.
mesame nawilakze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala, –2Q. risi tolia q/Q, Tu pirvel nawilakze
Tu a) Q2 = 80 nk da b) Q2 = –80 nk. moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
40. 21.26 suraTze pirveli da meore nawilakebi nulis tolia?
x RerZzea ganlagebuli da maT Soris manZilia 46. +6 mkk da –4 mkk wertilovani muxtebi x = 8 m
L = 8 sm. nawilakebis muxtebia q1 = +e da da x = 16 m wertilebze aris ganlagebuli. ra
q2 = –27e. q3 = +4e muxtis mesame nawilaki muxti unda ganlagdes x = 24 m wertilze, raTa
pirvel da meore nawilakebis SemaerTebel aTvlis saTaveze ganlagebulma nebismierma
wrfeze ise unda ganlagdes, rom am nawi muxtma eleqtrostatikuri Zalis moqmedeba
lakebma mesame nawilakze 3,t
tolqmedi ar ganicados?
eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT imoqmedos. a) ra 47. ramdeni megakuloni dadebiTi muxtia
koordinatze unda ganlagdes mesame nawilaki, 1 moli neitraluri wyalbadis molekulur
raTa Zalis sidide minimaluri iyos? b) risi airSi (H2)?
tolia Zalis minimaluri sidide?
48. 21.40 suraTze naCvenebia gaumtari, masis
41. 21.39 suraTze armqone L sigrZis Rero. Rero centriTaa
risi tolia da damagrebuli da W wonis blokiT balansdeba.
narCeni sami na bloki marcxena bolodan x manZiliTaa
wilakidan meoT daSorebuli. Reros marcxena da marjvena
xe nawilakze mo boloze q da 2q dadebiTi muxtis mqone
qmedi tolqmedi mcire gamtari sferoebia damagrebuli. am
eleqtros tat ik u sferoebidan h manZiliT qvemoT Q dadebiTi
ri Zalis a) sidide muxtis mqone sferoebia damagrebuli.
da b) mimarTuleba? sur. 21.39. amocana 41. a) horizontaluri da dabalansebuli Rero
oTxive nawilaki xy sTvis x manZili gamoTvaleT. b) ra unda iyos
sibrtyezea ganlagebuli da q1 = –3,2×10–19k, h-s mniSvneloba, raTa horizontalurma da
q2 = +3,2×10–19k, q3 = +6,4×10–19k, q4 = +3,2×10–19k, dabalansebulma Rerom tvirTze vertikaluri
θ1 = 35°, d1 = 3 sm da d2 = d3 = 2 sm. ZaliT ar imoqmedos?
42. 2 m sigrZis da 4 sm2 farTobis ganivi kveTis
damuxtuli aragamtari Reros erTi bolo
aTvlis saTaves emTxveva da x RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiTaa gadaWimuli. muxtis mocu
lobiTi simkvrive ρ moculobis erTeulSi
muxtis raodenobaa da k/m3-ebSi gamoiTvleba.
ramdeni zedmeti eleqtronia Reroze, Tu
a) ρ Tanabaria da –4 mkk/m3-is tolia da sur. 21.40. amocana 48.
b) araTanabaria ρ = bx2, sadac b = –2 mkk/m5?
49. 21.26 suraTze x RerZze ganlagebul –80 mkk
43. 30 nk da –40 nk wertilovani muxtebi x muxtis pirvel nawilaksa da +40 mkk muxtis
RerZis saTaveze da x = 72 sm wertilze arian meore nawilaks Soris manZilia L = 20 sm.
ganlagebuli. 42 mkk muxtis nawilaki x = 28 sm erTeulovan veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia
wertilidan amoZravda. Tu nawilakis sawyisi q3 = 20 mkk muxtis mesame nawilakze moqmedi
aCqarebaa 100 km/wm2, risi tolia misi masa? tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala, Tu es
44. 6 mkk muxtis nawilaki 3 mm manZiliT daSo nawilaki a) x = 40 sm da b) x = 80 sm wertilze
rebul or nawilad unda daiSalos. risi tolia mdebareobs? ra unda iyos mesame nawilakis
am or nawils Soris moqmedi maqsimaluri g) x da d) y koordinatebi, raTa pirveli
SesaZlo eleqtrostatikuri Zala? da meore nawilakidan masze moqmedi eleq
45. 21.22 suraTze oTxi nawilaki kvadrats trostatikuri Zala nulis toli iyos?
qmnis. maTi muxtebia q1 = +Q, q2 = q3 = q da q4 = 50. 21.13 formuliT mocemuli radioaqtiuri
749
daSlis dros U birTvi 234Th-d gardaiqmneba
238
57. 21.42 su
da 4He-s gamodevnis (eseni birTvebia da ara raTze naCvenebi
atomebi, amitom eleqtronebi ar gvaqvs). sami identuri
rodesac 234Th-sa da 4He-s Soris manZilia liTonis sferos
9×10–15 m, risi tolia a) maT Soris moqmedi sawyisi muxtebia:
qveda kvarkebs Soris dacilebaa 2,6×10–15 m, risi da maT centrebs Soris d = 1,2 m manZilia. C
tolia maT Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri sfero jer A sferos exeba da Semdeg B sferos.
Zala? risi tolia A da B sferoebs Soris moqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zala amis Semdeg?
52. 21.41 suraTze sami
identuri gamtari sfe 58. 21.42 suraTze sami identuri gamtari
ro d = 20 sm sigrZis sferos sawyisi muxtebia: A sfero — +4Q, B
gverdis tolgverda sfero _ –6Q da C sfero _ 0. A da B sfero
samkuTxeds qmnis. sfe uZravia da maT centrebs Soris dacileba
roebis radiusebi sferoebis radiusze bevrad metia. ori
sur. 21.41. amocana 52.
eqsperimenti tardeba. pirvel eqsperimentSi
d-ze bevrad mcirea da
maTi muxtebia qA = –2 nk, qB = –4 nk, qC = +8 nk.
C sferos jer A sferos axeben, Semdeg B
sferos. meore eqsperimentSi procedura
a) risi tolia A da C sferoebs Soris moqmedi
piriqiT xdeba - C sfero jer B sferos exeba
eleqtrostatikuri Zala? A da B sferoebi
da Semdeg A sferos. risi tolia meore
Txeli mavTuliT daakavSires da Semdeg
mavTuli moxsnes. B da C sferoebic mavTuliT eqsperimentis bolos A da B sferoebs Soris
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zalis Sefardeba
daakavSires da es mavTulic moxsnes. risi
imave sferoebs Soris pirveli eqsperimentis
tolia b) A da C sferoebs Soris da g) B da C
bolos moqmed eleqtrostatikur ZalasTan?
sferoebs Soris moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
Zala? 59. eleqtronis uaryofiTi muxti da protonis
dadebiTi muxti sididiYT erTmaneTis
53. ori patara, dadebiTad damuxtuli sferos
tolia. davuSvaT, rom es mniSvnelobebi
saerTo muxtia 5×10–5 k. Tu sferoebi erTmaneTs
0,0001%-iT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. ra
1n eleqtrostatikuri ZaliT ganizidaven,
ZaliT ganizidaven erTmaneTs 1 m manZilze
rodesac maT Soris manZilia 2 m, risi tolia
ganlagebuli spilenZis monetebi? dauSviT,
ufro mcire muxtis mqone sferos muxti?
rom TiToeuli moneta spilenZis 3×1022 atoms
54. elvisas 2,5×10 a deni 20 mkwm drois
4
Seicavs (miniSneba: spilenZis neitraluri
ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. ra raodenobis muxti atomi 29 protons da 29 eleqtrons Seicavs).
gadaicema am movlenis dros?
60. eleqtroni dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos
55. ra iqneba 1 k wertilovan or muxts Soris
vakuumSi da y vertikaluri RerZis y = 0
moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala, Tu muxtebs
wertilzea ganlagebuli. y-is ra mniSvnelobaze
Soris a) 1 m da b) 1 km manZilia (msgavsi gan
unda ganlagdes meore eleqtroni, raTa pirvel
lageba ararealuria)? eleqtronze moqmedma eleqtrostatikurma
56. mkerdSi gavlilma 300 a denma gulis Zalam amave eleqtronze moqmedi mizidulobis
ariTmia, guliscemis normaluri ritmis Zala gaawonasworos?
darRveva da tvinisTvis sisxlis miwodebis 61. ra manZilzea erTmaneTisgan ori protoni,
Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Tu amgvari Tu TiToeulze moqmedi eleqtrostatikuri
deni 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi narCuneba, ramdeni Zala dedamiwis zedapirze protonze moqmedi
gamtarobis eleqtroni gaivlis mkerdSi? mizidulobis Zalis tolia?
750 Tavi 21 eleqtruli muxti
751
752 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
22.3a suraTze naCvenebia usasrulod didi, gaumtari firfita (an sibrtye), romlis erT mxares
dadebiTi muxtebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. Tu am firfitis maxlobel nebismier wertilze
dadebiT sacdel muxts ganvalagebT, am muxtze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtrostatikuri Zala
firfitis perpendikularuli iqneba, vinaidan yvela sxva mimarTulebiT moqmedi Zalebi
simetriis Sedegad erTmaneTs abaTileben. ufro metic, sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zala
firfitidan moSorebiT iqneba mimarTuli. maSasadame, firfitis nebismier mxares ganlagebuli
sivrcis nebismier wertilze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis Zalwiri firfitidan `gamodis~
da misi perpendikularulia (sur. 22.3b da g). vinaidan muxti firfitis gaswvriv Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, velis yvela veqtoris sidide Tanabaria. eleqtrul vels, romlis yvela wertilze
sidide da mimarTuleba erTi da igivea, erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli ewodeba.
754 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
dadebiTi
sacdeli
muxti
sur. 22.3. a) Zalian didi, gaumtari da erT mxareze Tanabrad ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxtis mqone firfitis
axlos mdebare dadebiT sacdel muxtze moqmedi F eleqtrostatikuri Zala. b) sacdeli muxtis mdebareobaze
eleqtruli velis E veqtori da firfitasTan axlomdebare sivrceSi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi. Zalwirebi
dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitidan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli. g) b)-s gverdxedi
ra Tqma unda, arc erTi gaumtari firfita usasrulod didi ar aris, magram Tu ganxiluli
regioni realuri firfitis SuagulTan aris axlos da ara mis napirebTan, am regionSi gamavali
Zalwirebi 22.3b da g suraTis msgavsad aris ganlagebuli.
22.4 suraTze naCvenebia ori Tanabari dadebiTi muxtis Zalwirebi. 22.5 suraTze naCvenebia
Tanabari sididis da sawinaaRmdego niSnis mqone ori muxtis gamosaxuleba. am ganlagebas
eleqtrul dipols vuwodebT. Zalwirebs ricxobrivad iSviaTad viyenebT, magram eleqtruli
velis warmosadgenad isini sakmaod mosaxerxebelia.
sur. 22.4. ori Tanabari dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis sur. 22.5. Tanabari sididis dadebiTi wertilovani
Zalwirebi. muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven (wirebi muxtis da axlomdebare uaryofiTi wertilovani
Soreul uaryofiT muxtebze wydeba). Zalwirebis muxtis Zalwirebi. muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidaven.
namdvili samganzomilebiani gamosaxulebis dasanaxad, Zalwirebis gamosaxulebas da eleqtrul vels
suraTi orive muxtze da firfitis sibrtyeze furclis sibrtyeze da orive muxtze gamavali RerZis
gamavali RerZis garSemo warmosaxviT SemoatrialeT. garSemo mbrunavi simetria aqvT. erT wertilze
samganzomilebian gamosaxulebas da eleqtrul vels gamavali eleqtruli veli naCvenebia. veqtori am
RerZis garSemo mbrunavi simetriis mqone ewodeba. wertilze gamaval Zalwirs emTxveva.
erT wertilze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis veqtori
naCvenebia. gaiTvaliswineT, rom veqtori am wertilze
gamavali Zalwiris mxebia.
22.4. wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 755
= + + . . . + (22.4)
Ei aris eleqtruli veli, romelsac mxolod i rigiTi wertilovani muxti warmoqmnis. 22.4 for-
mulidan Cans, rom superpoziciis principi eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis msgavsad eleqtrul ve-
lebsac miesadageba.
756 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
[( 1+
2z(1!) 2z(1!)
) (
d +... – 1– d +...
)] tebidan r(+) da r(–) manZilebzea. b) di
polis p impulsi uaryofiTi muxtidan
dadebiTi muxtiskenaa mimarTuli.
758 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
maSasadame,
E=
q
4πε0z 2 [( z
) (
1+ d +... – 1–d+...
z
)] (22.7)
22.7 formulaSi gamotovebuli wevrebi progresulad maRal xarisxSi ayvanili d/z-ia. vinaidan
d/z<<1, am wevrebis monawileoba progresulad mcirdeba da did manZilebze E-s miaxloebiTi
mniSvnelobis misaRebad maT ugulebelvyofT. maSasadame, 22.7 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba
Caiweros:
q
2d = 1 qd
E= (22.8)
4πε0z z 2πε0 z3 2
dipolis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis qd namravli p eleqtruli dipolis impulsad wodebuli
veqtoruli p sididea ( p -s erTeulia kuloni·metri). maSasadame, 22.8 formula Semdeg saxes
iRebs:
1 p
E= (eleqtruli dipoli) (22.9)
2πε0 z3
rogorc 22.8b suraTze Cans, p veqtori dipolis uaryofiTi bolodan dadebiTi boloskenaa
mimarTuli. dipolis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis p -s mimarTuleba SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
22.9 formulidan Cans, rom Tu dipolis eleqtrul vels mxolod Soreul wertilebze gavzomavT,
q-s da d-s cal-calke verasdros gamovTvliT da mxolod maT namravls miviRebT. Soreul
wertilze moqmedi veli ar Seicvleba Tu, magaliTad, q gaormagdeba da amave dros d ganaxevrdeba.
maSasadame, impulsi dipolis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.
22.9 formula dipolis RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebuli Soreuli wertilebisTvisaa gamosadegi,
magram aRmoCnda, rom dipolis E veli yvela Soreuli wertilisTvis (ar aqvs mniSvneloba
wertili dipolis RerZzea Tu ara) 1/r3-is saxiT icvleba. r aris manZili saintereso wertilsa da
dipolis centrs Soris.
22.8 da 22.5 suraTebze gamosaxuli Zalwirebis kvlevis Sedegad Cans, rom dipolis RerZze
ganlagebuli Soreuli wertilebisTvis E -s mimarTuleba dipolis impulsis p veqtoris
mimarTulebas emTxveva da mniSvneloba ar aqvs. 22.8a suraTze P wertili dipolis RerZis zeda
Tu qveda nawilSia.
22.9 formulis analizi aseve aCvenebs, rom Tu dipolidan wertilis daSorebas gaaormagebT,
am wertilze eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 8-jer mcirdeba. Tu manZili wertilovani mux-
tidan gaormagdeba, maSin eleqtruli veli mxolod 4-jer mcirdeba (wertilovani muxtisa
1
Tvis E~ 2 ). aqedan gamomdinare, dipolis eleqtruli veli manZilTan erTad ufro swrafad
r
mcirdeba, vidre erTi muxtis eleqtruli veli. amis fizikuri mizezi is aris, rom Soreuli
wertilebidan dipoli ori Tanabari, magram sawinaaRmdego niSnis mqone muxtebad aRiqmeba,
romlebic TiTqmis erTmaneTs emTxveva. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi eleqtruli velebi Soreul
wertilebze erTmaneTs abaTilebs.
sur. 22.9. a) elvis dros didi raodenobis uaryofiTi muxti miwidan Rrublebze
gadadis. b) Rrubeli da miwa vertikalur eleqtrul dipols qmnian. (b)
22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 759
gadacemis Semdeg miwaSi dadebiTi muxti = 1,6×103 n/k. (pasuxi)
sakmaod rTuladaa ganawilebuli. miuxedavad
z2 = 60km simaRleze eleqtruli velis si
amisa, Cven SegviZlia RrublebSi da miwaSi
didea:
arsebuli muxtebiT gamowveuli eleqtruli
E = 2×102 n/k. (pasuxi)
velis modeli miviRoT, Tu davuSvebT, rom
rogorc 22.8 paragrafSi ganvixileT, ro
eleqtrul dipols Rrublis h simaRleze
desac eleqtruli velis sidide garkveul
arsebuli –q uaryofiTi muxti da miwidan h
Ec kritikul mniSvnelobas aWarbebs, veli
siRrmeze moTavsebuli +q dadebiTi muxti
atomebidan eleqtronebs gamoaTavisuflebs
qmnis (sur. 22.9b). Tu q = 200 k da h = 6 km, risi
(atomebs damuxtavs), Semdeg eleqtronebi
tolia dipolis eleqtruli velis sidide
sxva atomebSi SeiWrebian da es atomebi
Rrublebs z1 = 30 km simaRleze da
zemoT
sinaTles gamoasxiveben. Ec mniSvneloba haeris
stratosferos zemoT z2 = 60 km simaRleze?
simkvrivezea damokidebuli, sadac eleqtruli
amoxsna: eleqtruli dipolis eleqtruli
veli arsebobs. z2 = 60 km simaRleze haeris
velis E sidide dipolis RerZze 22.8 for
simkvrive imdenad mcirea, rom E = 2×102 n/k
muliT gamoiTvleba:
1 q(2h) mniSvneloba Ec-s aWarbebs da haeris atomebi
E=
2πε0 z3 sinaTles asxiveben. es sinaTle `feriebs~
sadac 2h aris 22.9b suraTis -q da +q muxtebs qmnis. ufro nakleb simaRleze haeris simkvrive
Soris manZili. z1=30 km simaRleze eleqtruli metia da E = 1,6×103 n/k Ec-s ar aWarbebs. aqedan
dq = λ ds (22.10)
sur. 22.10. Tanabari dadebiTi es diferencialuri muxti P wertilze ds diferencialur
muxtis mqone wrewiri. muxtis
diferencialuri elementi ds
eleqtrul vels qmnis. P wertili elementidan r manZilzea.
sigrZes ikavebs.
es elementi P elementi wertilovan muxtad miviCnioT da 22.10 formulis
wertilze dE eleqtrul vels gamoyenebiT 22.3 formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
qmnis. wrewiris centraluri
RerZis gaswvriv dE eleqtruli 1 dq 1 λ ds
velis komponentia dE cos θ.
dE = = (22.11)
4πε0 r 2 4πε0 r 2
22.10 suraTidan gamomdinare 22.11 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
1 λ ds
dE = (22.12)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )
22.10 suraTze Cans, rom centraluri RerZisadmi (z RerZisadmi) θ kuTxes adgens da am RerZis
perpendikularuli da paraleluri komponentebi gaaCnia.
wrewiris yoveli muxtis elementi P wertilze diferencialur vels warmoqmnis da misi si-
dide 22.12 formuliT gamoiTvleba. yvela veqtors gaaCnia centraluri RerZis paraleluri
komponenti da maTi sidide da mimarTuleba erTi da igivea. yvela veqtors aseve central-
uri RerZis perpendikularuli komponenti gaaCnia. es komponentebi sididiT Tanabaria, magram
sxvadasxva mimarTulebisaa. marTlac, mocemuli mimarTulebis nebismieri perpendikularuli
komponentisTvis aris meore komponenti, romlis mimarTuleba sawinaaRmdegoa. komponentebis
wyvilTa jami, iseve rogorc nebismieri urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli toli sididis kom-
ponentebis wyvilTa jami, nulis tolia.
aqedan gamomdinare, RerZis perpendikularuli komponentebi erTmaneTs gamoricxavs da
isini SemdgomSi ar dagvWirdeba. darCa paraleluri komponentebi, romelTac erTi da igive
mimarTuleba aqvT da maTi jami P wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velia.
22.10 suraTze naCvenebia -s paraleluri komponenti. misi sididea dE cos θ. suraTze Cans, rom:
z z
cos θ == (22.13)
r (z 2 + R 2 )1/2
22.12 formulis 22.13 formulaze gamravleba dE -s paraleluri komponentisTvis mogvcems:
zλ
dE cos θ = ds (22.14)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
yvela elementis mier warmoqmnili paraleluri komponentebisTvis Sesakrebad 22.14 formula
wrewiris sigrZeze, s = 0-dan s = 2πR-mde unda vaintegroT. 22.14 formulis integrebis dros
mxolod s sidide icvleba, amitom danarCeni sidideebi integrals gareT SegviZlia gamovitanoT.
Sedegad miviRebT:
22.6. damuxtuli wiriT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli 761
zλ z λ(2πR)
E = dE cos θ = ds = . (22.15)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2 4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
vinaidan λ aris muxtis raodenoba wrewiris sigrZis erTeulze, 22.15 formulaSi λ(2πR) wrewiris
mTliani q muxtia da miviRebT:
qz
E= (damuxtuli wrewiri) (22.16)
4πε0 (z 2 + R 2 )3/2
Tu wrewiris muxti uaryofiTia da ara dadebiTi, P wertilze moqmedi velis sidide kvlav
22.16 formuliT gamoiTvleba, magram eleqtruli velis veqtori wrewiris centrisken iqneba
mimarTuli da ara misgan moSorebiT.
modiT 22.16 formula centraluri RerZis Soreuli wertilisTvis SevamowmoT, rodesac z >> R.
msgavsi wertilisTvis 22.16 formulis z2+R2 gamosaxuleba z2-mde daiyvaneba da 22.16 formula
Semdeg saxes iRebs:
1 q
E= (damuxtuli wrewiri did manZilze) (22.17)
4πε0 z 2
Sedegi safuZvliania, vinaidan didi manZilidan wrewiri wertilovan wyaros `waagavs~. Tu 22.17
formulaSi z-s r-iT SevcvliT wertilovani wyaros eleqtruli velis sididis gamosaTvlel 22.3
formulas miviRebT.
Semdeg 22.16 formula wrewiris centrze ganlagebuli wertilisTvis (z = 0) SevamowmoT. am
wertilSi, 22.16 formulis Tanaxmad E = 0. Sedegi safuZvliania, vinaidan Tu sacdel muxts
wrewiris centrze movaTavsebT, masze eleqtrostatikuri Zala ar imoqmedebs. wrewiris nebismieri
elementidan moqmed Zalas misi sawinaaRmdego elementidan moqmedi Zala gaaneitralebs. 22.1
formulis Tanaxmad, Tu wris centrze moqmedi Zala nulis tolia, maSin eleqtruli velic
nulia.
sur. 22.11. a) –Q muxtis plastmasis Rero r radiusis 120° centraluri kuTxis wris nawilia. P wertili Reros
simrudis centria. b) Reros zeda naxevarSi ganlagebuli diferencialuri elementi x RerZisadmi θ kuTxes
adgens da misi rkalis sigrZea ds. es elementi P wertilze diferencialur eleqtrul vels aCens. x RerZis
mimarT ds-is simetriuli ds´ wertili P wertilze igive sididis vels aCens. g) ds sigrZis rkali P wertilis
garSemo dθ kuTxes Semowers.
762 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
Cveni elementi misgan r manZilze ganlagebul Tildes. amisTvis Semdeg formulas viyenebT:
P wertilze diferencialur eleqtrul ds = r dθ,
vels warmoqmnis. es elementi wertilovan sadac dθ aris ds sigrZis rkalis kuTxe P
muxtad miviCnioT da 22.3 formula Semdegi wertilSi (sur. 22.11g). amis Semdeg 22.20
saxiT CavweroT: formulas Reros mier P wertilSi kuTxis
garSemo vaintegrebT (–60°-dan +60°-mde) da P
1 dq 1 λ ds
dE = = (22.19) wertilze Reros mier warmoqmnil eleqtrul
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r2
vels miviRebT:
veqtori ds-iskenaa mimarTuli, vinaidan dq 1 λ
muxti uaryofiTia. E = dEx = cos θ r dθ
4πε0 r2
[ ]
Reros qveda naxevarze Cveni elementisadmi
λ λ
simetriuli ds´ elementi arsebobs. ds´-is mier = cos θ dθ = sin θ
4πε0 r 4πε0 r
P wertilze warmoqmnili eleqtruli ve- λ
= [sin 60° – sin (–60°)]
lis sidide aseve 22.19 formuliT gamoiTvle- 4πε0 r
ba, magram velis veqtori ds´-iskenaa mimarTu- 1,73 λ
= . (22.21)
li, rogorc es 22.11b suraTze Cans. Tu ds da 4πε0 r
ds´ elementebis eleqtruli velis veqtorebs λ-s gamosaTvlelad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
x da y komponentebad davSliT, y komponen- Rero 120° kuTxes Semowers, e.i. rkalis sigrZe
tebi erTmaneTs gaabaTileben (vinaidan maTi wrewiris sigrZis mesamedia anu 2πr/3 da wrfivi
dq = σ dA = σ(2πr dr), (22.22)
sadac dA aris rgolis diferencialuri farTobi.
damuxtuli rgolis (wrewiris) mier Seqmnili eleqtruli sur. 22.13. naCvenebia R radiusis
da erTgvarovani dadebiTi muxtis
velis problema ukve gadavWeriT. 22.22 formulidan
mqone disko. naCveneb wres r radiusi
22.16 formulaSi q-s nacvlad dq CavsvaT da R sidide r-iT da dr radialuri sigane aqvs. es
SevcvaloT. Sedegad miviRebT brtyeli wris mier warmoqmnili wre centralur RerZze mdebare
P wertilze dE diferencialur
dE eleqtruli velis gamosaxulebas P wertilze:
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
zσ2πr dr
dE = ,
4πε0 (z 2 + r 2 )3/2
romelic asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
σz 2r dr
dE = . (22.23)
4ε0 (z 2 + r 2 )3/2
Tu 22.23 formulas diskos zedapiriT anu r cvladiT (0-dan R-mde) vaintegrebT, E gamoiTvleba.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom procesis ganmavlobaSi z mudmivia da miviRebT:
σz
E = dE = (z 2 + r 2 )3/2(2r)dr . (22.24)
4ε0
E=
σz
(
4ε0
1– ) (damuxtuli disko) (22.26)
22.8. wertilovani muxti eleqtrul velSi 765
es aris brtyeli da damuxtuli diskos mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis sidide centraluri
RerZis wertilebze (integrebis dros davuSviT, rom z ≥ 0 ).
Tu davuSvebT, rom R→∞ da z sasrulia, 22.25 formulis frCxilebSi moTavsebuli meore wevri
nuls uaxlovdeba:
σ
dE = (usasrulo firfita) (22.27)
2ε0
es aris erTgvarovani muxtis mqone usasrulo firfitis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli.
muxti plastmasis msgavsi aragamtaris erT mxarezea ganlagebuli. amgvar mdgomareobaSi
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi 22.3 suraTzea naCvenebi.
Tu davuSvebT, rom 22.26 formulaSi z→0 da R sasrulia, 22.27 formulas miviRebT. e.i. diskosTan
Zalian axlos ganlagebul wertilebze diskos mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli iseTivea,
rogoric usasrulo diskos SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.
Wavluri beWdva
maRali xarisxis da swrafi beWdvis aucileblobam dartymiTi beWdvis alternatiuli
saSualebebis Zieba gamoiwvia. melnis pawawina wveTebis furcelze dawveTeba erT-erTi aseTi
alternativaa.
22.15 suraTze naCvenebia or gamtar amsxlet firfitas Soris moZravi uaryofiTad damuxtuli
wveTi. firfitebs Soris qvemoT mimarTuli eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. 22.28 formulis
Tanaxmad wveTi maRla aisxliteba da furcels -s sididiTa da wveTis q muxtiT gansazRvrul
adgilze miewveTeba.
praqtikaSi E mudmivia da wveTis mdebareobas damuxtvis blokSi wveTisTvis miniWebuli q muxti
gansazRvravs. es bloki wveTma amsxlet sistemaSi Sesvlamde unda gaiaros. damuxtvis bloki
eleqtronuli signalebis meSveobiT aqtiurdeba da dasabeWd masalas Sifravs.
SeiZleba). lebebia:
1
amoxsna: wveTi uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli da y = 2 ay t 2 da L = νx t (22.31)
eleqtruli veli mimarTulia qvemoT. 22.28 am or formulas Soris t gamovricxoT da ay-is
formulidan gamomdinare, damuxtul nawilak nacvlad 22.30 formula CavsvaT:
ze maRla mimarTuli QE eleqtrostatikuri QEL2
y=
2mvx2
Zala moqmedebs. maSasadame, rodesac wveTi x
(1,5×10–13 k)(1,4×106 n/k)(1,6×10–2 m)2
RerZis gaswvriv νx siCqariT moZraobs, maRla =
(2)(1,3×10–10 kg)(18 m/wm)2
mimarTul ay mudmiv aCqarebas iZens. y RerZis
gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore = 6,4×10–4 m = 0,64 mm (pasuxi)
τ = pE sin θ (22.33)
22.37 da 22.38 formulebidan Cans, rom dipolis potenciuri energia umciresia (U = –pE),
rodesac θ = 0 anu p -s da E -s erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvs. potenciuri energia udidesia
(U = pE), rodesac θ = 180° anu p da E urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa.
rodesac dipoli θi sawyis mimarTulebas θf saboloo mimarTulebaze icvlis, eleqtruli veli
dipolze W muSaobas asrulebs:
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
1. 22.20 suraTze naCvenebia eleqtruli velis
Zalwirebis sami ganlageba. TiToeul gan
lagebaze protoni A wertilidan iwyebs mo
Zraobas da eleqtruli veli mas B wertilis
gavliT aCqarebs. wertilebs Soris manZili
samive ganlagebaze erTi da igivea. daalageT
TiToeuli B wertilze mdebare protonze
sur. 22.22.
moqmedi wrfivi impulsis mixedviT dididan
SekiTxva 3.
mcireze.
eleqtruli velis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
4. 22.23 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtuli nawi
lakebis ori kvadrati. kvadratebis centria P.
nawilakebs Soris manZili kvadratis gverdebis
gaswvriv d an 2d-ia. risi tolia P wertilze
(a) (b) (g)
moqmedi tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
sur. 22.20. SekiTxva 1. da mimarTuleba?
2. 22.21 suraTze
naCvenebia RerZze
sur. 22.21. SekiTxva 2.
ganlagebuli ori
damuxtuli nawilaki. a) RerZis wertili
(garda usasrulo manZiliT daSorebulisa),
sadac maTi tolqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis
tolia, muxtebs Sorisaa, muxtebis marcxnivaa
Tu marjvnivaa? b) arsebobs Tu ara RerZis
gareT wertili, sadac tolqmedi eleqtruli
veli nulis tolia?
3. 22.22 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mdgomareoba,
sur. 22.23. SekiTxva 4.
rodesac oTxi damuxtuli nawilaki cen
traluri wertilidan marcxniv da marjvniv
5. 22.24 suraTze -q muxtis ori nawilaki y
RerZis mimarT simetriuladaa ganlagebuli.
Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. muxtebis
mniSvnelobebi mocemulia. daalageT TiToe
TiToeuli maTgani RerZis P wertilze
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. a) aris Tu ara P
uli centralur wertilze moqmedi tolqmedi
772 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
amocanebi
(a) (b)
paragrafi 22.7. damuxtuli diskos Sedegad paragrafi 22.8. wertilovani muxti eleq
warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli trul velSi
·30. 2,5 sm radiusis diskos muxtis zedapiruli ·34. alfa nawilakis (heliumis atomis birTvi)
simkvrivea 5,3 mkk/m2. diskodan z = 12 sm man masaa 6,64×10–27kg, xolo muxti – +2e. ra a) si
Zilze da centralur RerZze ganlagebul didis da b) mimarTulebis eleqtruli veli
wertilze ra sididis eleqtrul vels war daabalansebs nawilakze moqmed gravitaciul
moqmnis disko? Zalas?
·31. 0,6 m radiusis Tanabrad damuxtuli ·35. eleqtroni 2×104 n/k sididis Tanabar
plastmasis diskos centraluri perpendi eleqtrul velSi moZraobs. gamoTvaleT
kularuli RerZis gaswvriv ra manZilzea eleqtronis aCqareba (miziduloba ugul
eleqtruli velis sidide diskos zedapiris ebelyaviT). SSM
centrze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis
·36. eleqtruli veli eleqtrons 1,8×109 m/wm2-
naxevari? SSM WWW
777
iT aRmosavleTisken aCqarebs. gansazRvreT ··43. erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli or
eleqtruli velis a) sidide da b) mimar sawinaaRmdegod damuxtul firfitas Soris
Tuleba. arsebobs. eleqtroni moZraobas uaryofiTad
·37. eleqtruli dipolis RerZze ganlagebuli damuxtuli firfitis zedapiridan iwyebs
eleqtroni dipolis centridan 25 nm man da 2sm manZiliT daSorebul mopirdapire
Zilzea. ra sididis eleqtrostatikuri Zala firfitas 1,5×10–8 wm droSi ejaxeba. a) ra
moqmedebs eleqtronze, Tu dipolis impulsia siCqare aqvs eleqtrons Sejaxebis dros? b) ra
3,6×10 –29
k · m? dauSviT, rom 25 nm dipolis sididisaa E eleqtruli veli? ILW
muxtebs Soris manZilze bevrad metia. ··44. garkveul momentSi, or damuxtul para
·38. nestiani haeri 3×10 n/k eleqtrul velSi
6 lelur firfitas Soris moZravi eleqtronis
irRveva (misi molekulebi ionizirdeba). siCqaris komponentebia νx = 1,5×105 m/wm da
ra sididis eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs νy=3×103 m/wm. firfitebs Soris moqmedi eleq
a) eleqtronze da b) erTi eleqtronis armqone truli velia E = (120 n/k) . erTeulovan-veq
ionze? torul CanawerSi risi tolia a) eleqtronis
·39. damuxtuli Rrubeli dedamiwis zedapir aCqareba am velSi da b) eleqtronis siCqare,
Tan axlos haerSi eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. rodesac misi x koordinati 2sm-iT Seicvleba?
am velSi moTavsebisas –2×10–9 k muxtis
··45. or did, pa dadebiTi uaryofiTi
nawilakze 3×10 n sididis qvemoT mimarTuli
–6
firfita firfita
ralelur spilenZis
eleqtrostatikuri Zala moqmedebs. a) ra
firfitas Soris 5 sm
sididisaa eleqtruli veli? ra b) sididis
manZilia da maT So
da g) mimarTulebisaa am velSi moTavsebul
ris erTgvarovani
protonze moqmedi e eleqtrostatikuri eleqtruli veli
Zala? d) ra sididis Fg mizidulobis Zala
moqmedebs (sur.
moqmedebs protonze? e) risi tolia Fe /Fg? sur. 22.48. amocana 45.
22.48). eleqtroni
SSM
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfitidan da pro
·40. 5×108 sm/wm siCqaris eleqtroni 1×103 n/k toni dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitidan
sididis eleqtrul velSi Sedis da moZraobis moZraobas erTdroulad iwyebs. nawilakebs
Semanelebeli mimarTulebis (velis Zalwiris Soris moqmedi Zala ugulebelyaviT da
mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod) mqone Zal gamoTvaleT dadebiTad damuxtuli fir
wiris gaswvriv moZraobs. a) ra manZils gaiv fitidan manZili, rodesac nawilakebi
lis eleqtroni gaCerebamde da b) ra dro erTmaneTs Cauvlis (ar gakvirvebT, rom
dasWirdeba amisTvis? g) Tu eleqtruli velis amocanis amoxsnisTvis eleqtruli velis
areali 8 mm sigrZisaa (metismetad moklea sidide ar gWirdebaT?). SSM
eleqtronis gaCerebisTvis), eleqtronis sa
··46. 22.49 suraT
wyisi kinetikuri energiis ra nawili daikar ekrani
ze eleqtroni ν0 =
geba?
2×106 m/wm sawyi
·41. maRali siCqariT moZravi protonebis
si siCqariT da x
sxivis Seqmna `pistoletSi~ protonebis ama sur. 22.49. amocana 46.
RerZisadmi θ0 = 40°
Cqarebeli eleqtruli velebis gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba. a) Tu pistoletis eleqtruli velia kuTxiT iwyebs moZraobas. eleqtroni E
2×104 n/k, ra iqneba protonis aCqareba? b) ra = (5 n/k) Tanabar eleqtrul velSi moZra
siCqares SeiZens protoni, Tu eleqtruli obs. eleqtronebis mimRebi ekrani y RerZis
veli mas 1 sm manZilze aaCqarebs? SSM paralelurad aris ganlagebuli da x = 3 m
·42. milikenis eqsperimentSi zeTis 1,64 mkm manZilzea. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi
radiusis da 0,851 g/sm3 simkvrivis wveTi qve ra iqneba eleqtronis siCqare ekranTan
moT mimarTuli 1,92×105 n/k eleqtruli velis Seejaxebis dros?
zemoqmedebisas C kameraSi vardeba (sur. 22.14). ··47. 10 g masis da +8×10–5 k muxtis bloki
wveTis muxti e-s jeradebSi gamoTvaleT. (3000 – 600 ) n/k eleqtrul velSi moaTav
778 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
··49. eleqtroni 40 km/wm sawyisi siCqariT velis x komponenti θ-s funqciis saxiT
Tanabar eleqtrul velSi Sedis da E = 50 n/k aris mocemuli, xolo 22.52g suraTze y
65. –q1 muxtis nawilaki x RerZis saTavezea 69. 22.61 suraTze pi
ganlagebuli. a) RerZze sad unda ganlagdes rveli nawilaki (+2 pk
muxtis), meore nawi
–4q1 muxtis nawilaki, raTa x = 2 mm wertilze
tolqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis toli laki (–2 pk muxtis
da mesame nawilaki
iyos? b) Tu am mdebareobaze +4q1 muxtis
(+5 pk muxtis) a =
nawilaki ganalages, x = 2 mm wertilze ra sur. 22.61. amocanebi 69
9,5 sm sigrZis gver da 73.
iqneba eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba
dis tolgverda sam
(x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi)?
kuTxeds qmnis. a) nawilakze eleqtruli velis
66. 22.59 suraTze Zalwirebi gaavleT da gansazRvreT danarCeni
naCvenebia Tana nawilakebidan mesame nawilakze moqmedi
bari muxtis simk
F3 Zalis mimarTuleba x RerZis dadebiTi
vrivis mqone dis
mimarTulebisadmi. b) gamoTvaleT F3 Zalis
koSi gamaval cen
sidide.
tralur z RerZze
moTavsebuli pro sur. 22.59. amocana 66.
70. Q dadebiTi muxtis mqone sami nawilaki
toni (p). diskos
d sigrZis gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds
qmnis. ra sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs
muxti zedmeti eleqtronebis gamo aqvs.
nawilakebidan nebismieri gverdis Sua
sami eleqtroni naCvenebia. ec eleqtroni
wertilze?
diskos centrzea, xolo es eleqtronebi
centridan R radiusis manZiliT arian
71. xy sibrtyis (3,3)sm wertilze damuxtuli
daSorebulni. protoni Tavdapirvelad nawilaki 7,2(4 +3 ) n/k eleqtrul vels
diskodan z = R = 2 sm manZilze mdebareobs. warmoqmnis, xolo (2,0) sm wertilze - 100 n/k
am adgilze risi tolia a) ec eleqtronis mier eleqtrul vels. risi tolia nawilakis a) x da
b) y koordinatebi? g) ra muxti aqvs nawilaks?
gamowveuli Ec eleqtruli velis sidide
da b) es eleqtronebis mier gamowveuli Es,t 72. protoni da eleqtroni 2×10–6 m sigrZis
, net
eleqtruli velis sidide? Semdeg protoni gevrdis tolgverda samkuTxedis or wveros
qmnis. ra sididis jamur eleqtrul vels
z = R/10 manZilze gadaadgilda. risi tolia
warmoqmnian es nawilakebi mesame wveroze?
g) Ec da d) Es,t ? e) a) da g) pasuxebidan Cans, rom
, net
rac ufro uaxlovdeba protoni diskos, miT
73. 22.61 suraTze, pirveli nawilaki (+1 mkk
muxtis), meore nawilaki (+1μ k muxtis)
ufro izrdeba Ec-s sidide. ratom mcirdeba Es , net
da mesame nawilaki (Q muxtis) a sigrZis
,t sidide, rogorc es b) da d) pasuxebidan Cans?
gverdis tolgverda samkuTxeds qmnis. Q-s
67. wriulis Reros simrudis radiusia R = 9 sm, ra mniSvnelobisTvis gaqreba samkuTxedis
θ = 2,4 radian kuTxes Semowers da Q = 6,25 pk centrze nawilakebidan moqmedi eleqtruli
Tanabrad ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxti aqvs. veli?
ra sididis eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis Q 74. a) ra q muxti unda hqondes 22.13 suraTze
simrudis centrze? gamosaxul diskos, raTa mis zedapiris
68. eleqtruli dipoli 20 n/k sididis E centrze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
Tanabar eleqtrul velSi moaTavses. 22.60 3×106 n/k iyos? swored es mniSvneloba iwvevs
781
haeris garRvevas da naperwklebis gaCenas. arealisTvis E-s α-ze damokidebulebis
diskos radiusia 2,5 sm da haerisTvis 22.1 grafiki aageT. grafikis α-s
daxmarebiT
cxrili gamoiyeneT. b) davuSvaT, zedapiris mniSvnelobebi gansazRvreT, romelic g) E-s
TiToeuli atomis ganivi kveTis farTobia maqsimalur mniSvnelobas da d) maqsimaluri
0,015 nm2. ramdeni atomia saWiro diskos mniSvnelobis naxevars mogvcems.
zedapiris Sesaqmnelad? g) a)-Si gamoTvlili
81. p(3
(3î + + 4
4 ĵ )(1,24×10–30) k · m impulsis dipoli
muxti zedapiris zogierT atomSi zedmeti
E = (4000 n/k) eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli.
eleqtronis arsebobiTaa gamowveuli.
atomebis ra nawili unda iyos ase damuxtuli? a) ra potenciuri energia aqvs eleqtrul
dipols? b) ra Zalis momenti moqmedebs
75. 1,2 mkm diametris, sferos formis wylis
dipolze? g) Tu gare Zala dipols abrunebs da
wveTi E = 462 n/k sididis qvemoT mimarTuli
atmosferuli eleqtruli velis Sedegad misi impulsi xdeba p(–4
(3î + + 3
4 ĵ )(1,24×10–30) k · m,
ra muSaoba Seasrula Zalam?
haerSi tivtivebs. a) ra mizidulobis Zala
moqmedebs wveTze? b) ramdeni zedmeti 82. saaTis zedapirze –q, –2q, –3q, ..., –12q
eleqtroni aqvs wveTs? uaryofiTi wertilovani muxtebia. saaTis
isrebi wertilovani muxtebis mier warmoqmnil
76. 22.62suraTze
velze zegavlenas ar axdens. ra dros emTxveva
eleqtruli dipoli Ta
erTmaneTs saaTis isris da ciferblatis
nabar gare E eleqtrul centrze gavlebuli eleqtruli velis
velSi i mimarTulebas veqtoris mimarTuleba? (miniSneba: gamoiyeneT
(θi = 20°) f mimarTulebiT simetria).
icvlis (θf = 20°). eleq
83. 22.63 suraTze q1 = 1 pk muxtis pirvel
truli dipolis impul
nawilaksa da q2 = –2 pk muxtis meore nawilaks
sia 1,6×10–27k·m, xolo sur. 22.62. amocana 76.
Soris manZilia d = 5 sm. erTeulovan-
velis sididea 3×106 n/k. ramdeniT icvleba
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia eleqtruli
dipolis potenciuri energia?
veli a) A, b) B da g) C wertilebze? d) gaavleT
77. muxti (Tanabari wiriTi simkvrive = 9 nk/m) eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi.
x RerZis gaswvriv x = 0 wertilidan x = 3 m
wertilamde gadaWimul Tokzea ganlagebuli.
ra sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs x = 4 m
wertilze? sur. 22.63. amocana 83.
78. 20 nk muxti 4 m sigrZis Reroze Tanabradaa 84. eleqtroni moTavsebulia R radiusis
ganawilebuli. Rero gaRunulia da 2 m radi damuxtuli rgolis centralur perpendiku
usis wriul rkals qmnis. ra sididis eleq larul RerZze, rogorc es 22.6 paragrafSi
truli veli moqmedebs rkalis simrudis gavarCieT. daamtkiceT, rom eleqtronze
centrze? moqmedma eleqtrostatikurma Zalam rgolis
79. a) risi tolia eleqtronis aCqareba centrze eleqtronis Semdegi kuTxuri
1,4×106 n/k sididis Tanabar eleqtrul velSi? sixSiriT rxeva SeiZleba gamoiwvios:
b) ra dro dasWirdeba eleqtrons uZravi
,
mdgomareobidan sinaTlis siCqaris 1/10-is
gansaviTareblad? b) ra manZils gaivlis eleq sadac q rgolis muxtia, xolo m – eleqtronis
troni am drois ganmavlobaSi? masa.
80. q dadebiTi muxtis ori nawilaki y RerZis 85. 150 n/k saSualo sididis E eleqtruli
y = d da y = –d wertilebzea ganlagebuli. veli dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos ganla
a) dawereT x RerZis x = αd wertilze moqmedi gebuli atmosferodan qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
tolqmedi eleqtruli velis E sididis Cven gvinda, rom 4,4 n wonis gogirdis sferom
am eleqtrul velSi sferos damuxtvis
gamosaTvleli gamosaxuleba. b) 0 < α < 4
782 Tavi 22 eleqtruli velebi
783
784 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
formis gausis zedapirs SemovavlebT, rogorc es aris 23.1 suraTze da Semdeg zedapirze moqmed
eleqtrul vels gamovTvliT.
gausis kanoni piriqiTac SegviZlia gamoviyenoT anu Tu gausis zedapirze moqmedi eleqtruli
veli viciT, zedapiris mier garSemortymul tolqmed muxtsac gamovTvliT. davuSvaT, 23.1
suraTze eleqtruli velis veqtorebi sferos centridan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli da maTi
sidideebi erTmaneTis tolia. gausis kanonis Tanaxmad, sferos formis zedapiri tolqmed
dadebiT muxts unda Semoertyas garSemo. muxti an nawilakia an sferuladaa ganawilebuli.
garSemortymuli muxtis raodenobis gamosaTvlelad jer 23.1 suraTze gamosaxul gausis zeda
pirze miRebuli eleqtruli velis sidide unda gamovTvaloT. miRebuli veli nakadiT izomeba.
23.2. nakadi
23.2a suraTze Tanabari siCqaris haeris farTo nakadi A farTobis mcire kvadratul firfitaSi
gadis. Φ iyos moculobis dinebis tempi, romliTac haeri firfitaSi gadis. es tempi -sa da
firfitis sibrtyes Soris kuTxezea damokidebuli. Tu sibrtyis perpendikularulia, Φ = νA.
Tu sibrtyis paraleluria, firfitaSi haeri ar gadis da Φ nulis tolia. Sualeduri θ kuTxis
SemTxvevaSi Φ damokidebulia sibrtyis mimarT -s perpendikularul komponentze (sur. 23.2b).
vinaidan es komponentia ν cos θ, firfitaSi moculobis dinebis tempia:
Φ = (ν cos θ) A (23.1)
sur. 23.2. a)Tanabari siCqaris haeris nakadi A farTobis kvadratuli firfitis sibrtyis perpendikularulia.
b) siCqaris firfitis sibrtyis
perpendikularuli komponentia ν cos θ, sadac θ aris kuTxe -sa da sibrtyis
normals Sors. g) farTobis A veqtori firfitis sibrtyis perpendikularulia da siCqaresTan θ kuTxes qmnis.
d) firfitis farTobSi siCqareTa veli.
23.3. nakadi eleqtrul velSi 785
integralze gakeTebuli wre miuTiTebs, rom integreba mTeli Caketili zedapirisTvis unda
niutoni · m2
Catardes. eleqtruli velis nakadi skalaruli sididea da SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia
kuloni
(n·m2/k).
23.4 formulis interpretacia sxva formiTac SeiZleba. Tavdapirvelad gavixsenoT, rom
farTobSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis simkvrive E eleqtruli velis sididis
proporciulia. ufro zustad, E sidide farTobis erTeulSi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis
raodenobis proporciulia. aqedan gamomdinare, 23.4 formulis E ⋅ dA skalaruli namravli
d A farTobSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis raodenobis proporciulia. vinaidan
23.4 formula gausis Caketili zedapirisTvis integrirdeba, gausis zedapirSi gamavaliφΦ
eleqtruli nakadi am zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis mTliani raodenobis
proporciulia.
= E (cos 90°) dA = 0 .
Φ = –EA + 0 + EA = 0 (pasuxi)
23.4. gausis kanoni 787
23.6 da 23.7 formulebi mxolod maSin gamodgeba, rodesac mTliani muxti vakuumSi an
haerSia ganlagebuli. 25-e paragrafSi gausis kanons SevcvliT da qaris, minis, zeTis da sxva
garemoebisTvisac gamoviyenebT.
788 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
sur. 23.6. sididiT Tanabari da niSniT gareT mdebare yvela muxtis Sedegad warmoqmnili
sawinaaRmdego ori wertilovani muxti da eleqtruli velia. es yvelaferi SeiZleba araTan
maTi jamuri eleqtruli velis amsaxveli
mimdevrulad mogeCvenoT, magram 23.1 amocanis
Zalwirebi. suraTze naCvenebia gausis oTxi
zedapiris ganivi kveTi. S1 zedapiri dade amoxsnis nimuSidan gaixseneT, rom gausis zedapirs
biT muxts ertymis garSemo, S2 zedapiri –
gareT mdebare muxtis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
uaryofiT muxts, S3 zedapiri muxts saerTod
ar ertymis garSemo, xolo S4 zedapiri orive velis monawileoba zedapirSi gamaval nakadSi nulia,
muxts da maSasadame nulovan jamur muxts vinaidan ramdeni eleqtruli velis Zalwiric Sedis
ertymis garSemo.
zedapirSi, imdenive gamodis.
23.6 suraTze naCvenebia sididiT toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdego ori wertilovani muxti, agreTve
am muxtebis mier garSemo sivrceSi warmoqmnili eleqtruli velebis amsaxveli Zalwirebi.
suraTze aseve naCvenebia gausis oTxi zedapiri. modiT ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
zedapiri S1 . am zedapiris yvela wertilisTvis eleqtruli veli zedapiridan gamodis. aqedan
gamomdinare, zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis nakadi da zedapiris SigniT mTliani
muxti dadebiTia, rogorc amas gausis kanoni moiTxovs (23.6 formulaSi Tu Φ dadebiTia,
qj-c dadebiTi unda iyos).
zedapiri S2 . zedapiris yvela wertilisTvis eleqtruli veli SigniTkenaa mimarTuli. maSasadame,
eleqtruli velis nakadi da, maSasadame, garSemortymuli muxtic, uaryofiTia.
zedapiri S3 . zedapiri muxts gars ar ertymis da amitom qj = 0. gausis kanonis (23.6 formula)
Tanaxmad, zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis nakadi nulis toli unda iyos da es
marTalicaa, vinaidan zedapirSi gamavali yvela Zalwiri misi erTi mxridan Sedis da meore
mxridan gamodis.
zedapiri S4 . es zedapiri mTlian muxts gars ar ertymis, vinaidan garSemortymuli dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi muxtebis sidideebi Tanabaria. gausis kanonis Tanaxmad zedapirSi gamavali
eleqtruli velis nakadi nulis toli unda iyos da es asecaa, vinaidan S4 zedapiridan imdenive
eleqtruli velis Zalwiri gamodis, ramdenic Sedis.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia sami SemTxveva, rodesac gausis kubi eleqtrul
velSia moTavsebuli. isrebi da ricxvebi eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis mimarTulebas da
kubis eqvsive mxares gamavali nakadis sidides (n·m2/k-ebSi) asaxavs (Ria feris isrebi ekuTvnis
im gverdebs, romlebic ar moCans). romel SemTxvevaSi ertymis gars kubi a) dadebiT jamur
muxts, b) uaryofiT jamur muxts da g) nulovan jamur muxts?
= qj , (23.8)
sur. 23.8. q wertilovani muxtis
garSemo centrirebuli gausis sfero. sadac qj = q. miuxedavad imisa, rom E radialurad icvleba
q-dan manZilis cvlilebasTan erTad, misi mniSvneloba
sferos formis zedapirze yvelgan Tanabaria. vinaidan 23.8 formulis integreba zedapiriT
xdeba, E mudmivia da integrals gareT SegviZlia gamovitanoT:
= q. (23.9)
amjerad integrali sferos dA diferencialuri farTobebis ubralo jamia anu 4πr2 zedapiris
farTobia:
ε 0 E(4 πr 2 ) = q
1 q
anu E= . (23.10)
4πε0 r 2
es ki zustad 22.3 formula anu kulonis kanonia.
rom eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi q-dan 3) Sedegad miviReT Zalian martivi integreba -
sferos diferencialuri farTobis Sejameba,
radialurad moSorebiTaa mimarTuli da
rac 4πr2-is tolia.
sferul simetrias qmnis.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom qj muxtis garSemo gan
r manZilze E eleqtruli velis gausis kanonis
lagebuli nebismieri formis gausis zeda
saSualebiT gamosaTvlelad q-s garSemo
pirisTvis gausis kanoni vargisia. miuxedavad
r wertilis CaTvliT gausis Caketili, war
amisa, Tu, magaliTad, kubis formis gausis
mosaxviTi zedapiri avageT. Semdeg gausis
zedapirs avirCevdiT, miRebuli gamartivebebi
mTliani zedapirisTvis E ⋅ dA mniSvnelobebis
aRar iarsebebda E ⋅ dA -s integreba sakmaod
jami integrebis Sedegad gamovTvaleT. rTuli gaxdeboda. mTeli am msjelobidan
integrebis gasamartiveblad sferos gamomdinare gausis zedapiri ise unda Sear
formis gausis zedapiri avirCieT (romelic CioT, raTa gausis kanonSi integreba maqsi
eleqtruli velis sferul simetrias waagavs). malurad gamartivdes.
23.6. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtari 791
(a)
es Teorema sakmaod gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
erTi da igive niSnis muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven da
damatebuli muxtebi zedapirisken moZraobisas maqsima
lurad Sordeba erTmaneTs. Teoremis dasamtkiceblad
kvlav gausis kanons davubrundeT.
23.9a suraTze naCvenebia izolirebul Tokze Camoki
debuli spilenZis izolirebuli naWris ganivi kveTi,
romelsac q zedmeti muxti aqvs. gausis zedapirs gamtaris
zedapiris SigniT vaTavsebT. (b)
gamtaris SigniT moqmedi eleqtruli veli nulis toli
sur. 23.9. a) q muxtis mqone spilenZis
unda iyos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, eleqtruli veli
naWeri izolirebul Tokzea Camoki
gamtarebis eleqtronebze imoqmedebs da, maSasadame, debuli. gausis zedapiri spilenZis zeda
gamtaris SigniT deni yovelTvis iarsebebs. izolirebul piris SigniTaa moTavsebuli. b) amjerad
spilenZis naWers aqvs siRrue. gausis
gamtarSi, ra Tqma unda, amgvari mudmivi deni ar arsebobs
zedapiri spilenZis SigniTaa da siRruis
da Siga eleqtruli veli nulia (Siga eleqtruli zedapirTan axlosaa ganlagebuli.
veli gamtaris damuxtvis dros Cndeba. miuxedavad
amisa, damatebuli muxti male nawildeba da jamuri Siga eleqtruli veli anu yvela muxtiT
gamowveuli eleqtruli velebis veqtoruli jami gamtaris SigniT da gareT nulia. Semdeg muxtis
moZraoba wydeba, vinaidan TiToeul muxtze moqmedi jamuri Zala nulis tolia da muxtebi
eleqtrostatikur wonasworobaSi gadadian).
Tu spilenZis gamtaris SigniT E yvelgan nulis tolia, maSin gausis zedapiris nebismier
wertilzec nulis toli unda iyos, vinaidan gausis zedapiri mTlianad gamtaris zedapirs
SigniTaa moTavsebuli. es niSnavs, rom gausis zedapirSi gamavali nakadi nulia. gausis kanonis
Tanaxmad, Tu gausis zedapirSi gamavali nakadi nulia, maSin gausis zedapiris SigniT jamuri
muxtic nulia. vinaidan gausis zedapiris SigniT zedmeti muxti ar arsebobs, is zedapirs gareTaa
anu zedmeti muxti gamtaris zedapirzea ganlagebuli.
gamtaris mocileba
warmoidgineT, rom raRac saocari Zalis zemoqmedebiT zedmeti muxtebi gamtaris zedapirze
`gaiyinnen~ da Semdeg SeZles gamtaris mTlianad amoReba. es niSnavs, rom 23.9b suraTze gamosaxuli
siRrue Zalian gafarTovda da mTliani gamtari (garda muxtebisa) moicva. eleqtruli veli
kvlav ar Seicvleba, Txeli garsis SigniT nulis toli darCeba, xolo yvela gare wertilisTvis
ucvleli iqneba. es niSnavs, rom eleqtruli vels muxtebi warmoqmnian da ara gamtari. gamtari
muxtebs mxolod atarebs, raTa maT TavianTi mdebareoba daikavon.
maSasadame, gamtaris gareT moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide gamtarze muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivis proporciulia. Tu gamtaris muxti dadebiTia, eleqtruli veli gamtaris zedapiridan
gareT aris mimarTuli da Tu muxti uaryofiTia – gamtarisken (sur. 23.10).
23.10 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi garemoSi ganlagebul uaryofiT
muxtebze unda Sewydes. Tu am muxtebs gamtarTan mivaaxlovebT, gamtaris zedapirze muxtis
simkvrive da eleqtruli velis sidide Seicvleba. miuxedavad amisa, σ-s da E-s Soris kvlav 23.11
formuliT mocemuli kavSiri iqneba.
Φ = EA cos θ = E(2πrh)cos 0 = E(2πrh),
muxtis usasrulod grZeli wiri misgan r radialur manZilze 23.12 formuliT mocemul eleqtrul
vels warmoqmnis. E muxtis wirisgan radialurad gareT aris mimarTuli, Tu muxti dadebiTia da
wirisken radialurad aris mimarTuli, Tu muxti uaryofiTia. 23.12 formula muxtis sasruli
wiris velisTvisac gamodgeba, Tu wertilebi wiris boloebTan metismetad axlos ar aris.
ε0 = qj ,
ε0 (EA + EA) = σA ,
sadac σA aris gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxti. am
SemTxvevaSi:
σ
E= (muxtis firfita). (23.13)
2ε0
vinaidan Cven muxtis Tanabari simkvrivis mqone usasrulo
(a)
firfitas ganvixilavT, es formula furclidan sasrul
manZilze ganlagebuli nebismieri wertilisTvis gamodgeba.
23.13 formula 22.27 formulas, romelic individualuri
muxtebis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis komponentebis
integrebiT gamovTvaleT, eTanxmeba (gaixseneT integrebaze
daxarjuli dro da energia da yuradReba miaqcieT, ramdenad
(b)
swrafad viRebT igive Sedegs gausis kanonis saSualebiT.
swored amitom mieZRvna mTeli Tavi am kanons. muxtebis
simetriuli ganlagebis dros velis komponentebis integrebaze bevrad advili swored gausis
kanonis gamoyenebaa).
sur. 23.17. a) erT mxareze Tanabrad damuxtuli ori didi, paraleluri firfita. b) ori damuxtuli firfitis
Sedegad gamowveuli inidividualuri eleqtruli velebi. g) orive firfitis mier gamowveuli jamuri eleqtruli
veli superpoziciis principiT gamoiTvleba
798 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
Tanabrad damuxtuli garsi mis gareT mdebare damuxtul nawilaks ise miizidavs an gani-
zidavs, TiTqos garsis muxti centrSi iyos koncentrirebuli.
( )=
r radiusis sferoSi tebis R radiusis sferuli simetriuli
moqceuli muxti ganawileba, romlis ρ moculobiTi
sruli muxti
muxtis simkvrive mxolod centridan
( )
r radiusis sferoSi sruli moculoba
dacilebis funqciaa. damuxtuli sagani
moqceuli moculoba gamtari ar aris da amitom muxti uZravia.
r > R sferuli koncentruli gausis
q´ q
anu 3 πr3 = 3 πR3 (23.18) zedapiri a) suraTzea naCvenebia. r < R
4 4 igive saxis gausis zedapiri b) suraTze
moCans.
Semdeg miviRebT:
q´ = q r 3
3
(23.19)
R
es formula 23.17 formulaSi CavsvaT:
E= ( q
4πε0R3 )
r (Tanabari muxti, veli r≤R wertilze) (23.20)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
gausis kanoni. gausis kanoni da kulonis damuxtuli wiris perpendikularulia da
kanoni statikur mdgomareobaSi muxtsa da misi sididea:
eleqtrul vels Soris kavSirs sxvadasxva λ
E= (muxtis wiri), (23.12)
gziT aRweren. gausis kanonia: 2πε0r
sadac r aris damuxtuli wiridan wer
ε0Φ = qj (gausis kanoni), (23.6)
tilamde perpendikularuli manZili.
sadac qj aris warmosaxviT daxurul zedapirSi 4. Tanabari σ muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivis
(gausis zedapirSi) arsebuli jamuri muxti, usasrulo gaumtari firfitiT gamowveuli
xolo Φ _ zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli eleqtruli veli firfitis sibrtyis per
velis nakadi: pendikularulia da misi sididea:
(gausis zedapirSi gamavali σ
eleqtruli nakadi) (23.4) E= (muxtis firfita). (23.13)
2ε0
kulonis kanoni gausis kanonidan SegviZlia 5. R radiusis da q jamuri muxtis sferuli
miviRoT. garsis gareT mdebare eleqtruli velis
gausis kanonis gamoyeneba. gausis kanonis mimarTuleba radialuria da misi sididea:
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi simetriis gamoyen- 1 q
E= (sferuli garsi, rodesac r≥R) (23.15)
ebiT eleqtrostatikur mdgomareobebSi ram- 4πε0 r2
denime mniSvnelovani Sedegi miiReba: aq r aris garsis centridan im wertilamde
1. izolirebuli gamtaris zedmeti muxti manZili, sadac E izomeba (gare wertilebis
mTlianad mis gare zedapirzea ganlage SemTxvevaSi muxti ise iqceva, TiTqos sfe
buli. ros centrSi iyos ganlagebuli). Tanabari
2. damuxtuli gamtaris zedapirTan axlos muxtis sferul garsSi moqmedi eleqtruli
gare eleqtruli veli zedapiris perpen veli zustad nulia:
dikularulia da misi sididea:
σ E=0 (sferuli garsi, rodesac r < R) (23.16)
E=ε (gamtari zedapiri) (23.11)
0 6. Tanabari muxtis sferos SigniT moqmedi
gamtars SigniT E=0. eleqtruli velis mimarTuleba radialu
3. Tanabari λ muxtis wiriTi simkvrivis mqone ria da misi sididea:
damuxtuli usasrulo wiriT gamowveuli
eleqtruli veli nebismier wertilze
E= ( q
4πε0R3)r (23.20)
SekiTxvebi
jamuri nakadebi dididan mcireze. b) daalageT
1. zedapiris farTobis veqtoria A = (2 +3 )m2.
zedapirebze eleqtruli velebis sidideebi
ra Tanabari eleqtruli velis nakadi gaivlis
dididan mcireze da aCveneT es sidideebi
zedapirSi, Tu velia a) E = 4 n/k da b) E = 4
Tanabaria Tu cvladi.
n/k?
3. 23.21 suraTze naCvenebia liTonis
2. 23.20 suraTze naCvenebia gausis ori
centraluri burTis, liTonis ori sferuli
sferos da gausis
garsis da R, 2R,
ori kubis ganivi
3R radiusebis
kveTi. figurebi
gausis sami sfe
dadebiTad damux
ros ganivi kve
tuli nawilakis
Ti. yvela figu
garSemoa centri
ras erTi da igive
rebuli. a) daala
centri aqvs.
geT gausis zeda
burTs Q Tanabari
pirebSi gamavali sur. 23.20. SekiTxva 2. sur. 23.21. SekiTxva 3.
801
muxti aqvs, mcire garss _ 3Q muxti, xolo 7. 23.24 suraTze
did garss _ 5Q muxti. gausis zedapirebi Tanabari muxtis
maT nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli simkvriveebis (σ(+)
velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze da σ(–)) or usasru
daalageT. lo, gaumtar, hori
4. 23.22 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi ganlageba, zontalur firfitas
sur. 23.24. SekiTxva 7.
rodesac oTxi Zalian grZeli Rero wignis Soris eleqtroni
furcelSi Sedis da gamodis (Tqven mxolod moZraobs. eleqtroni sam mdgomareobaSi
mcire zomis wreebs xedavT). ricxviTi xvdeba da maTi Sesabamisi zedapiruli muxtis
mniSvnelobebi Reros muxtis Tanabar simkvri simkvriveebi da firfitebs Soris dacileba
ves mk/m-ebSi asaxaven. Reroebs Soris manZilia qvemoTaa mocemuli. daalageT eleqtronis
d an 2d, xolo centraluri wertili Siga aCqarebebi dididan mcireze.
Reroebis Sua wertilzea ganlagebuli. mdgomareoba σ(+) σ(–) dacileba
daalageT ganlagebebi centralur moqmedi
1 +4σ –4σ d
tolqmedi eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT
2 +7σ –σ 4d
dididan mcireze.
3 +3σ –5σ 9d
8. mcire damuxtuli burTi liTonis R ra
diusis sferul garsSia moTavsebuli. sam
mdgomareobaSi burTis da garsis muxtebia:
1) +4q, 0; 2) –6q, +10q, 3) +16q, –12q. daalageT
mdgomareobebi a) garsis Siga zedapiris da
b) garsis gare zedapiris muxtebis mixedviT.
9. me-8 SekiTxvaSi mocemuli mdgomareobebi
g) garsis SuaSi da b) garsis centridan 2R
sur. 23.22. SekiTxva 4. manZilze daSorebul wertilze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidideebis mixedviT
5. 23.23 suraTze naCvenebia L sigrZis da Q
dididan mcireze daalageT.
Tanabari muxtis sami myari cilindris ganivi
kveTi. TiToeuli cilindris koncentrulad 10. 23.25 suraTze naCvenebia moculobaSi
erTi da igive radiusis gausis cilindruli Tanabrad ganawilebuli Q muxtis mqone
zedapirebia ganlagebuli. gausis zedapirebi oTxi myari sfero. a) daalageT sferoebi
nebismier wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivis mixedviT
velis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT. dididan mcireze. suraTze aseve naCvenebia P
wertili, romelic yvela sferos centridan
Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli.
b) daalageT sferoebi am wertilze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sididis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.
sur. 23.23. SekiTxva 5.
amocanebi
paragrafi 23.4. gausis kanoni
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Manual-Si. ·4. 23.28 suraTze
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze gamosaxuli peple
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday bis saWeri E=3mn/k
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
sididis Tanabari
com/college/halliday. e l e q t r u l i
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs velSia. rkali
• – ••• sur. 23.28. amocana 4.
amocanis sirTules
a=11sm radiu
paragrafi 23.3. eleqtruli velis sis wrea da velis perpendikularulad aris
nakadi ganlagebuli. saWeri damuxtuli ar aris.
gamoTvaleT masSi gamavali eleqtruli
·1. 23.26 suraTze
nakadi.
gamosaxuli kvad
ratuli zedapiris ·5. 1,8 mkk wertilovani muxti 55 sm sigrZis
TiToeuli gverdi gverdis gausis kuburi zedapiris centrSia
3,2mm-ia. zedapiri ganlagebuli. ra eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis
E = 1800 n/k sidi zedapirSi?
dis Tanabar eleq ·6. 23.27 suraTze gamosaxuli kubis zedapiris
sur. 23.26. amocana 1.
trul velSia mo TiToeul wertilze eleqtruli veli z RerZis
Tavsebuli da eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi paraleluria. kubis TiToeuli gverdis
zedapiris normalisadmi θ = 35° kuTxes sigrZea 3 m. kubis zeda gverdze E = –34 n/k
qmnian. davuSvaT normali gareTaa mimarTuli, da qveda gverdze E = +20 n/k. gamoTvaleT
TiTqos zedapiri yuTis erTi gverdia. kubis SigniT moqceuli muxti.
gamoTvaleT zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli ·7. 23.29 suraTze protoni d gverdis
nakadi. kvadratis centridan maRla d/2 manZiliT aris
··2. 23.27 suraTze daSorebuli. ra sididis eleqtruli nakadi
gamosaxuli kubis gaivlis kvadratSi? (miniSneba: kvadrati
gverdis sigrZea d sigrZis gverdis kubis erT zedapirad
1,4 m da is erT miiCnieT).
gvarovani eleq
truli velisken
aris orientire
buli. gamoTva
sur. 23.27. amocanebi 2, 6
leT marjvena da 13
gverdSi gamavali sur. 23.29. amocana 7.
eleqtruli nakadi, Tu eleqtruli
··8. rodesac daketil saabazanoSi Sxapi
velia (n/k-ebSi) a) 6 , b) –2 da
moSvebulia, abazanaze daSxefebulma wyalma
g) –3 +4 . d) ra mTliani nakadi gaivlis kubSi
SesaZloa oTaxis haeri uaryofiTad damux-
TiToeuli velis SemTxvevaSi?
tuli ionebiT aavsos da haerSi 1000 n/k sidi-
··3. E = 4 –3(y2+2) eleqtruli veli 23.5 dis eleqtruli veli warmoqmnas. saabazanos
suraTze naCveneb gausis kubs kveTs (E aris n/k- zomebia 2,5 m × 3 m × 2 m. Weris, iatakis da oTxi
ebSi, xolo x - metrebSi). ra eleqtruli nakadi kedlis gaswvriv, haerSi arsebuli eleqtruli
gaivlis a) zeda gverdSi, b) qveda gverdSi, veli zedapiris perpendikularuladaa mimar
g) marcxena gverdSi da d) ukana gverdSi? Tuli da misi sididea 600 n/k. garda amisa
b) mTlianad ra eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis dauSviT, rom es zedapirebi oTaxis haeris
kubSi? garSemo gausis daxurul zedapirs qmnis. risi
803
tolia oTaxis haerSi a) ρ muxtis moculobiTi damokidebulebis grafiki. a) rogoria cen
simkvrive da b) e elementaruli nawilakebis traluri nawilakis muxti? ra muxti aqvs
Warbi ricxvi kubur metrze? b) A garss da g) B garss?
··9. eqsperimentulad dadginda, rom dedamiwis ··13. 23.27 suraTze, gausis zedapiri 1,4 m
atmosferos garkveul monakveTSi eleqtruli sigrZis gverdis kubia. risi tolia a) zeda
veli vertikalurad qvemoTaa mimarTuli. 300 m pirSi gamavali Φ nakadi da b) zedapiriT gar
simaRleze velis sididea 60 n/k, xolo 200 m Semortymuli qj muxti, Tu E (=3y ) n/k? risi
simaRleze velis sididea 100 n/k. gamoTvaleT tolia g) Φ da d) qj , Tu E =[–4 +(6+3y) ] n/k?
100 m sigrZis gverdis da 200 da 300 m simaRleze ILW
ganlagebuli horizontaluri gverdebis ···14. 23.32 suraTze gamosaxuli yuTis magvari
mqone kubSi moqceuli muxtis raodenoba. SSM gausis zedapiri +24ε0 k muxts moicavs da
··10. 23.30 suraTze E = [(10+2x) – 3 + bz ] n/k eleqtrul velSia
garsi
naCvenebia ori gaum garsi moTavsebuli. x da z metrebSia, xolo b mudmivaa.
tari, sferuli, uZravi qveda gverdi xz sibrtyeSia, xolo zeda gverdi
garsi. pirveli garsis _ y2 = 1 m wertilze gamaval horizontalur
gare zedapirze muxtis sibrtyeSi. rodesac x1=1m, x2=4m, z1=1m da z2=3m,
zedapiruli simkv risi tolia b?
rivea +6 mkk/m , xolo
2
sur. 23.32. amocana 14.
radiusia 3 sm. meore sur. 23.30. amocana 10.
cilindris RerZidan r radialuri manZilis ·34. 23.40 suraTze, R = 1,8 sm radiusis patara
funqciaa da ρ = Ar2. sadac A = 2,5 mkk/m5, risi wriuli xvreli usasrulo, brtyeli, gaumtari,
tolia eleqtruli velis sidide a) r = 3 sm da
b) r = 5 sm manZilze?
paragrafi 23.8. gausis kanonis gamo
yeneba: sibrtyiTi simetria.
·31. 8 sm sigrZis gverdis da umniSvnelo sis
qis liTonis kvadratuli firfitis muxtia
sur. 23.40. amocana 34.
806 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
7
baSi Tanabrad gana vneloba unda
reT moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide. ra (a ≤ r ≤ b) Tanabari sur. 23.48. amocana 47.
·43. ucnobi muxti 10 sm radiusis gamtar, myar ··48. damuxtuli nawilaki sferos formis
sferoze zis. Tu sferos centridan 15 sm garsis centrSia moTavsebuli. 23.49 suraTze
Siga radiusis da b = 2a gare radiusis sferuli sididis gaxda, ramac eleqtruli garRveva da
garsi. risi tolia eleqtruli velis sidide naperwklebis gaCena gamoiwvia; 2) naperwklis
a) r = 0, b) r = a/2, g) r = a, d) r = 1,5a, e) r = b da energia 150j an meti iyo, rac fxvnilis aalebas
v) r = 3b radialur manZilebze? iwvevda. modiT plastmasis milebis gamavali
···51. R = 5,6 sm radiusis myar, gaumtar sfe fxvnilisTvis pirveli piroba SevamowmoT.
roSi muxtebis ganawileba araTanabaria da davuSvaT, R = 5 sm radiusis cilindrul
muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ = (14,1 pk/m ) 3 milSi uaryofiTad damuxtuli fxvnilis
r/R, sadac r aris sferos centridan radialuri nakadi gadis. fxvnili da misi muxti milSi
manZili. a) risi tolia sferos mTliani muxti? Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da maTi muxtis
risi tolia eleqtruli velis E sidide b) r = 0, moculobiTi simkvrivea ρ. a) gausis kanonis
g) r = R/2 da d) r = R radialur manZilebze? gamoyenebiT milSi moqmedi E eleqtruli
g) aageT E-s r-ze damokidebulebis grafiki. velis sididis gamosaxuleba milis centridan
ILW r radialuri manZilis saSualebiT CawereT.
···52. 23.52 suraT b) r-is zrdasTan erTad E izrdeba Tu mcirdeba?
ze naCvenebia mo g) E radialurad SigniTaa mimarTuli Tu
culobaSi Tanab gareT? d) rodesac ρ = 1,1×10–3 k/m3 (tipiuri
rad ganawilebuli mniSvneloba qarxnisTvis), gamoTvaleT maqsi
muxtis mqone ori
sur. 23.52. amocana 52. maluri E da misi moqmedebis adgili. e) moxdeba
myari sferos ganivi kveTi. TiToeulis sferos Tu ara aaleba da sad? (istoria 24-e Tavis me-
radiusia R. P wertili sferoebis centrebis 60 amocanaSi grZeldeba).
SemaerTebel wrfeze Zevs da pirveli sferos 55. Tanabari 500 nk/m3 muxtis moculobiTi
centridan R/2 manZiliTaa daSorebuli. Tu P simkvrive 6 sm radiusis sferul moculobaSi
wertilze moqmedi jamuri eleqtruli veli nawildeba. kubis formis gausis zedapiris
nulia, risi tolia meore sferos q2 mTliani centri sferos centrs emTxveva. risi tolia
muxtis Sefardeba pirveli sferos q1 mTlian kubis zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli nakadi,
muxtTan? Tu gverdis sigrZea a) 4 sm da b) 14 sm?
···53. muxtebis sferulad simetriuli, magram 56. Q muxti R radiusis sferoSi Tanabradaa
araTanabari ganawileba E = Kr 4 sididis ganawilebuli. a) muxtis ra nawilia r = R/2
eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis, romelic sferos radiusis SigniT? b) risi tolia r = 2R manZilze
centridan radialurad aris mimarTuli. moqmedi eleqtruli velis Sefardeba sferos
am SemTxvevaSi r aris centridan radialuri zedapirze moqmed eleqtrul velTan?
manZili, xolo K - mudmiva. risi tolia muxtebis 57. Tavisufali eleqtroni or did, para
ganawilebis ρ moculobiTi simkvrive? lelur, gaumtar, horizontalur da 2,3 sm
damatebiTi amocanebi manZiliT daSorebul firfitas Sorisaa
fxvnilis pakets yuTSi clidnen, romelsac mizidulobis Zalas abalansebs. risi tolia
a) muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive firfitebze
eleqtrulad damiwebuli plastmasis milebi
uerTdeboda. am milebis gavliT fxvnili da b) ra mimarTulebisaa E (zeviT aris
Sesanax bunkerSi gadaitaneboda. fxvnilis mimarTuli Tu qveviT)?
gavlisas afeTqebis ori piroba gaCnda: 58. 23.53 suraTze naCvenebia 2 m sigrZis gver-
1) eleqtruli velis sidide 3×10 n/k an meti
6 dis kubis formis gausis daxuruli zedapiri.
809
zedapiris mdebareobis mopirdapire zedapirisken gamaval viwro
adgilze eleqtruli radialuri gvirabisa. protoni burTis gareT
velia = (3x + 4) + da gvirabis gaswvriv nebismier adgilze
6 + 7 n/k, sadac x met SeiZleba ganlagdes. FR iyos protonze moqmedi
rebSia. risi tolia ku- eleqtrostatikuri Zalis sidide, rodesac is
sur. 23.53. amocana 58. burTis zedapirze R manZilzea ganlagebuli.
biT garSemortymuli
R-is jeradis saxiT zedapiridan ra manZilzea
muxti?
wertili, sadac protonis a) burTisgan
59. 23.54 suraTze moSorebiT an b) gvirabSi gadaadgilebis
naCvenebia 2m sigr Semdeg Zalis sididea 0,5FR.
Zis gverdis kubis
65. ρ = 1,2 nk/m3 Tanabari moculobiTi si
formis gausis daxu
sur. 23.54. amocana 59. mkvrivis mqone muxti x = –5sm da x = +5 sm wer
ruli zedapiri, ro tilebs Soris usasrulo firfitas avsebs. risi
mlis erTi kuTxe x1=5m da y1=4m wertilzea. tolia a) x = 4 sm da b) x = 6 sm koordinatze
kubis mdebareobis adgilze eleqtruli velia moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide?
= –3 – 4y2 + 3 n/k, sadac y metrebSia. ra 66. 8 nk/m2 zedapiruli simkvrivis muxti xy
muxts moicavs kubi?
sibrtyeze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. ra
60. damuxtuli nawilakebisgan Semdgari sfe eleqtruli nakadi gaivlis gausis sferul
ruli burTis muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive zedapirSi, romlis centri koordinatTa
mudmivia. burTis R radiusis TermebSi ra aTvlis saTavea da 5 sm radiusi aqvs?
radialur manZilzea a) burTis SigniT da
67. 25 sm radiusis Txelkedliani, liTonis
b) gareT eleqtruli veli am velis maqsima-
1 sferuli garsis muxtia 2×10–7 k. gamoTvaleT
luri mniSvnelobis 4 ?
E a) garsis SigniT, b) garsis gareT da b) cen
61. 10 sm Siga radiusis da 20 sm gare radiusis
tridan 3 m manZilze.
carieli sferuli gamtaris gare zedapiridan
moSorebiT ganlagebul P wertilze moqmedi 68. garkveul sivrceSi moqmedi eleqtruli
eleqtruli velis sididea 450 n/k da veli velia E = (x + 2) n/k, sadac x metrebSia. gan
gareTaa mimarTuli. rodesac sferos centrSi vixiloT 20 sm radiusis, x RerZisadmi koa
ucnobi Q wertilovani muxti moaTavses, qsialuri gausis cilindruli zedapiri.
P wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis cilindris erTi bolo x = 0 wertilze Zevs.
mimarTuleba ar Seicvala, magram misi sidide a) risi tolia cilindris meore boloSi
gaxda 180 n/k. a) risi toli iyo gare zedapiriT gavlili eleqtruli nakadi, Tu es bolo
garSemortymuli muxti Q-s Semotanamde? x = 2 m wertilzea? b) ra jamur muxts moicavs
b) risi tolia Q muxti? Q-s Semotanis Semdeg cilindri?
risi tolia gamtaris g) Siga da d) gare 69. 6 pk muxti r = 4 sm radiusis sferos
zedapiris muxti? moculobaSi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. risi
62. ρ = 3,2 mkk/m3 Tanabari moculobiTi si tolia a) 6 sm da b) 3 sm radialur manZilze
mkvrivis mqone muxti 5 sm radiusis gaumtar, moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide?
myar sferos avsebs. risi tolia eleqtruli
70. 23.55 suraTze naCvenebia sami usasrulod
velis sidide sferos centridan a) 3,5 sm da
b) 8 sm manZilze?
63. sferuli gamtari garsis gare zedapiris
muxtia –14 mkk da mis cariel SigTavsSi
damuxtuli nawilakia ganlagebuli. Tu garsis
jamuri muxtia –10 mkk, risi tolia a) garsis
Siga zedapiris da b) nawilakis muxti?
64. damuxtuli nawilakebisgan Semdgar burTs
Tanabrad ganawilebuli uaryofiTi muxtis
simkvrive aqvs, garda misi erTi zedapiridan
sur. 23.55. amocana 70.
810 Tavi 23 gausis kanoni
didi, gaumtari firfitis ganivi kveTi, rom 75. 8 nk/m2 Tanabari zedapiruli simkvrivis
lebzec muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. muxti xy sibrtyezea ganawilebuli, xolo
zedapiruli muxtis simkvriveebia σ1 = +2 mkk/ 3 nk/m2 Tanabari zedapiruli simkvrivis muxti
m2, σ2 = +4 mkk/m2 da σ3 = –5 mkk/m2, xolo manZilia z = 2 m paralelur sibrtyezea ganawilebuli.
L = 1,5 sm. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi a) 1 m da b) 3 m z koordinatis mqone nebismier
risi tolia P wertilze moqmedi jamuri eleq nawilakze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidide
truli veli? gamoTvaleT.
71. kubis TiToeul gverdSi gamavali eleq 76. P wertili or usasrulo, paralelur,
truli nakadia 103 n·m2/k, rac zedapirze ganla gaumtar damuxtul firfitas Soris aris
gebuli N laqebis ricxvis tolia. N kenti ganlagebuli, –3σ1 muxtis zedapiruli si
ricxvis dros nakadi SigniTaa mimarTuli, mkvrivis erTi firfitidan d manZiliTaa
xolo N luwi ricxvis dros – gareT. risi dacilebuli, xolo +σ1 zedapiruli muxtis
tolia muxti kubis SigniT? simkvrivis meore firfitidan 3d manZili
72. gaumtar myar sfe aSorebs. σ1/ε0-is ra jeradi gvaZlevs P wer
ros ρ moculobiTi si tilze moqmedi eleqtruli velis sidides?
mkvrivis Tanabrad ga- 77. a radiusis Txelkedliani, liTonis
nawilebuli muxti aqvs. sferuli garsis muxtia qa. b>a radiusis da
r veqtori sferos cen- qb muxtis Txelkedliani, liTonis sferuli
tridan sferos SigniT garsi misi koncentrulia. gamoTvaleT saerTo
sur. 23.56. amocana 72.
ganlagebul P werti- centridan r manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli
lamdea gavlebuli. a) daamtkiceT, rom P veli, rodesac a) r < a, b) a < r < b da g) r > b.
wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli velia E d) axseniT kriteriumi, romliTac garsis Siga
= ρr /3ε0. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sedegi da gare zedapirebze muxtebis ganlagebas
sferos radiusze damokidebuli ar aris). gansazRvravT.
b) sferos igive formis CaRrueba aqvs (23.56 78. ra muxts moicavs me-3 amocanaSi mocemuli
suraTi). superpoziciis principis mixedviT gausis kubi?
daamtkiceT, rom siRruis SigniTa nebismier
79. +5 pk muxtis nawilaki –3 pk muxtis sferu-
wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli Tanabaria
li, gamtari garsis centrzea moTavsebuli.
da E = ρ a /3ε0, sadac a aris sferos centridan
garsis Siga radiusia 0,8 m, xolo gare radiusia
siRruis centramde gavlebuli mdebareobis
1,4 m. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa r = 0,5 m
veqtori (gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sedegi sferos
radialur manZilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli?
da siRruis radiusze damokidebuli ar aris).
risi tolia E g) r = 1 m da d) r = 2 m manZilze?
73. R = 5,68 sm radiusis naxevarsferos formis
80. R radiusis myar burTs Tanabrad
gausis zedapiri E = 2,5 n/k sididis Tanabar
ganawilebuli muxti aqvs da burTis
eleqtrul velSia moTavsebuli. zedapiri
centridan 2R manZilze ganlagebul P wer
jamur muxts ar moicavs. naxevarsferos fu
tilze E1 eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. Tu R/2
Zeze veli zedapiris perpendikularulia da
radiusis birTvi burTidan moxsnes, E1-s ra
miskenaa mimarTuli. risi tolia a) fuZeSi da
nawili iarsebebs P wertilze?
b) zedapiris mrud monakveTSi gamavali na
81. ν = 3 × 105 m/wm siCqariT moZravi protoni
kadi?
r = 1 sm radiusis damuxtuli sferos garSemo
74. q = 1×10–7 k wertilovani muxti liTonis
brunavs. risi tolia sferos muxti?
naWerSi gakeTebuli 3 sm radiusis sferuli
82. damuxtul gamtar zedapirTan axlos
siRruis centrzea ganlagebuli. gausis kanonis
mdebare wertilze moqmedi eleqtruli veli
gamoyenebiT a) siRruis centridan 1,5 sm
E = σ/ε0 formuliT gamoiTvleba. es formula
manZilze da b) liTonis nebismier adgilze
r radiusis da q muxtis gamtari sferosTvis
moqmedi eleqtruli veli gamoTvaleT.
gamoiyeneT da daamtkiceT, rom sferos gareT
811
moqmedi eleqtruli veli sferos centrze agrovebs da signals warmoqmnis, romliTac
ganlagebuli wertilovani muxtis velis gamosxivebis sawyisi nawilakis gardaqmna
tolia. fiqsirdeba. davuSvaT, centraluri mavTulis
83. 1911 wels, ernest rezerfordi werda: „α radiusia 25 mkm, garsis Siga radiusia 1,4 sm da
nawilakis didi kuTxiT gadaxrisTvis saWiro garsis sigrZea 16 sm. Tu garsis Siga kedelze
Zalaze STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad centrze eleqtruli velia 2,9×104 n/k, risi tolia cen
Ze dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis mqone da R traluri mavTulis mTliani dadebiTi muxti?
radiusis sferoSi Tanabrad ganawilebuli –Ze 85. muxti R radiusis usasrulod grZeli,
uaryofiTi muxtiT garSemortymuli atomi myari cilindris moculobaSi Tanabradaa
ganvixiloT. E eleqtruli veli... centridan ganawilebuli. a) daamtkiceT, rom cilindris
r manZiliT daSorebul atomis Siga wertilze RerZidan r < R manZilze:
ρr
( )
aris:
Ze 1 r “ E= ,
E= – . 2ε0
4πε0 r 2 R 3
sadac ρ aris muxtis moculobiTi simkvrive.
SeamowmeT es formula.
b) dawereT E-s gamosaxuleba, rodesac r > R.
84. 23.57 suraTze naCvenebia maionizebeli
86. w = 3,22 m siganis da d = 1,04 m siRrmis
(atomis ionizirebis gamomwvevi) gamosxivebis
sarwyav arxSi wyali 0,207 m/wm siCqariT
aRmomCeni mowyobiloba – geigeris mTvleli.
miedineba. warmosaxviT zedapirSi gamavali
mTvleli Txeli, dadebiTad damuxtuli mav
wylis nakadis masa wylis simkvrivis
Tulis garSemo ganlagebuli koncentruli
(1000 kg/m3) da am zedapirSi gamavali nakadis
wriuli gamtari cilindris formis garsisgan
moculobis namravlia. nakadis masa Semdegi
Sedgeba, romelsac igive uaryofiTi muxti
warmosaxviTi zedapirebisTvis gamoTvaleT:
aqvs. maSasadame, garsis SigniT Zlieri
a) wd farTobis zedapiri mTlianad wyalSia
radialuri eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba.
CaZiruli da dinebis perpendikularulia;
garsi dabali wnevis inertul airs Seicavs.
b) 3wd/2 farTobis zedapiris wd nawili wyalSia
gamosxivebis nawilakebi garsis kedlidan mo
CaZiruli da dinebis perpendikularulia;
wyobilobaSi Sedis da airis atomebs muxtavs.
g) wd/2 farTobis zedapiri mTlianad wyalSia
Sedegad miRebuli Tavisufali eleqtronebi
CaZiruli da dinebis perpendikularulia;
(e) dadebiTad damuxtuli mavTulisken mii
d) wd farTobis zedapiris naxevari wyalSia
zideba, magram eleqtruli veli imdenad
CaZiruli da dinebis perpendikularulia;
intensiuria, rom airis atomebTan Sejaxebebs
e) wd farTobis zedapiri mTlianad
Soris Tavisufali
wyalSia CaZiruli da dinebis mimarTulebis
eleqtronebi am
normalisadmi 34° kuTxes adgens.
atomebis dasamux
tad saWiro ener 87. wyalbadis atomi +e muxtis wertilis
giasac iZenen. aqedan magvar protonad da protonis garSemo
gamomdinare, ufro ρ = A exp(–2r/a0) muxtis moculobiTi si-
meti Tavisufali mkvrivis mixedviT ganawilebul –e muxtis
eleqtroni Cndeba eleqtronad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am Sem
da procesi manamde TxvevaSi A mudmivia, a0 = 0,53×10–10 boris
grZeldeba, vidre radiusia da r atomis centridan manZilia.
eleqtronebi mav a) gaiTvaliswineT, rom wyalbadi eleqtrulad
TulTan mivlen. neitraluria da gamoTvaleT A. b) gamoTvaleT
mavTuli eleq atomis mier r = a0 manZilze warmoqmnili
tronebis `jgufs~ sur. 23.57. amocana 84. eleqtruli veli.
24 eleqtruli potenciali
Tu kompiuterTan muSaobis dros Jakets an sviters gaixdiT, kompiuteri
SesaZloa daziandes. rodesac bavSvi plastmasis sasrialoze TamaSobs,
miaxloebisas sxva adamians Zlieri tkivili SeiZleba miayenos. Tu
anesTeziologi fexsacmels swored ar SearGevs, pacienti SeiZleba
daiRupos. TviTmomsaxurebis benzingasamarT sadgurze rezervuaris
avsebamde manqanaSi ar GajdeT, vinaidan tumbos sacmidan cecxli SeiZleba
amovardes, rodesac rezervuaridan mis amoRebas moindomebT
ΔU = Uf – Ui = –W, (24.1)
812
24.2. eleqtruli potenciuri energia 813
moqmedebs. i-sa da f-s Soris nebismieri traeqtoriisTvis nawilakze Sesrulebuli W muSaoba
erTi da igivea.
simartivisTvis virCevT damuxtuli nawilakebis sistemis imgvar sawyis konfiguracias, sadac
nawilakebi erTimeorisgan usasrulo manZilebiT arian daSorebuli. garda amisa, Sesabamis aTvlis
potenciur energias nulis tolad miviCnevT. warmoidgineT, rom ramdenime damuxtuli nawilaki
usasrulo daSorebidan (i mdgomareobidan) erTmaneTs miuaxlovda da nawilakTa sistema Seqmna
(f mdgomareoba). sawyisi Ui potenciuri energia nulis tolia da W∞ aris nawilakebs Soris moqmedi
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac nawilakebi usasrulobidan
amoZravdnen. 24.1 formulidan gamomdinare, sistemis saboloo U potenciuri energiaa:
U = –W∞ (24.2)
2,4×10–17j
= 150 j/k.
1,6×10–19k
Semdeg sacdeli nawilaki 3,2x10-19k orjer meti dadebiTi muxtis mqone nawilakiT SevcvaloT.
meore nawilakis eleqtruli potenciuri energia pirvelze orjer meti anu 4,8×10–17j iqneba.
miuxedavad amisa, muxtis erTeulze potenciuri energia kvlav igive anu 150j/k darCeba.
maSasadame, U/q (muxtis erTeulze potenciuri energia) nawilakis q muxtze damokidebuli ar aris
da mxolod eleqtruli velis maxasiaTebelia. eleqtruli velis wertilze ganlagebul muxtze
arsebuli potenciuri energiis Sefardeba muxtTan V eleqtruli potencialia. maSasadame:
U
V = q (24.5)
sadac W∞ aris eleqtruli velis mier damuxtul nawilakze Sesrulebuli muSaoba, rodesac
nawilaki usasrulobidan f wertilisken gadaadgildeba. V potenciali SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi,
uaryofiTi da nulis toli, rac q-s da W∞-s mniSvnelobaze da niSanzea damokidebuli.
24.8 formulidan gamomdinare, potencialis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris j/k. amgvari kombinacia
imdenad xSirad gvxvdeba, rom misTvis specialuri erTeuli - volti (v) arsebobs:
( )( 11 · )( 11 · )
1 n/k = 1 k
n v k
j
j
n m
v
= 1
m
(24.10)
Wapp = –W (24.12)
moZraobis dros Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Wapp muSaoba velis mier Sesrulebuli W muSaobis
sapirispiroa da kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.
24.12 formulis daxmarebiT 24.1 formulaSi Wapp SevcvaloT da Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
moZraobis dros nawilakis potenciuri energiis cvlilebas davukavSiroT:
kvlav 24.12 formula gamoviyenoT da 24.7 formulaSi Wapp SevcvaloT. am SemTxvevaSi Wapp muSaobasa
da nawilakis sawyis da saboloo mdebareobebs Soris ΔV eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaobas Soris
kavSirs davadgenT:
Wapp SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi, uaryofiTi an nulis tolia, rac q-s da ΔV-s niSansa da sididezea
damokidebuli. swored es muSaoba unda Sesruldes, raTa q muxtis nawilaki kinetikuri energiis
cvlilebis gareSe ΔV potencialTa sxvaobaze gadaadgildes.
sur. 24.3. a) erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis, b) wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli velis da g) eleqtruli
dipoliT gamowveuli velis Zalwirebi da ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ganivi kveTebi.
muSaobis gamoTvlisTvis traeqtoriis gaswvriv ds gadaadgilebebisas muxtze Sesrulebuli
diferencialuri muSaobebi vaintegroT:
W = q0 E · ds . (24.17)
maSasadame, eleqtruli velis nebismier i da f wertilebs Soris Vf – Vi potencialTa sxvaoba niSniT
i-dan f-mde E ⋅ ds integralis wiris Sebrunebulia (integralis wiri garkveuli traeqtoriis
gaswvriv integrals niSnavs). vinaidan eleqtrostatikuri Zala inaxeba, yvela traeqtoria erTi
da igive Sedegs gvaZlevs.
rodesac eleqtruli veli garkveul regionSi viciT, 24.18 formulis saSualebiT velis
nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba gamoiTvleba. Tu i wertilSi Vi potencials
nulad miviCnevT, 24.18 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
V = – E · ds . (24.19)
sur. 24.6. q dadebiTi wertilovani muxti P wertilze E eleqtrul vels
da V eleqtrul potencials warmoqmnis. am potencials q0 sacdeli muxtis
P wertilidan usasrulobisken gadaadgilebiT vpoulobT. sacdeli muxti
wertilovani muxtidan r manZilze, ds diferencialuri gadaadgilebis
ganmavlobaSia naCvenebi.
820 Tavi 24 eleqtruli potenciali
nawilakis ds diferencialuri gadaadgileba am traeq
toriis gaswvriv E -s mimarTulebas emTxveva. es niSnavs,
rom 24.22 formulaSi θ = 0 da cos θ = 1. vinaidan traeqtoria
radialuria, ds-is nacvlad dr CavweroT, Semdeg R da ∞
zRvrebi CavsvaT da 24.18 formula amgvar saxes miiRebs:
Vf – Vi = – E dr . (24.23)
[ ]
ganlagebuli dadebiTi wertilovani
q 1 q 1
0 – V = – dr = muxtis mier warmoqmnili V(r) eleq
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r
truli potencialis grafiki. xy si
1 q brtyis wertilebze potencialebi
=– . (24.25)
4πε0 R vertikaluradaa gamosaxuli (mrudi
V-sTvis amoxsna da R-dan r-ze gadasvla mogvcems: xazebi grafikis ukeT gasaazreblad
gamoviyeneT). 24.26 formuliT nawinas
1 q warmetyvelebi V-s usasrulo mniSvne
V= (24.26)
4πε0 r loba, rodesac r = 0, naCvenebi ar aris.
, (24.27)
sadac qi aris i muxtis mniSvneloba, xolo r - mocemuli wertilidan i muxtamde radialuri manZili.
24.27 formulis jami algebrulia da ara veqtoruli, romelic wertilovani muxtebis jgufiT
gamowveuli eleqtruli velis gamoTvlisTvis gamoiyeneboda. swored amaSia eleqtrul velSi
potencialis gamoTvlis upiratesoba. skalaruli sidideebis Sekreba bevrad martivia, vidre
veqtoruli sidideebisa, romelTa mimarTulebebis da komponentebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro.
q r(–) – r(+)
= (24.29)
4πε0 r(–) · r(+)
r(–) – r(+) ≈ d cos θ da r(–)r(+) ≈ r 2
q d cos θ
V= ,
4πε0 r2
sadac θ aris 24.10a suraTze naCvenebi dipolis RerZisadmi kuTxe. amjerad V Semdegi formuliT
gamoiTvleba:
1 p cos θ
V= (eleqtruli dipoli), (24.30)
4πε0 r2
sadac p( = qd) aris 22.5 paragrafSi gansazRvruli eleqtruli dipolis p impulsis sidide.
p veqtori dipolis RerZis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli uaryofiTi muxtidan dadebiTi muxtisken
(maSasadame, θ kuTxe p -s mimarTulebisadmi izomeba).
muxtebis wiri
24.12a suraTze gamosaxulia λ Tanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis wiriTi simkvrivis dadebiTi muxtis
da L sigrZis Txeli, gaumtari Rero. modiT, Reros marcxena bolodan d perpendikularul man
Zilze ganlagebul P wertilze ReroTi gamowveuli V eleqtruli potenciali ganvsazRvroT.
Tavdapirvelad 24.12b suraTis msgavsad Reros dx diferencialuri elementi ganvixiloT. am
elementis diferencialuri muxtia:
dq = λ dx. (24.33)
=
λ
4πε0 [ (
ln x + (x 2 + d 2 ) /
12
)] =
λ
4πε0 [ ( ) ]
ln L + (L 2 + d 2 ) / – ln d .
12
[
L + (L 2 + d ) /
].
2 12
λ
V= ln (24.35)
4πε0 d
vinaidan V aris dV dadebiTi mniSvnelobebis jami, isic dadebiTi unda iyos, magram gvaZlevs 24.35
formula dadebiT V-s? vinaidan logariTmis argumenti 1-ze metia, logariTmi dadebiTi ricxvia
da V marTlac dadebiTia.
damuxtuli disko
22.7 paragrafSi R radiusis da erT zedapirze Tanabrad
ganawilebuli muxtis zedapiruli σ simkvrivis mqone
plastmasis diskos centraluri RerZis wertilebze moqmedi
eleqtruli velis sidide gamovTvaleT. amjerad centraluri
RerZis nebismier wertilze moqmedi V(z) eleqtruli
potencialis gamosaxulebas miviRebT.
24.13 suraTze ganvixiloT R´ radiusis da dR´ radialuri
siganis brtyeli rgolisagan Sedgenili diferencialuri
elementi. misi muxtia:
dq = σ(2πR´)(dR´),
sadac (2πR´)(dR´) rgolis zeda zedapiris farTobia. damux
tuli elementis yvela nawili diskos RerZze mdebare P
wertilidan Tanabari r manZiliT aris daSorebuli. 24.13
suraTis saSualebiT 24.31 formula gamoviyenoT da am sur. 24.13. R radiusis plastmasis
diskos zeda zedapiri Tanabrad ga
wris mier P wertilze Seqmnili eleqtruli potenciali
nawilebuli muxtis σ zedapiruli
gamovTvaloT: simkvriviTaa damuxtuli. Cven
1 dq 1 σ(2πR´)(dR´) gvsurs diskos centraluri RerZis
dV = = . (24.36) P wertilze moqmedi V potencialis
4πε0 r 4πε0
gamoTvla.
P wertilze jamur potencials R´ = 0-dan R´ = R-mde rgolebis
potencialTa SekrebiT (integrebiT) gamovTvliT:
σ R´ dR´ σ
V= dV = = ( – z) (24.37)
2ε0 2ε0
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 24.37 formulis meore integralSi cvladi R´-ia da ara z, romelic
diskos zedapirze integrebisas mudmivi rCeba (integralis gamoTvlisas aseve davuSviT, rom
z ≥ 0).
muxtis niSans davumatebT (rodesac nulovani magram niSani unda amovardes. Semdeg V-s swor
potenciali usasrulobaSia, dadebiTi mux niSans muxtis niSnis mixedviT gansazRvravT.
ti dadebiT potencials gvaZlevs, xolo uar magaliTad, integralis zRvrebis Sebrunebis
yofiTi muxti - uaryofiT potencials). SemTxvevaSi 24.35 formulaSi minus niSans mivi
Tu potencialis gamosaTvlel integralSi RebdiT. Semdeg minus niSans amovagdebiT da
zRvrebs SeabrunebT, V-s uaryofiT mniSvne gaviTvaliswinebdiT, rom muxti dadebiTia da
lobas miiRebT. mniSvneloba swori iqneba, maSasadame potencialic dadebiTi unda iyos.
ΔV
E = – , (24.42)
Δs
sadac s aris ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis perpendikularuli. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis
paraleluri mimarTulebiT eleqtruli velis komponenti nulis tolia.
1 q1 q2
U = W = q 2V = . (24.43)
4πε0 r
gamosaxuli sistema gonebrivad avagoT. erT- potenciuri energia muxtebis sam wyvilTan
erTi muxti, magaliTad q1, adgilze movaTav- dakavSirebuli potenciuri energiebis jamis
ganlagebul da birTvisken mimarTul sur. 24.17. alfa nawilaki oqros birTvis centrisken
eleqtrons Cauvlis (sur. 24.17). alfa moZraobs, wamierad Cerdeba (rodesac misi kinetikuri
energia mTlianad eleqtrul potenciur energiaSi
nawilaki neldeba da rodesac misi centridan
gadadis) da Semdeg igive traeqtoriiT ukan
birTvis centramde radialuri manZilia r = brundeba.
9,23 femtometri (fk), momentalurad Cerdeba.
Semdeg nawilaki pirvandeli traeqtoriiT rom alfa nawilaksa da oqros birTvs Soris
ukan brundeba (vinaidan oqros birTvi alfa mxolod eleqtrostatikuri kulonis Zala
nawilakze masiuria, dauSviT, rom oqros moqmedebs.
birTvi ar moZraobs). ra iyo alfa nawilakis amoxsna: mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi alfa
Ki kinetikuri energia, rodesac is moSorebiT nawilakis + oqros atomis sistemis meqanikuri
(oqros atoms gareT) imyofeboda? dauSviT, energia inaxeba. rodesac alfa nawilaki atoms
830 Tavi 24 eleqtruli potenciali
da manqanaSi Cajda. manqanis dasajdomTan kontaqtma adamiani imdenad SeiZleba damuxtos, rom
avzidan tumbos amoRebisas TiTebs Soris naperwklebi gayaros. naperwkali ki tumbos sacmis
garSemo arsebul benzinis orTqls aafeTqebs.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
eleqtruli potenciuri energia. eleq potencialis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris
trul velSi i sawyisi wertilidan f saboloo volti. 1 volti = 1 jouli/kuloni
wertilze gadaadgilebisas wertilovani potenciali da potencialTa sxvaoba eleq
muxtis U potenciuri energiis ΔU cvlilebaa: trul velSi moTavsebuli q muxtis nawi
lakis U eleqtruli potenciuri energiis
ΔU = Uf – Ui = – W, (24.1)
saSualebiTac SeiZleba Caiweros:
sadac W aris i-dan f wertilisken gadaad
U
gilebisas eleqtrostatikuri Zalis mier V= q , (24.5)
wertilovan muxtze Sesrulebuli muSaoba. Uf Ui
Tu usasrulobaSi potenciuri energia ΔV = Vf – Vi = q – q . (24.6)
nulis tolia, maSin garkveul wertilze ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. ekvipo
mdebare wertilovani muxtis U eleqtruli tenciur zedapirze ganlagebul nebismier
potenciuri energiaa: wertils erTi da igive eleqtruli poten
U = –W∞ , (24.2) ciali aqvs. erTi amgvari zedapiridan
meore zedapirisken moZrav sacdel muxtze
sadac W∞ aris usasrulodan garkveuli
Sesrulebuli muSaoba sawyisi da saboloo
wertilisken muxtis moZraobisas eleqtro
wertilebis mdebareobaze da wertilebis
statikuri Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
SemaerTebel traeqtoriaze damokidebuli
eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba da ar aris. eleqtruli veli yovelTvis
eleqtruli potenciali. eleqtruli ve Sesabamisi ekvipotenciuri zedapiris perpen
lis i da f wertilebs Soris ΔV potencialTa dikularuladaa mimarTuli.
sxvaobaa:
V-s gamoTvla -s saSualebiT. i da f
W
ΔV = Vf – Vi = – q , (24.7) wertilebs Soris eleqtrul potencialTa
sxvaobaa:
sadac q aris nawilakis muxti, romelzec veli
muSaobas asrulebs. wertilis potencialia: Vf – Vi = – E · ds , (24.18)
W∞ sadac integrali wertilebis damakavSirebeli
V=– q . (24.8)
24.12. damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris potenciali 833
nebismieri traeqtoriisTvis gamoiTvleba. Tu nebismieri mimarTulebis komponenti manZilis
Vi =0, maSin garkveuli wertilis potencialia: cvlilebasTan erTad potencialis cvlilebis
tempis Sebrunebulia:
V = – E · ds (24.19) ∂V
ES = – . (24.40)
∂s
wertilovani muxtebiT gamowveuli po
-s x, y da z komponentebia:
tenciali. erTi wertilovani muxtis mier r
∂V ∂V ∂V
manZilze Seqmnili eleqtruli potencialia: Ex = – ; Ey = – ; Ez = – . (24.41)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 q
V= , (24.26) mudmivia, 24.40 formula Semdeg
4πε0 r rodesac
sadac V-s da q-s niSani erTmaneTs emTxveva. saxes iRebs:
n wertilovani muxtiT gamowveuli poten ΔV
E = –
, (24.42)
cialia: Δs
sadac s ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis perpen
. (24.27) dikularulia. ekvipotenciuri zedapiris
paraleluri eleqtruli veli nulis tolia.
eleqtruli dipoliT gamowveuli
potenciali. p = qd impulsis mqone eleq wertilovani muxtebis sistemis eleq
truli dipolidan r manZilze eleqtruli truli potenciuri energia. wertilovani
potencialia: muxtebis sistemis eleqtruli potenciuri
1 p cos θ
V= (24.30) energia am sistemis ganlagebisTvis saWiro
4πε0 r2
muSaobis tolia. Tavdapirvelad muxtebi
rodesac r>>d, θ kuTxe 24.10 suraTis saSua
uZravia da erTmaneTisgan usasrulo manZi
lebiT ganisazRvreba.
lebiT arian daSorebuli. r dacilebis mqone
muxtebis uwyveti ganawilebiT gamo ori muxtisTvis:
wveuli potenciali. muxtebis uwyveti 1 q1 q2
U=W= . (24.43)
ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi 24.27 formula Semdeg 4πε0 r
saxes iRebs: damuxtuli gamtaris potenciali.
1 dq
V= dV = , (24.32) gamtaris zedmeti muxti wonasworul mdgo
4πε0 r
mareobaSi mTlianad gamtaris gare zedapirze
sadac integrali mTeli ganawilebisTvis
ganlagdeba. mTel gamtarze, maT Soris Sida
gamoiTvleba.
wertilebzec, potenciali erTi da igive
-s gamoTvla V-s saSualebiT. -s iqneba.
SekiTxvebi
1. 24.21 suraTze naCvenebia damuxtul nawi wyvilisTvis arsebobs Tu ara RerZs gareT
lakTa oTxi wyvili. TiToeuli wyvilisTvis wertilebi, sadac Vj = 0?
usasrulobaSi V = 0 da x RerZis wertilebze 2. 24.22 suraTze
Vj potenciali arsebobs. romeli wyvilisTvis naCvenebia sami tra
arsebobs Vj = 0 potencialis wertili a) nawi eqtoria, romliTac
lakebs Soris da b) nawilakebidan marjvniv? dadebiTad damux-
g) am wertilSi nawilakebis mier warmoqmnili tuli A sfero
sur. 24.22. SekiTxvebi 2.
j aris Tu ara nulis toli? d) TiToeuli dadebiTad damux-
tul uZrav B sferos uaxlovdeba. a) A sfe
ro ufro maRal Tu dabal eleqtrul
potencialze gadaadgildeba? b) Cvens mier da
g) B-s eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis
tolia? d) daalageT traeqtoriebi Cven mier
sur. 24.21. SekiTxvebi 1 da 7.
834 Tavi 24 eleqtruli potenciali
amocanebi
simkvrivea σ = 7,73 fk/m2. Semdeg diskos sami ···29. 24.44 suraTze gamosaxuli plastmasis
meoTxedi nawili moxsnes. darCenili meoTxedi Txeli Reros sigrZea L = 12 sm da araTanabrad
24.41 suraTzea naCvenebi. usasrulobaSi V = 0. ganawilebuli muxtis wiriTi simkvrivea λ =
risi tolia darCenili kvadrantiT gamo cx, sadac c = 28,9 pk/m2. usasrulobaSi V = 0.
wveuli potenciali P wertilze, romelic gamoTvaleT Reros erTi bolodan d = 3 sm
sawyisi diskos centralur RerZze, centridan manZiliT daSorebuli, RerZze ganlagebuli
D = 25,9 sm manZilzea ganlagebuli? SSM WWW P1 wertilis eleqtruli potenciali.
··26. 24.42 suraTze
paragrafi 24.10. velis gamoTvla poten
gamosaxuli momRi
mare saxe sami nawi cialis saSualebiT
lisgan Sedgeba: ·30. liTonis or did, paralelur firfitebs
1. –3 mkk muxtis Txe Soris 1,5 sm manZilia da erTmaneTisken
li Rero 6 sm ra mimarTuli zedapirebis muxti sididiT
diusis wrewiria. toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. uaryofiTi
2. 2 mkk muxtis meore firfitis potenciali nulis tolia. Tu
Txeli Rero wris sur. 24.42. amocana 26. firfitebs Soris Sua wertilze potencialia
centris garSemo +5 v, risi tolia firfitebs Soris moqmedi
4 m radiusis da 90° kuTxis mqone wriul eleqtruli veli?
rkals qmnis. ·31. xy sibrtyis wertilebze eleqtruli
3. eleqtruli dipolis impulsi radialuri potencialia V = (2 v/m2)x2 – (3 v/m2) y2. erTeu
wrfis perpendikularulia da misi sididea lovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia (3m,2m)
1,28×10–21 k · m. wertilze eleqtruli veli?
risi tolia jamuri eleqtruli potenciali ·32. pirvel da meore brtyel, paralelur
centrze? firfitebs Soris sivrceSi eleqtruli
··27. 24.43 su potencialia V = 1500x , sadac x aris pirveli
2
··44. R radiusis Txeli, sferuli, gamtari ··49. identuri 50 mkk muxtebi x RerZis x = ±3
garsi maizolirebel sayrdenzea damagrebuli koordinatebzea ganlagebuli. Semdeg y RerZis
da –125 v potencialamdea damuxtuli. Semdeg dadebiTi monakveTidan q = –15 mkk muxtis
eleqtroni garsis centridan r manZilze (r >> R) nawilaki moZraobas iwyebs. mdgomareobis
ganlagebuli P wertilidan garsis centrisken simetriidan gamomdinare, nawilaki y RerZis
gaisroles. ra ν0 sawyisi siCqare unda hqondes gaswvriv gadaadgildeba da rodesac x = 0,
eleqtrons, raTa garss mimarTulebis Sec y = 4 m wertils Cauvlis, misi kinetikuri
vlamde miaRwios? energiaa 1,2j. a) ra iqneba nawilakis kinetikuri
··45. or uZrav eleqtrons Soris manZilia energia aTvlis saTaveze? b) y-is ra uaryofiT
2sm. Semdeg usasrulobidan sxva eleqtroni mniSvnelobaze gaCerdeba nawilaki? SSM
amoZravda da am or eleqtrons Soris Sua ··50. 24.52a su
wertilze gaCerda. ra iyo misi sawyisi siCqare? raTze naCvenebia
SSM eleqtruli dipo
··46. 24.50 suraTze damux lis RerZis gas
tuli nawilaki (eleq wvriv dipolis
troni an protoni) d = 2 mm uaryofiTi mxri
manZiliT daSorebul or sken moZravi ele
paralelur damuxtul qtroni. dipoli
sur. 24.50. amocana 46.
firfitas Soris marjvni- uZravia. Tavdapir sur. 24.52. amocana 50.
sken moZraobs. firfitebis potencialebia velad eleqtroni
V1 = –70 v da V2 = –50 v. marcxena firfitaze dipolidan Zalian Sor manZilzea ganlagebuli
90 km/wm sawyisi siCqaris mqone nawilaki nel- da misi kinetikuri energiaa 100 eleqtron-
bas x = 3,5 sm wertilidan iwyebs da misi saw- moZraobs, is Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra
yisi kinetikuri energia 4ev. a) Tu protoni iqneba am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs, aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi
is Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra iqneba siCqare x = 7 sm wertilSi?)? ra g) sididis
am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze da d) mimarTulebisaa eleqtronze moqmedi
aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi eleqtruli Zala, Tu eleqtroni x = 4 sm werti
siCqare x = 0 wertilSi?)? b) Tu protoni Re- lidan marcxniv moZraobs? ra e) sididis da
rZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs, is v) mimarTulebis iqneba eleqtronze moqmedi
Semobrunebis wertils miaRwevs (ra iqneba Zala, Tu eleqtroni x = 5 sm wertilidan
am wertilis x koordinati?) Tu grafikze marjvniv moZraobs?
aRniSnul intervals gascdeba (ra iqneba misi 65. 24.57 suraTze
siCqare x = 6 sm wertilSi?)? ra g) sididis naCvenebia R = 13 sm
da d) mimarTulebisaa protonze moqmedi gare radiusis da
eleqtruli Zala, Tu protoni x = 3 sm werti r = 0,2R Sida ra
lidan marcxniv moZraobs? ra e) sididis da diusis rgoli,
v) mimarTulebis iqneba protonze moqmedi romlis Tanabrad
ganawilebuli mux sur. 24.57. amocana 65.
Zala, Tu protoni x = 5sm wertilidan mar-
jvniv moZraobs? tis zedapiruli simkvrivea σ = 6,2 pk/m2.
usasrulobaSi V = 0. gamoTvaleT wris cen
tralur RerZze ganlagebul, centridan z = 2R
manZiliT daSorebuli P wertilis eleqtruli
potenciali.
66. 24.58 suraTze
q1 da q2 muxti x
sur. 24.55. amocana 62. sur. 24.58. amocana 66.
RerZze uZravad
63. araTanabrad ganawilebuli muxtis wrfivi aris ganlagebuli. Tu +6 mkk muxtis mesame
simkvrivea λ = bx, sadac b mudmivaa. muxti nawilaks usasrulo manZilidan P wertilze
x = 0-dan x = 0,2 m-mde monakveTSia ganlage- miitanen, sami nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis
buli. Tu b = 20 nk/m2 da usasrulobaSi V = 0, ra eleqtruli potenciuri energia sawyisi ori
eleqtruli potencialia a) aTvlis saTaveze nawilakisgan Semdgari sistemis eleqtruli
da b) y = 0,15 m wertilze? potenciuri energiis tolia. risi tolia q1/q2
64. eleqtroni dawvrilebiT. 24.56 suraTze muxtebis Sefardeba?
naCvenebia V eleqtruli potencialis 67. 3 sm radiusis myari, gamtari sferos 30 nk
cvlileba x RerZis gaswvriv. eleqtroni muxti mis zedapirze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
91. +16 mkk muxti Txel rgolzea ganlagebuli, energia. b) pasuxi c2-ze gayaviT da Sedegi
romelic xy sibrtyeSi Zevs da misi centri eleqtronis miRebul masas SeadareT (ufro
aTvlis saTavea. wris radiusia 3 sm. Tu A meti nawilebis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi
xolo B wertili z = 4 sm koordinatze, risi 96. 24.70 suraTze naCvenebia horizontalur
tolia VB – VA ? RerZze ganlagebuli sami damuxtuli nawilaki.
gamtar zedapirebs Soris manZilia d = 1 sm da goricaa P), romelTaTvisac r >> d , daamtki-
maT Soris potencialTa sxvaobaa ΔV = 625 v. ceT, rom V(r) eleqtruli potencialia:
iqneba TiToeuli sferos aCqareba? g) Tokis SeimCneva. Tu amgvari veli mTels zedapirze
gadaWridan didi xnis Semdeg ra siCqare eqneba vrceldeba, risi tolia zedapiris wertilze
100. q muxti R radiusis sferos moculobaSi 105. saturnis rgolebis nivTierebis didi
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. usasrulobaSi V=0. nawili 10–6 m radiusis mtvris pawawina
a) r > r2, b) r2 > r > r1 da g) r < r1. d) r = r2 da r = r1 V = 0. risi tolia sferos zedapiris wer
wertilebSi pasuxebi erTmaneTs eTanxmeba Tu tilebze eleqtruli potenciali?
ara? (miniSneba: ix. paragrafi 23.9). 107. 24.30 formulidan dipoliT gamowveuli
102. alfa nawilaki (ori protonis mqone) 92 eleqtruli velis gamosaxuleba dipolis
nawilakis sawyisi kinetikuri energiaa 0,48pj. 108. milikenis mier zeTis wveTiT Catarebul
ra umciresi manZili iqneba alfa nawilakis da eqsperimentSi (paragrafi 22.8), 1,5 sm manZiliT
birTvis centrebs Soris, Tu davuSvebT, rom daSorebul firfitebs Soris 1,92×105 n/k Ta
birTvi ar moZraobs? nabari eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. risi tolia
tkiceT, rom Txeli rgolis (q muxtis da R lia. a) ra dro dasWirdeba sferos potencia-
848
25.2. tevadoba 849
25.2. tevadoba
25.1 suraTze naCvenebia sxvadasxva zomisa da formis
kondensatori. 25.2 suraTze gamosaxulia nebismieri
kondensatoris ZiriTadi elementebi - nebismieri zomis
ori izolirebuli gamtari. miuxedavad maTi geometriuli
formisa, gamtarebs firfitebs vuwodebT.
25.3a suraTze naCvenebia naklebad gavrcelebuli,
magram standartuli ganlageba, romelsac paraleluri sur. 25.2. garemosgan da erTmane
firfitebis mqone kondensatori ewodeba. kondensatori Tisgan izolirebuli ori gamtari
kondensators qmnis. rodesac konden
A farTobis da d manZiliT daSorebuli ori paraleluri
satori damuxtulia, gamtarebis anu
gamtari firfitisgan Sedgeba. kondensatoris simbolo firfitebis q muxtebi sididiT toli da
( ) paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgar struqturas niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa.
q = CV (25.1)
uaryofiTad
dadebiTad damuxtuli
damuxtuli
(+q) zedapiri
(–q ) zedapiri
(a) (b)
sur. 25.3. a) paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatori A farTobis da d manZiliT daSorebuli ori
firfitisgan aris damzadebuli. firfitebis zedapirebze q sididis da niSniT sawinaaRmdego muxtebia. b)
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi aCveneben, rom damuxtuli firfitebiT gamowveuli eleqtruli veli firfitebs
Soris erTgvarovania. firfitebis kideebze veli erTgvarovani ar aris da amas eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis
mimarTulebac aCvenebs.
850 Tavi 25 tevadoba
kondensatoris damuxtva
kondensatoris damuxtvis erT-erTi saSualeba batareasTan
erTad misi eleqtrul wredSi moTavsebaa. eleqtruli wredi
muxtis dinebis SesaZlo traeqtoriaa. batarea sakuTar
momWerebs (muxtebis Sesvlis an gamosvlis wertilebs) Soris
eleqtroqimiuri reaqciebis saSualebiT, rodesac eleqtrul
Zalebs Sida muxtis gadaadgileba SeuZlia, garkveul
potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. (a)
25.4a suraTze B batarea, S amomrTveli, C daumuxtavi
momWeri
kondensatori da damakavSirebeli mavTulebi wreds qmnis.
igive wredis sqemuri gamosaxuleba 25.4b suraTze naCvenebi,
sadac batareis, amomrTvelis da kondensatoris simboloebi
TiToeul mowyobilobas asaxavs. batarea momWerebs Soris V
potencialTa sxvaobas inarCunebs. ufro meti potencialis momWeri
(b)
mqone momWeri + simboloTia aRniSnuli da mas xSirad dadebiT
momWers uwodeben. mcire potencialis mqone momWeri _ sur. 25.4. a) wredSi CarTuli
B batarea, S amomrTveli da C
simboloTi aRiniSneba da mas uaryofiTi momWeri ewodeba.
kondensatoris h da l firfitebi.
25.4a da b suraTze gamosaxuli wredi arasrulia, vinaidan b) sqemuri gamosaxuleba, romel
S amomrTveli Riaa anu amomrTveli masze damagrebul zec wredis elementebi maTi simbo
loebiTaa aRniSnuli.
mavTulebs eleqtrulad ar akavSirebs. rodesac amomrTveli
daxurulia da mavTulebi eleqtrul urTierTkavSirSia,
wredi srulia da amomrTvelisa da mavTulebis gavliT muxts moZraoba SeuZlia. rogorc
21-e TavSi ganvixileT, gamtarSi (am SemTxvevaSi, mavTulSi) gamavali muxti eleqtronis muxtia.
rodesac 25.4 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi srulia, eleqtronebi batareis mier mavTulebSi
Seqmnili eleqtruli velis saSualebiT gadaadgildeba. veli eleqtronebs kondensatoris h
firfitidan batareis dadebiTi momWerisaken gadaadgilebs. h firfita eleqtronebs kargavs
da dadebiTad imuxteba. veli igive raodenobis eleqtronebs batareis uaryofiTi momWeridan l
firfitisken gadaadgilebs. l firfita eleqtronebs iZens da misi uaryofiTi muxti h firfitis
dadebiTi muxtis mniSvnelobis tolia.
Tavdapirvelad, rodesac firfitebi damuxtuli ar aris, maT Soris potencialTa sxvaoba nulis
tolia. sawinaaRmdego niSnis muxtebiT damuxtvis Semdeg firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba
izrdeba da batareis momWerebs Soris V potencialTa sxvaobas uTanabrdeba. amis Semdeg h
firfitas da batareis dadebiT momWers Tanabari potenciali aqvs da maT Soris gabmul mavTulze
eleqtruli veli aRar moqmedebs. aseTive principiT l firfita da uaryofiTi momWeri erTi da
igive potencials iZens da maT Soris gabmul mavTulzec eleqtruli veli aRar moqmedebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, eleqtruli veli nulis tolia da eleqtronebi aRar moZraoben. am SemTxvevaSi,
kondensators srulad damuxtuli ewodeba da V potencialTa sxvaoba q muxts 25.1 formuliT
ukavSirdeba.
mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi vuSvebT, rom kondensatoris damuxtvisas da Semdeg muxts erTi
firfitidan meoreze maT Soris RriWes gavliT gadasvla ar SeuZlia. garda amisa, kondensators
muxtis Senaxva usasrulod SeuZlia, vidre is wredSi CairTveba da ganimuxteba.
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla 851
ε0 = q (25.3)
sadac q aris gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxti, xolo - zedapirSi gamavali jamuri
eleqtruli nakadi. Cvens mier ganxilul yvela SemTxvevaSi gausis zedapiri imgvari iqneba, rom
E masSi eleqtruli nakadis gavlis dros eleqtrul vels mudmivi E sidide eqneba, xolo E da
dA veqtorebi – paraleluri iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, 25.3 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
sadac A aris gausis zedapiris im nawilis farTobi, sadac nakadi gadis. sicxadisTvis gausis
852 Tavi 25 tevadoba
25.8 formulaSi E integrals gareT SegviZlia gavitanoT, vinaidan mudmivia. meore integrali
ubralod firfitebs Soris d dacilebaa.
Tu 25.1 formulaSi (q = CV) proporciaSi 25.7 formulidan q-s da 25.8 formulidan V-s CavsvamT,
miviRebT:
ε0 A
C = (paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatori) (25.9)
d
maSasadame, tevadoba marTlac mxolod geometriul faqtorebze anu firfitis A farTobze
da firfitebs Soris d manZilzea damokidebuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom A-s gazrdisas an d-s
Semcirebisas C izrdeba.
garda amisa aRvniSnavT, rom 25.9 formula gvatyobinebs erT-erT mizezs, ratom vwerT
kulonis kanonSi eleqtrostatikur mudmivas 1/4πε0 formiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 25.9
25.3. tevadobis gamoTvla 853
formula, romelic sainJinro praqtikaSi kulonis kanonze xSirad gamoiyeneba, bevrad rTuli
iqneboda. garda amisa, 25.9 formulis saSualebiT ε0 dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis mudmiva
kondensatorebTan dakavSirebul amocanebSi ufro naTlad SeiZleba Caiweros:
cilindruli kondensatori
25.6 suraTze naCvenebia a da b radiusis koaqsialuri
cilindrebisgan Seqmnili L sigrZis cilindruli
kondensatoris ganivi kveTi. vuSvebT, rom L>> b da
cilindris boloebze eleqtruli velis saerTo
sazRvrebidan gadaxra SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT.
TiToeul firfitaze q sididis muxtia.
gausis zedapirad daxuruli Tavsaxurebis mqone L
sigrZis da r radiusis cilindrs virCevT, romelic 25.6
suraTzea gamosaxuli. 25.4 formula gvaZlevs:
q = ε0EA = ε0E(2πrL),
V = E ds = –
qdr
2πε0L
r
=
q
2πε0L
ln
b
a ()
. (25.13)
viyenebT. suraTze aseve gamosaxulia sfe
ruli kondensatoris ganivi kveTi mis
am SemTxvevaSi gamoviyeneT faqti, rom ds = -dr. C = q/V centrze.
formulidan gveqneba:
L
C = 2πε0 (cilindruli kondensatori) (25.14)
ln(b/a)
cilindruli kondensatoris tevadoba paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatoris msgavsad
mxolod geometriul faqtorebzea (am SemTxvevaSi L, b da a) damokidebuli.
sferuli kondensatori
25.6 suraTze aseve gamosaxulia a da b radiusebis sferuli, koncentruli garsebisgan Sedgenili
kondensatoris ganivi kveTi. gausis zedapirad ori garsisadmi koncentruli r radiusis sfero
avirCieT. 25.4 formula gvaZlevs:
q = ε0EA = ε0E(4πr2),
sadac 4πr2 aris gausis sferuli zedapiris farTobi. es formula E-sTvis amovxsnaT da
miviRebT:
1 q
E = (25.15)
4πε0 r2
854 Tavi 25 tevadoba
amjeradac ds-is nacvlad –dr CavsviT. Tu 25.16 formulas 25.1 formulaSi CavsvamT da C-sTvis
amovxsniT, miviRebT:
ab
C = 4πε0 (sferuli kondensatori) (25.17)
b – a
izolirebuli sfero
R radiusis erTi izolirebuli sferuli gamtaris tevadoba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, Tu
davuSvebT, rom `ararsebuli meore firfita~ usasrulo radiusis mqone gamtari sferoa.
miuxedavad daSvebisa, dadebiTad damuxtuli izolirebuli gamtaris zedapiridan gamosuli
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi sadRac unda Sewydes. oTaxis kedlebma, sadac gamtaria moTavsebuli,
usasrulo radiusis sferos roli SeiZleba Seasrulos.
gamtaris tevadobis gamoTvlisTvis 25.17 formula Semdegi saxiT gadavweroT:
a
C = 4πε0 .
1 – a / b
Tu davuSvebT, rom b→∞ da a-s nacvlad R-s CavsvamT, miviRebT:
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom tevadobebisTvis gamoyvanil am da sxva formulebSi (25.9, 25.14 da 25.17
formulebi) sigrZis sidideze gamravlebuli ε0 mudmiva Sedis.
q = q1 + q2 + q3 = (C1 + C2 + C3)V.
ekvivalenturi tevadobaa:
q
Cekv = = C1 + C2 + C3 ,
V
Sedegi nebismieri n raodenobis kondensatorebze
SegviZlia ganvavrcoT:
2. batarea muxts mxolod masTan dakavSirebul or firfitaze warmoqmnis (25.8a suraTze mesame
kondensatoris qveda firfita da pirveli kondensatoris zeda firfita). sxva firfitebze
warmoqmnili muxti mxolod muxtebis gadaadgilebiTaa gamowveuli. magaliTad, 25.8a suraTze
daStrixuli xazebiT garSertymuli wredis nawili danarCeni wredisgan eleqtrulad
izolirebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, am nawilis jamuri muxti batareas ar SeuZlia Secvalos.
misi muxti mxolod SeiZleba gadanawildes.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = q
1
+
1
+
C1 C2 C3
1
(. )
ekvivalenturi tevadobaa:
q 1
Cekv = = ,
V 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
1 1 1 1
anu = + + .
Cekv C1 C2 C3
samedicino defibrilatori
kondensatorebSi potenciuri energiis Senaxvis SesaZlebloba defibrilatorebis safuZvelia.
am mowyobilobas eqimebi gulis Setevis dros fibrilaciis Tavidan asacileblad iyeneben (sur.
25.11). moZrav defibrilatorSi batarea kondensators did potencialTa sxvaobamde muxtavs
25.5. eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia 861
da wuTze nakleb droSi didi raodenobis energias
inaxavs. batarea mxolod SezRudul potencialTa
sxvaobas inarCunebs, xolo eleqtruli wredi am
potencialTa sxvaobas kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobis gasazrdelad permanentulad iyenebs.
procesis ganmavlobaSi energiis gadacemis tempi anu
simZlavrec sakmaod SezRudulia.
gamtari tyviebi (`baliSebi~) dazaralebulis mker
dzea moTavsebuli. rodesac amomrTveli iketeba,
kondensatori Senaxuli energiis nawils baliSidan
baliSamde dazaralebulis gavliT gzavnis. maga
liTad, defibrilatoris 70 mkf tevadobis konden
satori 5000v-mdea damuxtuli da 25.22 formula
kondensatorSi Senaxul energias gvaZlevs:
1 1
U = 2 CV 2 = 2 (70×10–6 f)(5000 v)2 = 875 j.
am energiis daxloebiT 200j nawili dazaralebulis
sxeulSi 2 mwm pulsis ganmavlobaSi igzavneba. pulsis
simZlavrea:
sur. 25.11. moZravi defibrilatoris gamo U 200 j
yeneba.
P = t = 2×10–3 wm = 100 kvt.
miviRebT:
1
Ci = 2 (0,1)(250×10–12 f)(6000 v)2
Vf = V = 10 Vi = (10)(600 v)
0,1 Ci i = 4,5×10–4 j = 0,45 mj. (pasuxi)
= 6000 v (pasuxi)
loginis aalebisTvis es energia sakmarisze
rodesac logini kameridan gamoitanes, metia. gamokvlevebma aCveneba, rom loginze
potencialTa sxvaoba gaizarda, vinaidan gaCenili cecxli logini-korpusis kondensa
kondensatoris muxti ufro mcire farTobis toris mier warmoqmnili naperwkliT iyo
firfitaze dagrovda. Vf = 6000 v potencialTa gamowveuli, rodesac loginis kameridan
sxvaoba naperwklis gasaCenad sruliad gamotanis dros muxti ufro mcire farTobze
sakmarisia. dagrovda.
energiis simkvrive
paraleluri firfitebis mqone kondensatorSi eleqtruli velis mniSvneloba firfitebs Soris
yvela wertilze erTi da igivea. aqedan gamomdinare, u energiis simkvrive anu firfitebs Soris
moculobis erTeulze potenciuri energiis raodenobac erTi da igive unda iyos. u-s gamoTvla
mTliani potenciuri energiis firfitebs Soris sivrcis Ad moculobaze gayofiT gamoiTvleba.
25.22 formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
U CV 2
u = = .
Ad 2Ad
25.9 formulidan (C = ε0A/d) gamomdinare:
( Vd )
2
1
u = 2 ε0 .
sur. 25.16. a) arapolaruli dieleqtrikis firfita. wreebi firfitis SigniTa eleqtrulad neitralur atomebs
asaxaven. b) eleqtruli veli kondensatoris damuxtuli firfitebis saSualebiT aris modebuli. veli atomebs
odnav Wimavs da dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis centrebs erTmaneTisgan acalkevebs. g) gancalkevebis
Sedegad firfitis zedapirebze zedapiruli muxtebi warmoiqmneba. es muxtebi modebuli
E 0 eleqtruli velis
sawinaaRmdego
E ´ vels qmnian. dieleqtrikis SigniT moqmedi jamuri E veli ( E 0 da E ´ velebis veqtoruli jami)
E 0-is mimarTulebis da ufro mcire sididisaa.
ε0 = ε0 E0 A = q, (25.30)
q
anu E0 = . (25.31)
ε0 A
25.17b suraTze dieleqtriki adgilzea da firfitebs
Soris (da dieleqtrikSi) moqmed eleqtrul vels igive
(b) gausis zedapiris gamoyenebiT gamovTvliT. Tumca amjerad
sur. 25.17. paraleluri firfitebisgan zedapiri ori tipis muxts ertymis gars - zeda firfitis +q
Semdgari kondensatori a) dieleqtrikis muxts da dieleqtrikis zeda zedapiris -q’ muxts. gamtari
gareSe da b) dieleqtrikTan erTad.
firfitis muxts Tavisufali muxti ewodeba, vinaidan
orive SemTxvevaSi firfitebis q muxti
Tanabradaa miCneuli. mas firfitis eleqtruli potencialis cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi moZraoba SeuZlia. dieleqtrikis zedapirze
warmoqmnili muxti Tavisufali ar aris, vinaidan mas zedapiridan gadaadgileba ar SeuZlia.
25.17b suraTze gausis zedapiriT garSemortymuli muxtia q-q’ da gausis kanoni gvaZlevs:
ε0 = ε0 E A = q – q´, (25.32)
q – q´
anu E= . (25.33)
ε0 A
dieleqtriki E0 eleqtrul vels κ-jer amcirebs da SegviZlia davweroT:
E0 q
E= = . (25.34)
к кε0 A
25.33 da 25.34 formulebis Sedareba aCvenebs, rom:
q
q – q´ =
(25.35)
к
25.35 formulis Tanaxmad, zedapirze warmoqmnili muxtis q’ sidide Tavisufal q muxtis sidideze
naklebia da Tu dieleqtriki ar gvaqvs, maSin nulis tolia (vinaidan 25.35 formulaSi κ = 1).
25.35 formulidan 25.32 formulaSi q – q´ CavsvaT da gausis kanonis axal formas miviRebT:
ε A (8,85×10–12 f/m)(115×10–4 m2)
C0 = 0d = = 6900 v/m = 6,9 kv/m. (pasuxi)
1,24×10–2 m
= 8,21×10–12 f = 8,21 pf. (pasuxi) yuradReba miaqcieT, rom dieleqtrikis
SemotanasTan erTad E0-is mniSvneloba ar
b) ra Tavisufali muxti Cndeba firfitebze?
icvleba, vinaidan 25.18 suraTze I zedapiriT
amoxsna: 25.1 formulidan gamomdinare: garSemortymuli muxtis raodenobac ar
q = C0V0 = (8,21×10–12 f)(85,5 v) icvleba.
= 7,02×10–10 k = 702 pk (pasuxi) d) ra E1 eleqtruli veli moqmedebs
vinaidan batarea dieleqtrikis Setanamde dieleqtrikSi?
moxsnes, Tavisufali muxti ar icvleba. amoxsna: amjerad 25.36 formula 25.18
g) risi tolia dieleqtriksa da firfitebs suraTis gausis II zedapirisTvis unda
Soris RriWeSi moqmedi E0 eleqtruli veli? gamoviyenoT. es zedapiri –q Tavisufal
muxts da +q´ warmoqmnil muxts ertymis
amoxsna: 25.36 formulis saxiT gausis
gars, magram am ukanasknels 25.36 formulaSi
kanonis gamosayeneblad 25.18 suraTis I
ugulebelvyofT:
zedapirisTvis, gausis zedapiri RriWeze unda
gadiodes da kondensatoris mxolod zeda ε0 = – ε0κE1 A = – q. (25.37)
firfitis Tavisufal muxts unda ertymodes
(pirveli minus niSani E1 ⋅ dA skalaruli
gars. vinaidan dA farTobis veqtori da E 0
namravlidan gamomdinarea, vinaidan
velis veqtori qvemoTaa mimarTuli, 25.36
eleqtruli velis E1 veqtori qvemoTaa
formulaSi skalaruli namravlia:
mimarTuli, xolo dA farTobis veqtori
E 0 · dA = E0dA cos 0° = E0dA – zemoT). amjerad dieleqtrikuli mudmiva
dieleqtrikis firfitis mudmivis (κ = 2,61)
Semdeg 25.36 formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
tolia da 25.37 formula gvaZlevs:
ε0κE0 dA = q. q E 6,9 kv/m
E1 = = 0= = 2,64 kv/m (pasuxi)
ε0к A к 2,61
amjerad integreba firfitis A farTobs
mogvcems: e) risi tolia firfitebs Soris V potencialTa
ε0κE0 A = q sxvaoba dieleqtrikis Semotanis Semdeg?
q V
anu E0 = . amoxsna: potencialTa sxvaoba qveda
ε0к A
firfitidan zeda firfitisken mimavali
E0-is gamoTvlisTvis formulaSi κ = 1 wrfivi traeqtoriis gaswvriv integrebiT
unda CavsvaT, vinaidan gausis I zedapiri unda gamovTvaloT. dieleqtrikis SigniT
dieleqtrikze ar gadis: traeqtoriis sigrZea b, xolo eleqtruli
25.8. dieleqtrikebi da gausis kanoni 869
velia E1. dieleqtrikis zeda da qveda amoxsna: C tevadoba q Tavisufal muxtsa
RriWes Soris traeqtoriis sigrZea d – b da da V potencialTa sxvaobas 25.1 formulis
eleqtruli velia E0. aqedan gamomdinare, 25.6 saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. b)-dan q aviRoT,
formula gvaZlevs: xolo e)-dan V da miviRebT:
q 7,02×10–10 k
V = E0 ds = E0 (d – b) + E1b C = =
V 52,3 v
= (6900 v/m)(0,0124 m – 0,0078 m) = 1,34×10–11 f = 13,4 pf. (pasuxi)
+ (2640 v/m)(0,0078 m)
pasuxi 8,21pf sawyis tevadobaze metia.
= 52,3 v. (pasuxi)
sakontrolo wertili 5. amocanis amo
pasuxi sawyis potencialTa sxvaobaze (85,5 v-
xsnis nimuSSi dieleqtrikis b sisqis
ze) naklebia.
gazrdis SemTxvevaSi a) E1 eleqtruli
v) risi tolia tevadoba, rodesac dieleq veli, b) firfitebs Soris potencialTa
triki kondensatoris firfitebs Soris sxvaoba da g) kondensatoris tevadoba
ganlagdeba? izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
1. 25.19 suraTze naCvenebia paraleluri kondensatori.
firfitebisgan Semdgari sami kondensatoris rodesac amomr
muxtis potencialTa sxvaobaze damokide Tveli daketi
bulebis grafikebi. firfitebis farTobi lia da wredSi wo
nasworuli mdgo sur. 25.21. SekiTxva 3.
da maT Soris dacileba cxrilSia mocemuli.
romeli grafiki romel kondensators mareobaa, risi tolia a) TiToeul konden
Seesabameba? satorze potencialTa sxvaoba da b) TiToeuli
kondensatoris marcxena firfitis muxti?
kondensatori farTobi dacileba
g) damuxtvis dros ra jamuri muxti gaivlis
1 A d sazom mowyobilobaSi?
2 2A d 4. risi tolia C tevadobis sami kondensatoris
3 A 2d Ceqv ekvivalenturi tevadoba Tu kondensa
torebi batareasTan a) mimdevrobiT da
b) paralelurad aris CarTuli? g) romel
ganlagebaSia ekvivalentur kondensatorze
meti muxti?
5. a) 25.22a suraTze aris Tu ara pirveli da
sur. 25.19. SekiTxva 1 mesame kondensatori mimdevrobiT CarTuli?
b) igive suraTze aris Tu ara pirveli da
2. 25.20 suraTis wredebze kondensatorebi
mimdevrobiT, paralelurad Tu sxvagvarad
arian CarTulni?
amocanebi
···23. 25.39 suraTze gamosaxulia 12 v-iani ··29. warmoidgineT, rom uZravi eleqtroni
batarea da C1 = 1 mkf, C2 = 2 mkf, C3 = 3 mkf da wertilovani muxtia. risi tolia misi
C4 = 4 mkf tevadobebis oTxi kondensatori. eleqtruli velis u energiis simkvrive
Tu mxolod S1 amomrTvelia daketili, risi a) r=1mm, b) r=1mkm, g) r=1nm da d) r=1pm radialur
tolia a) pirveli kondensatoris, b) meore manZilze? e) risi tolia u, rodesac r→∞?
kondensatoris, g) mesame kondensatoris da ··30. 25.27 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 5 mkf
d) meoTxe kondensatoris muxti? Tu orive da C3 = 4 mkf tevadobis kondensatorebze
amomrTveli daketilia, risi tolia e) pirveli V = 100 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli.
kondensatoris, v) meore kondensatoris, risi tolia mesame kondensatoris a) q3 muxti,
z) mesame kondensatoris da T) meoTxe b) V3 potencialTa sxvaoba, g) Senaxuli U3
kondensatoris muxti? energia, pirveli kondensatoris d) q1, e) V1 da
v) U1 da meore kondensatoris z) q2, T) V2 da
i) U2?
··31. 8,5 sm2 farTobis da 3 mm dacilebis
paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, haeriT
savse kondensatori 6v-iani batareis mier
imuxteba. Semdeg firfitebi batareidan
gamorTes da ganmuxtvis gareSe 8 mm manZilamde
ganacalkeves. gamoTvaleT a) firfitebs Soris
sur. 25.39. amocana 23.
potencialTa sxvaoba, b) sawyisi Senaxuli
paragrafi 25.5. eleqtrul velSi Sena energia, g) saboloo Senaxuli energia da d)
xuli energia firfitebis dacilebisaTvis saWiro muSaoba.
·24. ra raodenobis energia inaxeba 1 m3 mocu SSM ILW WWW
lobis haerSi 150 v/m sididis eleqtruli ··32. 10 sm diametris liTonis izolirebuli
velis Sedegad? sferos potenciali usasrulobaSi V = 0
·25. ra tevadobis kondensatoria saWiro, mimarT 8000 v-ia. sferos zedapirTan axlos
raTa 10 kvt·sT energia 1000v potencialTa moqmed eleqtrul velSi energiis simkvrive
sxvaobaze Seinaxos? gamoTvaleT.
·26. 40 sm2 farTobis da 1 mm dacilebis ··33. 25.40 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 20 mkf
paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, haeriT da C3 = 25 mkf. Tu kondensatorebi 100 v-ze
savse kondensatori 600 v potencialTa met potencialTa sxvaobas ver uZleben, risi
sxvaobamde damuxtes. gamoTvaleT a) teva tolia a) A da B wertilebs Soris potencialTa
doba, b) TiToeuli firfitis muxti, g) Se sxvaobis maqsimumi da b) sam kondensatorSi
naxuli energia, d) firfitebs Soris moqmedi Senaxuli energiis maqsimumi?
eleqtruli veli da e) firfitebs Soris
energiis simkvrive.
·27. 2 mkf da 4 mkf tevadobis kondensatorebi
sur. 25.40. amocana 33.
300 v potencialTa sxvaobaze paralelurad
SeaerTes. gamoTvaleT kondensatorebSi paragrafi 25.6. kondensatori dieleq
trikTan erTad
Senaxuli mTliani energia. SSM
··28. 25.28 suraTze C1 = 10 mkf, C2 = 5mkf ·34. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari,
da C3=15mkf tevadobis kondensatorebze haeriT savse kondensatoris tevadobaa 1,3pf.
Semdeg firfitebs Soris dacileba gaormagda
V=100v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. risi
da maT Soris cvili moaTavses. axali tevadoba
tolia mesame kondensatoris a) q3 muxti, b) V3
2,6pf-ia. gamoTvaleT cvilis dieleqtrikuli
potencialTa sxvaoba, g) Senaxuli U3 energia,
mudmiva.
pirveli kondensatoris d) q1, e) V1 da v) U1 da
·35. haeriT savse, 7,4 pf tevadobis konden
meore kondensatoris z) q2, T) V2 da i) U2?
875
satori ise unda gardaqmnaT, rom man 652 v firfitebs Soris eleqtruli veli 200 kn/k-s
maqsimaluri potencialTa sxvaobis pirobebSi gadaaWarbebs, kondensatori daiwveba. risi
7,4 mkj energia Seinaxos. 25.1 cxrilSi Camo tolia kondensatorSi Senaxuli maqsimaluri
Tvlili romeli dieleqtrikiT unda SeavsoT energia?
sivrce kondensatoris firfitebs Soris? SSM ··42. 25.42 suraTze
·36. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari, naCvenebia A = 5,56 sm2
haeriT savse kondensatoris tevadobaa farTobis da d =
50pf. a) Tu TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 5,56 mm dacilebis
0,35 m2, risi tolia maT Soris manZili? b) Tu paraleluri firfi
sur. 25.42. amocana 42.
firfitebs Soris areals κ = 5,6 koeficientis tebisgan Semdgari
mqone nivTierebiT SevavsebT, risi toli iqneba kondensatori. firfitebs Soris sivrcis
tevadoba? marcxena naxevari κ1 = 7 koeficientis mqone
·37. koaqsialuri kabelis Sida radiusia 0,1 mm, dieleqtrikiTaa savse, xolo marjvena - κ2 = 12
xolo gare radiusi - 0,6 mm. gamoTvaleT 1 m koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. risi
kabelis tevadoba. dauSviT, rom gamtarebs tolia tevadoba?
Soris sivrce polistroliT aris Sevsebuli. ··43. 25.43 suraTze
SSM naCvenebia A = 7,89 sm2
··38. 25.41 suraTze farTobis da d = 4,62 mm
ra raodenobis muxti dacilebis parale
sur. 25.43. amocana 43.
Seinaxeba paraleluri luri firfitebisgan
firfitebisgan Se Semdgari kondensatori. firfitebs Soris
sur. 25.41. amocana 38.
mdgar kondensa sivrcis zeda naxevari κ1 = 11 koeficientis
torebze 12v-iani batareis Sedegad? erTi mqone dieleqtrikiTaa savse, xolo qveda –
kodensatori haeriTaa savse, xolo meore – κ2=12 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. risi
κ = 3 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiT. orive tolia tevadoba?
kondensatoris firfitebis farTobia 5×10–3 m2, SSM
xolo firfitebs Soris dacilebaa 2 mm. ··44. 25.44 suraTze
··39. garkveuli nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli naCvenebia A = 10,5 sm2
mudmivaa 2,8, xolo dieleqtrikuli Zalaa farTobis da 2d =
18 mv/m. Tu paraleluri firfitebisgan 7,12 mm dacilebis
Semdgar kondensatorSi amgvari dieleqtriki paraleluri fir sur. 25.44. amocana 44.
gamoiyeneba, ra minimaluri farTobi unda fitebisgan Semdgari
hqondeT kondensatoris firfitebs, raTa kondensatori. firfitebs Soris sivrcis
kondensatoris tevadoba 7×10–2 mkf iyos da marcxena naxevari κ1 = 21 koeficientis dieleq
kondensatori 4 kv potencialTa sxvaobas trikiTaa Sevsebuli, marjvena mxaris zeda
uZlebdes? SSM ILW naxevari – κ2 = 42 koeficientis dieleqtrikiT,
··40. Tqven imgvari kondensatori unda aagoT, xolo qveda naxevari – κ3 = 58 koeficientis
romelsac 1 nf tevadoba da 10000 v garRvevis dieleqtrikiT. risi tolia tevadoba?
potenciali eqneba. dieleqtrikad pireqsis paragrafi 25.8. dieleqtrikebi da
minas iyenebT, romlis orive zedapiri aluminis
gausis kanoni
folgiTaa dafaruli. pireqsis mina 15 sm sisqi
·45. paraleluri firfitebisgan Semdgari
saa, misi Sida radiusia 3,6 sm da gare radiusia
kondensatoris tevadobaa 100 pf, firfitebis
3,8 sm. risi tolia kondensatoris a) tevadoba da
farTobia 100 sm2, xolo firfitebs Soris
b) garRvevis potenciali?
sivrces mTlianad qarsis dieleqtriki
··41. paralelur firfitebiani kondensatori
(κ = 5,4) avsebs. 50 v potencialTa sxvaobis
κ = 5,5 koeficientis mqone dieleqtrikiTaa
pirobebSi gamoTvaleT a) qarsSi eleqtruli
savse. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 0,034 m2,
velis E sidide, b) firfitebis Tavisufali
xolo firfitebs Soris dacilebaa 2mm. Tu
876 Tavi 25 tevadoba
881
882 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
q= dq = i dt , (26.2)
i0 = i1 + i2 (26.3)
26.3b suraTze Cans, rom mavTulebis gadaxra an mimarTulebis Secvla 26.3 formulis
marTebulobaze gavlens ar axdens. denis isrebi gamtaris gaswvriv dinebis mimarTulebas
gviCvenebs da ara mimarTulebas sivrceSi.
denis mimarTuleba
26.1b suraTze gamosaxuli denis isrebi eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebiT konturSi moZravi
dadebiTi damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraobis mimarTulebas asaxavs. amgvar nawilakebs dadebiTi
muxtis gadamtanebs uwodeben da isini batareis dadebiTi momWeridan uaryofiTi momWerisken
moZraoben. sinamdvileSi, 26.1b suraTze gamosaxul spilenZis konturSi muxtis gadamtanebi
Tavisufali eleqtronebia da isini uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli. aqedan gamomdinare, eleq
truli veli maT denis isris sawinaaRmdegod moZraobas aiZulebs da eleqtronebi uaryofiTi
momWeridan dadebiTisken gadaadgildeba. istoriuli mizezebis gamo Semdegi SeTanxmeba
arsebobs:
dN
amoxsna: uaryofiTi muxtis i deni milSi anu i = (e)(10) .
dt
gamavali wylis molekulebis eleqtronebiTaa
molekulaSi 10 eleqtronia, vinaidan wylis
gamowveuli. deni milis mkveT nebismier
(H2O) molekula Jangbadis atomSi 8 eleqtrons
sibrtyeSi uaryofiTi muxtis gavlis
Seicavs, xolo wyalbadis or atomSi TiTo-
tempia. aqedan gamomdinare, deni sibrtyeSi
TiTo eleqtrons.
wamis ganmavlobaSi gasuli molekulebis
884 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
dN/dt tempi dV/dt moculobis dinebis tempis es Sedegi i-s formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
saSualebiT SeiZleba Caiweros: dV
i = 10eNA M–1ρmass .
( ) = ( )( )
molekulebi molekulebi molis raodenoba dt
wamSi molSi masis erTeulSi NA = 6,02×1023 molekula/moli anu 6,02×1023
moli–1 da ρmass = 1000 kg/m3. wylis moluri masas
( masa moculobis
erTeulSi )( moculoba
wamSi ) F damatebis saSualebiT gavigebT. Jangbadis
molur (16 g/moli) masas wyalbadis moluri
`molekulebi molSi~ NA avogadros ricxvia.
masis (1 g/moli) orze namravls davumatebT da
`moli masis erTeulSi~ wylis M moluri masis
18 g/mols anu 0,018 kg/mols miviRebT:
sididis Sebrunebulia, `masa moculobis
i = (10)(1,6×10–19 k)(6,02×1023 moli–1)
erTeulSi~ wylis ρ masuri simkvrivea.
×(0,018 kg/moli)–1(1000 kg/m3)(45×10–6 m3/wm)
moculoba wamSi dV/dt moculobis dinebis
= 2,41×107k/wm = 2,41×107 a = 24,1 mga (pasuxi)
tempia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare
uaryofiTi muxtis dens wylis molekulis sami
miviRebT:
( ) ( )
atomis birTvTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi
dN 1 dV N ρ dV
= NA ρ = A mass . muxtis deni akompensirebs da milSi muxtis
dt M mass dt M dt
jamur dinebas adgili ar aqvs.
i
anu J = . (26.5)
A
sadac A aris mTliani zedapiris farTobi. 26.4 da 26.5 formulebidan Cans, rom SI sistemaSi denis
simkvrivis erTeuli a/m2.
22-e paragrafSi vixileT, rom eleqtruli velis warmodgena
velis Zalwirebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. 26.4 suraTze naCvenebia
denis simkvrivis wirebiT warmodgenis meTodi. am wirebs dinebis
wirebi ewodeba. 26.4 suraTze marjvnisken moZravi deni marcxniv
ganlagebuli farTo gamtaridan marjvniv ganlagebuli viwro
gamtarisken gadaadgildeba. moZraobis dros muxti inaxeba da,
maSasadame, denis sidide ar icvleba. miuxedavad amisa, denis
simkvrive icvleba – viwro gamtarSi ufro metia. dinebis wirebs
Soris dacilebis Semcireba denis simkvrivis (denis wirebis
sur. 26.4. dinebis wirebi gam sixSiris) zrdas asaxavs da mWidrod ganlagebuli dinebis wirebi
tarSi muxtis dinebisas denis
denis met simkvriveze mianiSnebs.
simkvrives asaxavs.
26.3. denis simkvrive 885
dinebis siCqare
rodesac gamtarSi deni ar gadis, misi gamtarobis eleqtronebi
uwesrigod moZraoben da arc erTi mimarTulebiT jamuri
moZraoba ar gvaqvs. rodesac gamtarSi deni gadis, gamtarobis
eleqtronebi kvlav mouwesrigeblad moZraoben, magram
amjerad maT denis gamomwvevi eleqtruli velis sawinaaRmdego
sur. 26.5. dadebiTi
muxtis
mimarTulebiT νd dinebis siCqare aqvT. dinebis siCqare matareblebi E eleqtruli ve
mouwesrigebeli moZraobis siCqareebTan SedarebiT mcirea. lis mimarTulebiT νd siCqariT
moZraoben.
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad
magaliTad, saxlis pirobebSi gamoyenebul spilenZis mavTulSi
J denis simkvrive da denis isari
eleqtronis dinebis siCqare savaraudod 10–5 an 10–4 m/wm-ia, maSin erTi da igive mimarTulebisaa.
rodesac mouwesrigebeli moZraobis siCqare 106 m/wm-s aRwevs.
26.5 suraTis daxmarebiT mavTulSi gamavali denis gamtarobis eleqtronebis νd dinebis siCqare
mavTulSi denis simkvrivis J sididesTan SegviZlia davakavSiroT. simartivisTvis, 26.5 suraTze
E eleqtruli velis mimarTulebiT moZravi muxtis dadebiTi matareblebis eqvivalenturi
dinebaa gamosaxuli. davuSvaT, muxtis matareblebi Tanabari νd dinebis siCqariT moZraoben da
mavTulis A farTobis ganivi kveTis gaswvriv denis J simkvrive Tanabaria. mavTulis L sigrZeze
gamavali muxtis matareblebis raodenobaa nAL, sadac n aris matareblebis raodenoba moculobis
erTeulSi. L sigrZeze e muxtis mqone matareblebis mTliani muxtia:
q = (nAL)e.
( R2 ) = π ( 3R4 )
2 2
A´ = πR2 – π
(mavTulis ganivi kveTis perpendikularulad)
3π
= (0,002 m)2 = 9,424×10–6 m2. erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT. amitom
4
gveqneba:
26.5 formula Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
i = JA´ J ⋅ dA = J dA cos 0 = J dA
Semdeg monacemebi CavsvaT da miviRebT: dA diferencialuri farTobi raime iseTi
i = (2×105 a/m2)(9,424×10–6 m2) = 1,9 a (pasuxi) sididiT unda SevcvaloT, romlis integrebas
mocemul arealSi SevZlebT. umartivesi
b) amjerad denis simkvrive ganiv kveTze r
Secvla 2πr sigrZis da dr siganis viwro
radialur manZilTan erTad J = ar2 damo
rgolis (sur. 26.6b) 2πr dr farTobiT SeiZleba
kidebulebiT icvleba, sadac a = 3×1011 a/m4 da r
metrebSia mocemuli. amjerad ra deni gaivlis
(vinaidan J mocemulia r-is funqciis saxiT). am
SemTxvevaSi, integrebis cvladad r-s aviRebT
mavTulis igive gare monakveTze?
da 26.4 formula mogvcems:
amoxsna: vinaidan denis simkvrive mavTulis
ganiv kveTze Tanabari ar aris, 26.4 formulaze i = J ⋅ dA = J dA
(i= J ⋅ dA ) gadasvla da mavTulis r=R/2-dan
[ ]
r4 R
[ ]
πa R4 15
integrebaa saWiro. denis simkvrivis J = R4 – = πaR4
2 16 32
veqtors (mavTulis sigrZis gaswvriv) da 15
diferencialuri farTobis dA veqtors = π (3×1011 a/m4)(0,002 m)4 = 7,1 a. (pasuxi)
32
( ) ( )( )( )
atomebi atomebi molebi masa sTvis amovxsnaT:
n = moculobis = masis moculobis
molSi erTeulze erTeulze i
erTeulSi νd =
ne(πr2)
atomebis raodenoba molSi avogadros ric
xvia da NA = 6,02×1023 moli–1. molebi masis er 17×10–3 a
=
(8,49×10 m )(1,6×10–19 k)(2,54×10–6 m2)
28 –3
Teulze am SemTxvevaSi spilenZis M moluri
masis Sebrunebuli sididea. masa moculobis = 4,9×10–7 m/wm ≈ 1,8 mm/sT. (pasuxi)
erTeulze spilenZis ρ simkvrivea. aqedan 1,8 mm/sT (miRebuli siCqare) lokokinisTvis
gamomdinare: Tu gamodgeba.
( )
1 N ρ SesaZloa gagiCndeT SekiTxva: `Tu eleqtronebi
ρ = A .
n = NA
M M ase nela gadaadgildeba, ratom irTveba oTaxSi
spilenZis M moluri masa da ρ simkvrive F sinaTle ase swrafad?~. gaugebrobis mizezi
damatebidan aviRoT da erTeulebis gardaqmnis isaa, rom erTmaneTSi vurevT eleqtronebis
Semdeg miviRebT: dinebis siCqares da eleqtruli velis
mavTulis gaswvriv gadaadgilebis siCqares.
(6,02×1023 mol–1)(8,96×103 kg/m3)
n = . es ukanaskneli TiTqmis sinaTlis siCqaris
63,54×10–3 kg/mol
tolia. eleqtronebi mavTulSi da, maT Soris,
= 8,49×1028 eleqtroni/m3
naTuraSi erTdroulad iwyeben denas. aseve,
anu n = 8,49×10 m .28 –3
rodesac sarwyav mils gaxsniT, wnevis talRa
Semdeg zemoT moyvanili pirveli ori punqti milis gaswvriv wyalSi bgeris siCqariT
gavaerTianoT da davweroT: gadaadgildeba, xolo Tavad wylis moZraobis
siCqare sakmaod mcirea.
i
= nevd .
A
cxrili 26.1
zogierTi nivTierebis winaRoba oTaxis temperaturaze (20° C)
winaRobis temperaturuli
nivTiereba winaRoba, ρ (Ω·m)
koeficienti, α (K–1)
tipuri liTonebi
vercxli 1,62×10–8 4,1×10–3
spilenZi 1,69×10–8 4,3×10–3
oqro 2,35×10–8 4×10–3
alumini 2,75×10–8 4,4×10–3
manganumia 4,82×10–8 0,002×10–3
volframi 5,25×10–8 4,5×10–3
rkina 9,68×10–8 6,5×10–3
platina 10,6×10 –8
3,9×10–3
tipuri naxevargamtarebi
siliciumi, sufTa 2,5×103 –70×10–3
siliciumi, n tipisb 8,7×10–4
siliciumi, p tipisg 2,8×10–3
tipuri izolatorebi
mina 1010 – 1014
mdnari kvarci ~1016
a
Senadnobs mcire α unda hqondes
b
fosforis minarevebiT gapoxili sufTa siliciumis muxtis matareblis simkvrivea 1023 m–3
g
aluminis minarevebiT gapoxili sufTa siliciumis muxtis matareblis simkvrivea 1023 m–3
26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba 889
26.10 formula veqtori formiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
E = ρJ (26.11)
SI sistemaSi gamtarobis erTeuli kuTri winaRobis erTeulis Sebrunebulia da aris (Ω· m )–1. am
erTeuls xSirad mo metrze uwodeben (mo omis Sebrunebulia). σ-s gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare,
26.11 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
J = σ E (26.13)
ρ – ρ0 = ρ0α(T – T0), (26.17)
sadac T0 aris arCeuli aTvlis sawyisi temperatura, xolo ρ0 - kuTri winaRoba am temperaturaze.
Cveulebriv T0 = 293K (oTaxis temperatura) da spilenZis SemTxvevaSi ρ0 = 1,69×10–8 Ω·m.
26.17 formulaSi mxolod temperaturaTa sxvaoba gamoiyeneba, amitom mniSvneloba ar aqvs
celsiusis skalas gamoiyenebT Tu kelvinis skalas. 26.17 formulaSi α sidides kuTri winaRobis
temperaturuli koeficienti ewodeba da misi mniSvneloba temperaturis mocemuli arealisTvis
Catarebuli eqsperimentis SedegTan SesabamisobaSia. 26.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia zogierTi
liTonis α-s mniSvnelobebi.
( ) ( )
denis sidide mcirdeba.
ρmiw I 1 1 ρI Δr
= 2π D+Δr – = – 2π D(D+Δr)
(26.21)
b) ra iZr deni gaivlis ZroxaSi?
D
Tu adamianis erTi fexi mexis dacemis amoxsna: logika kvlav 26.22 formulamde
wertilidan D radialur manZilzea, xolo migviyvans, oRond amjerad Δr-is nacvlad
meore fexi – D+Δr radialur manZilze, ΔrZr=1,5 m gvaqvs. amgvari mniSvnelobis dros
maSin fexebs Soris ΔV potencialTa sxvaoba ZroxaSi gamavali denia:
26.21 formuliT gamoiTvleba. swored es ΔV
iZr = 0,162 a = 162 ma (pasuxi)
sxvaoba iwvevs adamianSi iad denis gavlis. am
denis gamoTvlisTvis 26.8 formula (R=V/i) miRebuli pasuxi sasikvdiloa. Zroxas miwis
gamoviyenoT, sadac V potencialTa sxvaobis denisgan ufro meti safrTxe emuqreba,
sididea. 26.8 formulaSi V-s nacvlad 26.21 vinaidan Δr metia. Zroxas bunebrivia fexebis
formuliT gamoiTvlili ΔV CavsvaT da dens Setyupeba da safrTxis Semcireba ar SeuZlia.
gamtari mowyobiloba omis kanons maSin emorCileba, rodesac misi winaRoba modebuli
potencialTa sxvaobis sididesa da polarobaze damokidebulis ar aris.
gamtari nivTiereba omis kanons maSin emorCileba, rodesac nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba
modebuli eleqtruli velis sididesa da mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris.
E = ( emnτ ) J.
2
dU = dq V = i dt V.
energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad eleqtruli potenciuri energiis Semcirebas energiis raime
sxva formaSi gadasvla axlavs Tan. amgvar gadasvlasTan dakavSirebuli P simZlavre gadasvlis
dU/dt tempia da:
P = iV (eleqtruli energiis gadasvlis tempi) (26.26)
ufro metic, P simZlavre batareidan romeliRac mowyobilobaze energiis gadasvlis tempicaa.
Tu es xelsawyo meqanikur tvirTTan dakavSirebuli Zravaa, energia tvirTze Sesrulebuli
muSaobis saxiT gadadis. Tu xelsawyo damuxtuli Semnaxveli batareaa, maSin energia Senaxul
qimiur energias emateba. Tu mowyobiloba rezistoria, maSin energia Sida siTbur energias
emateba da rezistoris temperatura izrdeba.
26.26 formulidan gamomdinare, simZlavris erTeulia volti·amperi (v·a), romelic ase SeiZleba
Caiweros:
( )(1 ) = 1
1 v·a = 1 k
j k
wm
j
k = 1 vt.
rezistorSi mudmivi dinebis siCqaris mqone eleqtronis moZraoba wyalSi mudmivi saboloo
siCqariT Cavardnili qvis moZraobas waagavs. eleqtronis saSualo kinetikuri energia ucvlelia,
xolo dakarguli potenciuri energia rezistoris da garemos siTbur energiaSi gadadis.
mikroskopul skalaze energiis amgvari gadacema eleqtronebsa da rezistoris molekulebs
Soris Sejaxebis Sedegad xdeba, rac rezistoris meseris temperaturas zrdis. siTbur
energiaSi gadasuli meqanikuri energia daxarjulia (dakargulia), vinaidan procesis Sebruneba
SeuZlebelia.
896 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
anu
V2
P = (winaRobrivi xarjva) (26.28)
R
gafrTxileba: es ori formula 26.26 formulisgan yuradRebiT unda ganvasxvavoT. P = iV
formula eleqtruli energiis gadacemis yvela saxeobas miesadageba, P = i2R da P = V 2 /R
formulebi ki mxolod eleqtruli potenciuri energiis winaRobis mqone mowyobilobis siTbur
energiaSi gadasvlas.
26.8. naxevargamtarebi
naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobebi sainformacio epoqaSi momxdari mikroeleqtronuli
revoluciis ganuyofeli nawilia. 26.2 cxrilSi erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia siliciumis (tipuri
naxevargamtaris) da spilenZis (liTonis tipuri gamtaris) maxasiaTeblebi. siliciums ufro
naklebi raodenobis muxtis gadamtani, meti winaRoba da didi da uaryofiTi kuTri winaRobis
temperaturuli koeficienti aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, temperaturis gazrdasTan erTad
spilenZis kuTri winaRoba izrdeba, xolo sufTa siliciumis kuTri winaRoba mcirdeba.
26.8. naxevargamtarebi 897
sufTa siliciums didi kuTri winaRoba aqvs, TiTqmis aragamtaria da aqedan gamomdinare
mikroeleqtrul wredebSi pirdapir ar gamoiyeneba. miuxedavad amisa, misi kuTri winaRoba
Zalian mcirdeba, Tu legirebad wodebuli procesis dros Zalian mcire raodenobis `minarev~
atomebs davumatebT. 26.1 cxrilSi naCvenebia legirebamde da legirebis Semdeg siliciumis
kuTri winaRobis mniSvnelobebi.
naxevargamtarebis, aragamtarebisa da liTonis gamtarebis kuTr winaRobebs Soris (da, maSasadame,
gamtarobebs) Soris sxvaoba maTi eleqtronebis energiebiT SeiZleba aixsnas (amisTvis kvanturi
fizika gvesaWiroeba). spilenZis mavTulis magvar liTonis gamtarSi eleqtronebis umetesoba
atomebSi myarad aris Caketili. maTi ganTavisuflebisTvis da eleqtrul denSi monawileobis
miRebisTvis didi raodenobis energiaa saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs eleqtronebi, romelTa
ganTavisuflebas mxolod mcire energia sWirdeba. gamtarze eleqtruli velis moqmedebis
Sedegad gaCenili siTburi energia amaSi monawileobas iRebs. veli ara mxolod anTavisuflebs
eleqtronebs, aramed mavTulis gaswvriv gadaadgilebs da gamtarSi dens warmoqmnis.
aragamtaris SemTxvevaSi eleqtronebis gasanTavisufleblad bevrad meti energiaa saWiroa.
siTburi energia da izolatorze moqmedi eleqtruli veli sakmarisi ar aris. aqedan gamomdinare,
aragamtarSi eleqtronebi ar moZraoben da eleqtruli velis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki deni ar
gadis.
cxrili 26.2
spilenZis da siliciumis eleqtruli maxasiaTeblebi
vinaidan siTburi moZraobis Sedegad ufro meti muxtis matarebeli Cndeba. rogorc 2.62
cxrilSi mocemuli siliciumis kuTri winaRobis temperaturuli koeficientidan Cans,
temperaturis zrdasTan erTad kuTri winaRoba mcirdeba. Sejaxebis tempi liTonebis msgavsad
naxevargamtarebSic izrdeba, magram muxtis matareblebis raodenobis swrafi zrda mis
moqmedebas axSobs.
26.9. zegamtarebi
1911 wels, holandielma fizikosma kamerling onesma
aRmoaCina, rom 4K-ze dabali temperaturis dros
vercxliwylis kuTri winaRoba saerTod qreba (sur. 26.15).
supergamtarobis (zegamtarobis) movlenas Tanamedrove
teqnologiaSi Zalian didi potenciali aqvs, vinaidan
es niSnavs, rom zegamtarSi muxti energiis daukargavad
gaivlis. magaliTad, zegamtarebul wredSi gamavali deni
ramdenime wlis manZilze ar ikargeba. denis Semadgeneli
eleqtronebi Zalas da energias Tavdapirvelad saWiroeben diskos formis magniti Txevadi azo
da ara SemdgomSi. tiT gaciebuli zegamtari nivTiere
bisgan maRla iwevs.
1986 wlamde, zegamtarebis teqnologiuri ganviTareba
Zalian dabali temperaturis SeqmnisTvis saWiro maRali
Rirebulebis gamo ferxdeboda. 1986 wels, axali keramikuli nivTierebebi aRmoaCines, romlebic
supergamtari mniSvnelovnad maRali temperaturis pirobebSi xdeba. zegamtari mowyobilobebis
oTaxis temperaturis pirobebSi gamoyeneba samomavlod Cveulebrivi movlena SesaZloa gaxdes.
zegamtarobis movlena gamtarobisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvaveba. normaluri gamtarebi,
rogorebicaa vercxli an spilenZi, zegamtari arc erT temperaturaze ar gaxdeba, xolo axali
keramikuli zegamtari kargi izolatori mxolod maSin aris, rodesac misi temperatura Zalian
dabali ar aris.
zegamtarobis axsna imaSia, rom denis Semadgeneli eleqtronebi
SeTanxmebul wyvilebad moZraoben. wyvilis erT-erTma molekulam
moZraobisas zegamtari nivTierebis molekuluri struqtura
SesaZloa daamaxinjos, rac dadebiTi muxtis koncentraciis xan
mokle zrdas gamoiwvevs. wyvilis meore eleqtroni am dadebiTi
muxtis mier miizideba. eleqtronebis amgvari SeTanxmeba maT
sxva molekulebTan Sejaxebas xels SeuSlis da eleqtruli
winaRobac gamoiricxeba. zegamtarobis Teoria 1986 wlamde, sur. 26.15. daaxloebiT 4 K
temperaturaze vercxliswylis
dabali temperaturis zegamtarebisTvis kargad muSaobda, winaRoba 0-mde ecema.
magram nel-nela axali Teoriebi Cndeba, romlebic ufro maRal
temperaturaze zegamtaruli masalebis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels.
899
mimoxilva da Sejameba
deni. gamtarSi gamavali i eleqtruli denia: L sigrZis da Tanabari ganivi kveTis mqone
dq gamtari mavTulis R winaRobaa:
i= , (26.1)
dt L
sadac dq aris dt drois ganmavlobaSi gamtaris R = ρ (26.16)
A
ganivi kveTis hipoTetur zedapirSi gasuli sadac A aris ganivi kveTis farTobi.
dadebiTi muxtis raodenoba. SeTanxmebis ρ-s cvlileba temperaturasTan erTad.
Sedegad, eleqtruli denis mimarTulebad nivTierebaTa umetesobis ρ kuTri winaRoba
dadebiTi muxtis gadamtanebis mimarTulebaa temperaturasTan erTad icvleba. mravali
miCneuli. SI sistemaSi eleqtruli denis nivTierebisTvis, maT Soris liTonebisTvis,
erTeulia amperi (a). 1a = 1k/wm. ρ-sa da T temperaturas Soris daaxloebiT
denis simkvrive. deni (skalaruli sidide) J Semdegi kavSiria:
SekiTxvebi
1. 21.16 suraTze naCvenebia mavTulis ganiv 4. 26.19 suraTze naCvenebia Tanabari sigrZis
kveTSi gamavali i denis grafikebi drois oTxi da erTi da igive nivTierebisgan damzadebuli
SualedisTvis. daalageT Sualedebi ganiv- sami grZeli gamtaris ganivi kveTebi. ganivi
kveTSi gamavali jamuri muxtis mixedviT kveTebi kvadratebia da maTi gverdis
dididan mcireze. sigrZeebi miTiTebulia. B gamtari A gamtarSi
jdeba, xolo C gamtari - B gamtarSi. daalageT
gamtarebi da maTi kombinaciebi (A+B, B+C
da A+B+C) winaRobebis mixedviT dididan
mcireze.
amocanebi
ra a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba aqvs denis ··12. R = 2mm radiusis da wriuli ganivi kveTis
simkvrives? g) ra damatebiTi sidide gWirdebaT mqone mavTulSi denis simkvrivea J = (3×108)r2,
ionis sxivSi i jamuri denis gamoTvlisTvis? sadac J a/m2-ebSi, xolo r metrebSia mocemuli.
SSM WWW ra deni gaivlis r = 0,9R da r = R manZilebiT
·6. mcire, magram gazomvadi 1,2×10–10 a deni garSemortymul gare monakveTSi?
2,5mm diametris spilenZis mavTulSi gadis. paragrafi 26.4. winaRoba da kuTri winaRoba
moculobis erTeulze muxtis matareblebis
·13. niqromis mavTuli 1 m sigrZisaa da misi
raodenobaa 8.49×1028 m–3. davuSvaT deni Tana
ganivi kveTis farTobia 1 mm2. mavTulSi 4a deni
baria. risi tolia a) denis simkvrive da
gadis, rodesac mis boloebze 2v potencialTa
b) eleqtronebis dinebis siCqare?
sxvaobaa modebuli. gamoTvaleT niqromis σ
·7. eleqtrul wredSi moTavsebulia Senad
kuTri gamtaroba.
nobi mavTuli, romelic denis winaswar
gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis gadaWarbebis
·14. spilenZi da alumini maRali Zabvis
gadacemi xazebisTvis gamoiyeneba, rodesac
SemTxvevaSi unda gadnes da wredi gawydes.
davuSvaT Senadnobis nivTiereba maSin dneba, xazSi 60 a deni gadis. sigrZis erTeulze
damatebiTi amocanebi
47. C da D mavTulebi
sxvadasxva nivTiere
bebisganaa damzade
buli da maTi sigrZe
ebia LC = LD = 1 m.
sur. 26.32. amocana 47.
C mavTulis kuTri
sur. 26.30. amocana 42. winaRoba da diametria 2×10–6 Ω·m da 1 mm, xolo
··43. 100 vt simZlavris naTura standartul D mavTulisa _ 1×10–6 Ω·m da 0,5 mm. mavTulebi
120 v-ian budeSia Casmuli. a) ra Tanxa dajdeba, 26.32 suraTis msgavsad arian gadabmuli da
Tu naTuris 31 dRis (Tvis) ganmavlobaSi maTSi 2a deni gadis. risi tolia a) pirvel
ar gamovrTavT? eleqtruli energiis Rire da meore wertilsa da b) meore da mesame
bulebaa 0,06 $/kvt·sT. b) risi tolia naTuris wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba? ra
winaRoba? g) risi tolia naTuraSi gamavali tempiT ixarjeba energia g) pirvel da meore da
deni? d) mesame da meoTxe wertilebs Soris?
··44. wriul mavTulSi denis simkvrivea 48. Sokoladis natexis saidumlo. istoria
(J = 2,75×1010a/m4)r2, sadac r aris radialuri 23-e paragrafis 54-e amocanaSi daiwyo da
manZili. mavTulis radiusia 3 mm. mavTulze 24 da 25 TavebSic gagrZelda. Sokoladis
modebuli potencialia 60 v. ra raodenobis fxvnili R radiusis milSi ν Tanabari
energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi 1 sT-is siCqariTa da ρ Tanabari muxtis simkvriviT
ganmavlobaSi? gadis. a) daadgineT milis perpendikularul
··45. 2×10–6 m2 farTobis ganivi kveTis da 4 m ganivkveTSi gamavali i denis (fxvnilis
sigrZis spilenZis mavTulSi 2 a deni gadis muxtis moZraobis tempis) gamosaxuleba.
da mis farTobze Tanabrad nawildeba. a) ra b) gamoTvaleT i Semdegi pirobebisTvis: milis
sididis eleqtruli veli moqmedebs mavTulis radiusia R = 5 sm, ν = 2 m/wm da ρ = 1,1×10–3k/m3.
gaswvriv? b) ra raodenobis eleqtruli Tu fxvnili V potencialTa sxvaobaze mo
energia gadadis siTbur energiaSi 30 wuTis Zraobs, misi energia naperwkals P = iV tempiT
ganmavlobaSi? SSM SeiZleba gadaeces. g) SesaZlebelia Tu ara
···46. 26.31a suraTze naCvenebia cvladi aseTi gadacema 24-e Tavis me-60 amocanaSi
winaRobis Rero. x RerZis dadebiTi mimar ganxiluli radialuri potencialTa sxvaobis
TulebiT Reros sigrZis erTeulze wina Sedegad?
Roba izrdeba. Reros gaswvriv nebismier rodesac fxvnili milidan WurWelSi gadavida,
x mdebareobaze dx siganis viwro mona fxvnilis eleqtruli potenciali Seicvala.
kveTis dR winaRobaa dR = 5xdx, sadac dR am cvlilebis sidide milis SigniT radialuri
omebSia, xolo x - metrebSi. 26.31b suraTze
906 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
potencialTa sxvaobis toli iyo (romelic troni zolis erTi bolodan meorisken gada
24-e Tavis me-60 amocanaSi gamovTvaleT). adgildeba a) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs
d) ukve cnobili potencialTa sxvaobis da eleqtroni, b) ra muSaobas asrulebs zolSi
b)-Si gamoTvlili denis mixedviT fxvnilidan moqmedi eleqtruli veli eleqtronze da
naperwkalSi energiis gadasvlis tempi gamo b) ra raodenobis energias gadadis zolis
TvaleT, rodesac fxvnili milidan gamodis. siTbur energiaSi?
e) Tu naperwkali milis boloze gaCnda da 54. foladisgan damzadebuli tramvais lian
0,2 wm-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, ra rao dagis ganivi kveTis farTobia 56 sm2. risi
denobis energia gadaecemoda naperwkals? tolia 10 km sigrZis liandagis winaRoba? fo
23-e Tavis 54-e amocanidan gaixseneT, rom ladis kuTri winaRobaa 3×10–7 Ω·m.
aalebisTvis minimum 150 mj energiis gadacema 55. alfa nawilakebis (q = +2e) sxivi 20 mgev
iyo saWiro. v) sad ufro moxdeboda aaleba: kinetikuri energiiT moZraobs da 0,25 mka deni
fxvnilis CatvirTvisas, milis SigniT Tu milis gadaaqvs. a) Tu sxivi brtyeli zedapirisken
gamosasvlelze? perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli, ramdeni
49. A da B mavTulebi erTi da igive nivTie alfa nawilaki Seejaxeba zedapirs 3 wm-is
rebisganaa damzadebuli. A mavTulis dia ganmavlobaSi? b) nebismier mocemul momentSi
metri B mavTulis diametrze orjer metia, ramdeni alfa nawilakia 20 sm sigrZis sxivSi?
sigrZe orjer naklebia da winaRobaa 8 Ω. g) ra potencialTa sxvaobaze unda aCqardes
a) risi tolia B mavTulis winaRoba? b) Tu TiToeuli alfa nawilaki, raTa misi energia
mavTulebSi Tanabari deni gadis, risi tolia 20 mgev gaxdes?
denis simkvriveebis JA/JB fardoba? 56. 5 mm radiusis da 2sm sigrZis cilindruli
50. cilindruli mavTuli rezistori 3,5×10–5 Ω·m kuTri winaRobis
dens atarebs. 26.33a su nivTierebisganaa damzadebuli. risi tolia
raTze mavTulis centra a) denis simkvrive da b) potencialTa sxvaoba,
luri RerZis garSemo r rodesac rezistorSi energiis xarjvis tempia
radiusis wrea gavlebuli, 1 vt?
raTa wreSi gamavali i deni 57. niqromis gamaTbobeli 110v potencialTa
gamovTvaloT. 26.33b su- sxvaobaze da mavTulis 800°C temperaturaze
raTze naCvenebia i denis 500vt energias xarjavs. ra iqneba energiis
r2-ze damokidebulebis xarjvis tempi, Tu mavTuls gamaciebel zeT
grafiki. a) aris Tu ara Si movaTavsebT da 200°C temperaturas Sevu
sur. 26.33. amocana 50.
denis simkvrive Tanabari? narCunebT? potencialTa sxvaoba igivea da
b) Tu aris, risi tolia misi sidide? 8000C temperaturis niqromisTvis α = 4×10–4
51. 1 mm diametris swori, gamtari mavTuli K–1.
5,3 v/m Tanabari eleqtruli velis mier war 58. 500 vt simZlavris gamaTbobeli 115 v
moqmnil 2 a dens atarebs. risi tolia mavTulis potencialTa sxvaobaze muSaobs. b) ra pro
nivTierebis kuTri winaRoba? centiT daecema siTbos gamoyofa, Tu poten
52. mavTulSi gamavali denis simkvrive mudmivia cialTa sxvaoba 110 v-mde Semcirdeba? dau
da misi sididea 2×106 a/m2. mavTulis sigrZea 5 m, SviT, rom winaRobis cvlileba ar xdeba.
xolo gamtarobis eleqtronebis simkvrivea b) temperaturasTan erTad winaRobis cvli
8,49×10 m . ra dro dasWirdeba eleqtrons
28 –3 lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, siTbos gamoyofis
(saSualod) mavTulis gasavlelad? Semcireba a)-s pasuxze meti iqneba Tu nak
53. 26.34 suraTze V = 12 v lebi?
potencialTa sxvaobis ba 59. 18-kalibriani spilenZis mavTulis (dia
V metri = 0,04 inCi) 33 m sigrZeze 1,2 v poten
tarea R = 6 Ω winaRobis
winaRobriv zolzea Seer- cialTa sxvaobaa modebuli. gamoTvaleT
Tebuli. rodesac eleq a) deni, b) denis simkvrive, g) mavTulSi moqmedi
sur. 26.34. amocana 53.
907
eleqtruli veli da d) mavTulSi siTburi 67. ra raodenobis energias moixmars 400Ω
energiis zrdis tempi. winaRoba 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac
60. liTonis cilindruli Rero 1,6 m sigrZisaa masze 90 v potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli?
da misi diametri 5,5 mm-ia. Reros winaRobaa 68. 200 v potencialTa sxvaobaze rezistori
(20°C-ze) 1,09×10–3Ω. a) ra nivTierebaa eleqtrul energias siTbur energiaSi 3000 vt
gamoyenebuli? b) igive nivTierebisgan 2 sm tempiT gardaqmnis. risi tolia rezistoris
diametris da 1 mm sisqis wriuli diskoa winaRoba?
gakeTebuli. risi tolia winaRoba wriul 69. 26.35a suraTze
zedapirebs Soris, Tu TiToeuli zedapiri 20 Ω winaRobis re-
ekvipotenciuria? zistori batareas
61. `hoT-dogis~ Rumelis boloebze 120 v Tanaa SeerTebuli.
potencialTa sxvaoba mosdes da warmoqmnili 26.35b suraTze
siTburi energiis Sedegad gamocxva `hoT- naCvenebia rezis
dogi~ . deni 10 a-s tolia, xolo `hoT-dogis~ torSi ET Termuli
gamocxobisTvis saWiroa energiaa 60 kj. Tu energiis t droze
energiis miwodebis tempi ar icvleba, ra dro damok idebulebis
dasWirdeba sami `hoT-dogis~ erTdroulad grafiki. risi tolia
gamocxobas? eleqtruli poten
sur. 26.35. amocana 69.
62. 1,3 m sigrZis da 5,2 mm sigrZis gverdis ciali batareaze?
aluminis Reros ganivi kveTi kvadratia. 70. denis gamtari niqromis mavTulis koWa
a) risi tolia Reros boloebs Soris moqmedi siTxeSia moTavsebuli. rodesac koWaze 12 v
winaRoba? b) ra diametris unda iyos 1,3 m potencialTa sxvaobaa modebuli da 5,2 a
sigrZis spilenZis cilindruli Rero, raTa deni gadis, siTxe 21 mg/wm tempiT orTqldeba.
misi winaRoba aluminis Reros winaRobis toli
gamoTvaleT siTxis orTqladqcevis siTbo (ix.
iyos?
18.8 paragrafi).
63. A farTobis ganivi kveTis, L sigrZis da ρ
71. airganmuxtvis milSi deni warmoiqmneba,
kuTri winaRobis mavTulze V potencialTa
rodesac milis or eleqtrodze sakmari-
sxvaobaa modebuli. potencialTa sxvaoba
sad maRali potencialTa sxvaobaa modebu-
imgvarad unda Seicvalos da mavTuli ise unda
li. airi ionizdeba, eleqtronebi dadebiTi
daiWimos, rom energis xarjvis tempi 30-ze, momWerisken moZraoben, xolo damuxtuli
xolo gasuli deni 4-ze gamravldes. davuSvaT dadebiTi ionebi _ uaryofiTi momWerisken.
mavTulis simkvrive ar icvleba, risi tolia a) ra deni gadis wyalbadis airganmuxtvis mil-
a) axali sigrZis Sefardeba L-Tan da b) axali Si, romlis ganivi kveTis farTobSi yovel wamSi
ganivi kveTis farTobis Sefardeba A-sTan? 3,1×1018 eleqtroni da 1,1×1018 protoni gadis?
64. moZravi manqanis farebs ZraviT marTuli b) J denis simkvrivis mimarTuleba uaryofiTi
12 v-iani cvladi denis generatorisgan 10 a momWeriskenaa Tu misgan moSorebiT?
deni sWirdebaT. davuSvaT cvladi denis 72. saSrobis 2 kvt simZlavris gamaTbobeli
generatoris margi qmedebis koeficienti 80%- elementis sigrZea 80 sm. Tu 10 sm-iani
ia (gamosuli eleqtruli simZlavre Semavali monakveTs movWriT, ra simZlavres moixmars
meqanikuri simZlavris 80 %-ia). gamoTvaleT elementi 120 v potencialTa sxvaobaze?
Zravis cxenis Zala. 73. 200 m sigrZis spilenZis mavTuli A da
65. 18 vt simZlavris mowyobilobaze 9 v B wertilebs aerTebs. B-ze eleqtruli
potencialTa sxvaobaa. ra raodenobis muxti potenciali 50 v-ia da A-s potencialze
gaivlis mowyobilobaSi 4 sT-is ganmavlobaSi? naklebia. Tu spilenZis kuTri winaRobaa
66. 12 v potencialTa sxvaoba 45 m sigrZis da 1,7×10–8 Ω·m, a) risi tolia mavTulSi J denis
2 mm radiusis spilenZis wriul mavTulzea simkvrive da b) J B-skenaa mimarTuli Tu misgan
modebuli. ra raodenobis Termul energias moSorebiT?
warmoqmnis deni 40 wamis ganmavlobaSi? 74. Zravas spilenZisgan damzadebuli grag
908 Tavi 26 deni da winaRoba
aTvlis temperaturad 20°C aiReT da pasu moqmedebs). risi tolia a) mTliani deni da
xi 26.10 suraTs SeadareT). b) xdeba Tu ara b) denis simkvrive?
wredebi 27
rodesac sportuli avtomobili pit-stopSi Sedis, momsaxure personali
cdilobs SekeTeba da sawvavis Sevseba rac SeiZleba swrafad daasrulos.
siswrafe marTlac aucilebelia, vinaidan TiToeuli dakarguli wami
mZRols rbolis wagebad SeiZleba daujdes. miuxedavad amisa, sawvavis
misawodeblis swrafad gamoyeneba saSiSia, vinaidan pit-stopSi Sesvlisas
manqana -30kv-mde SeiZleba iyos damuxtuli. sawvavis orTqlSi erTi
naperwklis SemTxvevaSic ki cecxli gaGndeba.
909
910 Tavi 27 wredebi
Semnaxveli batareis, R winaRobis da M eleqtruli Zravis Semcveli wredi. Zravas wredSi gasuli
muxtis matareblebisgan miRebuli energiis Sedegad sagnis aweva SeuZlia. gaiTvaliswineT, rom
batareebi muxtebs wredSi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gzavnis. wredSi gamavali denis namdvil
mimarTulebas ufro meti emZ-s mqone batarea gansazRvravs, romelic am SemTxvevaSi B batareaa.
B batareis Sinagani qimiuri energia mcirdeba, rodesac energia masSi gasul muxtis matareblebs
gadaecema. A batareis Sinagani qimiuri energia izrdeba, vinaidan deni misi dadebiTi momWeridan
uaryofiTi momWeriskenaa mimarTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, B batarea A batareas muxtavs. B
batarea energias M Zravasac awvdis da R winaRobis mier daxarjul energiasac uzrunvelyofs.
27.2b suraTze naCvenebia B batareidan gadacemuli samive saxis energia. TiToeuli maTganis
Sedegad batareis qimiuri energia mcirdeba.
energiis meTodi
26.27 formula (P = i2R) gvauwyebs, rom dt drois SualedSi i2Rdt raodenobis energia 27.3 suraTze
gamosaxul rezistorSi siTburi energiis saxiT gaCndeba. rogorc 26.7 paragrafSi aRvniSneT,
es energia ixarjeba (vinaidan mavTulebis winaRobebi umniSvneloa, maTSi siTburi energia ar
iarsebebs). igive drois SualedSi B batareaSi dq = idt muxti gadis da muxtze batareis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa:
dW = E dq = Ei dt
energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad, batareis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba rezistorSi gaCenili
siTburi energiis tolia unda iyos:
Ei dt = i2R dt
es gvaZlevs:
E = iR
E emZ aris batareis mier moZrav muxtebze gadacemuli energia. iR sidide aris moZravi muxtebidan
rezistoris SigniT siTburi energiisTvis gadacemuli energia. aqedan gamomdinare, moZravi
muxtebisTvis gadacemuli energia maTgan gamosuli energiis tolia. i-sTvis amoxsnis Sedegad
miviRebT:
E
i = (27.2)
R
potencialTa meTodi
warmoidgineT, rom 27.3 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis nebismieri wertilidan viwyebT da romelime
mimarTulebiT potencialTa sxvaobebs algebrulad vkrebT. rodesac sawyis wertilze
davbrundebiT, sawyis potencialsac unda davubrundeT. vidre am yvelafers gavakeTebT,
27.4. denis gamoTvla erTkonturian wredSi 913
CamovayaliboT idea, romelic ara mxolod 27.3 suraTze gamosaxuli erTkonturian wreds
Seexeba, aramed mravalkonturiani wredis nebismier srul konturs:
am wess xSirad kirxhofis konturis wess (kirxhofis Zabvis wess) uwodeben germaneli fizikosis
gustav robert kirxhofis sapativcemulod. es kanoni waagavs mtkicebas, rom mTis nebismier
wertils zRvis donidan erTi simaRle gaaCnia. Tu mTis nebismieri adgilidan daiwyeb siaruls da
imave adgilze mixval, simaRleebis cvlilebebis jami nulis toli iqneba.
27.3 suraTze Va potencialis a wertilidan daviwyoT da Semovlis mimarTulebad avirCioT
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTuleba, vidre kvlav a wertils davubrundebiT. sawyisi wertili
batareis dabali potencialis mqone momWers emTxveva. vinaidan batarea idealuria, mis momWerebs
Soris potencialTa sxvaoba E-is tolia. rodesac batareis maRali potencialis mqone momWers
CavuvliT, potencialis cvlileba +E iqneba.
zeda mavTulis gaswvriv rezistoris zeda bolomde moZraobisas potencialTa cvlileba
ar gvaqvs, vinaidan mavTulis winaRoba umniSvneloa da misi potenciali batareis maRali
potencialis momWeris potencialis tolia. igive xdeba rezistoris zeda boloze. rezistorSi
gavlisas, potenciali 26.8 formulis Tanaxmad icvleba. ufro metic, potenciali mcirdeba,
radgan rezistoris maRali potencialis mxares vSordebiT. potencialis cvlilebaa –iR.
a wertils qveda mavTulis gaswvriv moZraobiT vubrundebiT. vinaidan am mavTulis winaRobac
umniSvneloa, potenciali kvlav ar icvleba. a wertilze potenciali kvlav Va-s tolia. Cven
sruli konturi gaviareT, amitom sawyisi potenciali saboloo potencialis tolia:
Va + E – iR = Va
E – iR = 0
am formulis i-sTvis amoxsna energiis meTodis gamoyenebisas miRebul Sedegs mogvcems (i = E/R).
Tu konturis wess wredis garSemo saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
gamoviyenebT, miviRebT:
–E + iR = 0
(a) (b)
sur. 27.4. a) erTkonturiani wredi r Siga winaRobis E emZ-s mqone realur batareas Seicavs. b) igive wredi
wrfivadaa gaSlili. a-dan saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobisas Sexvedrili potencialebi
naCvenebia. Va potenciali pirobiTad nuladaa miCneuli da danarCeni potencialebi Va mimarT izomeba.
Siga winaRoba
27.4a suraTze naCvenebia r Siga winaRobis mqone realuri batarea, romelic R winaRobis gare
rezistorTanaa gadabmuli. batareis Siga winaRoba batareis gamtari nivTierebebis eleqtruli
winaRobaa da am maxasiaTebels ver ugulebelvyofT. miuxedavad amisa, 27.4a suraTze batarea isea
gamosaxuli, TiTqos is E emZ-s mqone idealur bataread da r winaRobis rezistorad davyaviT. am
nawilebis amsaxveli simboloebis mimdevrobas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
Tu a wertilidan daviwyebT da konturis wess saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT gavivliT,
potencialTa cvlilebebi iqneba:
E – ir – iR = 0 (27.3)
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
emZ-s CavuvliT, potenciali E-iT izrdeba. rodesac batareis r Siga winaRobas CavuvliT, Cven
denis mimarTulebiT vmoZraobT da amitom potenciali ir-iT mcirdeba. saboloo jamSi gveqneba:
Va + E – ir = Vb
(Vb – Va)-s gamoTvlisTvis i deni gvesaWiroeba. deni 27.4a suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsia da 27.4
formula gvaZlevs:
E
i = (27.9)
R + r
es formula 27.8 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
E E
Vb – Va = E – r = R . (27.10)
R + r R + r
amjerad 27.6 suraTze mocemuli monacemebi CavsvaT da gveqneba:
12 v
Vb – Va = 4 Ω + 2 Ω 4 Ω = 8 v (27.11)
27.9 formulidan i CavsvaT da kvlav 27.10 formulas miviRebT. 27.6 suraTze mocemuli monace-
mebis Casma igive Sedegs mogvcems anu Vb – Va = 8 v. zogadad,
V = E – ir (27.13)
Tu 27.6 suraTze gamosaxuli batareis r Siga winaRoba nulis tolia, 27.13 formulis Tanaxmad
V potencialTa sxvaoba batareis E emZ-s anu 12v-is toli iqneba. vinaidan r = 2Ω, V potencialTa
sxvaoba E-ze naklebia. 27.11 formulidan ki viciT, rom V mxolod 8 v-ia. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom Sedegi batareaSi gamaval denzea damokidebuli. batareis sxva wredSi CarTvis da masSi
gansxvavebuli denis gavlis SemTxvevaSi V-s mniSvneloba sxva iqneba.
wredis damiweba
27.7a suraTze 27.6 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavsi wredia mocemuli, Tumca amjerad a wertili
miwasTan pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli. wredis damiweba dedamiwis zedapirTan (simbolo )
gamtariT dakavSirebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi, wredis damiwebis wertilis potenciali nuladaa
27.6. or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 917
miCneuli. maSasadame, 27.7a suraTze a wertilis potencialia Va = 0. 27.11 formulidan gamomdinare
b wertilis potencialia Vb = 8v.
27.7b suraTze naCvenebia igive wredi, oRond amjerad miwasTan b wertilia dakavSirebuli. aqedan
gamomdinare Vb=0 da 27.11 formulis Tanaxmad Va = – 8v.
P = iV (27.14)
sadac V aris potencialTa sxvaoba emZ mowyobilobis momWerebs Soris. 27.13 formulidan
V = E – ir 27.14 formulaSi CavsvaT da miviRebT:
P = i(E – ir) = iE – i 2 r (27.15)
26.27 formulidan gavixsenoT, rom i2r wevri emZ mowyobilobis SigniT Termuli energiisTvis
gadacemuli energiis Pr tempia:
27.15 formulis iE wevri emZ mowyobilobidan muxtis matareblebze da Siga siTbur energiaze
gadacemuli energiis PemZ tempia:
Tu batarea imuxteba da deni masSi `arasworad~ gadis, maSin energia muxtis matareblebidan
batareis qimiur energias da r Siga winaRobaSi daxarjul energias emateba. qimiuri energiis
cvlilebis tempi 27.17 formuliT gamoiTvleba, xarjvis tempi _ 27.16 formuliT, xolo muxtis
matareblebisaTvis gadacemuli energiis tempi _ 27.14 formuliT.
918 Tavi 27 wredebi
–E1 + ir1 + iR + ir2 + E2 = 0
(b)
Sedegi igive iqneba, Tu raime sxva wertilSi
daviwyebT da saaTis isris moZraobis mimar sur. 27.8. a) erTkonturiani wredi or realur
TulebiT vimoZravebT. garda amisa, es for batareas da rezistors Seicavs. batareebi urTierT
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaa anu dens rezistoris
mula 27.8b suraTs SeadareT, romelzec
gavliT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gzavnian.
potencialTa cvlileba grafikuladaa gamo b) a wertili nulovani potencialis mqonedaa miCne
saxuli (a wertilis potenciali suraTze uli da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraobisas potencialebi naCvenebia.
nuladaa miCneuli).
zemoT moyvanili formula i denisTvis amov es formula gvaZlevs:
xsnaT da miviRebT: Va – Vb = –ir1 + E1
E1 – E2 4,4 v – 2,1 v
i = = 5,5 Ω + 2,3 Ω + 1,8 Ω = –(0,2396 a)(2,3Ω) + 4,4 v
R + r1 + r2
= +3,84 v ≈ 3,8 v (pasuxi)
= 0,2396 a = 240 ma (pasuxi) miRebuli Sedegi batareis emZ-ze naklebia.
igive Sedegs miiRebT, Tu 27.8a suraTis b
b) risi tolia 27.8a suraTze gamosaxuli
wertilidan daiwyebT da a wertilisken saaTis
pirveli batareis momWerebs Soris poten
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTule-
cialTa sxvaoba?
biT imoZravebT.
amoxsna: amjerad a da b wertilebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaobebi unda SevkriboT. sakontrolo wertili 3. batareis emZ-a
Tavdapirvelad b wertilidan (pirveli bata 12v, xolo Siga winaRobaa 2Ω. momWerebs
reis uaryofiTi momWeridan) daviwyoT da Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 12v-ze
pirveli batareis gavliT a wertilisken metia, naklebia Tu tolia, rodesac
(dadebiTi momWerisken) saaTis isris mimar a) deni batareaSi uaryofiTi momWeridan
TulebiT vimoZraoT. gzadagza potencialTa dadebiTisken moZraobs, b) dadebiTidan
cvlilebebis Caweris Sedegad miviRebT: uaryofiTi momWerisken moZraobs da
i1 + i3 = i2 (27.18)
SegiZliaT SeamowmoT, rom b gadasasvlelis SemTxvevaSic igive xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare zogadi
principi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes.
am wess xSirad kirxhofis gadasasvlelis wess (kirxhofis denis kanons) uwodeben da principSi
es wesi muxtis dinebisas muxtis Senaxvis kanonia. maSasadame, rTuli wredebis amoxsnisTvis
energiis Senaxvaze dafuZnebul konturis wess da muxtis Senaxvaze dafuZnebul gadasasvlelis
wess viyenebT.
27.18 gantolebaSi sami ucnobi Sedis. wredis srulad
amoxsnisTvis (anu samive denis gamoTvlisTvis) igive
ucnobebis Semcveli kidev ori gantoleba gvesaWiroeba. am
gantolebebs konturis wesis orjer gamoyenebis Sedegad
miviRebT. 27.9 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi sam konturs
Seicavs, esenia: marcxena konturi (badb), marjvena konturi
(bcdb) da didi konturi (badcb). romel or konturs avirCevT, sur. 27.9. mravalkonturiani wredi
sami ganStoebisgan Sedgeba. esenia:
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. modiT, marcxena da marjvena konturebi marcxena ganStoeba (bad), marjvena
avirCioT. ganStoeba (bcd) da centraluri
Tu marcxena konturSi moZraobas b wertilidan daviwyebT ganStoeba. wredi aseve Seicavs sam
konturs. esenia: marcxena konturi
da saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
(badb), marjvena konturi (bcdb) da
vimoZravebT, konturis wesi mogvcems: didi konturi (badcb).
920 Tavi 27 wredebi
E1 – i1R1 + i3R3 = 0 (27.19)
– i3R3 – i2R2 – E2 = 0 (27.20)
amjerad sami gantoleba gvaqvs (27.18, 27.19 da 27.20) da maTi amoxsna SesaZlebelia.
konturis wesis didi konturisTvis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT:
E1 – i1R1 – i2R2 – E2 = 0
es formula erTi SexedviT axal informacias Seicavs, magram sinamdvileSi is 27.19 da 27.20
formulebis jamia.
27.10a suraTze V potencialTa sxvaobas batarea inarCunebs. 27.10b suraTze sami parale-
luri winaRoba Rekv ekvivalenturi winaRobiTaa Secvlili.
i1 + i2 + i3 = ( 1
+
1
+
R1 R2 R3
1
). (27.21)
cxrili 27.1
mimdevrobiT da paralelurad SeerTebuli rezistorebi da kondensatorebi
rezistorebi kondensatorebi
1 1 1 1
Rekv = R j 27.7 formula = 27.24 for- = 25.20 for- Cekv = Cj 25.19 formula.
Rekv Rj Cekv Cj
yvela rezistorSi
mula. yvela rezistor- mula. yvela kondensa yvela kondensatorze
Tanabari deni gadis ze Tanabari potencial- torze Tanabari muxtia Tanabari potencialTa
Ta sxvaobaa
sxvaobaa
(g)
sur. 27.11. a) E emZ-s mqone idealuri batareis da oTxi winaRobis Semcveli mravalkonturiani wredi.
b) winaRobebSi gamavali denebi. g) gamartivebuli wredi, romelzec R2 da R3 winaRobebi maTi eqvivalenturi R23
winaRobiTaa Secvlili. R23-Si gamavali deni R1-sa da R4-Si gamavali denis tolia.
922 Tavi 27 wredebi
a wertilidan saaTis isris moZraobis mimar Si gamavali deni R23-Sic unda gavides. amgvari
TulebiT gamoviyenoT. batareaSi gamavali i martivi erTkonturiani wredisTvis konturis
denisTvis miviRebT: wesi (a wertilidan saaTis moZraobis isris
mimarTulebiT) mogvcems:
+E – iR1 – iR2 – iR4 = 0 (arasworia).
es formula arasworia, vinaidan mis Tanaxmad +E – i1R1 – i1R23 – i1R4 = 0
R1, R2 da R4 winaRobebSi Tanabari i deni gadis. mocemuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
R1-Si da R4 gamavali deni marTlac Tanabaria,
12 v – i1(20Ω) – i1(12Ω) – i1(8Ω) = 0
vinaidan R4-Si gasulma denma jer batarea da
Semdeg R1 unda gaiaros. miuxedavad amisa, deni saidanac gamomdinareobs:
b gadasasvlelze iyofa, nawili R2-Si gadis, 12 v
i1 = = 0,3 a. (pasuxi)
xolo meore nawili _ R3-Si. 40 Ω
wredSi gamavali ramdenime denis erTmaneTis-
b) ra i2 deni gadis R2-Si?
gan gasarCevad isini 27.11b suraTis msgavsad
amoxsna: amjerad 27.11g wredidan ukan unda
davasaTauroT. Semdeg a wertilidan saaTis
davbrundeT. vinaidan R2 da R3 winaRobebi
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT vimoZraoT
paralelurad aris CarTuli, maTze poten
da konturis wesi marcxena konturisTvis
cialTa sxvaoba R23-is potencialTa sxvaobis
CavweroT:
tolia. R23-Si gamavali denia i1=0,3a. maSasadame,
+E – i1R1 – i2R2 – i1R4 = 0.
26.8 formula (R=V/i) gamoviyenoT da R23-ze V23
samwuxarod es formula or i1 da i2 ucnobs potencialTa sxvaobas gamovTvliT:
Seicavs, amitom maTi gamoTvlisTvis kidev
erTi formulaa saWiro.
V23 = i1R23 = (0,3 a)(12Ω) = 3,6 v
bevrad ufro martivi iqneba, Tu 27.11b sura- maSasadame, R2-ze potencialTa sxvaobaa
Tze gamosaxul wreds ekvivalenturi wina 3,6v da masSi gamavali i2 deni 26.8 formulis
Robebis saSualebiT gavamartivebT. R1 da R2 saSualebiT gamoiTvleba:
winaRobebi mimdevrobiT ar aris CarTuli V2 3,6 v
da amitom maT ekvivalenturi winaRobiT ver
i2 =
R2 = 20 Ω = 0,18 a. (pasuxi)
–i1R1 – E1 – i1R1 + E2 + i2R2 = 0 (minusi niSnavs imas, rom 27.12 suraTze Cvens
mier pirobiTad arCeuli i2 denis mimarTuleba
mocemuli monacemebis Casma da gamartiveba
swori ar iyo). 27.29 formulaSi i2 = –0,25 a
mogvcems:
CavsvaT da i1-sTvis amovxsnaT:
i1(4Ω) – i2(4Ω) = 3 v (27.27) i1 = 0,5 a (pasuxi)
konturis meore wesisTvis marjvena konturi 27.26 formulidan gamomdinare:
avirCioT da a wertilidan saaTis isris moZra i3 = i1 + i2 = 0,25 a (pasuxi)
obis mimarTulebiT vimoZraoT. Sedegad
i1 da i3 denebisTvis miRebuli dadebiTi Sedegi
miviRebT:
gviCvenebs, rom Cvens mier pirobiTad arCeuli
+i3R1 – E2 + i3R1 + E2 + i2R2 = 0 mimarTulebebi swori iyo. maSasadame i2 denis
swori mimarTuleba da sididea:
mocemuli monacemebis Casma da gamartiveba
i2 = 0,25 a (pasuxi)
mogvcems:
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 27.13. a) gvelTzevzis eleqtruli wredis modeli. gvelTevzis TiToeuli eleqtrolaqis emZ-a E, xolo
Siga winaRobaa r. gvelTevzas kudidan Tavisken gadaWimuli 140 rigidan TiToeulSi 5000 eleqtrolaqaa.
garSemortymuli wylis winaRobaa Rwy . b) TiToeuli rigis Ej emZ da Rj winaRoba. b) a da b wertilebs Soris emZ-a
Ej. b da c wertilebs Soris 140 paraleluri Rj winaRobaa. d) gamartivebul wredSi paraleluri kombinacia Rekv
ekvivalenturi winaRobiTaa Secvlili.
27.9. RC wredebi
wina paragrafebSi ganxilul wredebSi deni droSi ar icvleboda. amjerad ki droSi cvladi
denebis ganxilvas viwyebT
kondensatoris damuxtva
27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli C tevadobis kondensatori Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavia. misi damux-
tvisTvis a wertilze S amomrTveli unda davketoT. es moqmedeba kondensatorisgan, E emZ-s
mqone idealuri batareisgan da R winaRobisgan Semdgar RC mimdevrobiT wreds daasrulebs.
25.2 paragrafidan viciT, rom rogorc ki wredi Caiketeba, muxti kondensatoris firfitasa da
kondensatoris TiToeul gverdze damagrebuli batareis momWers Soris moZraobas iwyebs. es
deni firfitebis q muxts da kondensatorze VC (=q/C) potencialTa sxvaobas zrdis. rodesac
potencialTa sxvaoba batareis potencialTa sxvaobas gautoldeba (am SemTxvevaSi E emZ-s), deni
nulis tolia. 25.1 formulidan (q = CV) gamomdinare, wonasworuli (saboloo) muxti srulad
damuxtul kondensatorze aris C· E .
modiT, damuxtvis procesi ganvixiloT da gavigoT, rogor icvleba kondensatoris firfitebis
q(t) muxti, VC(t) potencialTa sxvaoba da wredis i(t) deni droSi. Tavdapirvelad wredisTvis
konturis wesi gamoviyenoT da konturs batareis uaryofiTi momWeridan saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT gavyveT:
q
E – iR – = 0 (27.30)
C
formulis marcxena mxares mocemuli bolo wevri kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaobaa. wevri
uaryofiTia, vinaidan batareis dadebiT momWerTan dakavSirebuli kodensatoris zeda firfitis
potenciali ufro metia, vidre qveda firfitis potenciali. maSasadame, kondensatoris gavlisas
potenciali mcirdeba.
27.30 gantolebas ver amovxsniT, vinaidan is i da q cvladebs Seicavs, magram es ori cvladi
erTmaneTs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
dq
i= , (27.31)
dt
27.30 formulis i-sTvis amoxsna da gardaqmna mogvcems:
dq q
R + = E (damuxtvis formula) (27.32)
dt C
zemoT moyvanili diferencialuri gantoleba 27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatoris q muxtis
droSi cvlilebas aRwers. misi amoxsnisTvis am gantolebisa da pirobis: q = 0, roca t = 0 (wredis
Caketisas kondensatori ar aris damuxtuli) damakmayofilebeli q(t) funqcia gvesaWiroeba.
27.9. RC wredebi 927
Cven male davamtkicebT, rom 27.32 formulis amonaxsenia:
drois mudmiva
27.33, 27.34 da 27.35 formulebSi Semavali RC namravlis ganzomilebaa dro (vinaidan eqsponenciis
arguments ganzomileba ar unda hqondes – 1Ω×1 f = 1 wm). RC namravls wredis tevadobiTi drois
mudmiva ewodeba da τ simboloTi aRiniSneba:
q = CE(1 – e–1) = 0,63 CE (27.37)
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli τ drois mudmivis ganmavlobaSi muxti nulidan misi saboloo
CE mniSvnelobis 63%-mde gaizarda. 27.16 suraTze drois RerZebis gaswvriv gamosaxuli patara
samkuTxedebi kondensatoris damuxtvisas drois mudmivis Sualedebs asaxavs. RC wredebis
damuxtvis dro xSirad τ-s saSualebiT gamoisaxeba. rac ufro metia τ, miT ufro xangrZlivia
damuxtva.
928 Tavi 27 wredebi
kondensatoris ganmuxtva
amjerad davuSvaT, rom 27.15 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatori srulad damuxtulia da
V0 potenciali batareis E emZ-s tolia. t=0 droSi S amomrTveli a-dan b-sken inacvlebs da
kondensatori R winaRobis gavliT SeiZleba ganimuxtos. vnaxoT rogor icvleba kondensatoris
q(t) muxti da kondensatorisa da winaRobis ganmuxtvis konturSi gamavali i(t) deni droSi.
q(t)-s diferencialuri gantoleba 27.32 formulas waagavs, magram amjerad ganmuxtvis konturSi
batarea ar aris da E = 0. aqedan gamomdinare:
dq q
R + = 0 (ganmuxtvis formula) . (27.38)
dt C
am diferencialuri gantolebis amonaxsenia:
sadac q0 (= CV0) aris kondensatoris sawyisi muxti. Casmis Sedegad SegiZliaT SeamowmoT, rom
27.39 formula marTlac 27.38 formulis amonaxsenia.
27.39 formulis Tanaxmad, q droSi eqsponencialurad mcirdeba da Semcirebis temps tevadobiTi
drois mudmiva τ = RC gansazRvravs. t = τ droSi, muxti q0e–1-mde anu sawyisi mniSvnelobis 37%-iT
mcirdeba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom meti τ ganmuxtvis met xangrZlivobas niSnavs.
27.39 formulis diferencirebis Sedegad i(t) dens miviRebT:
dq
i= =–
dt ( )q0 –t/RC
RC
e (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) (27.40)
qp = CE . (27.43)
q = CE + Ke–at
0 = CE + K.
27.9. RC wredebi 929
an K = –CE. saboloo jamSi, qp-s, a-s da K-s Casmis Semdeg 27.42 formula mogvcems:
q = CE – CEe–t/RC
anu
Rsab 100×109Ω
R = 4 = 4 = 25×109 Ω. (27.44) –
2t
RC ( )
= ln
2U
CV02
,
ln (
CV )
rodesac manqana Cerdeba, zedmeti muxtisa da RC 2U
anu t = – . (27.47)
energiisgan manqana R-is gavliT icleba. 2 0
2
ganmuxtvis gaanalizebisTvis ori ram gavi cnobili monacemebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT,
TvaliswinoT: 1) nebismier t droSi, konden rom Ukr = 50 mj donemde ganmuxtvisTvis man
satorze Senaxuli U eleqtruli potenciuri qanas Semdegi dro dasWirdeba:
energia Senaxul q muxts 25.21 formuliT
(25×109 Ω)(500×10–12 f)
(U = q2/2C) ukavSirdeba; 2) rodesac konden t = –
2
satori ganimuxteba, muxti droSi 27.39
formulis (q = q0e–t/RC) Tanaxmad mcirdeba.
× ln ( 2(50×10–3 j)
(500×10–12 f) (30×103 v)2 )
27.39 formula 25.21 formulaSi CavsvaT da = 9,4 wm. (pasuxi)
miviRebT:
maSasadame, manqanas sul mcire 9,4 wami das
q2 (q0e–t/RC)2
U= = 2C Wideba, raTa sawvavis an sawvavis misawodeblis
2C
q0 –2t/RC
2 masTan miaxloeba usafrTxo iyos. Sejibris
= 2C e . (27.45) dros momsaxure personali amden xans ver
25.1 formulis (q = CV) saSualebiT manqanis moicdis. sanacvlod manqanis saburavebi gam
sawyisi q0 muxti mocemul V0 potencialTa tari nivTierebiT arian aRWurvilni (maga
sxvaobas SegviZlia davukavSiroT (q0 = CV0). am liTad, muriT), raTa saburavis winaRoba
formulis 27.45 formulaSi Casma mogvcems: Semcirdes da manqanis ganmuxtvis tempi
(CV )2 CV 2 daCqardes. 27.17d suraTze naCvenebia U
U = 2C0 e–2t/RC = 2 0 e–2t/RC,
Senaxuli energiis t droze damokidebulebis
2U grafiki, rodesac saburavebis winaRobebia
anu e–2t/RC = CV 2 . (27.46)
0
R = 100 gΩ) da R = 10 gΩ. yuradReba miaqcieT
orive mxares naturaluri logariTmi aviRoT
ramdenad swrafad ganimuxteba manqana mcire R
da miviRebT:
mniSvnelobis dros.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
()
Pr = i 2r (27.16) dq E –t/RC
i= = e (kondensatoris damuxtva) (27.34)
batareaSi qimiuri energiis cvlilebis PemZ dt R
tempia: rodesac kondensatori R winaRobis gavliT
PemZ = iE (27.17) ganimuxteba, kondensatoris muxti Semdegi
formulis mixedviT mcirdeba:
mimdevrobiT CarTuli winaRobebi. ro
desac winaRobebi mimdevrobiT aris Car q = q0e–t/RC (kondensatoris ganmuxtva) (27.39)
Tuli, maTSi erTi da igive deni gadis. mimdev ganmuxtvisas deni Semdegi formuliT gamoi
robiT CarTul winaRobaTa kombinaciis ekvi Tvleba:
valenturi winaRobaa:
SekiTxvebi
g) 27.20 suraTze gamosaxuli oTxi wredi 7. ori rezistori R1>R2 batareasTan jer
ekvivalenturi wredebis mixedviT dididan individualurad, Semdeg mimdevrobiT, bolos
mcireze daalageT. paralelurad unda SeaerToT. daalageT es
ganlagebebi batareaSi gasuli denis mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
8. rezistorebis labirinTi. 27.22 suraTze
yvela rezistoris winaRobaa 4Ω da yvela
(idealuri) batareis emZ-a 4 v. ra deni gaivlis
R rezistorSi (Tu labirinTSi swor konturs
monaxavT, SekiTxvas pasuxs ramdenime wamSi
gascemT).
6. kondensatorebis labirinTi. 27.21 su 10. 27.23 suraTze naCvenebia wredis sami
raTze yvela kondensatoris tevadobaa 6 mkf monakveTi, romlebic 27.15 suraTis msgavsad
da yvela batareis emZ-a 10 v. risi tolia C batareasTan amomrTvelis saSualebiT rig-
kondensatoris muxti? (Tu labirinTSi swor rigobiT unda SeaerTon. samiveSDi rezistorebi
konturs monaxavT, SekiTxvas pasuxs ramdenime da kondensatorebi Sesabamisad identurebia.
amocanebi
g) meore rezistorSi, energiis gadacemis tempi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
d) pirvel batareaSi da e) meore batareaSi?
Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze v) pirveli batarea da z) meore batarea
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday energias gascems Tu STanTqavs? SSM WWW
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
·6. 27.26 suraTze
com/college/halliday. idealuri bata
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs reis emZ aris
• – •••
amocanis sirTules
E1=150v da E2=50v,
paragrafi 27.6. potencialTa sxvaoba xolo winaRobebia
or wertils Soris R1=3Ω da R2=2Ω. sur. 27.26. amocana 6.
·1. eleqtrosanaTis standartuli batarea Tu P wertilze
sur. 27.36. amocana 23. ··28. 27.41a suraTze gamosaxuli orive batarea
··24. 27.37a da b suraTze gamosaxuli wina idealuria. pirveli batareis E1 emZ ucvlelia,
Robebia 6Ω, xolo batareebi idealuria da xolo meore batareis E2 emZ 1-dan 10v-mde ic
maTi emZ 12 v-ia. a) rodesac 27.37a suraTze vleba. 27.41 suraTze gamosaxulia batareebSi
gamosaxuli S amomrTveli daketilia, ram
gamavali denebis E2-ze damokidebulebis ori
deniT icvleba pirveli rezistoris V1 grafiki. Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, romeli
eleqtruli potenciali? b) rodesac 27.37b grafiki romel batareas Seesabameba, magram
suraTze gamosaxuli S amomrTveli daketilia. orive grafikis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi deni
ramdeniT icvleba pirveli rezistoris V1
potenciali?
(a) (b)
sur. 27.37. amocana 24.
sur. 27.41. amocana 28.
936 Tavi 27 wredebi
maSin Cndeba, rodesac batareaSi gamavali de- ··33. 27.35 suraTze E1=3v, E2=1v, R1=4Ω, R2=2Ω,
nis mimarTuleba batareis emZ-s mimarTulebis R3=5Ω da orive batarea idealuria. ra tempiT
sawinaaRmdegoa. risi tolia a) E1, b) R1 da ixarjeba energia a) R1-Si, b) R2-Si da g) R3-Si? ra
g) R2? simZlavrisaa d) pirveli batarea da e) meore
··29. mocemuli gaqvT 10Ω winaRobis bevri batarea? SSM WWW
rezistori, romlebsac xarjva 1 vt tempiT ··34. 27.45a suraTze mesame rezistoris
SeuZliaT. risi tolia amgvari rezistorebis winaRoba (R3) cvalebadia. idealuri bata
minimaluri raodenoba, romelTa mimdevrobiT reis emZ E = 12 v. 27.45b suraTze naCvene
an paralelurad CarTvis Sedegad 5vt xarjvis bia batareaSi gamavali i denis R3-ze damo
unaris mqone 10Ω-iani winaRoba warmoiqmneba? kidebulebis grafiki. rodesac R3→∞,
grafikis asimptotaa 2 ma. risi tolia
··30. 27.42 suraT
a) R1 winaRoba da b) R2 winaRoba?
ze R1 = 100Ω, R2 =
R3 = 50Ω, R4 = 75Ω
da idealuri bata
reis emZ-a E = 6 v.
a) risi tolia ekviv- sur. 27.42. amocanebi 30
da 36.
alenturi wina
Roba? ra i deni gadis b) pirvel winaRobaSi,
g) meore winaRobaSi, d) mesame winaRobaSi da sur. 27.45. amocana 34.
··39. 27.14 suraTze E=3v, r=100Ω, R1=250Ω da bis wredi R0 = 100Ω winaRobas da E = 12 v
R2=300Ω. Tu voltmetris winaRobaa RV=5kΩ, emZ-s mqone idealur batareasac Seicavs. R
R1-ze potencialTa sxvaobis gazomvisas winaRobaa R = V/i, sadac V aris voltmetris
ra procentul cdomilebas miviRebT? Cveneba, xolo i - R winaRobaSi gamavali deni.
ampermetris arseboba ugulebelyaviT. ampermetris Cveneba i ki ar aris, aramed i´,
··40. rodesac manqa- sadac i´ aris i-s damatebuli voltmetrSi
nis farebi anTebulia, gamavali deni. aqedan gamomdinare, sazomebis
maTTan mimdevrobiT Cvenebebis Sefardeba R ki ar aris, aramed
CarTuli ampermetri R´ = V´/i moCvenebiTi winaRoba. Tu R = 85Ω, risi
10 a-s aCvenebs, xolo tolia a) ampermetris Cveneba, b) voltmetris
maTze mierTebuli Cveneba da g) R´? d) rodesac RV izrdeba, R´-a da
voltmetri _ 12 v-s R-s Soris sxvaoba izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive
(sur. 27.48). eleq rCeba?
truli Zravis Car
··43.27.51 sura-
Tvisas ampermetris
Tze Rx-is mniSvn-
Cveneba 8 a-mde ecema da sur. 27.48. amocana 40.
eloba mosriale
sinaTle fermkrTal-
kontaqtis moZra
deba. Tu batareis Siga winaRobaa 0,05Ω da am- obiT regulir
permetris Siga winaRoba umniSvneloa, risi
deba, vidre a da
tolia a) batareis emZ da b) ZravaSi gamavali
b wertilebis po
deni, rodesac sinaTleebi CarTulia?
tencialebi gaTana
··41. 27.49 suraTze RV=300Ω winaRobis brdeba (am pirobis
voltmetri da RA=3Ω winaRobis ampermetri R Sesamowmeblad a da
sur. 27.51. amocanebi 43
winaRobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba. R winaRobis b wertilebs Soris da 108.
wredi R0=100Ω winaRobas da E=12v emZ-s mqone ampermetri Seaer
idealur batareasac Seicavs. R winaRobaa TeT. Tu wertilebis potencialebi Tanabaria,
R=V/i, sadac V aris ampermetris isari ar gadaiwevs). daamtkiceT,
potenciali R-ze, xolo rom amgvari regulirebis dros Rx = RsR2 R1. /
i ampermetris Cveneba. ucnobi winaRoba (Rx) uitstonis bogiris sax-
voltmetris Cvenebaa eliT cnobili mowyobilobiT izomeba.
V ´, rac V-s damatebuli
paragrafi 27.9. RC wredebi
ampermetrze poten
cialTa sxvaobaa. aqe ·44. q0 sawyisi muxtis mqone kondensatori
dan gamomdinare, ori sur. 27.49. amocana 41. rezistoris gavliT ganimuxteba. τ drois
938 Tavi 27 wredebi
(sur. 27.80a) an paralelurad (sur. 27.80b) 105. 120v-iani eleqtrogadamcemi xazi 15 a-ze
erTdeba da Semdeg R rezistors uerTdeba. gaTvlili damcveliTaa aRWurvili. risi to
daamtkiceT, rom orive ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi lia am xazze paralelurad CarTuli 500vt-
R rezistorSi erTi da igive deni gaivlis, Tu iani naTurebis maqsimaluri raodenoba?
R = r.
106. 27.82 suraTze
102. C0 tevadobis kondensatori jer didi naCvenebia R0 re
xnis ganmavlobaSi E0 emZ-s mqone batareasTan zistorze mierTe
iyo mierTebuli da Semdeg t = 0 droSi 200000Ω buli batarea. mo
winaRobis rezistoris gavliT ganimuxta. sriale kontaqti
kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaoba drois x = 0 wertilidan
mcire Sualedis funqciis saxiT izomeba. x = 10 sm wertilam-
Sedegi qvemoTaa naCvenebi. a) dawereT e
d gadaadgil
sur. 27.82. amocana 106.
kondensatorze potencialTa sxvaobis droze de-ba. kontaqtis gadaadgileba mis marcxniv
damokidebulebis amsaxveli gantoleba. kal da marjvniv winaRobas cvlis. gamoTvaleT
kulatorSi monacemebi SeiyvaneT VC-s t-ze R rezistorSi energiis xarjvis tempis x-ze
damokidebulebis wrfivi regresia gana damokidebulebis funqcia. aageT funqcia
xorcieleT. regresiis parametrebidan
E=50v, R=2000Ω da R0=100Ω monacemebisTvis.
gamomdinare gamoTvaleT b) batareis E0 emZ da
g) wredis τ drois mudmiva. d) gamoTvaleT C0 107. E=2v emZ-s da r=0,5Ω Siga winaRobis
tevadoba. batarea amuSavebs Zravas, romelic 2 n masis
simZimis tvirTs ν = 0,5m/wm siCqariT maRla wevs
VC(v) 9,9 7,2 5,7 4,4 3,4 2,7 2
da amis SesaZleblobas batarea-Zravis wredSi
t(wm) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
i denis da Zravis momWerebze V potencialTa
103. E emZ-s mqone mowyobiloba simZlavres R sxvaobis ori kombinacia iZleva. pasuxebis ori
winaRobis gadamcem xazs awvdis. gamoTvaleT
SesaZlo wyvilidan risi tolia a) SedarebiT
E = 110000 v emZ-ze daxarjuli simZlavris didi i da b) Sesabamisi V da g) SedarebiT mcire
Sefardeba E = 110 v emZ-ze daxarjul si i da d) Sesabamisi V ?
mZlavresTan, Tu davuSvebT, rom orive Sem
108. a) Tu 27.51 suraTze a da b wertilebi r
TxvevaSi miwodebuli simZlavre Tanabaria.
winaRobis mavTuliTaa gadabmuli. daamtkiceT,
104. ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa rom mavTulSi gamavali denia:
27.81 suraTze gamavali i deni, sadac yvela E (Rs + Rx)
i = ,
winaRobaa 4Ω, xolo idealuri batareebis (R + 2r)(Rs + Rx) + 2RsRx
emZ – 10v? (miniSneba: pasuxis gacema gonebrivi sadac E aris idealuri batareis emZ, xolo
gamoTvlebiTac SeiZleba) R = R1 = R2. dauSviT, rom R0 = 0. b) eTanxmeba Tu
ara es formula 43-e amocanis pasuxs?
109. wredSi gamava
li denis kontro
lisTvis mosriale
kontaqtiani rezis
torebis parale
luri kombinacia
SegiZliaT gamoi
yenoT, rogorc es
aris 27.83 suraTze
sur. 27.83. amocana 109.
(kontaqtis mo
Zraoba wredSi winaRobas cvlis). davuSvaT,
A rezistoris RA winaRoba B rezistoris RB
sur. 27.81. amocana 104. winaRobaze ocjer metia. a) ra procedura unda
945
gamoviyenoT i denis sasurveli mniSvnelobis tolia or kondensatorSi Senaxuli energia?
misaRebad? b) ratom jobia paraleluri 112. ganvixiloT 27.85 suraTze gamosaxuli
kombinacia erTi cvladi rezistoris gamo wredi. a) gadasasvlelis wesi d da a gada
yenebas? sasvlelebisTvis gamoiyeneT, xolo konturis
110. eleqtrostatikur ganmuxtvas kompiu wesi - sami konturisTvis. Sedegad xuTi
terebis magvari eleqtronuli mowyobi damoukidebeli gantoleba miiReba. b) xuTi
lobebis dazianeba SeuZlia, amitom eleq wrfivi gantoleba matriculi gantolebis
troteqnikosebi momuSave personalsa da [A][B]=[C] saxiT warmoadgineT, sadac:
samuSao adgilze ganlagebul eleqtronul
aRWurvilobas Soris momxdar ganmuxtvaze
i1
xSirad nerviuloben. warmoidgineT, rom skamze i2
zixarT da Tqvens tansacmelsa da skams Soris [B] = i3 .
muxtebis gadanawileba 200 v potencialTa i4
sxvaobas qmnis, xolo skamsa da Tqvens Soris i5
tevadobaa 150 pf. fexze adgomisas, sxeulsa
risi tolia [A] da [C] matricebi? g) kal
da skams Soris manZilis zrda tevadobas 10 pf-
kulatoriT [A]–1[C] gamoTvaleT, raTa i1, i2, i3,
mde amcirebs. a) risi tolia am dros Tqveni
sxeulis potenciali? droTa ganmavlobaSi i4 da i5 denebi gamoTvaloT.
potenciali mcirdeba, radgan muxti sxeulisa
da fexsacmelebis gavliT gaiwoveba (sxeuli
winaRobis gavliT ganmuxtul kondensators
waagavs). davuSvaT, am traeqtoriazea wina
Robaa 300 gΩ. Tu eleqtrobas maSin SeexebiT,
rodesac Tqveni potenciali 100 v-ze metia,
mowyobiloba gafuWdeba. b) ramdeni xani unda
moicadoT, raTa potencialma usafrTxo 100 v
dones miaRwios?
Tu miwasTan dakavSirebul gamtar anti
statikur samajurs gaikeTebT, Tqveni poten sur. 27.85. amocanebi 112 da 113.
ciali fexze adgomisas Zalian ar gaizrdeba 113. 112-e amocanaSi xuTi denis gamoTvlis
da ufro swrafadac ganimuxtebiT, vinaidan
Semdeg gamoTvaleT a) 9 Ω winaRobis mqone
miwasTan kavSirisas winaRoba bevrad naklebia.
rezistorze eleqtrul potencialTa sxvaoba,
g) warmoidgineT, rom fexze adgomisas Tqveni
b) 7 Ω winaRobis mqone rezistorze muSaobis
potencialia 1400 v da skamsa da Tqvens Soris
Sesrulebis tempi, b) 12 v-iani batareis mier
tevadobaa 10 pf. miwasTan dakavSirebuli wredze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempi da
samajuris ra winaRobis SemTxvevaSi gani
d) 4 v-iani batareis mier wredze Sesrulebuli
muxtebiT 100 v-mde 0,3 wamSi? am drois gan
muSaobis tempi. e) a wertils ufro maRali
mavlobaSi, magaliTad kompiuterTan miaxlo
potenciali aqvs Tu c wertils?
ebas verafriT ver moaswrebT.
111. 27.84 suraTze
114. 27.4a suraTze E = 2 v da r = 100 Ω. 0-dan
R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 10Ω, 500 Ω-mde arealisTvis aageT a) denis da b) R-ze
potencialTa sxvaobis R-ze damokidebulebis
R3 = 15Ω, C1 = 5 mkf,
grafikebi. g) ori grafikis Sesabamisi mniS
C2 = 10 mkf da idea
vnelobebis gamravlebis Sedegad mesame gra
luri batareis emZ
fiki aageT. ra fizikuri mniSvneloba aqvs
E = 20 v. davuSvaT,
mesame grafiks?
wredi statikur sur. 27.84. amocana 111.
mdgomareobaSia. risi
28 magnituri velebi
946
28.2. ra warmoqmnis magnitur vels? 947
CD da DVD pleierebis Tu kompiuteris diskuri mowyobilobebis magnitur makontroleblebs.
aseve magnitebis saSualebiT xdeba yursacmebis, televizorebis, kompiuterebis da telefonebis
dinamikebis marTva. Tanamedrove manqana aTasobiT magnitiT aris aRWurvili, vinaidan isini
saWiroa Zravis amuSavebisTvis, fanjrebis, liukis, saqare minis sawmendis da avtomaturi kon
trolisTvis. usafrTxoebis sistemebi, rogoricaa karebze dayenebuli zari, avtomaturi Cam
ketebi da a.S. magnitebia gamoyenebuli. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens garSemo yvelgan magnitebia.
magnituri velis Semswavleli mecniereba fizikaa, xolo magnituri velis gamoyenebis sfero
inJineriaa. velis Seswavla da gamoyeneba Semdegi SekiTxviT iwyeba: `ra iwvevs magnitur vels?~
28.3. -s gansazRvreba
wertilze moqmedi E eleqtruli veli am wertilSi q muxtis mqone sacdeli nawilakis moTavsebiT
da nawilakze moqmedi FE eleqtruli Zalis gazomvis saSualebiT ganvsazRvreT:
F
E = qE (28.1)
magnituri monopolis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi B -s gansazRvra igive principiT gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli. Tumca vinaidan amgvari nawilakebi aRmoCenili ar aris, B magnituri veli
eleqtrulad damuxtul, moZrav sacdel nawilakze moqmedi FB magnituri Zalis saSualebiT
unda ganisazRvros.
damuxtuli nawilaki B -s gansazRvris wertilisken gadavaadgiloT, nawilakis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebebi da siCqareebi gamoviyenoT da am wertilSi nawilakze moqmedi FB Zala
ganvsazRvroT. mravali cdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom rodesac am wertilze gamavali romelime
948 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
RerZis gaswvriv nawilakis siCqarea ν , FB Zala nulis tolia. ν -s yvela sxva mimarTulebisTvis
FB Zala ν sin φ-is proporciulia,
sadac φ aris kuTxe nulovani Zalis RerZsa da ν -s mimarTulebas
Soris. ufro metic, FB Zalis mimarTuleba yovelTvis ν -s mimarTulebis perpendikularulia.
maSasadame, B magnituri veli aris nulovani Zalis RerZis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtoruli
sidide. amis Semdeg FB Zalis sidides maSin ganvsazRvravT, rodesac ν siCqare nulovani Zalis
RerZis perpendikularulia da Semdeg Zalis sididis saSualebiT B -s sidides gamovTvliT:
FB
B= ,
|q|v
sadac q aris nawilakis muxti.
zemoT CamoTvlili Sedegebis erTad Tavmoyris Sedegad miviRebT:
FB = q ν × B (28.2)
es niSnavs, rom nawilakze moqmedi FB Zala nawilakis ν siCqarisa da B velis veqtoruli
namravlis q-ze namravlia. 3.27 formulis gamoyenebis Sedegad FB Zalis sidide iqneba:
sur. 28.2. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad ν × B -s mimarTuleba
cera TiTis
mimarTulebas emTxveva. b) Tu q dadebiTia FB = q ν × B-s mimarTuleba ν × B -s
mimarTulebas emTxveva. g) Tu q uaryofiTia, FB = q ν × B -s mimarTuleba ν × B -s
sawinaaRmdegoa.
→ 949
28.3. B-sgansazRvreba
cxrili 28.1
zogierTi magnituri velis miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba
dedamiwis magnitur vels misi birTvi ucnobi meTodiT warmoqmnis. dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi
magnituri velis aRmoCena kompasiT xdeba, romelic mcire xaxunis mqone sayrdeni wertiliT
aRWurvili Reromagnitia. amgvari Reromagniti brunavs, vinaidan misi CrdiloeT polusi
dedamiwis arqtikis regionisken miizideba. maSasadame, dedamiwis magnituri velis samxreT po
lusi arqtikiskenaa ganlagebuli. logikurad am poluss samxreT poluss vuwodebT. miuxedavad
amisa, vinaidan am mimarTulebas CrdiloeTs veZaxiT, dedamiwas am mimarTulebiT geomagnituri
CrdiloeT polusi gaaCnia.
ufro yuradRebiT gazomvis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, dedamiwis
magnituri velis Zalwirebi dedamiwisa da arqtikisken aris mimarTuli. samxreT naxevarsferoSi,
Zalwirebi dedamiwisgan da antarqtikisgan anu dedamiwis geomagnituri samxreT polusidan
gareT aris mimarTuli.
sur. 28.7. j. j. tompsonis aparatis Tanamedrove versia eleqtronis masis mis muxtTan Sefardebis
gamoTvlisTvis
gamoiyeneba. firfitis momWerebTan batareis mierTebis Sedegad E eleqtruli veli iqmneba. B magnituri veli
koWaTa sistemaSi gamavali denis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba (es sistema suraTze gamosaxuli ar aris). magnituri
veli suraTis sibrtyezea naCvenebi da Xs simboloebis ganlagebiTaa warmodgenili.
velidan uaryofiTad damuxtul nawilakze moqmedi Zala velis sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, 28.7 suraTze naCvenebi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, eleqtronebs E eleqtruli
veli zeviT mimarTavs, xolo B magnituri veli – dabla anu Zalebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moqmedeben. tomsonis procedura Semdegi mimdevrobis eqvivalenturi iyo:
1. aiReT E = 0 da B = 0 da S ekranze swori sxivis Sedegad warmoqmnili laqis mdebareoba
CainiSneT.
2. CarTeT E da sxivis gadaxra gazomeT.
3. E -s igive mniSvnelobisTvis B CarTeT da misi mniSvneloba daaregulireT, vidre sxivi kvlav
gaswordeba.
or firfitas Soris E eleqtrul velSi moZravi damuxtuli nawilakis gadaxra 22.5 amocanis
amoxsnis nimuSSi ganvixileT. aRmoCnda, rom nawilakis gadaxra firfitebis Soreul boloze
aris:
|q|EL 2
y = 2mv 2 , (28.6)
sadac ν aris nawilakis siCqare, m - misi masa, q - muxti, xolo L - firfitebis sigrZe. igive formula
28.7 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtronebis sxivisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. Tavdapirvelad
S ekranze dacemuli sxivis gadaxras gamovTvliT da Semdeg firfitis boloebze y gadaxras
(vinaidan gadaxris mimarTulebas nawilakis muxti gansazRvravs, tomsonma daamtkica, rom
ekranis gamanaTebeli nawilakebi uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli).
rodesac 28.7 suraTze gamosaxuli ori veli isea SerCeuli, rom gadaxris Zalebi erTmaneTs
gamoricxaven, 28.1 da 28.3 formulebidan gamomdinare gveqneba:
|q|E =|q| νB sin(90°) = |q|νB
E
anu v= . (28.7)
B
maSasadame, mkveTi velebis saSualebiT maTSi gamavali damuxtuli nawilakebis siCqare SeiZleba
gaizomos. 28.6 formulaSi ν-s nacvlad 28.7 formulis Casma da gardaqmna mogvcems:
m B 2L 2
= , (28.8)
|q| 2yE
formulis marjvena mxareze gamosaxuli yvela sididis gamoTvla SeiZleba. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkveTi velebis saSualebiT tomsonis aparatSi moZravi nawilakebis m/|q| Sefardebis gamoTvlac
SeiZleba.
28.5. mkveTi velebi: holis efeqti 953
tomsoni amtkicebda, rom amgvari nawilakebi yvela nivTierebaSi arsebobs. misive mosazrebiT,
es nawilakebi yvelaze ufro msubuq wyalbadis atomTan SedarebiT 1000 koeficientiT ufro
msubuqebi iyvnen. m/|q| Sefardebis gazomva eleqtronis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
sakontrolo wertili 2. suraTze naCvenebia E eleqtrul
velSi da B magnitur velSi moZravi dadebiTad damuxtuli
nawilakis ν siCqaris veqtoris oTxi SesaZlo mimarTuleba.
a) pirveli, meore da mesame mimarTulebebi nawilakze moqmedi
jamuri Zalis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze daalageT.
b) oTxi SesaZlo mimarTulebidan romels SeuZlia nawilakze
moqmedi Zala nulis toli gaxados?
sur. 28.8. B magnitur velSi moTavsebuli spilenZis naWerSi
i deni gadis. a) mdgomareoba magnituri velis moqmedebis
dawyebisas. naCvenebia eleqtronis moZraobis mrudi traeqtoria.
b) wonasworuli mdgomareoba. uaryofiTi muxtebi naWris marjvena
kideze grovdeba da marcxena kideze ganlagebuli dadebiTi
muxtebi ar kompensirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, marcxena kidis
potenciali marjvena kidis potencialze ufro metia. g) denis
igive mimarTulebis da dadebiTad damuxtuli muxtis matareblebis
SemTxvevaSi, isini marjvena kideze dagrovdeboda da marjvena
kides ufro maRali potenciali eqneboda.
954 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
V = Ed (28.9)
voltmetris mierTebis Semdeg naWris or kides Soris potencialTa sxvaobas gamovTvliT. ufro
metic, voltmetri gvauwyebs, Tu romel kides aqvs ufro maRali potenciali. 28.8a suraTze
naCvenebi mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom marcxena kidis potenciali ufro maRalia
da es faqti eTanxmeba Cvens adrindel daSvebas, rom muxtis matareblebi uaryofiTad aris
damuxtuli.
modiT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sawinaaRmdego davuSvaT da miviCnioT, rom muxtis
matareblebi dadebiTad aris damuxtuli (sur. 28.8g). rodesac muxtis amgvari matareblebi
zemodan qvemoT moZraoben, maT FB Zala marjvena kidisken ubiZgebs da, maSasadame, marjvena kidis
potenciali ufro metia. vinaidan es ukanaskneli mtkiceba voltmetris Cvenebas ewinaaRmdegeba,
muxtis matareblebi uaryofiTad unda iyos damuxtuli.
rodesac eleqtruli da magnituri Zalebi erTmaneTs abalansebs (sur. 28.8b), 28.1 da 28.3
formulebi gvaZlevs:
eE = eνd B (28.10)
26.7 formulidan gamomdinare, νd dinebis siCqarea:
J i
vd = = , (28.11)
ne neA
sadac J( = i/A) aris naWerSi gamavali denis simkvrive, A – naWris ganivi kveTis farTobi, xolo n
– muxtis matareblebis ricxobrivi simkvrive (maTi raodenoba moculobis erTeulze).
28.10 formulaSi E-s nacvlad 28.9 formula CavsvaT, xolo νd-s nacvlad – 28.11 formula da
miviRebT:
Bi
n= , (28.12)
Vle
sadac l( = A/d) aris naWris sisqe. am formulis saSualebiT n-is gamoTvla SesaZlebeli gaxda.
holis efeqtis gamoyeneba muxtis matareblebis νd dinebis siCqaris gamoTvlisTvisac SeiZleba,
Tu gavixsenebT, rom is sm/sT rigisaa. liTonis naWeri magnitur velSi muxtis matareblebis
dinebis siCqaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadavaadgiloT. moZravi naWris siCqare manamde
vareguliroT, vidre holis potencialTa sxvaoba gaqreba. am dros holis efeqti ar moqmedebs
da muxtis matareblebis siCqare laboratoriis aTvlis sistemis mimarT nulis tolia. aqedan
gamomdinare, naWris siCqare uaryofiTi muxtis matareblebis siCqares sididiT emTxveva, xolo
mimarTulebiT – sawinaaRmdegoa.
moZraobs, mis damuxtul nawilakebze da, 2. rodesac muxti magnitur velSi Sedis da
maT Soris, gamtarobis eleqtronebze FB muxtebs Soris dacileba Cndeba, E velis
magnituri Zala moqmedebs. FB Zala kubis sidide izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, FE
Zalis sididec izrdeba da Tavdapirvelad
garkveul gverdebs Soris eleqtrul
potencialTa sxvaobis gaCenas iwvevs. rodesac FB Zalaze mcirea. adreul stadiaze,
kubi magnitur velSi moZraobas iwyebs, misi nebismier eleqtronze moqmed tolqmed
eleqtronebic masTan erTad moZraobs. ZalaSi FB dominirebs. es Zala kubis
vinaidan TiToeul eleqtrons q´ muxti aqvs da marcxena gverdisken damatebiT eleqtro
nebs gadaadgilebs da muxtebs Soris
magnitur velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs, masze
28.2 formuliT mocemuli FB magnituri Zala dacilebas zrdis.
gadaxris, ris Sedegadac es gverdi uaryofiTad gamovTvliT. E-s gamoTvla ZalTa balansis
muxtebs Soris dacileba dadebiTad damuxtuli FE-s nacvlad |q|E CavsvaT, xolo 28.3 formu
marjvena gverdidan uaryofiTad damuxtuli lidan gamomdinare FB Zala |q|EvBsin φ-iT
marcxena gverdisken mimarTul E eleqtrul SevcvaloT. 28.9 suraTze Cans, rom ν da B
vels warmoqmnis. maSasadame, marcxena gverdis veqtorebs Soris φ = 90°. maSasadame, sin φ = 1
sur. 28.11. a) damuxtuli nawilaki B erT
gvarovan magnitur velSi moZraobs da misi ν
siCqare velis mimarTulebisadmi φ kuTxes adgens.
b) nawilaki r radiusis da p bijis mqone xraxnuli
traeqtoriiT moZraobs. g) damuxtuli nawilaki
spiraluri traeqtoriiT araerTgvarovan mag
nitur velSi moZraobs (Zlieri velis arealSi
nawilaki SeiZleba datyvevdes da win da ukan
moZraoba daiwyos). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
marcxena da marjvena gverdebze ganlagebuli
magnituri velis veqtorebis komponentebi
suraTis centrisken aris mimarTuli.
Semdeg gveqneba:
mv2
|q|vB = , (28.15)
r
formula r-sTvis amovxsnaT da wriuli traeqtoriis radiuss miviRebT:
mv
r= (radiusi). (28.16)
|q|B
T periodi (erTi sruli Semobrunebis dro) wrewiris sigrZis moZraobis siCqaresTan Sefardebaa:
2πr 2π mv 2πm
T= = = (periodi) (28.17)
v v |q|B |q|B
f sixSirea (drois erTeulSi brunTa raodenoba):
1 |q|B
f= = (sixSire) (28.18)
T 2πm
moZraobis ω kuTxuri sixSirea
|q|B
ω = 2πf = (kuTxuri sixSire) (28.19)
m
T, f da ω sidideebi nawilakis siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris (Tu nawilakis siCqare sinaTlis
siCqareze bevrad naklebia). swrafi nawilakebi ufro did wrewirs Semowers, magram muxtis masaze
Sefardebis Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqone nawilakebis T periodi Tanabaria. 28.2 formulidan
SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom Tu B -s mimarTulebiT iyurebiT, dadebiTi nawilaki saaTis isris
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, xolo uaryofiTi nawilaki - saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT.
xraxnuli traeqtoriebi
Tu damuxtuli nawilakis siCqaris komponenti magnituri velis paraleluria, nawilaki velis
veqtorebis mimarTulebis garSemo xraxnuli traeqtoriiT imoZravebs. 28.11a suraTze
naCvenebia
or komponentad daSlili nawilakis ν siCqaris veqtori. erTi komponenti B -s paraleluria,
958 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
xolo meore komponenti B -s perpendikularulia:
paraleluri komponenti traeqtoriis p bijs anu mimdebare xveulebs Soris manZils ganapirobebs
(sur. 28.11b). perpendikularuli komponenti traeqtoriis radiuss da 28.16 formulaSi ν-s
nacvlad Casasmel sidides ganapirobebs.
28.11g suraTze gamosaxulia araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi spiraluri traeqtoriiT moZravi
damuxtuli nawilaki. marcxena da marjvena gverdebze mWidrod ganlagebuli Zalwirebi
mianiSneben, rom am adgilebze magnituri veli Zlieria. rodesac veli sakmarisad Zlieria,
nawilaki gverdidan `airekleba~. Tu nawilaki orive gverdidan airekleba, maSin amboben, rom is
magnitur boTlSi aRmoCnda datyvevebuli.
eleqtronebs da protonebs dedamiwis magnituri veli swored amgvarad atyvevebs. datyvevebuli
nawilakebi van alenis radiaciul sartyels qmnis, romelic dedamiwis samxreT da CrdiloeT
geomagnitur polusebs Soris, dedamiwis atmosferos zemoTaa gadaWimuli. es nawilakebi
ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi magnituri boTlis erTi bolodan meorisken aisxliteba.
rodesac mzis sinaTle radiaciul sartyelSi damatebiT energetikul eleqtronebs da
protonebs miitans, eleqtronebis arekvlis adgilze eleqtruli veli warmoiqmneba. es veli
arekvlas abaTilebs da eleqtronebs atmosferosken gadaadgilebs, sadac isini haeris atomebsa
da molekulebs ejaxebian da sinaTle sxivdeba. swored es sinaTle aCens polarul naTebas,
romelic daaxloebiT 100km simaRleze iqmneba. Jangbadis atomebi mwvane sinaTles gamoasxiveben,
xolo azotis molekulebi - vardisfer sinaTles. xSirad sinaTle imdenad mkrTalia, rom Cveni
Tvali mxolod TeTr sinaTles aRiqvams.
polaruli naTeba polaruli naTebis ovalad wodebul adgilze Cndeba, romelic 28.12 da 28.13
suraTebzea naCvenebi. polaruli naTeba grZelia, magram misi sisqe 1km-ze naklebia, vinaidan misi
warmomqmeneli eleqtronebis traeqtoriebi erTiandeba, rodesac eleqtronebi magnituri velis
gaerTianebuli Zalwirebze moZraoben (sur. 28.12)
sur. 18.12. dedamiwis geomagnitur CrdiloeT sur. 28.13. CrdiloeTis polaruli naTebis ovalSi
polusze garSemortymuli polaruli naTebis ovali. dafiqsirebuli polaruli naTebis gamosaxuleba.
magnituri velis Zalwirebi polusis mimarTulebiT Tanamgzavrma Dynamic Explorer-ma es gamosaxuleba
erTiandeba. dedamiwisken moZravi eleqtronebi polarul naTebaSi ganlagebuli Jangbadis atomebis
velis am Zalwirebis garSemo spirulad moZraoben mier gamosxivebuli ultraiisferi sinaTlis Sedegad
da dedamiwis atmosferoSi Sedian. Sedegad ovalis miiRo. dedamiwis mziT ganaTebuli nawili marcxena
SigniT polaruli naTeba warmoiqmneba. mxaresaa.
28.6. wriulad moZravi damuxtuli nawilaki 959
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze naCvenebia B magnitur velSi Tanabari
siCqariT moZravi ori nawilakis wriuli traeqtoriebi. erTi nawilaki
protonia, xolo meore – eleqtroni (naklebad masiuri). a) romeli nawilaki
Semowers ufro patara wres da b) es nawilaki saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT moZraobs Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT?
ciklotroni
28.15 suraTze naCvenebia ciklotroni, romelSic nawilakebi (magaliTad, protonebi) wriulad
moZraoben. D-s formis ori sagani spilenZisgan aris damzadebuli. duantebi, rogorc maT
uwodeben, eleqtruli oscilatoris Semadgeneli nawilebia, romelTa Soris arealSic
eleqtruli potencialTa sxvaoba icvleba. duantebis eleqtruli niSnebi icvleba da,
maSasadame, duantebs Soris eleqtruli veli jer erTi duantiskenaa mimarTuli, xolo Semdeg
meore duantisken. duantebi saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan zeviT mimarTul Zlier
magnitur velSia moTavsebuli. velis B sidide velis warmomqmneli eleqtromagnitis saSualebiT
kontroldeba.
warmoidgineT, rom ciklotronis centrze ganlagebuli S wyarodan gamosuli protoni
uaryofiTad damuxtuli duantisken moZraobs. protoni am duantis mimarTulebiT Cqardeba
28.7. ciklotroni da sinqrotroni 961
da masSi Sedis. rogorc ki protoni duantSi moxvdeba,
spilenZis kedlebi mas eleqtruli velisagan icavs
anu eleqtruli veli duantSi ar Sedis. magnitur
vels duantis kedlebi ar faravs da protoni wriuli
traeqtoriiT moZraobs. traeqtoriis radiusi protonis
siCqarezea damokidebuli da 28.16 formuliT (r = mν/|q|B)
gamoiTvleba.
davuSvaT, rom rodesac protoni pirveli duantis cen
traluri xvrelidan gamodis, duantebs Soris poten
cialTa sxvaoba icvleba. maSasadame, protoni kvlav
uaryofiTad damuxtuli duantisken miemarTeba da kvlav
sur. 28.15. ciklotronis elementebi. Cqardeba. es procesi grZeldeba, protoni wriulad
naCvenebia S wertilovani wyaro da moZraobs da duantebis sistemis kides uaxlovdeba. amis
duantebi. erTgvarovani magnituri veli
Semdeg gadamxreli firfita protons SemosasvlelSi
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan
maRla aris mimarTuli. wriulad moZravi gaatarebs.
protonebi duantebSi TandaTanobiT ciklotronis moqmedebis gasaRebi isaa, rom magnitur
Cqardeba da duantebs Soris sivrcis
velSi protonis wriulad moZraobis f sixSire eleqtruli
gavlisas energias iZens.
oscilatoris fosc fiqsirebuli sixSiris toli unda iyos:
rezonansis Tanaxmad, Tu wriulad moZravi protonis energia unda gaizardos, maSin energia
masze fosc sixSiriT unda daixarjos, rac magnitur velSi protonis wriulad moZraobis f sixSiris
tolia.
28.18 (f = |q|B/2πm) da 28.23 formulebis gaerTianebis Sedegad rezonansis axali formula
miiReba:
|q|B = 2πmfosc (28.24)
protonis sinqrotroni
rodesac protons 50 mgev-ze meti energia aqvs, ciklotroni gamousadegaria. amis mizezi is
aris, rom ciklotronisTvis miRebuli daSvebis Tanaxmad, magnitur velSi wriulad moZravi
damuxtuli nawilakis brunvis sixSire nawilakis siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris. es daSveba
mxolod sinaTlis siCqareze naklebi siCqareebisTvis aris gamosadegi. rodesac protonis siCqare
962 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
FB = iLB sin φ, (28.27)
sadac φ aris kuTxe L -sa da B -s Soris. FB Zalis mimarTuleba L × B
veqtoruli namravlis mimarTulebas emTxveva, vinaidan i dens dadebiT
sidided miviCnevT. 28.26 formulis Tanaxmad FB Zala yovelTvis L da
B veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia da es 28.18 suraTzec Cans.
sur. 28.17. 28.16b suraTze gamosaxuli mavTulis monakveTi. deni maRlaa mimarTuli.
es niSnavs, rom eleqtronebi qvemoT moZraoben. saxelmZRvanelos gverdis sibrtyidan
gamosuli magnituri veli eleqtronebis da mavTulis marjvnisken gadaxras iwvevs.
964 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
denebis nebismieri ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, jamur Zalas 28.28 formulis integrebis saSualebiT
gamovTvliT.
28.28 formulis gamoyenebisas gaxsovdeT, rom denis gamtari mavTulis dL sigrZis izolirebuli
segmenti bunebaSi ar arsebobs. deni segmentis erT boloSi Sedis da meore bolodan gamodis.
sakontrolo wertili 5. suraTze naCvenebia B erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi moTavsebul mavTulSi gamavali i deni da
mavTulze moqmedi FB magnituri Zala. velis mimarTuleba
iseTia, rom Zala maqsimaluria. ra mimarTulebisaa veli?
sur. 28.21. a sigrZis, b siganis da gamtari marTkuTxa konturi, romelSic gadis i deni, magnitur velSia
moTavsebuli. τ mabrunebeli momenti n normalis veqtoris mimarTulebas velis mimarTulebasTan asworebs.
a) magnituri velis mimarTulebiT danaxuli konturi. b) konturis perspeqtiva. naCvenebia konturis sibrtyis
perpendikularuli n veqtoris mimarTulebis marjvena xelis wesiT dadgena. g) konturis gverdxedi. konturis
brunvis mimarTuleba naCvenebia rkaluri isrebiT.
966 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
F2 = ibB sin(90° – θ) = ibB cos θ (28.31)
SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom meoTxe gverdze moqmedi F4 Zala F2 Zalis sididis toli da
mimarTulebiT sawinaaRmdegoa. aqedan gamomdinare, F2 da F4 Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs.
maTi jamuri Zala nulis tolia, vinaidan TiToeuli konturis centrze gamavali saerTo xazis
gaswvriv moqmedeben. maTi mabrunebeli momentic nulia.
pirveli da mesame gverdebis SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. am gverdebisTvis L
veqtori B -sadmi perpendikularulia da F1 da F3 Zalebs saerTo iaB sidide aqvT. vinaidan am ori
Zalis mimarTuleba urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, isini konturs maRla an dabla ar amoZravebs. 28.21g
suraTze Cans, rom am or Zalas moqmedebis erTi da igive xazi ar gaaCnia anu isini mabrunebeli
moments warmoqmnian. es mabrunebeli momenti konturs abrunebs, raTa misi n normalis veqtoris
mimarTuleba B veqtoris mimarTulebas daemTxves. mabrunebeli momentis mxari konturis
centraluri RerZis garSemo (b/2) sin θ-ia. F1 da F3 ZalebiT gamowveuli mabrunebeli momentis
τ´ sididea:
( b
) ( b
)
τ´ = iaB sin θ + iaB sin θ = iaBb sin θ.
2 2
(28.32)
warmoidgineT, rom erTi konturi N konturis an xviis mqone koWiT SevcvaleT, romlis xviebi
Tanabari zomebisaa da erTi da igive sibrtyeSi arian ganlagebuli. am SemTxvevaSi xviebi brtyel
koWas qmnian da 28.32 formuliT mocemuli τ´ brunvis momenti TiToeul xviaze moqmedebs. koWaze
moqmedi mTliani brunvis momentia:
τ = Nτ´ = NiabB sin θ = (NiA) B sin θ, (28.33)
sadac A(= ab) aris koWas farTobi. frCxilebSi moqceuli sidideebis (NiA) erTad Tavmoyris
mizezi is aris, rom isini koWas maxasiaTeblebia (xviebis ricxvi, farTobi da gatarebuli deni).
28.33 formula yvela brtyel koWas miesadageba da formas mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu magnituri
veli Tanabaria.
koWas moZraobaze dakvirvebis nacvlad koWas sibrtyis normal n veqtors mivadevnoT
Tvalyuri. 28.33 formulis Tanaxmad, magnitur velSi moTavsebuli denis gamtari brtyeli koWa
mobrundeba da n -is mimarTuleba velis mimarTulebas daemTxveva. Zravas SemTxvevaSi, n -is
velis mimarTulebasTan gasworebis dros koWaSi gamavali deni mimarTulebas icvlis da brunvis
momenti koWas mobrunebas ganagrZobs. denis mimarTulebis avtomaturi Secvla komutatoris
saSualebiT xdeba, romelic mbrunav koWas wyarodan denis mimwodebeli mavTulebis uZrav
kontaqtebTan eleqtrulad akavSirebs.
U(θ) = – ·
B (28.38)
magnitur dipols umciresi energia (= –μB cos0 = –μB) aqvs maSin, rodesac dipolis impulsi
magnituri velis mimarTulebisaa (28.23 formula). udidesi energia (= –μB cos 180° = +μB) maSin
gvaqvs, rodesac veqtori velis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli. 28.38 formulidan gamomdinare
-s erTeuli j/t SeiZleba iyos a·m2-is nacvlad, rogorc es 28.35 formulidan miviReT.
rodesac magnituri dipoli θi sawyisi mimarTulebas θf saboloo mimarTulebaze icvlis,
magnituri veli dipolze W muSaobas asrulebs:
Wa = –W = Uf – Ui (28.40)
am dromde magnitur dipolad mxolod denis gamtar koWas ganvixilavdiT. miuxedavad amisa,
magnituri Reroc magnituri dipolia, vinaidan is muxtis mbrunavi sferoa. Tavad dedamiwac
daaxloebiT magnituri dipolia. qveatomuri nawilakebis umetesobas, maT Soris eleqtrons,
protons da neitrons magnituri dipolis impulsebi gaaCniaT. 32-e TavSi gamoCndeba, rom yvela
es sidide denis konturad SegviZlia miviCnioT. magnituri dipolis impulsebi 28.2 cxrilSi
CamoTvlili.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
magnituri veli. B magnituri veli q denis gamtar mavTulze moqmedi mag
muxtis moZrav nawilakze moqmedi FB Zalis nituri Zala. erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba, rodesac muxti moTavsebul, i denis gamtar swor mavTulze
velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs: Semdegi Zala moqmedebs:
FB = q ν × B (28.2) F B = iL × B (28.26)
B -s erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris tesla. magnitur velSi i dL denis elementze moqmedi
1t = 1 n/(a·m) = 104 gausi. Zalaa:
holis efeqti. rodesac l sisqis i de d FB = i d L × B (28.28)
niani gamtari B magnitur velSi Tavsdeba, L an dL sigrZis veqtoris mimarTuleba denis
muxtis matareblebis (e muxtis mqone) nawili i mimarTulebas emTxveva.
gamtaris erT mxareze grovdeba da naWerze V
denis gamtar koWaze moqmedi mabru
potencialTa sxvaoba warmoiqmneba. gverdebis
polaroba muxtis matareblebis niSans nebeli momenti. B erTgvarovan magnitur
asaxavs. muxtis matareblebis n raodenobrivi velSi moTavsebul koWaze (A farTobis,
SekiTxvebi
1. 28.25 suraTze naCveneb sam mdgomareobaSi
cxrili 28.3 SekiTxva 4
dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki B erTgva
rovan magnitur velSi ν siCqariT moZraobs nawilaki muxti siCqare nawilaki muxti siCqare
da masze FB Zala moqmedebs. TiToeuli 1 + naklebi 6 _ meti
amocanebi
100 kv potencialTa sxvaobaze Cqardeba da ··29. 28.5 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi mocemuli
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi Sedis, maTi ciklotronisTvis deitronis mier mTeli
traeqtoriis 1 m. 180° kuTxis
radiusia aCqarebis procesis ganmavlobaSi ganvlili
Semoweris da 1 mm siganisa da 1 sm simaRlis traeqtoriis sigrZe gamoTvaleT. duantebs
xvrelSi gavlis Semdeg ionebi WiqaSi grov Soris amaCqarebeli potencialTa sxvaobaa
deba. a) risi tolia ganmacalkevebelSi 80 kv. SSM
moqmedi perpendikularuli magnituri ··30. 53 sm radiusis duantebis mqone ciklo
velis sidide? Tu mowyobiloba saaTSi troni oscilatoris 12 mghc sixSireze
100 mg nivTierebas acalkevebs, risi tolia muSaobs, raTa protonebi aaCqaros. a) ra si
b) sasurveli ionebis deni da g) 1 saaTis didis B magnituri velia saWiro rezonasis
ganmavlobaSi WiqaSi warmoqmnili siTburi misaRwevad? b) amgvari velis SemTxvevaSi risi
energia? tolia ciklotronidan gamosuli protonis
··26. 28.38 suraTze kinetikuri energia? davuSvaT, B = 1,57 t.
4 kev sawyisi kine g) oscilatoris ra sixSirea saWiro rezonan
tikuri energiis mqone sis misaRwevad? d) am sixSireze risi tolia
eleqtroni t = 0 droSi gamosuli protonis kinetikuri energia?
pirvel regionSi Se ··31. protoni ciklotronis centridan
dis. am regionSi sa wriul moZraobas iwyebs. rodesac is duantebs
xelmZRvanelos gver Soris arealSi moxvdeba, duantebs Soris
disken mimarTuli erT sur. 28.38. amocana 26.
potencialTa sxvaobaa 200 v. a) ramdeniT
gvarovani magnituri veli moqmedebs, romlis
izrdeba protonis kinetikuri energia
sididea 0,01 t. eleqtroni naxevarwrewirs
duantebs Soris arealis gavlisas? b) risi
Semowers, pirveli regionidan gamodis da
tolia iqneba protonis kinetikuri energia,
meore regionisken 25 sm sigrZis Sualedis
rodesac is duantebs Soris Sualeds 100-
gavliT miemarTeba. Sualedze ΔV = 2000 v jer gaivlis? amis Semdeg protonis wriuli
potencialTa sxvaoba moqmedebs da masSi
traeqtoriis r100, xolo duantebs Soris
gavlisas eleqtronis siCqare Tanabrad
arealSi kidev erTxel Sesvlisas traeqtoriis
izrdeba. meore regionSi saxelmZRvanelos
radiusi r101 xdeba. g) ramdeni procentiT
gverdidan zeviT mimarTuli erTgvarovani
icvleba radiusi r100-dan r101-mde?
magnituri veli moqmedebs da misi sididea
0,02 t. eleqtroni kvlav naxevarwrewirs paragrafi 28.8. denis gamtar mavTulze
Semowers da meore regionidan gamodis. ra t moqmedi magnituri Zala
dros gamova eleqtroni meore regionidan?
·32. 1,8 m sigrZis mavTuli 13 a dens atarebs
··27. garkveuli saxeobis fundamentaluri da B = 1,5 t sididis erTgvarovani magnituri
nawilaki e– eleqtronad da e+ pozitronad
velisadmi 35° kuTxes adgens. ra magnituri
iSleba. davuSvaT es nawilaki 3,53 mt sididis Zala moqmedebs mavTulze?
erTgvarovan B magnitur velSia moTavsebuli ·33. horizontalur gadamcem xazSi samxre
da daSlis wertilidan e– da e+ muxtebi B Tidan CrdiloeTisken 5000 a deni gadis.
velis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi gamavali dedamiwis magnituri veli (60 mkt) Crdi
tareqtoriebiT moZraoben. daSlidan ra loeTiskenaa mimarTuli da qveviT, dedamiwis
drois Semdeg Seejaxeba e– da e+ erTmaneTs? zedapirisaken 70° kuTxiTaa gadaxrili. gamo
saSualebiT gamoTvala. iodis damuxtuli ioni moqmedebs. risi tolia nawilakis muxti?
45 mt sididis velSi 1,29 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 64. protoni erTgvarovan magnitur da eleq
7 brunvas asrulebs. gamoTvaleT ionis masa trul velebSi moZraobs. magnituri velia
atomuri masis erTeulebSi. B = –2,5 mt. garkveul momentSi protonis
60. garkveuli nawilaki erTgvarovan magnitur siCqarea =2000 m/wm. risi tolia am momentSi
velSi Sedis da misi siCqaris veqtori velis protonze moqmedi jamuri Zalis erTeulovan-
mimarTulebis perpendikularulia. 28.50 veqtoruli Canaweri, Tu eleqtruli velia
suraTze naCvenebia nawilakis moZraobis a) 4 v/m, b) –4 v/m da g) 4 v/m?
T periodis B magnituri velis sididis Se 65. 2k muxtis nawilaki erTgvarovan magnitur
brunebul sidideze damokidebulebis gra velSi moZraobs. garkveul momentSi nawi
fiki. risi tolia nawilakis masis muxtTan m/q lakis siCqarea (2 + 4 + 6 ) m/wm da masze
Sefardeba? (4 – 20 + 12 ) n magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
x da y komponentebi Tanabaria.
magnituri velis
risi tolia B ?
66. eleqtroni B = (20 – 50 – 30 ) erT
gvarovan magnitur velSi xraxnuli traeq
toriiT moZraobs. t = 0 droSi eleqtronis
siCqarea ν = (20 – 50 + 30 ) m/wm. a) risi
tolia φ kuTxe ν -sa da B-s Soris? eleqtronis
siCqare droSi icvleba. icvleba Tu ara
b) misi skalaruli siCqare da g) φ kuTxe droSi?
d) risi tolia xraxnuli traeqtoriis
sur. 28.50. amocana 60. radiusi?
61. 28.51 suraTze 67. 28.52 suraTze
eleqtroni x gamosaxuli koWa
RerZis gaswvriv
xz sibrtyis para
e r T g v a r o v a n ,
leluria, gaaCnia
eleqtrul da sur. 28.51. amocana 61
4×10–3m2 farTobis
magnitur velebSi sur. 28.52. amocana 67.
ν = 100 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs. B magnituri sami xvia, B =
veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT aris (2 – 3 – 4 ) mt erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
mimarTuli da 5 t sididisaa. erTeulovan- Zevs da naCvenebi mimarTulebiT i = 2 a dens
veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia eleqtruli atarebs. risi tolia a) koWa-magnituri velis
veli? sistemis magnituri potenciuri energia da
62. y = 0 wertilidan y = 0,25 m wertilamde b) koWaze moqmedi magnituri mabrunebeli
y RerZis gaswvriv gadaWimuli mavTuli momenti (erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi)?
RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 2ma dens 68. holis efeqtze Catarebul eqsperimentSi
atarebs. mavTuli B = (0,3 t/m)y + (0,4 t/m)y
1 sm siganis, 4 sm sigrZis da 10 mkm sisqis
araerTgvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebu
gamtarSi 3 a deni gadis. deni gamtaris
li. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi
siganeze 10 mkv potencialTa sxvaobas war
tolia mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala?
moqmnis, rodesac gamtars 1,5 t sididis
63. 6 g masis nawilaki xy sibrtyeSi 4 km/wm
magnituri veli perpendikularulad kveTs.
siCqariT moZraobs. moZraobis arealSi 5 mt
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoTvaleT
sididis erTgvarovani magnituri veli mo
a) muxtis matareblebis dinebis siCqare da
qmedebs. garkveul momentSi nawilakis siCqare
b) muxtis matareblebis raodenobrivi sim
x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebisadmi saaTis
kvrive. g) diagramaze holis potencialTa
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego 37° kuTxes
sxvaobis polaroba aCveneT. denis da magnituri
adgens da nawilakze 0,48 n magnituri Zala
velis mimarTulebebi pirobiTaa daSvebuli,
979
aseve daSvebulia, rom muxtis matareblebi perpendikularulia da 20 km/wm-ia. risi
eleqtronebia. tolia magnituri veli?
69. 5 mkk muxtis nawilaki –20 mt sididis
74. 28.54 suraTze
magnituri velis da 300 v/m sididis eleq
nawilaki B = 4 mt sidi
truli velis arealSi moZraobs. garkveul
dis erTgvarovan mag-
momentSi nawilakis siCqarea (17 –11 +7 ).
nitur velSi wriulad
risi tolia nawilakze am momentSi moqmedi
moZraobs. nawilaki sur. 28.54. amocana 74.
eleqtromagnituri Zalis sidide (eleqtruli
protonia an eleqtroni
da magnituri Zalebis jami) erTeulovan-
(Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, romeli). nawilakze
veqtorul CanawerSi?
3,2×10–15 n sididis magnituri Zala moqmedebs.
70. B = (2 – 4 + 8 ) erTgvarovan magnitur
risi tolia a) nawilakis siCqare, b) wris
velSi protonis siCqarea ν = (–2 + 4 – 6 ).
radiusi da g) moZraobis periodi?
am momentSi risi tolia a) protonze moqmedi
F magnituri Zala erTeulovan-veqtorul 75. mavTuli x = 0-dan x = 1 m wertilamde x
RerZis gaswvrivaa gadaWimuli da am RerZis
CanawerSi, b) ν-sa da F -s Soris kuTxe da
g) ν-sa da B-s Soris kuTxe? dadebiTi mimarTulebiT 3 a dens atarebs.
mavTuli B = (4 t/m2)x2 – (0,6 t/m2)x2 araerT
71. 28.53 suraTze m = 24,1 mg masis liTonis gvarovan magnitur velSia moTavsebuli.
mavTuli d = 2,56 sm manZiliT daSorebul erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi risi tolia
or horizontalur, paralelur relsze mavTulze moqmedi magnituri Zala?
umniSvnelo xaxuniT srialebs. relsebi 56,3 mt
76. Zvelmoduri televizoris milSi eleq
sididis erTgvarovan vertikalur magnitur
troni 83 mt sididis magnitur velSi 7,2×106 m/
velSi aris moTavsebuli. t = 0 dros relsebs
wm siCqariT moZraobs. risi tolia velidan
G mowyobiloba miuerTes da mavTulsa da
eleqtronze moqmedi Zalis a) maqsimaluri
relsebSi i = 9,13 ma mudmivi deni warmoiqmna.
da b) minimaluri mniSvneloba? g) garkveul
rodesac t = 61,1 wm, risi tolia mavTulis
wertilze eleqtronis aCqarebaa 4,9×1014m/wm2.
a) siCqare da b) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs risi tolia eleqtronis siCqaresa da magnitur
mavTuli (marcxniv Tu marjvniv)? vels Soris kuTxe?
77. uZravi, wriuli saaTis zedapiris radiusi
15 sm-ia. misi perimetris garSemo mavTulis
eqvsi xviaa gakeTebuli da saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT 2 a deni gadis.
saaTis mdebareobis adgilze 70 mt sididis
erTgvarovani gare magnituri veli moqmedebs.
sur. 28.53. amocana 71. zustad SuadRis 1 saaTze, saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTuleba gare magnituri velis
72. ν = (32 + 40 ) km/wm siCqaris eleqtroni
mimarTulebas emTxveva. a) ramdeni wuTis
B = 60 mkt erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
Semdeg daemTxveva saaTis isris moZraobis
Sedis. risi tolia a) eleqtronis xraxnuli
mimarTuleba magnituri velis Sedegad saaTze
traeqtoriis radiusi da b) biji? g) rodesac
moqmedi mabrunebeli momentis mimarTulebas?
damkvirvebeli magnitur vels eleqtronis
b) gamoTvaleT brunvis momenti.
Sesvlis wertilidan uyurebs, eleqtroni
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT brunavs 78. 35u masis pirveli atomi da 37u masis meore
Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? atomi +e muxtamde aris ionizebuli. atomebi
73. 10 g masis da 80 mkk muxtis nawilaki erT masis speqtrometrSi (sur. 28.14) moaTavses
gvarovan magnitur velSi moZraobs, sadac da V=7,3kv potencialTa sxvaobaze aaCqares.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa –9,8 m/wm2. TiToeuli ioni B=0,5t sididis magnitur
nawilakis siCqare mudmivia, magnituri velis velSi wriuli traeqtoriiT moZraobs. risi
980 Tavi 28 magnituri velebi
982
29.2. deniT gamowveuli magnituri velis gamoTvla 983
sur. 29.2. grZel, swor mavTulSi gamavali denis sur. 29.3. muyaoze gabneuli rkinis namsxvrevebi
Sedegad warmoqmnili eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi centralur mavTulSi denis gasvlis Semdeg
mavTulis garSemo koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian. am koncentrul wrewirebs qmnian. amgvari ganlageba
SemTxvevaSi deni saxelmZRvanelos gverdis SigniT denis Sedegad warmoqmnili magnituri veliTaa
aris mimarTuli da amas × simbolo asaxavs. gamowveuli.
984 Tavi 29 deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli
sur. 29.4. marjvena xelis wesis saSualebiT mavTulSi gamavali deniT warmoqmnili
magnituri velis mimarTuleba dgindeba. a) 29.2 suraTis gverdxedi. mavTulis
marcxniv ganlagebul nebismier wertilze moqmedi B magnituri veli daStrixuli
radialuri xazis perpendikularulia, saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken moZraobs da
amas × simbolo asaxavs. b) Tu deni sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs, maSin
B veli kvlav daStrixuli radialuri xazis perpendikularulia, magram amjerad
saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan moSorebiT aris mimarTuli da amas • simbolo
asaxavs.
marjvena xelis wesi: elementi marjvena xeliT daiWireT da cera TiTi denis
mimarTulebiT gaiSvireT. Tqveni TiTebi am elementiT gamowveuli magnituri velis
Zalwirebis mimarTulebas giCveneben.
29.2 suraTze gamosaxul swor mavTulSi gamavali denisTvis marjvena xelis wesi gamoviyeneT
da Sedegi 29.4a suraTzea naCvenebia. denis mier nebismier wertilSi warmoqmnili B magnituri
velis mimarTulebis dasadgenad marjvena xeli gonebrivad mavTuls mokideT da cera TiTi denis
mimarTulebiT gaiSvireT. Tu Tqveni TiTis wverebi am wertils exeba, maTi mimarTuleba igive
wertilSi warmoqmnili magnituri velis mimarTulebas emTxveva. 29.2 suraTze, B magnituri
veli nebismier wertilze magnituri velis Zalwiris mxebia. 29.4 suraTze, B magnituri veli
wertilisa da denis SemaerTebeli daStrixuli radialuri xazis perpendikularulia.
r=
R
da sin θ = sin (π – θ) = .
amgvari Casmebis da E damatebaSi mocemuli me-19 integralis gamoyenebis Sedegad 29.5 formula
Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
μ0 i R ds
B=
2π (s 2 + R 2 ) 3/2
μ i
= 0 2
s
2π (s + R 2 ) 1/2[ μ i
]
= 0 ,
2πR
(29.6)
swored am formulis damtkiceba gvindoda. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 29.5 suraTze gamosaxuli
usasrulo mavTulis zeda da qveda naxevrebis mier P wertilSi warmoqmnili magnituri veli
mTliani sididis naxevaria anu:
μ0 i
B= (naxevrad usasrulo, swori mavTuli) (29.7)
4πR
formaze iqneba damokidebuli. yvelaze martivi SemTxveva maSin gvaqvs, rodesac mavTuli wriuli
rkalia da wertili simrudis centria.
29.6a suraTze naCvenebia φ centraluri kuTxis, R radiusis da i denis gamtari rkalis formis
mavTuli. C wertilSi mavTulis TiToeuli i ds elementi dB sididis magnitur vels warmoqmnis,
romelic 29.1 formuliT gamoiTvleba. ufro metic, 29.6b suraTze Cans, rom miuxedavad mavTulze
elementis mdebareobisa, ds da r veqtorebs Soris θ kuTxe 90°-ia. garda amisa, r = R. aqedan
gamomdinare, 29.1 formulaSi r-is nacvlad R CavsvaT, xolo θ-is nacvlad - 90° da miviRebT:
μ i ds sin 90° μ0 i ds
dB = 0 = . (29.8)
4π R2 4π R2
rkalis TiToeuli elementis Sedegad C wertilSi moqmed vels amgvari sidide aqvs.
mavTulis gaswvriv nebismier adgilze marjvena xelis wesis gamoyenebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom
C wertilSi moqmedi dB diferencialuri veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan gareT (Cvensken)
aris mimarTuli. maSasadame, C wertilSi moqmedi jamuri veli yvela dB diferencialuri velis
jamia. integrebis cvladis ds-dan dφ-ze Sesacvlelad ds=Rdφ tolobas viyenebT da 29.8 formula
gvaZlevs:
μ0 iR dφ μ0i
B= dB = = dφ.
4π R2 4πR
integrebis Sedegad miviRebT:
μ 0iφ
B= (wriuli rkalis centrze) (29.9)
4πR
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es formula mxolod denis wriuli rkalis simrudis centrze moqmed
magnitur vels gvaZlevs. formulaSi monacemebis Casmis dros φ radianebSi unda iyos gamosaxuli
da ara gradusebSi. magaliTad, deniani wrewiris centrze magnituri velis gamoTvlisTvis 29.9
formulaSi φ = 2π radiani unda CasvaT:
μ 0i(2π) μ 0i
B= = (deniani wrewiris centrze) (29.10)
4πR 2R
relsis pistoleti
29.13 formula relsis pistoletSi gamoiyeneba. am
mowyobilobaSi magnituri veli mcire drois ganmavlobaSi
Wurvs did siCqares aniWebs. 29.11a suraTze naCvenebia
relsis pistoletis ZiriTadi elementebi. deni ori
paraleluri gamtari relsidan erT-erTis gaswvriv,
gamtari sakontaqto `damcvelis~ (rogoricaa spilenZis (b)
viwro naWeri) gavliT gadis da Semdeg meore relsis sur. 29.11. a) relsis pistoletSi i deni
gaswvriv denis wyaros ubrundeba. Wurvi `dnobadi gadis. deni gamtar Senadnobs
aorTqlebs.
b) deni relsebs Soris B magnitur vels
damcvelis~ ukana mxareze Zevs da relsebs Soris Tavi
warmoqmnis da es veli gamtar airze F
suflad aris ganlagebuli. denis gavlisas, `damcveli~ ZaliT moqmedebs. Sedegad airi sasrols
dneba da orTqldeba. Sedegad relsebs Soris `damcvelis~ relsebis gaswvriv isvris.
29.4. amperis kanoni 991
mdebareobis adgilze gamtari airi warmoiqmneba.
29.4 suraTze gamosaxuli marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad 29.11a suraTze gamosaxul orive relsze
gamavali deni qvemoT mimarTul magnitur velebs warmoqmnis. jamuri B magnituri veli airSi
gamavali i denis Sedegad airze F ZaliT moqmedebs (sur. 29.11b). 29.12 formulisa da marjvena
xelis wesis daxmarebiT dgindeba, rom es Zala relsebidan moSorebiTaa mimarTuli. rodesac
airze F Zala moqmedebs, airi sasrols 5×106g aCqarebas aniWebs da 1mwm-is ganmavlobaSi sasrolis
siCqare 10km/wm-s aRwevs. odesme relsis pistoleti mTvareze an asteroidze sagnebis sasrolad
SeiZleba gamoiyenon.
(i3 dens konturi gars ar ertymis). 29.15 formula Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
SesaZloa gaCndes SekiTxva, rom Tu 29.16 formulis marcxena mxares gamosaxul B magnitur
velSi i3 monawileobas iRebs, ratom ar aris es deni saWiro formulis marjvena mxares? pasuxi is
aris, rom i3 denis monawileoba magnituri velis SeqmnaSi baTildeba, vinaidan 29.16 formulaSi
integreba sruli konturis garSemo xdeba. konturiT garSemortymuli denebis monawileoba
magnituri velis SeqmnaSi ar baTildeba.
29.16 formulas magnituri velis B sididisTvis ver amovxsniT, vinaidan 29.12 suraTis SemTxvevaSi
integralis gamartivebisa da amoxsnisTvis saWiro informacia ar gagvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa,
integralis Sedegi viciT da swored amgvar magnitur vels aCens konturSi gamavali denebi.
amjerad amperis kanons simetriis Semcvel or SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenebT da magnitur vels
gamovTvliT.
29.4. amperis kanoni 993
denis gamtari, grZeli, swori mavTulis gareT warmoqmnili magnituri veli
29.14 suraTze naCvenebi grZeli, swori mavTuli saxel
mZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad gareT mimarTul i dens
atarebs. 29.4 formulis Tanaxmad denis mier warmoqmnili
B magnituri velis sidide mavTulidan Tanabar r manZilze
daSorebul nebismier wertilSi Tanabaria. es niSnavs, rom
B veli mavTulis garSemo cilindrulad simetriulia. Tu
mavTuls amperis r radiusis wriul, koncentrul konturs
SemovavlebT (29.14 suraTi) amperis kanonSi gamosaxuli
integrali (formulebi 29.14 da 29.15) gamartivdeba. am sur. 29.14. amperis kanoni wriuli ganivi
kveTis mqone grZeli, swori mavTulis
SemTxvevaSi, konturis nebismier wertilze B magnituri gareT i denis mier warmoqmnili magnituri
velis B sidide Tanabaria. integreba saaTis isris moZra velis gamoTvlaSi gvexmareba. amperis
obis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT SevasruloT da ds -s konturi koncentrulia wrewiria da
mavTulis gareTaa ganlagebuli.
29.14 suraTze naCvenebi mimarTuleba hqondes.
29.15 formulaSi Semavali B cos θ sidide kidev ufro gamartivdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
B veli ds -is msgavsad konturis nebismier wertilze konturis mxebia. maSasadame, konturis
nebismier wertilze B da ds paralelurebia an antiparalelurebia. aqedan gamomdinare, ds -sa
da B -s Soris kuTxea 0° da cos θ = cos 0° = 1. 29.15 formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
gaiTvaliswineT, rom aris wriuli konturis garSemo ds sigrZis wrfivi segmentebis jami anu
konturis 2πr sigrZe.
29.14 suraTze gamosaxul dens marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad plius niSans vaniWebT. am SemTxvevaSi
amperis kanonis marjvena mxare +μ0i saxes iRebs da gveqneba:
B(2πr) = μ0i
μi
anu B = 0 (swori mavTulis gareT) (29.17)
2πr
aRniSvnebis mcireodeni Secvlis Semdeg 29.4 formulas miviRebT. igive formula bio-savaris
kanonis gamoyenebiT adre gamoviyvaneT. damatebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vinaidan B dadebiTi
sididea, 29.14 suraTze gamosaxuli mimarTuleba sworia.
amperis kanonis marjvena mxaris dasadgenad gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vinaidan deni Tanabradaa
ganawilebuli, konturiT garSemortymuli ij deni konturiT garSemortymuli farTobis
proporciulia:
πr2
ij = i . (29.19)
πR2
marjvena xelis wesidan gamomdinare, ij deni plius niSnisaa da amperis kanoni gvaZlevs:
πr2
B(2πr) = μ0i
πR2
anu
μ0i
B =
2πR2 ( )
r (swori mavTulis SigniT) (29.20)
maSasadame, mavTulis SigniT magnituri velis B sidide r-is proporciulia. magnituri veli
centrze nulis tolia, xolo zedapirze (r = R) maqsimaluria. 29.17 da 29.20 formulebi r = R
adgilze velis erTi da igive mniSvnelobas gvaZleven anu mavTulis SigniT da mavTulis gareT
moqmedi magnituri velis gamosaxulebebs mavTulis zedapirze erTi da igive Sedegi moaqvs.
[ r4 ]
4
-s gamoTvla.
= 2�c r 3 dr = 2�c
Semdeg amperis konturiT garSemortymuli
ij deni gamovTvaloT. 29.19 formulisgan �c(r 4 – a 4 )
= .
gansxvavebiT, proporcias ver CavweriT,
2
29.5. solenoidebi da toroidebi 995
29.16b suraTze integrebis mimarTulebad μ0c 4
B=– (r – a 4)
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebaa ar 4r
Ceuli. amperis konturis marjvena xelis (4π×10–7 t·m/a)(3×106 a/m4)
=–
wesis gamoyenebis Semdeg ij dens minus niSans 4(0,03 m)
mivaniWebT, vinaidan deni saxelmZRvanelos
×[(0,03 m)4 – (0,02 m)4]
gverdidan gamodis, xolo Cveni cera TiTi –
saxelmZRvanelos gverdisken aris mimarTuli. = – 2×10–5 t.
Semdeg amperis kanonis marcxena mxares 29.15
maSasadame, centraluri RerZidan 3sm manZilze
suraTis msgavsad gamovTvliT da kvlav 29.18
moqmedi B magnituri velis sididea:
formulas miviRebT. Semdeg amperis kanoni
mogvcems ·d = μ0 ij : B = 2×10–5t (pasuxi)
μ πc
B(2πr) = – 0 (r 4 – a 4). magnituri veli integrebis mimarTulebis
2
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul Zalwirebs war
B-sTvis amoxsnisa da cnobili monacemebis
moqmnis.
Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
= μ0ij (29.21)
solenoidis SigniT B magnituri veli erTgvarovania, solenoids gareT - nulis toli. kanonis
misaRebad amperis abcda marTkuTxa konturs viyenebT. ·d integrals oTxi integralis jamis
saxiT vwerT, sadac TiToeuli integrali konturis erT monakveTs Seesabameba:
= + + + (29.22)
29.22 formulis marjvena mxares Cawerili pirveli integralia Bh-ia, sadac B aris solenoidis
SigniT moqmedi B erTgvarovani velis sidide, xolo h - a da b wertilebs Soris monakveTis
sigrZe. meore da meoTxe integralebi nulis tolia, vinaidan am monakveTebis TiToeuli ds
elementisTvis B magnituri veli ds-is perpendikularulia an nulis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare,
B ⋅ ds skalaruli namravlic nulis tolia. mesame integrali solenoidis gareT mdebare
monakveTisTvisaa Cawerili da isic nulis tolia, vinaidan yvela gare wertilze B=0. yovelive
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mTliani marTkuTxa konturisTvis ·d = Bh.
amperis marTkuTxa konturiT garSemortymuli ij deni (sur. 29.20) solenoidis xveulebSi gamavali
i denis toli ar aris, vinaidan xviebi am konturs araerTxel gaivlian. Tu n aris solenoidis
sigrZis erTeulze xviebis ricxvi, maSin konturi nh xvias ertymis gars da:
ij = i(nh)
Bh = μ 0inh
(B)(2πr) = μ0iN ,
sadac i aris toroidis xviebSi gamavali deni (amperis
sur. 29.21. a) i denis gamtari toroidi.
konturiT garSemortymuli xviebisTvis deni dadebiTia), b) toroidis horizontaluri ganivi
xolo N – xviebis mTliani raodenoba. aqedan gamomdinare: kveTi. Sida magnituri veli amperis
kanonisa da amperis konturis saSua
μ0iN 1 lebiT gamoiTvleba.
B= (toroidi) . (29.24)
2 π r
solenoidisgan gansxvavebiT, toroidis ganivkveTze B veli Tanabari ar aris.
amperis kanonis gamoyenebiT advilad mtkicdeba, rom idealuri toroidis gare wertilebisTvis
B = 0. toroidSi moqmedi magnituri velis mimarTuleba kvlav marjvena xelis wesiT dgindeba.
marjvena xeliT toroidi daiWireT da TiTebi xviebSi gamavali denis mimarTulebas daamTxvieT.
am SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba magnituri velis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.
aq aris koWas magnituri dipolis impulsi da misi sididea NiA, sadac N aris xveulebis ricxvi,
i - TiTeul xveulSi gamavali deni, xolo A - TiToeuli xveulis farTobi (gafrTxileba:
magnituri dipolis impulsi μ0 SeRwevadobis mudmivaSi ar agerioT).
-s mimarTuleba marjvena xelis wesis saSualebiT dgindeba. marjvena xeliT koWa daiWireT
da TiTebi denis mimarTulebas daamTxvieT. am SemTxvevaSi gaSlili cera TiTis mimarTuleba
dipolis impulsis mimarTulebas daemTxveva.
B = dB|| .
29.23 suraTze gamosaxuli ds elementisTvis, bio-savaris
kanonidan (form. 29.1) gamomdinare r manZilze moqmedi magnituri
velia:
μ0 i ds sin 90°
dB = .
4π r2
aseve gvaqvs:
dB|| = dB cos α.
r= (29.29)
R R
da cos α = r = . (29.30)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
bio-savaris kanoni. deniani gamtariT war paralelur denebs Soris moqmedi Zala.
moqmnili magnituri veli bio-savaris kanonis denis erTi da igive mimarTulebiT gamtari
saSualebiT gamoiTvleba. i ds sigrZe-denis paraleluri mavTulebi erTmaneTs miizidavs,
elementis mier r manZilze
elementidan xolo denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
daSorebul P wertilSi warmoqmnili dB dife gamtari mavTulebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs.
rencialuri magnituri velia: nebismieri mavTulis L sigrZeze moqmedi Zalis
μ i ds × r sididea:
dB = 0 (bio-savaris kanoni). (29.3)
4π r 3 μ0 Lia ib
Fba = ib LBa sin90° = , (29.13)
r veqtori elementidan P wertiliskenaa 2πd
mimarTuli. μ0-s SeRwevadobis mudmiva ewode sadac d aris mavTulebs Soris manZili, xolo ia
ba da misi mniSvnelobaa 4π×10-7t·m/a≈1,26× da ib - mavTulebSi gamavali deni.
10–-6t·m/a. amperis kanoni. amperis kanoni amtkicebs:
grZeli, swori mavTulis magnituri
= μ0ij (amperis kanoni) (29.14)
veli. i denis gamtari grZeli, swori mavTu
lisTvis bio-savaris kanoni mavTulidan R am formulis integrali Caketili konturis
SekiTxvebi
1. 29.24 suraTze radialur sigrZes Soris centraluri kuTxec
naCvenebia ori grZe erTi da igivea. daalageT wredebi maT centrze
sur. 29.24. SekiTxva 1. moqmedi jamuri magnituri velis mixedviT
li, swori mavTulis
ganivi kveTi. marcxena mavTulSi i1 deni saxel dididan mcireze.
mZRvanelos gverdis marTobulad gareT aris 4. 29.27 suraTze
mimarTuli. Tu P wertilze ori deniT warmoq naCvenebia i denis
mnili jamuri magnituri veli nulis tolia, gamtar mavTulTan
a) ra mimarTuleba aqvs marjvena mavTulSi axlos moZravi
gamaval i2 dens da b) i2 ufro metia, i1 Tu orive oTxi eleqtronis
deni Tanabaria? siCqareTa veqto
rebi. oTxive si
2. 29.25 suraTze gamosaxul oTx ganlagebaSi sur. 29.27. SekiTxva 4.
Cqare sididiT erTi
grZeli, paraleluri mavTulebi saxelmZRva
da igivea da 2
saxelmZRvanelos gverdiskenaa
nelos gverdis marTobulad gareT mimarTul
mimarTuli. 1 da 2 eleqtroni mavTulidan
an gverdisken mimarTul erTi da igive dens
Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli, aseve
atarebs. daalageT TiToeuli ganlageba kvad
3 da 4 eleqtronic. daalageT eleqtronebi
ratis centrze moqmedi jamuri magnituri
i denis gamo maTze moqmedi magnituri Zalis
velis sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
5. 29.28 suraTze naCvenebia saxelmZRvanelos
gverdis gareT an gverdis SigniT mimarTuli
erTi da igive denis gamtari sami grZeli,
swori mavTulis samgvari ganlageba. a) daa
lageT ganlagebebi sxva mavTulebSi gamavali
sur. 29.25. SekiTxva 2. denebidan A mavTulze moqmedi jamuri
3. 29.26 suraTze naCvenebia ori radialuri Zalis mixedviT dididan mcireze. b) mesame
sigrZisa da r da R>r radiusis koncentruli ganlagebaze A mavTulze moqmed jamur
wriuli rkalebisgan Semdgari sami wredi. Zalasa da daStrixul xazs Soris kuTxe 45°-ze
wredebSi Tanabari denebi gadis da or naklebia, metia Tu toli?
paragrafi 29.2. deniT gamowveuli mag TulSi i = 34,8 ma deni gadis. ra a) sididis
da b) mimarTulebisaa
nituri velis gamoTvla
naxevarwris C simrudis
•1. geodezists magnituri kompasi 100 a denis centrze moqmedi jamuri
gamtari gadamcemi xazidan 6,1 m-iT qvemoT magnituri veli? sur. 29.37. amocana 6.
uWiravs. a) ra magnituri veli moqmedebs
·7. ori grZeli, swori mavTuli paraleluria
gadamcemi xazis gamo kompasze? b) moaxdens
da erTmaneTisgan 8 sm manZiliT aris daSo
Tu ara zegavlenas es magnituri veli kompasis
rebuli. TiToeul maTganSi toli sididis
Cvenebaze? dedamiwis magnituri velis hori
deni gadis da mavTulebs Soris Sua wer
zontaluri komponenti 20 mkt-ia.
tilze magnituri velis sididea 300 mkt.
•2. swori gamtari a) denebi erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoben Tu
i = 5a dens atarebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT? b) ra
da identur, wriul deni gadis mavTulebSi? SSM
naxevarkalebad iyo
·8. 29.38 suraTze d = 16 sm
fa, rogorc es 29.34
sur. 29.34. amocana 2. dacilebis mqone ori
suraTze Cans. ra mag
grZeli, swori mavTuli
nituri veli moqmedebs Sedegad miRebuli wri
saxelmZRvanelos gver
uli konturis C centrze? sur. 29.38. amocana 8.
dis marTobulad da
•3. filipinebSi dedamiwis 39 mkt magnituri gverdis gareT mimarTul i1 = 3,61 ma da i2 = 3i1
veli horizontaluria da CrdiloeTisken dens atarebs. a) x RerZis ra wertilzea
aris mimarTuli. davuSvaT grZeli, swori, denebiT gamowveuli jamuri magnituri veli
horizontaluri da denis gamtari mavTulidan
nulis toli? b) Tu orive deni gaormagda,
8 sm-iT maRla jamuri veli nulis tolia. ra nulovani magnituri velis wertili pirveli
a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa deni? SSM mavTulisken gadainacvlebs, meore mavTu
·4. 29.35 suraTze lisken gadainacvlebs Tu mdebareobas ar
R1 = 3,15 sm da R2 = Seicvlis?
deni gadis.
integralisTvis ori traeqtoriaa naCvenebi.
risi tolia a) pirvel traeqtoriaze
da b) meore traeqtoriaze?
·40. 95 sm sigrZis da 2 sm radiusis solenoidis paragrafi 29.6. denis gamtari koWa,
gragnili 1200 xviisagan Sedgeba. solenoidSi
rogorc magnituri dipoli
3,6 a deni gadis. gamoTvaleT solenoidSi
·47. risi tolia 41-e amocanaSi aRwerili
moqmedi magnituri velis sidide.
solenoidis magnituri dipolis impulsis
·41. 25 sm sigrZis, 10 sm diametris da 200 sidide? SSM
1009
·48. 29.64a suraTze sigrZis kubi. ku
naCvenebia erTi xviis bis 12 wibodan 8
mqone wriuli koWa wibos gaswvriv
da mis mavTulSi i abcdefgha Caketili
deni gadis. 29.64b traeqtoriiT gam
suraTze igive mav tarSi 6 a deni ga
Tuli ori xviis
sur. 29.64. amocana 48. dis. a) Tu traeq
mqone koWas qmnis da toria denis sami
TiToeuli maTganis radiusi sawyisi radiusis kvadratulikontu
naxevaria. a) Tu koWebis centrebze Ba da Bb ris (bcfgb, abgha, da
sur. 29.67. amocana 52.
magnituri velebi moqmedebs, risi tolia cdefc) kombinaciaa, risi tolia traeqtoriis
Bb /Ba? b) risi tolia koWebis dipolis magnituri impulsi erTeulovan-veqtorul
/
impulsebis μ b μ a Sefardeba? CanawerSi? b) ra magnituri veli moqmedebs
·49. studentma d = 5 sm diametris xis cilindrs (0, 5m, 0) xyz koordinatebze?
mavTulis 300 xvia Semoavlo da mokle eleq ··53. 12 sm radiusis wriul konturSi 15 a deni
tromagniti daamzada. koWa mavTulSi 4a denis gadis. 0,82 sm radiusis, 50 xviis mqone da 1,3 a
warmomqmnel batareas SeuerTes. a) risi tolia denis gamtari brtyeli koWa konturisadmi
mowyobilobis magnituri dipolis impulsi? koncentrulia. konturis sibrtye koWas
b) ra z>>d RerZul manZilze iqneba magnituri sibrtyis perpendikularulia. davuSvaT
velis sidide 5 mkt (dedamiwis magnituri konturis magnituri veli koWas gaswvriv
velis daaxloebiT 1/10)? SSM erTgvarovania. risi tolia a) konturis mier
sakuTar centrze warmoqmnili magnituri
·50. 29.65
suraTze
velis sidide da b) konturidan koWaze moqmedi
naCvenebia helmholcis
koWas saxeliT cnobili mabrunebeli momenti? SSM
meore mavTuli y = 5 sm wertilzea da 10 a dens mniSvneloba, rodesac integrali sami wrfivi
atarebs. a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi segmentis gaswvriv gamoiTvleba? segmentebi
ra jamuri B magnituri veli moqmedebs gadaWimulia (4d, 0, 0) wertilidan (4d,3d,0),
r
da denis mimarTulebas emTxveva da
b) daamtkiceT, rom rodesac r = a, es for
g) a) da b)-Si mocemuli mimarTulebebis
mula i denis gamtari, grZeli, swori mavTulis
perpendikularulia?
zedapirze moqmedi magnituri velis B sidides
88. 29.85 suraTze na gvaZlevs. rodesac r = b, magnituri veli
Cvenebia d = 18,6 sm man
nulis tolia. rodesac b = 0, es formula a
ZiliT daSorebuli ori
radiusis da i denis gamtari myari gamtaris
grZeli, paraleluri
SigniT moqmed magnitur vels gvaZlevs. g) da
mavTulis ganivi kveTi.
vuSvaT a = 2 sm, b = 1,8 sm da i = 100 a. aageT B(r)
pirvel mavTulSi saxel
sur. 29.85. amocana 88. grafiki 0 < r < 6 sm arealSi.
mZRvanelos gverdidan
gareT mimarTuli 4,23a deni gadis. meore 92. 29.88 suraTze
mocemulia grZeli,
mavTulSi igive deni saxelmZRvanelos gve
gamtari, koaqsialuri
rdis SigniT aris mimarTuli. erTeulovan-
kabelis ganivi kveTi
veqtorul CanawerSi ra magnituri veli
da misi radiusebi
moqmedebs R = 34,2 sm manZilze ganlagebul P
(a,b,c). or gamtarSi i sur. 29.88. amocana 92.
wertilSi?
sididis da sapirispiro
89. 29.86 suraTze mimarTulebis deni gadis. miiReT B(r)-
naCvenebia x sigrZis is gamosaxuleba r radialuri manZilis
erTeulze λ denis gam
Semdeg arealebSi: a) r<c, b) c<r<b,
tari, usasrulo fir sur. 29.86. amocana 89.
g) b<r<a a d) r>a. e) gamosaxulebebi SeamowmeT
fitis ganivi kveTi. deni saxelmZRvanelos
specifikuri SemTxvevebisTvis. v) davuSvaT
gverdidan perpendikularulad gamodis.
a = 2 sm, b = 1,8 sm, c = 0,4 sm da i = 120 a. aageT
a) bio-savaris kanonis da simetriis gamo
B(r) funqciis grafiki 0 < r < 3 sm arealSi.
yenebiT daamtkiceT, rom firfitis zemoT
ganlagebul P wertilebze da firfitis 93. daamtkiceT, rom
qvemoT ganlagebul P´ wertilebze moqmedi B erTgvarovani mag
B magnituri veli firfitis paraleluria nituri veli B -s
da naCvenebi mimarTulebisaa. b) amperis perpend ikularulad
kanonis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom P da P´ moZraobisas nulam
1 de swrafad ver Sem
wertilebisTvis B = μ0λ.
2
cirdeba (rogorc
90. daamtkiceT, rom Tu toroidis sisqe mis sur. 29.89. amocana 93.
amas 29.89 suraTis a
simrudis radiusze bevrad naklebia, maSin
wertilidan marjvniv Zalwirebis nakleboba
toroidSi moqmedi velis gamosaTvleli
amtkicebs). (miniSneba: amperis kanoni
29.24 formula solenoidSi moqmedi velis
daStrixuli xazebiT gamosaxul marTkuTxa
gamosaTvlel 29.23 formulamde daiyvaneba.
traeqtorias miusadageT). namdvili magnitis
91. 29.87 suraTze SemTxvevaSi magnituri velis Zalwirebi
naCvenebia a da b radiu yovelTvis scdeba saerTo sazRvrebs da
sebis carieli cilin
B nuli TandaTanobiT xdeba. suraTze
druli gamtaris ganivi gamosaxuli Zalwirebi SecvaleT, raTa ufro
kveTi. masSi i Tanabrad realuri suraTi gamoikveTos.
ganawilebuli deni sur. 29.87. amocana 91.
induqcia da induqciuroba 30
MRI (magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiis) dros pacienti moTavsebulia
aparatSi, romelSic didi mudmivi magnituri veli da mcire
sinusoidalurad cvladi magnituri veli moqmedebs. amgvari samedicino
procedura pacientisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe araerTxel Gatarebula.
marTlac, magnituri veli wesiT ar unda iyos saziano. Tumca ramdenime
SemTxvevaSi pacientma gamokvlevis dros damwvroba miiRo, radgan
samedicino personalma fizikaSi elementaruli Secdoma dauSva.
1015
1016 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
emZ 30.1 da 30.2 suraTebze marcxena konturSi inducirdeba, rodesac konturSi gamavali
magnituri velis Zalwirebis raodenoba icvleba.
konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis faqtobriv raodenobas ara aqvs mniSvneloba; inducirebuli
emZ-isa da inducirebuli denis mniSvnelobebs Zalwirebis raodenobis cvlilebis tempi
gansazRvravs.
Cvens pirvel eqsperimentSi (sur. 30.1) magnituri velis Zalwirebi magnitis CrdiloeT polusidan
vrceldeba. amrigad, rodesac Cven CrdiloeT poluss konturisken gadavaadgilebT, konturSi
gamavali velis Zalwirebis raodenoba izrdeba. es zrda aSkarad iwvevs gamtari eleqtronebis
amoZravebas konturSi (inducirebuli deni) da warmoqmnis energias (inducirebuli emZ). rodesac
magniti moZraobas wyvets, konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis raodenoba aRar icvleba,
inducirebuli deni da inducirebuli emZ ki qreba.
Cvens meore eqsperimentSi (sur. 30.2), rodesac amomrTveli Riaa (ar aris deni), velis Zalwirebi
ar arsebobs, magram rodesac Cven marjvena konturSi dens CavrTavT, zrdadi deni am konturis
garSemo da marcxena konturze magnitur vels warmoqmnis. velis gaCenisas marcxena konturSi
gamavali magnituri velis Zalwirebis raodenoba izrdeba. konturSi gamavali velis Zalwirebis
raodenobis zrda densa da emZ-s warmoqmnis, rogorc es moxda pirvel eqsperimentSi. rodesac
deni marjvena konturSi stabilur mniSvnelobas SeiZens, marcxena konturSi gamavali velis
Zalwirebis raodenoba aRar Seicvleba da inducirebuli deni da inducirebuli emZ gaqreba.
faradeis kanoni ar ganmartavs, Tu ratom warmoiqmneba deni an emZ erT an meore eqsperimentSi. es
aris mxolod gancxadeba, romelic induqciis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba.
xarisxobrivi midgoma
faradeis kanonis amuSavebisTvis konturSi gamavali magnituri velis odenobis gamoTvla
gvWirdeba. 23-e TavSi mocemul msgavs situaciaSi zedapirSi gamavali eleqtruli velis
raodenobis gamoangariSeba dagvWirda. iq Cven eleqtruli nakadi ФE = ·d ganvsazRvreT,
am SemTxvevaSi ki magnitur nakads ganvsazRvravT. davuSvaT konturi, romelic gars ertymis A
farTobs, B magnitur velSia moTavsebulia. maSin konturSi gamavali magnituri nakadi iqneba:
∫
F B = B ⋅ dA (A farTobSi gamavali magnituri nakadi) (30.1)
rogorc 23-e TavSi, aqac dA aris dA sididis veqtori, romelic dA diferencialuri farTobis
perpendikularulia.
30.1 formulis kerZo SemTxvevis saxiT davuSvaT, rom konturi sibrtyeSi mdebareobs da
magnituri veli konturis sibrtyis perpendikularulia. maSin 30.1 formulaSi mocemuli
skalaruli namravlia B dA cos 0° = B dA. Tu magnituri veli erTgvarovania, maSin B SeiZleba
integralis niSnis gareT gamovitanoT. darCenili dA ubralod konturis A farTobia.
amrigad 30.1 formula daiyvaneba Semdeg saxemde:
ФB = BA ( B ⊥ farTobi A, B EerTgvarovani) (30.2)
30.1 da 30.2 formulebidan Cans, rom SI sistemaSi magnituri nakadis erTeulia tesla-kvadratuli
metri, romelsac ewodeba veberi (SemoklebiT vb):
magituri velis nakadis cnebis SemoRebis Semdeg faradeis kanoni ufro xarisxobrivad da
mosaxerxeblad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:
1018 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
2. vinaidan i deni mcirdeba, ФB nakadic 130, dФB/dt, ki tempia, romliTac nakadi Ti
Toeul xviaSi icvleba.
mcirdeba.
30.4 lencis kanoni 1019
vinaidan deni solenoidSi stabiluri tem aris 1 �d 2 (=3,46×10–4 m2) da n aris 220 xvia/sm
4
piT mcirdeba, ФB nakadi aseve stabiluri an 22000 xvia/m. 29.23 formulis Casma 30.2
tempiT mcirdeba. amrigad, Cven SegviZlia formulaSi gvaZlevs:
davweroT dФB/dt, rogorc ∆ФB /∆t. maSin
ФBA = BA = (μ0in)A
∆ФB-is gamoTvlisTvis Cven gvWirdeba nakadis
= (4� × 10–7 t·a)(1,5 a)(22000 xvia/m)
bolo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebi. bolo F B⋅ f
aris nuli, radgan saboloo deni solenoidSi × (3,46×10–4 m2)
nulis tolia. sawyisi F B⋅i nakadis dasadgenad = 1,44×10–5 vb.
kidev ori miTiTeba gvWirdeba: axla Cven SegviZlia davweroT:
4. C koWas TiToeul xviaSi gamavali nakadi A dФB ∆ФB ФB,f – ФB,i
= =
farTobsa da solenoidis B magnitur vel- dt ∆t ∆t
Si am xviis mimarTulebazea damokidebuli.
0 – 1,44×10–5 vb
=
raki B aris erTgvarovani da mimarTulia A 25×10–3 wm
farTobisadmi perpendikularulad, naka
= – 5,76×10 –4 vb/wm = – 5,76×10–4 v.
di 30.2 formuliT (ФB = BA) moicema.
Cven gvainteresebs mxolod sidideebi, amitom
5. magnituri velis B sidide solenoidis
ignorirebas vukeTebT minus niSnebs da zemoT
SigniT solenoidis i densa da sigrZis
moyvanil da 30.5 formulaSi da vwerT:
erTeulze misi xviebis n raodenobaze
dФB
29.23. formulis (B = μ0in) Tanaxmad aris E = –N = (130 xvia)(5,76×10–4 v)
dt
damokidebuli.
= 7,5×10–2 v = 75 mv (pasuxi)
30.3 suraTze naCvenebi SemTxvevisaTvis A
inducirebul dens aqvs iseTi mimarTuleba, rom deniT gamowveuli magnituri veli
magnituri nakadis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba, romelic mocemul dens warmoSobs.
(a)
(b) (g) (d)
sur.
30.5. koWaSi warmoqmnili i denis mimarTuleba aris iseTi, rom denis magnituri Bi veli im magnituri
B velis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba, romelic i dens warmoqmnis.
Bi veli mudam mimarTulia zrdadi B velis
winaaRmdeg (a,c) da imave mimarTulebiT, romliTac klebadi B veli (b, α). marjvena xelis wesi inducirebuli
denis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs.
unda iyos mimarTuli moaxloebul CrdiloeT polusis mimarT, raTa ganizidos is (sur. 30.4).
maSin µ-sTvis marjvena xelis wesis (29.22) Tanaxmad, konturSi inducirebuli deni unda iyos
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisa 30.4 suraTSi. Tu Cven gamovwevT magnits
konturisagan, deni kvlav inducirdeba konturSi, Tumca amjerad konturis samxreT polusi
iqneba magnitis ukan daxeuli CrdiloeT polusisken mimarTuli, raTa winaaRmdegoba gauwios
ukan daxevas. amrigad, inducirebuli deni iqneba saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebis.
2. winaaRmdegoba nakadis cvlilebisadmi. Tavdapirvelad magniti daSorebulia
konturisagan da konturSi magnituri nakadi ar gadis. rodesac magnitis CrdiloeT polusi
konturs Tavisi B magnituri veliT uaxlovdeba (sur. 30.4), romelic mimarTulia marcxniv,
konturSi gamavali nakadi izrdeba. imisaTvis, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios nakadis zrdas,
i inducirebulma denma sakuTari Bi veli unda warmoqmnas, romelic konturis marjvniv
iqneba mimarTuli, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.5a suraTze; maSin Bi velis marjvniv mimarTuli
nakadi winaaRmdegobas uwevs B velis marcxniv mimarTuli nakadis zrdas. 29.22 suraTze
gamosaxuli marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad, i unda iyos saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
momarTulebisa 30.5a suraTze.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Bi -is nakadi mudam winaaRmdegobas uwevs B -is nakadis cvlilebas,
magram es yovelTvis ar niSnavs, rom Bi mimarTuli B -s sapirispirod. magaliTad Tu 30.4
suraTze magnits konturisagan moSorebiT gamovwevT, magnitidan momavali F B nakadi konturSi
isev marcxniv miemarTeba, magram axla is mcirdeba. Bi -is nakadi axla marcxena konturSi unda
arsebobdes, raTa F B -is Semcirebas daupirispirdes, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.5b suraTze.
amrigad Bi -isa da B -s axla erTnairi mimarTuleba aqvT.
30.5g da d suraTebi gviCveneben SemTxvevebs, romlebSic magnitis samxreT polusi uaxlovdeba
konturs da ukan ixevs misgan.
eleqtrogitarebi
30.6 suraTze naCvenebia Fender Stratocaster eleqtrogitaris erT-erTi saxeoba. akustikuri
gitaris JReradoba akustikur rezonanszea damokidebuli, romelic instrumentis sxeulSi
simebis rxeviT warmoiqmneba. eleqtrogitara myari masalisgan aris damzadebuli, amitom mis
sxeulSi araviTari rezonansi ar warmoiqmneba. nacvlad amisa, liTonis simebis rxevas gitaris
adapteri grZnobs da signalebs gamaZlierebelsa da dinamikebis kompleqts ugzavnis.
adapteris agebuleba naCvenebia 30.7 suraTze. mavTuli, romelic akavSirebs instruments
gamaZliereblTan, patara magnitis irgvlivaa daxveuli. magnitis magnituri veli magnitis
30.4 lencis kanoni 1021
sur. 30.6. AFender Stratocaster gitaras adapterebis sami jgufi aqvs, romelTagan
TiToeuli eqvs eleqtroadapters Seicavs. gadamrTveli (gitaris qveda nawilSi)
saSualebas aZlevs musikoss gansazRvros, adapterebis romeli jgufiT gaugzavnos
signalebi gamaZlierebels da, maSasadame, dinamikebis sistemas.
[]
ФB = 4t2H x2 dx = 4t2H
x3
3
= 72t2,
Bi veli ewinaaRmdegeba zrdas da, amrigad,
mimarTulia saxelmZRvanelos gverdidan
sadac Cven CavsviT H = 2 m da F B veberebSi. gareT. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad,
axla Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT faradeis inducirebuli deni konturis garSemo saaTis
kanoni, raTa E-is sidide raime t droSi isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis
vipovoT: mqonea da, maSasadame, igive mimarTulebisaa
dФ d(72t2) inducirebuli E emZ.
E= B= = 144t,
dt dt
P = Fv , (30.6)
sadac F aris Tqveni Zalis sidide. Cven gvsurs vipovoT F-is gamosaxuleba magnituri velis
B sididisa da konturis maxasiaTeblebis, kerZod, denisadmi misi R winaRobis da L sididis
saSualebiT.
rodesac 30.10 suraTze konturs marjvniv gadaaadgilebT, magnitur velSi ganlagebuli
konturis farTobi mcirdeba. amrigad, konturSi gamavali nakadi mcirdeba da faradeis kanonis
mixedviT konturSi deni warmoiqmneba. denis arseboba Tqvens mier modebuli Zalis sapirispiro
Zalis arsebobas iwvevs. denis gamoTvlisTvis pirvel rigSi faradeis kanons unda mivmarToT.
rodesac x aris magnitur velSi arsebuli konturis sigrZe, konturis farTobi velSi aris Lx.
30.2 formulis Tanaxmad, konturSi gamavali nakadis sididea:
rodesac x mcirdeba, nakadic mcirdeba. faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad, nakadis Semcirebis Sedegad
konturSi emZ inducirdeba. 30.4 formulidan minus niSnis amogdebiT da 30.7 formulis
gamoyenebiT am emZ-is sidide amgvarad SegviZlia CavweroT:
dФB d dx
E = = BLx = BL = BLv , (30.8)
dt dt dt
sadac dx/dt v-iT SevcvaleT. 30.11 suraTze gamosaxulia konturi, rogorc wredi: inducirebuli E
emZ gamosaxulia marcxniv, konturis R winaRoba ki – marjvniv. inducirebuli i denis mimarTuleba
miiReba marjvena xelis wesiT, rogorc 30.5b suraTzea naCvenebi. wesis Tanaxmad deni saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebisaa da E-s mimarTuleba igivea.
inducirebuli denis sididis dasadgenad wredis potencialTa sxvaobebisTvis konturis wess
ver gamoviyenebT, vinaidan rogorc 30.6 paragrafSi naxavT, Cven ar SegviZlia inducirebuli emZ-
isaTvis potencialTa sxvaobis gansazRvra. samagierod SegviZlia gamoviyenoT i=E/R formula,
rogorc gavakeTeT 30.2 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi. 30.8 formulis saSualebiT es formula Semdeg
30.5 induqcia da energiis gadacema 1025
saxes iRebs:
BLv
i= . (30.9)
R
vinaidan 30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli konturis sam segments es deni magnitur velSi gadaaqvs, am
segmentebze gadamxreli Zalebi moqmedeben. 28.26 formulidan viciT, rom gadamxreli Zalis
zogadi Canaweria:
F d = i L × B . (30. 10)
30.10 suraTze konturis segmentebze moqmedi gadamxreli Zalebi F1 , F2 , F3 -iT aRiniSneba,
Tumca yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom simetriidan gamomdinare F2 da F3 Zalebi toli sididisaa
da erTmaneTs abaTileben. rCeba mxolod F1 Zala, romelic Tqveni F Zalis winaaRmdeg aris
mimarTuli. amrigad, F = - F1 .
F1 sididis misaRebad 30.10 formulas viyenebT da viTvaliswinebT, rom kuTxe B -sa da L sigrZis
veqtors Soris marcxena segementisaTvis 90°-ia. maSasadame:
F = F1 = iLB sin90° = iLB (30.11)
P = i2R (30.14)
( BLvR ) R = B LR v
2 2 2 2
P= (siTburi energiis tempi) (30.15)
rac zustad konturze Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempis (formula 30.13) tolia. maSasadame,
magnitur velSi konturis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba konturSi siTburi energiis
saxiT Cndeba.
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi faradeis induqciis kanonis mimarT ugulisyurobam gamoiwvia is, rom
daZinebulma pacientma Zlieri damwvroba miiRo. am SemTxvevebSi oqsimetris zonari pacientis
mklavs exeboda (sur. 30.12). zonarma da mklavis qveda nawilma Seqmna Caketili konturi, romlis
gavliT (t) cvladma magniturma velma cvladi nakadi warmoqmna. Sedegad konturis garSemo
emZ gaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom zonaris saizolacio masalas da kansac maRali eleqtruli
winaRoba hqondaT, inducirebulma emZ konturis garSemo deni aRZra. rogorc winaRobis Semcvel
nebismier wredSi, denma siTburi energia winaRobis wertilebSi gadasca. amgvarad, TiTi da kani,
sadac zonari mklavis qveda nawils Seexo, daiwva. dResdReobiT samedicino personali amgvar
safrTxes iTvaliswinebs.
grigaluri denebi
davuSvaT, 30.10 suraTze gamosaxuli gamtari konturi
myari gamtari firfitiT SevcvaleT. Tu Cven firfitas
magnituri velidan gamovwevT, rogorc es gavakeTeT
konturis SemTxvevaSi (sur.30.13a), velis da gamtaris
fardobiTi moZraoba kvlav warmoSobs dens gamtarSi.
amrigad Cven isev vexebiT mowinaaRmdege Zalas da
inducirebuli denis gamo muSaoba unda SevasruloT. (a)
g)
sur. 30.14 a) Tu magnituri veli stabiluri tempiT izrdeba, mudmivi
inducirebuli deni Cndeba, rogorc Nes naCvenebia r radiusis mqone
spilenZis rgolSi. b) induqciuri eleqtruli veli arsebobs maSinac,
roca rgoli moSorebulia; eleqtruli veli naCvenebia oTx wertilSi.
g) Zalwirebis saSualebiT gamosaxuli inducirebuli eleqtruli
velis sruli suraTi d) oTxi msgavsi Caketili traeqtoria, romlebic
erTnair farTobebs SemosazRvraven. cvladi magnituri velis
regionebSi mdebare 1 da 2 traeqtoriebis garSemo Tanabari emZ Zalebi
warmoiqmneba. ufro patara emZ mxolod me-3 traeqtoriis garSemo
inducirdeba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv mdebareobs am regionSi.
araviTari emZ ar inducirdeba me-4 traeqtoriis garSemo, romelic
mTlianad magnituri velis gareT mdebareobs. d)
1028 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
am mtkicebulebis gasaocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom eleqtruli veli inducirdeba maSinac ki,
rodesac aranairi spilenZis rgoli ar arsebobs.
am mosazrebis gasamyareblad sur. 30.14b ganixile, romelic sur. 30.14a hgavs im gansxvavebiT,
rom spilenZis rgolis nacvlad am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs patara r radiusiani hipoTezuri wriuli
traeqtoria. winaswar vuSvebT, rom B magnituri veli dB/dt stabiluri tempiT izrdeba
wriuli traeqtoriis irgvliv sxvadasxva wertilSi. simetriidan gamomdinare, warmoqmnili
eleqtruli veli, unda iyos wrewiris mxebi, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.14b suraTze. maSasadame
wriuli traeqtoria eleqtruli velis Zalwiria. r radiusian wrewirTan dakavSirebiT araferi
gansakuTrebuli ar xdeba, amrigad cvladi magnituri velis mier warmoqmnili eleqtruli
Zalwirebi unda iyos koncentrul wrewirTa kompleqti, rogorc es 30.14 suraTzea naCvenebi.
ramdenadac magnituri veli droSi izrdeba, 30.14g suraTze wriuli ZalwirebiT gamosaxuli
eleqtruli veli iqneba warmodgenili. Tu magnituri veli droSi ucvlelia, maSin ar iqneba
araviTari inducirebuli eleqtruli veli da, maSasadame, eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi ar
iarsebebs. Tu magnituri veli droSi mcirdeba (stabiluri tempiT), eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
kvlav koncentruli wrewirebi iqneba, rogorc es 30.14g suraTzea naCvenebi, magram amjerad
maT sapirispiro mimarTuleba eqnebaT. yovelive es gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT, rom
`cvladi magnituri veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis ~.
sadac q0E im Zalis sididea, romelic sacdel muxtze moqmedebs, 2πr ki manZilia, romelzec es Zala
moqmedebs. W-s nacvlad erTmaneTisadmi toli am ori gamosaxulebis CasmiTa da q0-s gabaTilebis
Sedegad miviRebT:
E = 2πrE . (30.17)
30.16 formulia xelaxla gadavweroT, raTa nebismieri daxuruli wredis gaswvriv moZravi q0
muxtis nawilakze Sesrulebuli muSaobis ufro zogadi gamosaxuleba miviRoT:
W = ·d = q0 ·d . (30.18)
E = ·d . (30.19)
es integrali maSinve daiyvaneba 30.17 formulamde, rodesac mas 30.14b suraTis kerZo
SemTxvevisTvis gamovsaxavT.
30.19 formulis meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia induqciuri emZ-is mniSvneloba ganvazogadoT. aqamde
inducirebuli emZ muxtis erTeulze Sesrulebul muSaobas niSnavda cvladi magnituri nakadiT
gamowveuli denis SenarCunebisas. sxva SemTxvevaSi niSnavda cvlad velSi Caketil traeqtoriaze
moZrav damutul nawilakze Sesrulebul muSaobas muxtis erTeulze. 30.14b suraTisa da 30.19
formulis mixedviT, inducirebul emZs denis an nawilakis saWiroebis gareSec SeuZlia arseboba:
30.6 inducirebuli eleqtruli velebi 1029
inducirebuli emZ aris ·d sidideebis jami Caketili traeqtoriis garSemo, sadac E aris
cvladi magnituri nakadiT warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli, d – diferencialuri sigrZis veqtori
traeqtoriis gaswvriv.
Tu 30.19 formulas faradeis kanonTan (30.4) (E = – dФB /dt) gavaerTianebT, maSin Cven SegviZlia es
kanoni Semdegnairad davweroT:
dФB
·d = – (faradeis kanoni) (30.20)
dt
es formula gviCvenebs, rom cvladi magnituri veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis. cvladi
magnituri veli formulis marjvena mxaresaa, eleqtruli – marcxena mxares.
30.20 formulis saxiT mocemuli faradeis kanoni SegviZlia gamoviyenoT nebismieri Caketili
traeqtoriis mimarT, romelic SeiZleba Sediodes cvlad magnitur velSi. magaliTad, 30.14d
suraTze naCvenebia oTxi aseTi traeqtoria. maTgan yvelas aqvs erTnairi sivrce da forma, magram
isini mdebareoben cvladi velis sxvadasxva mdebareobaze. inducirebuli E (= ·d ) pirveli da
meore traeqtoriisTvis erTi da igivea, radgan es traeqtoriebi mTlianad magnitur velSia da,
amdenad, dФB /dt erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, eleqtruli velis veqtorebi
am traeqtoriebis gaswvriv wertilebze sxvadasxvaa, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze eleqtruli
velis Zalwirebis saxiT. mesame traeqtoriis inducirebuli emZ ufro naklebia, radgan
SemosazRvruli ФB nakadi ufro mcirea. meoTxe traeqtoriis inducirebuli emZ nulis tolia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtruli veli traeqtoriis arc erT wertilze ar aris nulis tolia.
Vf – Vi = – ·d . (30.21)
1030 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
24-e TavSi faradeis induqciis kanons ar vicnobdiT, amitom 24.18 formulaSi Sesuli veli
uZravi muxtebiT iyo gamowveuli. Tu 30.21 formulaSi i da f wertilebi erTi da igivea, maSin
maTi damakavSirebeli traeqtoria Caketilia konturia, Vi da Vf ErTgvarovania da 30.21 formula
Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
·d = 0. (30.22)
rodesac cvladi magnituri nakadi gvaqvs warmodgenili, es integrali 0-is toli ki ar aris,
aramed –dφB /dt, rogorc amas 30.20 formula moiTxovs. amgvarad inducirebuli eleqtruli
velisadmi potencialis miniWebas winaaRmdegobamde mivyavarT. maSasadame, induqciiT gamowveuli
eleqtruli velebisTvis eleqtrul potencials mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
traeqtoria 1 2 3 4
toriis yvela wertilze Eds-ia. simetriidan Cven 30.20 formulis marjvena mxare unda
agreTve SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom E-s gamovTvaloT. vinaidan veqtori A far
wriuli traeqtoriis gaswvriv yvela wertilze Tobze, romelic integrebis traeqtoriTaa
30.7 induqtorebi da induqciuroba 1031
SemosazRvruli, erTgvarovania da am farTobis SemTxvevaSi kvlav 30.23 formulas miviRebT da
mimarT perpendikularulia, magnituri nakadi ara 30.24 formulas, radgan integrebis axali
30.2 formuliT moicema: traeqtoria magnituri velis gareTaa. axali
ФB = BA = B(πr2). (30.24) traeqtoriiT SemosazRvruli magnituri naka
di aris mxolod magnituri veli, romelic
CavsvaT es da 30.23 formula 30.20 formulaSi
regionis πR2 farTobSi gadis. amitom:
da minus niSani amovagdoT. Sedegad miviRebT:
dB ФB = BA = B(πR2). (30.26)
E(2πr) = (πr2)
dt Tu CavsvamT am da 30.23 formulas 30.20
r dB formulaSi (minus niSnis gareSe), E-sTvis
an E = (pasuxi) (30.25)
2 dt amoxsna gvaZlevs
30.25 formula eleqtruli velis sidides
R2 dB
nebismier wertilSi, sadac r ≤ R gvaZlevs. E= (pasuxi) (30.27)
2r dt
rodesac r = 5,2 sm: raki E aq ar aris nuli, Cven viciT, rom
5,2×10–2 m eleqtruli veli inducirdeba im wertilebSic
E= (0,13 t/wm)
2 ki, romlebic cvladi magnituri velis gareT
= 0,0034 v/m = 3,4 mv/m (pasuxi)
aris ganlagebuli. mocemuli monacemebis
b) daadgineT inducirebuli E velis sididis mixedviT 30.27 formula gvaZlevs E sidides,
gamosaxuleba wertilebSi, romlebic mag rodesac r = 12,5 sm
nituri velis gareT r radiusze aris ganla (8,5×10–2 m)2
gebuli. gamoTvaleT E-s sidide r = 12,5 sm E= (0,13 t/wm)
(2)(12,5×10–2 m)
radiusisTvis.
= 3,8×10–3 v/m = 3,8 mv/m (pasuxi)
amoxsna: am SemTxvevaSic amocanis a) nawilis
30.25 da 30.27 formulebi iZleva erTsa da imave
logika gamoiyeneba im gansxvavebiT, rom
Sedegs, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, roca r = R.
amjerad r≥R radiusis wriul traeqtorias
viyenebT, vinaidan E magnituri velis gareT 30.15 suraTi gviCvenebs am or formulaze
mdebare wertilebisTvis unda gamovsaxoT. am dafuZnebul grafiks.
vinaidan magnituri nakadis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris t⋅m2, induqciurobis erTeulia t⋅m2/a. am
erTeuls henri ewodeba amerikeli fizikosis, induqciis kanonis TanaaRmomCenisa da faradeis
Tanamedrovis jozef henris pativsacemad. amrigad:
am Tavis danarCen nawilSi vuSvebT, rom yvela induqtors, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria maTi
geometriuli zoma, ar aqvs magnituri masalebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rkina maT siaxloves.
aseTi masalebi induqtoris magnitur vels daamaxinjebda.
solenoidis induqciuroba
ganvixiloT ganivi kveTis A farTobis mqone grZeli solenoidi. rogoria induqciuroba sigrZis
erTeulSi mis Sua nawilTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom induqciurobisaTvis gansazRvruli formula
gamoviyenoT (30.28), unda gamovTvaloT sruli nakadi, romelic aRZrulia mocemuli deniT so-
lenoidis xviebSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom solenoidis Sua nawilTan (l sigrZis) axlos sruli
nakadia:
NФB = (nl)(BA),
B = µ0in.
30.8 TviTinduqciuroba
Tu ori koWa, romelTac Cven induqtorebs vuwodebT,
erTmaneTTan axlosaa, maSin erT koWaSi gamavali deni
ФB magnitur nakads meore koWaSi warmoqmnis. Tu es
nakadi denis Secvlis Sedegad Seicvleba, meore koWaSi
inducirebuli emZ aRiZvreba. faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad
sur. 30.16 Tu koWaSi gamavali deni
inducirebuli emZ pirvel koWaSic Cndeba. inducirebuli cvlad rezistorze kontaqtis mdebare-
E emZ Cndeba nebismier koWaSi, romelSic deni icvleba. am obis cvlilebis Sedegad icvleba, denis
cvlilebisas koWaSi TviTinducirebuli
process (ix. sur. 30.16) TviTinduqcia ewodeba, gaCenil
EL emZ gaCndeba.
emZ-s ki TviTinducirebuli emZ-a. is emorCileba faradeis
induqciis kanons iseve, rogorc sxva inducirebuli emZ. nebismieri induqtorisaTvis 30.28
formulis Tanaxmad:
NФB = Li (30.33)
30.9. RL wredebi
27.9 paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom Tu R rezistorisa da C kondensatoris Semcvel erTkonturian
wredSi E emZ-s Lswrafad SeviyvanT, kondensatoris muxti maSinve Tavis saboloo wonasworul
mniSvnelobas ki ar iZens, aramed mas eqsponencialurad uaxlovdeba:
muxtis gaCenis temps τC tevadobiTi dros mudmiva gansazRvravs. formulaSi 27.36 rogorc
τc = RC. (30.37)
Tu Cven uecrad gaviyvaniT emZ-s amave wredidan, muxti uecrad ki ar daecema nulamde, aramed
miuaxlovdeba nuls xarisxis maCveneblis saxiT
q = q0e–t/τc (30.38)
t = 0 mniSvnelobas CavsvamT, maSin e–t/τ xdeba е–0 =1. 30.41 formulis Tanaxmad Tavdapirvelad i = 0,
L
rogorc mosalodneli iyo. Tu davuSvebT, rom t → ∞, maSin eqsponenciali xdeba е–∞ = 0. amrigad,
deni Tavis wonasworul E/R mniSvnelobas iZens.
Cven SegviZlia aseve SevamowmoT potencialTa sxvaobebi wredSi. magaliTad, 30.20 suraTze
naCvenebia, Tu rogor icvleba droSi potencialTa sxvaobebi VR (= iR) rezistorze da
VL (= L di/dt) induqtorze E-is, L-is da R-is mniSvnelobebis cvlilebasTan erTad. es suraTi RC
wredis suraTebs SeadareT. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom τL (= L/R) sidides drois ganzomileba aqvs,
Semdeg gardaqmnebs vasrulebT:
h
1 om = 1 om
h
( 1 v·wm
1 h·a
)( 1 om·a
1v ) = 1 wm.
(a) (b)
es diferencialuri gantoleba wredSi denis zrdas asaxavs, gaixseneT, rom es formula konturis
wesidan miiReba, xolo konturis wesi erTkonturiani wredebisTvis energiis Senaxvis kanonidan
gamomdinareobs. Tu 30.46 formulis TiToeul mxares i-ze gavamravlebT, miviRebT:
di
E i = Li dt + i2R. (30.47)
2. 30.47 formulaSi marjvena nawili gamosaxavs temps, romliTac energia siTburi energiis
saxiT rezistorSi Cndeba.
3. energia, romelic gadaeca wreds, magram ar Cndeba, rogorc siTburi energia. energiis Senaxvis
kanonis mixedviT es energia induqtoris magnitur velSi inaxeba. 30.47 formula gamoxatavs
energiis Senaxvis kanons RL wredebisTvis. misi Sua nawili dUB/dt temps asaxavs, romliTac UB
potenciuri energia magnitur velSi inaxeba.
maSasadame:
dUB di
= Li . (30.48)
dt dt
es asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
dUB = Li di .
integreba gvaZlevs:
dUB = Li di .
1
an UB = 2 Li2. (30.49)
romelic gamoxatavs i denis gamtari L induqtoris mier dagrovebul jamur energias. yuradReba
miaqcieT am gamosaxulebasa da C tevadobisa da q muxtis kondensatoris mier Senaxuli energiis
gamosaxulebas Soris msgavsebas:
q2
UE = (30.50)
2C
(cvladi i2 Sesabameba q2-s da L mudmiva Seesabameba 1/C-s).
30.11 magnituri velis energiis simkvrive 1039
sadac n aris sigrZis erTeulSi xviaTa raodenoba. 29.23 formulis meSveobiT (B = μ0in) energiis
1040 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
xveulebi sigrZis
solenoidi deni farTobi
erTeulze
a 2n1 i1 2A1
b n1 2i1 A1
c n1 i1 6A1
30.12 urTierTinduqcia
am paragrafSi kvlav vubrundebiT or urTierTmoqmed koWas, romlebic pirvelad 30.2 paragrafSi
ganvixileT. ufro adre gamoCnda, rom Tu ori koWa erTmaneTTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, rogorc
es aris 30.2 suraTze, erT koWaSi arsebuli mudmivi ucvleli deni meore koWaSi φ magnitur
nakads aRZravs. Tu i droSi icvleba, maSin faradeis kanonis Tanaxmad E emZ meore koWaSi Cndeba. am
process induqcia vuwodeT, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda misTvis urTierTinduqcia gvewodebina,
raTa koWebis urTierTqmedeba gamogveyo da TviTinduqciurobisgan gangvesxvavebina, romelSic
mxolod erTi koWaa CarTuli.
modiT cota ufro raodenobrivad ganvixiloT urTierTinduqcia. 30.23 suraTze naCvenebia
erTmaneTTan axlos myofi da saerTo centraluri RerZis mqone ori wriuli mWidrod Sekruli
koWa. cvalebadi rezistoris R winaRobaze dayenebisas, batarea pirvel koWaSi ucvlel i
dens warmoqmnis. es deni B1 velis ZalwirebiT naCveneb magnitur vels warmoqmnis. meore koWa
1042 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
M21 i1 = N2Ф21 .
sakmaod pataraa, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ufro patara koWas wertilebSi warmoqmnis.
didi koWaTi masSi gamowveuli magnituri maSasadame, didi koWa Tavisi N1 xviiT Semdegi
rolebi icvleba. Tu ufro patara koWaSi Ф12-is gamoTvla martivi ar aris. kompiuteriT
warmovqmniT i2 dens da SevecdebiTi gamo gamoTvlis Sedegad aRmoCndeboda, rom M
TvaloT 30.60 formulis saSualebiT M-is isev aris 2,3 mh. es xazs usvams imas, rom 30.63
gamoTvlas, miviRebT: formula (M21 = M12 = M) ar aris naTeli.
N1Ф12
M=
i2
mimoxilva da Sejameba
magnituri nakadi. Â magnitur velis A
E = ·d . (30.19)
farTobSi gamavali magnituri nakadi ase
ganisazRvreba: sadac integreba konturis garSemo xdeba.
30.19 formulis Tanaxmad faradeis kanoni
∫
F B = B ⋅ dA , (30.1)
zogadi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
sadac integreba farTobze xdeba. SI sis dФB
·d = – (faradeis kanoni) (30.20)
temaSi magnituri nakadis erTeulia veberi,
dt
sadac 1vb = 1t·m . Tu B zedapiris perpen
2
am kanonis arsi aris is, rom cvladi magnituri
dikularulia da erTgvarovania masze, 30.1 veli eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
formula Semdeg saxes iRebs:
ФB = B⊥A ( B⊥ farTobi A, B erTgvarovania) (30.2) induqtori. induqtori aris mowyobiloba,
romelic garkveul regionSi magnituri velis
faradeis induqciis kanoni. Tu Caketili
SeqmnisTvis gamoiyeneba. Tu i deni induqtoris
gamtari konturis mier SemosazRvrul far
yvela N gragnilSi warmoiqmneba, maSin ФB
TobSi gamavali ФB magnituri nakadi droSi
magnituri nakadi am gragnilebs akavSirebs.
icvleba, konturSi deni da emZ warmoiqmneba.
induqtoris L induqciuroba aris:
am process induqcia ewodeba. inducirebuli NФB
L = (induqciuroba). (30.28)
emZ aris: i
dФB SI sistemaSi induqciurobis erTeulia
E=– (faradeis kanoni) (30.4)
t·m2
henri
dt (h), sadac 1 henri = 1 h = 1 . A farTobis
Tu konturs N xviis mqone mWidrod Sekruli a
ganivi kveTis mqone grZeli solenoidis
koWaTi SevcvliT, inducirebuli emZ-a:
Sua nawilTan axlos induqciuroba sigrZis
dФB
E = –N (30.5) erTeulze ( L ), Tu sigrZis erTeulze xviebis
dt l
raodenoba aris n:
lencis kanoni. inducirebul dens aqvs L
= µ0n2A (solenoidi) (30.31)
iseTi mimarTuleba, rom deniT gamowveuli l
magnituri veli denis gamomwvevi magnitur TviTinduqcia. Tu i deni koWaSi droSi
nakadis cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba. indu icvleba, masSi emZ inducirdeba. TviTinduq
cirebul emZ-is mimarTuleba inducirebuli ciuri emZ-a:
denis mimarTulebas emTxveva. di
EL = –L dt . (30.35)
emZ da inducirebuli eleqtruli veli.
EL-is mimarTuleba lencis kanonis mixedviT
cvladi magnituri nakadi emZ-s im SemTxvevaSic
dgindeba. TviTinducirebuli emZ sakuTari
ki warmoqmnis, Tu konturi, romelSic nakadi
Tavis warmomqnel cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
icvleba, aris ara gamtari, aramed warmosaxviTi
Zalwiri. cvladi magnituri veli aseTi mimdevrobiTi RL wredebi. Tu ucvleli
konturis yovel wertilSi eleqtrul vels E emZ R winaRobisa da L induqciurobis
warmoqmnis. inducirebuli emZ -s amgvarad mqone erTkonturian wredSi arsebobs, deni
ukavSirdeba: E/R wonasworul mniSvnelobamde Semdegi
30.12 urTierTinduqcia 1045
formulis mixedviT gaizrdeba: wertilSi, Senaxuli magnituri energiis
E simkvrive im wertilSi aris:
i= (1 – e–t/τ ) (denis gazrda) (30.41)
L
R B2
uB = (magnituri energiis simkvrive) (30.54)
aq τL (= L/R) denis zrdis temps gansazRvravs 2μ0
da mas wredis induqciuri drois mudmiva
urTierTinduqcia. Tu pirveli da meore
ewodeba. rodesac mudmivi emZ-is wyaro aRar
koWa erTmaneTTan axlos aris ganlagebuli,
arsebobs, deni i0 mniSvnelobidan Semdegi
maSin erT-erT koWaSi gamaval cvlad dens
formulis Tanaxmad mcirdeba:
meore koWaSi emZ-is warmoqmna SeuZlia.
i = i 0e –t/τL
(denis Semcireba) (30.45) urTierTinduqcia Semdegi formuliT gamoi
saxeba:
di
magnituri energia. L induqtorSi i denis E2 = –M dt1 (30.64)
gavlisas, induqtoris magnituri velSi
di
Semdegi energia inaxeba: da E1 = –M dt2 , (30.65)
1
UB = 2 Li2. (magnituri energia) (30.49) sadac M aris koWebis ganlagebis urTierT
induqcia.
Tu B aris magnituri velis sidide nebismier
SekiTxvebi
1. Tu 30.25 suraTze magnitur velSi
gamosaxuli wriuli gam U-formis mavTulis
tari ganicdis siTbur gaswvriv moZraobs.
gafarToebas erTgva mavTulis paralelur
rovan magnitur velSi sur. 30.25. SekiTxva 1. sigrZeebs Soris pirvel
da deni masSi saaTis wredSi 2L manZilia,
isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT moZraobs. xolo meore wredSi
magnituri veli saxelmZRvanelos gverdis _ L manZili. pirvel
SigniT aris mimarTuli Tu saxelmZRvanelos wredSi warmoqmnili
sur. 30.27. SekiTxva 3.
gverdidan gareT? deni aris saaTis isris
konturSi gadis, romelTa gverdebis sigrZeebia misgan gareT? b) pirvel wredSi inducirebuli
L, 1,5L da 2L. konturebi erTmaneTisgan emZ meore wredSi warmoqmnil emZ-ze metia,
ciuri denis aRZvrisas muxtis erTeulze 8. 30.32 suraTze gamosaxulia sami wredi
Sesrulebuli muSaobis mixedviT da b) indu erTnairi batareebiT, induqtorebiTa da
cirebuli denis mixedviT dididan mcireze. rezistorebiT. daalageT wredebi dididan
g) TiToeuli velisTvis ra mimarTuleba aqvs mcireze R-iT aRniSnul rezistorSi gamavali
inducirebul dens suraTze? denis mixedviT a) amomrTvelis daketvidan
5. 30.29a suraTze gamosaxul mavTulis didi xnis Semdeg, b) amomrTvelis xelaxla
konturze eqvsi erTgvarovani magnituri veli gaxsnisas da g) amomrTvelis gaxsnidan didi
rig-rigobiT moqmedebs. velebi mimarTulia xnis Semdeg.
z RerZis paralelurad. 30.29b suraTze
naCvenebia velebis Bz komponentebis t droze
damokidebulebis grafikebi (pirveli da
mesame grafiki, aseve meeqvse da meoTxe
grafiki paralelurebia). daalageT grafikebi
konturSi inducirebuli emZ-is mixedviT
dididan mcireze.
sur. 30.32. SekiTxva 8.
9. 30.33 suraTze
naCvenebia wredi
ori erTnairi re
zistoriTa da idea
luri induqtoriT.
centralur re
(a) (b)
zistorSi gama sur. 30.33. SekiTxva 9.
sur. 30.29. SekiTxva 5. vali deni meore
6. 30.30 suraTze rezistorSi gamaval denze metia, nak
gamosaxulia wriu lebia Tu igivea a) S amomrTvelis Ca
li regioni, romelSic ketvisas, b) Caketvidan didi xnis Semdeg,
klebadi erTgvarovani g) S-is xelaxali CarTvisas da d) CarTvidan
magnituri veli mimar didi xnis Semdeg?
Tulia saxelmZRvane sur. 30.30. SekiTxva 6. 10. 30.18 suraTze gamosaxul wredSi gamom
los gverdidan ga rTveli didi xania Caketilia a-ze da Semdeg
reT da asevea oTxi koncentruli wriuli b-ze gadadis. induqtorSi gamavali denis
traeqtoria. daalageT traeqtoriebi ·d cvlileba naCvenebia 30.34 suraTze R winaRobisa
sididis mixedviT dididan mcireze. da L induqtiurobis Semdegi wyvilebisTvis:
1) R0 da L0, 2) 2R0 da L0, 3) R0 da 2L0, 4) 2R0 da
7. 30.31 suraTze
2L0. romeli grafiki R da L-is romel wyvils
naCvenebia rezis
Seesabameba?
toris VR poten
cialTa sxvaobis
cvlileba droSi
mavTuliT dakav sur. 30.31. SekiTxva 7.
Sirebul sam wred
Si, rogorc es gamosaxulia 30.19 suraTze.
wredebs aqvT erTi da igive R winaRoba da E
emZ, magram erTmaneTisgan L induqciurobiT
gansxvavdebian. daalageT wredebi L-is mniS
vnelobis mixedviT dididan mcireze.
sur. 30.34. SekiTxva 10.
1047
amocanebi •5. 30.37 suraTze
120 xviis mqone,
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions 1,8sm radiusis da
Manual-Si.
5,3Ω winaRobis
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday koWas da 220 xvia/
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce- sm-isa da 3,2 sm sur. 30.37. amocana 5.
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
diametris mqone
com/college/halliday.
wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs solenoids saerTo RerZi aqvT. ∆t = 25 mwm
• – •••
amocanis sirTules drois SualedSi solenoidis deni 1,5 a-dan
nulamde ecema. ra deni inducirdeba koWaSi
paragrafi 30.4 lencis kanoni ∆t-s dros?
•1. 6,8mm2 farTobis mqone patara konturi •6. drekadi gamtari nivTiereba isea gadaWimuli,
moTavsebulia grZel solenoidSi, romelsac rom 12 sm radiusis wriul konturs qmnis.
aqvs 854 xvia/sm da gadaaqvs 1,28 a amplitudis misi sibrtye erTgvarovani 0,800 t magnituri
da 212 radiani/wm sixSiris cvladi deni. velisadmi perpendikularulia. drekadobis
konturisa da solenoidis centraluri gamo konturis radiusi iwyebs 75 sm/wm tempiT
RerZebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. risi tolia Semcirebas iwyebs. ra emZ inducirdeba am
konturSi inducirebuli emZ-is amplituda? momentSi?
•2. 30.35
suraTze •7. 30.38 suraTze 10 sm
gamosaxul konturSi diametris mqone mrgvali
gamavali magnituri mavTulis konturi 0,50 t
nakadi ФB = 6,0t +7,0t
2 sididis erTgvarovan
formulis mixedviT velSia moTavsebuli
izrdeba, sadac ФB da N normalis veqtori
aris miliveberebSi, velisadmi θ = 30° kuTxes sur. 30.38. amocana 7.
t ki wamebSi. a) ro adgens. Semdeg konturi ise brunavs, rom N
goria konturSi sur. 30.35. amocana 2 konusSi 100 br/wT tempiT trialebs, xolo
inducirebuli emZ-is θ kuTxe ucvlelia. ra emZ inducirdeba
sidide, roca t = 2 w? b) R-Si gamavali deni konturSi?
marjvniskenaa mimarTuli Tu marcxnisken?
•8. 30.39 suraTze
•3. 12sm radiusisa da gamosaxuli mav
8,5Ω winaRobis mqone Tuli R = 2 m ra
mavTulis konturi diusisa da 4,0Ω
moTavsebulia erT winaRobis mqone sur. 30.39. amocana 8
gvarovan magnitur daxurul wriul
sur.30.36. amocana 3.
velSi, romlis si konturs qmnis. wrewiri centrirebulia
didis cvlileba 30.36 suraTzea gamosa grZeli mavTulis garSemo. rodesac t = 0, grZel
xuli. konturis sibrtye -sadmi perpen swor mavTulSi 5,0 a deni marjvnisken gadis.
dikularulia. ra emZ inducirdeba konturSi Semdeg deni i = 5,0 a – (2 a/wm2)t2-is Tanaxmad
drois Semdeg SualedebSi: a) 0-dan 2 w-mde, icvleba (swori mavTuli izolirebulia,
b) 2 w-dan 4 w-mde, g) 4-dan 6 w-mde? amitom eleqtruli kontaqti mavTulsa da
•4. erTgvarovani magnituri veli 10 sm konturs Soris ar arsebobs). ra sididis deni
diametris mqone mavTulis wriuli konturis inducirdeba konturSi, rodesac t > 0?
sibrtyisadmi perpendikularulia. mavTulis
••9. 2 m gverdis sigrZis oTxkuTxa mavTulis
diametria 2,5 mm, xolo kuTri winaRobaa konturi erTgvarovani magnituri velisadmi
1,69×108 Ω·m. ra tempiT unda Seicvalos perpendikularulia. konturis farTobis
sidide, raTa konturSi 10 a deni gavides?
naxevari velSia, rogorc es naCvenebia 30.40
1048 Tavi 30 induqcia da induqciuroba
tolia konturSi inducirebuli deni, rodesac deni da L2-Si gamavali i2 deni erTmaneTs Tav-
velis sididea 50 mt? dapirvelad gauTanabrdeba, risi tolia maTi
94. rodesac t = 0, 45 v potencialTa sxvaoba mniSvneloba? (rezistorebis winaRoba erT-
96. 150 xviis mqone koWas TiToeul xviaSi b) di/dt tempi? rodesac t = 3 mkwm, risi tolia
50 nt·m2 magnituri nakadi gadis, rodesac deni g) i da d) di/dt ? didi xnis Semdeg risi tolia
risi tolia b) koWas induqciuroba da g) Ti 100. 2 h induqciurobis da 10Ω winaRobis koWa
Toeul xviaSi gamavali nakadi, Tu deni 4ma-mde E = 100 v emZ-s mqone batareasTan miaerTes.
gaizarda? d) risi tolia koWas maqsimaluri E a) risi tolia wonasworuli deni? b) ra
emZ, Tu koWaSi gamavali denia i = (3 ma)cos(377t), raodenobis energia inaxeba magnitur velSi,
sadac t wamebSia? rodesac koWaSi amgvari deni gadis?
1060
31.2. LC rxevebi xarisxobrivad 1061
sur. 31.1. winaRobis armqone LC wredis rxevis ciklis rva etapi. suraTebis Tavze arsebuli gamosaxulebebi
Senaxul magnitur da eleqtrul energiebs asaxavs. naCvenebia induqtoris magnituri velis Zalwirebi da
kondensatoris eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi. a) maqsimaluri muxtis mqone kondensatori. deni ar arsebobs.
b) kondensatori ganimuxta da deni izrdeba. g) kondensatori srulad ganimuxteba da deni maqsimaluria.
d) kondensatori imuxteba, magram a) suraTis polarobis sapirispirod. deni mcirdeba. e) kondensatori
maqsimalurad damuxtulia, magram misi polaroba a) suraTis polarobis sapirispiroa da deni ar gvaqvs. v)
kondensatori ganimuxteba da deni b) suraTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT izrdeba. z) kondensatori srulad
ganmuxtulia da deni maqsimaluria. T) kondensatori imuxteba, deni mcirdeba
dagvrCa mxolod LC kombinacia, rasac mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT. am SemTxvevaSi muxti, deni
da potencialTa sxvaoba eqsponencialurad ki ar mcirdeba, aramed droSi sinusoidalurad
icvleba (T periodiT da ω kuTxuri sixSiriT). kodensatoris eleqtruli velis da induqtoris
magnituri velis Sedegad miRebul rxevas eleqtromagnituri rxeva ewodeba. amgvar wreds ki
merxevi ewodeba.
31.1a)-T) suraTze naCvenebia martivi LC wredis rxevis etapebi. 25.21 formulidan gamomdinare,
kondensatoris eleqtrul velSi Senaxuli energia nebismier dros aris:
q2
UE = , (31.1)
2C
sadac q aris kondensatoris muxti am dros. 30.49 formulidan gamomdinare, induqtoris magnitur
velSi Senaxuli energia nebismier dros aris:
Li2
UB = , (31.2)
2
sadac i aris induqtorSi gamavali deni am dros.
sinusoidalurad merxevi wredis eleqtruli sidideebis myis mniSvnelobebs patara asoebiT
aRvniSnavT (magaliTad, q), xolo sidideebis amplitudis aRniSvnisTvis did asoebs viyenebT
(magaliTad, Q). amgvari SeTanxmebis Semdeg davuSvaT, rom 31.1 suraTze kondensatoris sawyisi
muxtia q, muxtis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa Q da induqtorSi gamavali i deni nulis tolia. 31.1a
suraTze naCvenebia wredis sawyisi mdgomareoba. energiis diagramebidan Cans, rom rodesac
induqtorSi gamavali deni nulis tolia da kondensatoris muxti maqsimaluria, magnituri velis
UB energia nulis tolia, xolo eleqtruli velis UE energia maqsimaluria.
1062 Tavi 31 difraqcia
vC = ( )1
C
q ,
ν R = iR.
am SemTxvevaSi vuSvebT, rom R Zalian mcirea da wredze gavlenas ar axdens. 31.2 suraTze
gamosaxulia νC-is da νR-is anu q-s da i-s droSi cvlileba. oTxive sidide sinusoidalurad
icvleba.
realur LC wredSi rxeva usasrulod ver gagrZeldeba, vinaidan yovelTvis iarsebebs raime
winaRoba, romelic eleqtruli da magnituri velebidan energias miiRebs da siTbur energiaSi
gadaiyvans (wredi ufro Tbili gaxdeba). dawyebuli rxeva, 31.3 suraTis msgavsad, miileva. es
31.2. LC rxevebi xarisxobrivad 1063
suraTi 15.16 suraTs SeadareT, romelzec bloki-zambaris sistemis xaxunis Sedegad meqanikuri
rxevebis milevaa naCvenebi.
idealuri LC wredis rxevis kuTxuri sixSiris gamoTvlisTvis k unda SevcvaloT 1/C-iT, xolo m
– L-iT:
bloki-zambaris oscilatori
me-15 paragrafSi bloki-zambaris rxevebi energiis gadacemis kuTxiT gavaanalizeT da am rxevebis
Sesatyvisi fundamenturi diferencialuri gantoleba ar migviRia.
bloki-zambaris oscilatoris U mTliani energia nebismier momentSi aris:
sadac X (me-15 TavSi xm) aris meqanikuri rxevebis amplituda, ω - rxevebis kuTxuri sixSire, xolo
φ - fazuri mudmiva.
LC oscilatori
amjerad winaRobisgan Tavisufali LC wredis rxeva bloki-zambaris oscilatoris msgavsad
gavaanalizoT. merxevi LC wredis mTliani energia nebismier momentSi aris:
Li2 q 2
U = UB + UE = + . (31.9)
2 2C
sadac UB aris induqtoris magnitur velSi Senaxuli energia, xolo UE - kondensatoris eleqtrul
velSi Senaxuli energia. vinaidan davuSviT, rom wredis winaRoba nulis tolia, energiis siTbur
energiaSi gadasvla ar xdeba da mTliani energia U droSi mudmivia anu dU/dt=0. amrigad:
=
dt dt 2 (
dU d Li2 q 2
+
2C )
di q dq
= Li + = 0.
dt C dt
(31.10)
sadac Q aris muxtis rxevis amplituda, ω - eleqtromagnituri rxevis kuTxuri sixSire, xolo φ
- fazuri mudmiva.
31.12 formulis droiT gawarmoeba LC oscilatorSi gamaval dens gvaZlevs:
dq
i= = – ωQ sin (ωt + φ) (deni) (31.13)
dt
1066 Tavi 31 difraqcia
I = ωQ , (31.14)
kuTxuri sixSireebi
modiT SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara 31.12 formula 31.11 formulis amonaxsni. amisTvis 31.12 formula
da misi meore rigis warmoebuli droiT 31.11 formulaSi CavsvaT. 31.12 formulis pirveli rigis
warmoebuli 31.13 formulaa. am SemTxvevaSi meore rigis warmoebulia:
d 2 q = – ω2Q cos(ωt + φ).
dt 2
31.11 formulaSi q da d 2q/dt 2 SevcvaloT da miviRebT:
1
– L ω2Q cos(ωt + φ) + Q cos(ωt + φ) = 0.
C
Q cos(ωt + φ)-s gabaTilebis da gardaqmnebis Sedegad miviRebT:
ω=
sadac ω´ = (31.26)
cvladi denis upiratesoba SemdegSia: denis cvlilebasTan erTad gamtaris garSemo magnituri
velic icvleba. amis Semdeg faradeis induqciurobis kanoni SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. es niSnavs,
rom cvladi potencialTa sxvaobis sidide survilis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos. amisTvis
transformatori gamoiyeneba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. ufro metic, cvladi deni
generatorebs da Zravebs ufro kargad miesadageba, vidre mudmivi deni.
31.6 suraTze naCvenebia cvladi denis generatoris martivi modeli. gamtari konturi B gare
magnitur velSi brunavs da konturSi sinusoidalurad merxevi E emZ warmoiqmneba:
E = Em sin ωd t (31.28)
emZ-s ωd kuTxuri sixSire magnitur velSi konturis brunvis kuTxuri siCqaris tolia. emZ-s fazaa
ωdt, xolo emZ-s amplitudaa Em. rodesac mbrunavi konturi Caketili gamtari traeqtoriis nawilia,
emZ traeqtoriis gaswvriv sinusoidalur (cvlad) dens igive ωd kuTxuri sixSiriT warmoqmnis da
am sixSires agznebis kuTxuri sixSire ewodeba. deni Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
i = I sin (ωd t – φ) (31.29)
sadac I aris denis amplituda (denis ωd t – φ faza tradiciulad minus niSniT iwereba). 31.29
formulaSi φ fazuri mudmiva imitom SevitaneT, rom i deni SeiZleba E emZ-sadmi arafazuri iyos
(mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, rom fazuri mudmiva generatorTan mierTebul wredzea damokidebuli).
i deni emZ-s fd agznebis sixSiris saSualebiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos, Tu 31.29 formulaSi ωd-s
nacvlad 2πfd-s CavsvamT.
31.9 paragrafSi gamoCndeba, rom rxevis sixSire ωd-sa da ω-s Soris siaxlovezea damokidebuli.
rodesac orive kuTxuri sixSire erTmaneTis tolia (rezonansis mdgomareoba), wredSi gamavali
denis I amplituda maqsimaluria.
gegmili: vertikalur RerZze TiToeuli veqtoris gegmili t droSi cvladi sididis mniSvnelobaa.
ZabvisTvis es aris νR, xolo denisTvis aris iR .
brunvis kuTxe: TiToeuli veqtoris brunvis kuTxe t droSi cvladi sididis fazis tolia. 31.8g
suraTze Zabva da deni fazuria. aqedan gamomdinare, maT veqtorebs Tanabari ωdt faza da
Tanabari brunvis kuTxe aqvT.
rodesac veqtorebi Semobrundebian da ωd t = 90° (vertikalurad maRla arian mimarTulni), νR=VR
da iR = IR. 31.30 da 31.32 formulebi igive Sedegebs gvaZlevs.
tevadobiTi datvirTva
31.9a suraTze naCvenebia tevadobis da cvladi emZ-s mqone generatoris Semcveli wredi. konturis
wesis da 31.30 formulis miRebis proceduridan gamomdinare kondensatoris potencialTa
sxvaobaa:
νC = VC sin ωd t (31.36)
vinaidan Cven dens ufro vexebiT, vidre muxts, 31.37 formulis diferencireba gvaZlevs:
dqC
iC = = ωd CVC cos ωd t . (31.38)
dt
31.8. sami martivi wredi 1073
Semdeg 31.38 formulas ori meTodiT gardavqmniT.
Tavdapirvelad Canaweris simetriulobis gamo
kondensatoris tevadobiT winaRobad wodebuli XC sidide
Semogvaqvs:
1
XC = ω C (tevadobiTi winaRoba) (31.39)
d
misi mniSvneloba ara mxolod tevadobazea damokidebuli,
aramed ωd agznebis kuTxur sixSireze. tevadobiTi drois
mudmivis (τ = RC) gansazRvrebidan viciT, rom SI sistemaSi
C-s erTeuli wami/omebSi saxiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos. 31.39
formulisTvis am erTeulis misadageba aCvenebs, rom R
winaRobis msgavsad XC-s erTeulic omia.
Semdeg 31.38 formulaSi ωd t fazuri Zvris mqone sinusiT
SevcvaloT:
cos ωd t = sin (ωd t + 90°)
am tolobas martivad SeamowmebT, Tu sinusis grafiks
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT 90° kuTxiT daZravT.
zemoT moyvanili ori gardaqmnis Semdeg 31.38 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
iC = ( )
VC
XC
sin (ωd t + 90°) (31.40)
induqciuri datvirTva
31.10a suraTze naCvenebia induqciurobis da cvladi emZ-s mqone generatoris Semcveli wredi.
konturis wesisa da 31.30 formulis miRebis proceduridan gamomdinare induqciurobis
potencialTa sxvaobaa:
νL = VL sin ωd t, (31.45)
sadac VL aris νL-is amplituda. 30.35 formulidan (EL = –Ldi/dt) gamomdinare, potencialTa sxvaoba
L induqciurobaze, sadac deni di L / dt tempiT icvleba, aris:
diL
νL = L . (31.46)
dt
31.45 da 31.46 formulebis gaerTianebiT miviRebT:
diL VL
= sin ωd t. (31.47)
dt L
Cven muxtTan gvaqvs Sexeba da ara mis droiT warmoebulTan. aqedan gamomdinare, 31.47 formulas
vaintegrebT:
31.8. sami martivi wredi 1075
iL = diL =
VL
L
sin ωd t dt = – ( )
VL
ωd L
cos ωd t. (31.48)
iL = ( )
VL
XL
sin(ωd t – 90°). (31.50)
formula 31.10a suraTze gamosaxuli wredisTvis miviReT, Tumca is nebismieri cvladi denis
wredis induqciurobas Seesabameba.
31.45 da 31.50 formulebis Sedarebidan da 31.10b suraTze dakvirvebis Sedegad Cans, rom iL da νL
sidideebi 90°-iT arafazurebia. am SemTxvevaSi, iL CamorCeba νL-s anu Tu 31.10a suraTze gamosaxul
wredSi iL dens da νL potencialTa sxvaobas daukvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom iL deni maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas νL-is Semdeg erTi meoTxedi cikliT gvian iZens.
31.10g suraTze gamosaxul veqtorul diagramaze igive informacia Cans. rodesac veqtorebi
saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, IL veqtori VL veqtors 90° kuTxiT
CamorCeba.
νL-s 90°-iT
induqtori L XL = ωd L +90° (= + π/2 rad) VL = ILXL
CamorCeba
Cven I denis amplituda da φ fazuri mudmiva unda davadginoT. veqtorTa diagramis gamoyenebis
Sedegad amocana bevrad martivdeba.
denis amplituda
daviwyoT 31.11a suraTiT, romelzec naCvenebia denis amsaxveli veqtori. deni t droSi 31.56
formuliT gamoiTvleba. veqtoris sigrZe denis I amplitudaa, vertikalur RerZze veqtoris
gegmili t droSi i denia, xolo veqtoris brunvis kuTxe t droSi denis ωd t – φ fazaa.
31.11b suraTze naCvenebia t droSi R, L da C elementebis Zabvebis amsaxveli veqtorebi.
TiToeuli veqtori 31.11a suraTze gamosaxuli I denis veqtoris brunvis kuTxis mimarT Semdegi
mimarTulebisaa:
rezistori: deni da Zabva fazuria, amitom VR Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtoris brunvis
kuTxis tolia.
kondensatori: deni Zabvas 90°-iT uswrebs, amitom VC Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtorisaze
90°-iT naklebia.
induqtori: deni Zabvas 90°-iT CamorCeba, amitom νL Zabvis veqtoris brunvis kuTxe I veqtorisaze
90°-iT metia.
31.11b suraTze naCvenebia t droSi R, C da L elementebis myisi νR, νC da νL Zabvebi. isini Sesabamisi
veqtorebis vertikalur RerZebze gegmilebia.
31.11g suraTze naCvenebia 31.55 formuliT gamoTvlili emZ-s amsaxveli veqtori. veqtoris sigrZe
emZ-s Em amplitudaa, vertikalur RerZze veqtoris gegmili t droSi E emZ-a, xolo veqtoris
brunvis kuTxe t droSi emZ-s ωd t fazaa.
konturis wesidan viciT, rom nebismier momentSi νR, νC da νL Zabvebis jami modebuli E emZ-s
tolia:
sur. 31.11. a) 31.7 suraTze gamosaxuli RLC wredSi gamavali cvladi denis amsaxveli veqtori t droSi. naCvenebia
I amplituda, i myisi mniSvneloba da (ωd t – φ) faza. b) denis veqtorisadmi gavlebuli veqtorebi, romlebic
induqtoris, rezistoris da kondensatoris Zabvebs asaxaven. g) denis warmomqmneli cvladi emZ-s amsaxveli
veqtori. d) emZ veqtori b) suraTze gamosaxuli Zabvebis veqtorebis veqtoruli jamia. am SemTxvevaSi VL da VC
Zabvis veqtorebi veqtorulad Seikriba da jamuri VL – VC veqtori miviReT.
1078 Tavi 31 difraqcia
E = νR + νC + νL . (31.57)
maSasadame, t droSi 31.11g suraTze gamosaxuli E gegmili 31.11b suraTze νR, νC da νL gegmilebis
algebruli jamia. marTlac, veqtorebis erTdroulad brunvisas zemoT moyvanili toloba
yovelTvis sworia. es niSnavs, rom 31.11g suraTze gamosaxuli Em veqtori 31.11b suraTze
gamosaxuli Zabvebis VR, VC da VL veqtorebis veqtoruli jamis toli unda iyos.
31.11d suraTze Em veqtori VR, VC da VL veqtorebis jamis saxiTaa gamosaxuli. vinaidan VL da
VC veqtorebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebi aqvT, Tavdapirvelad VL da VC veqtorebs
vaerTianebT da VL – VC veqtors viRebT. Semdeg am veqtors da VR veqtors vaerTianebT da jamur
veqtors viRebT. jamuri veqtori Em veqtors emTxveva.
31.11d suraTze gamosaxuli samkuTxedebi marTkuTxaa. nebismieri maTganisTvis piTagoras
Teoremis gamoyeneba gvaZlevs:
31.2 cxrilSi amplitudis Sesaxeb moyvanili informaciis gamoyenebiT es formula Semdeg saxes
Rebs:
Em2 = (IR)2 + (IXL – IXC)2. (31.59)
da ase gardaiqmneba:
Em
I =
(31.60)
31.60 formulis mniSvnels ωd agznebis kuTxuri sixSiris pirobebSi wredis Z sruli winaRoba
ewodeba:
Em
I =
(denis amplituda) (31.63)
fazuri mudmiva
31.11d suraTze marjvniv gamosaxuli veqtorTa samkuTxedidan da 31.2 cxrilidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba daiweros:
31.9. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredi 1079
VL – VC IXL – IXC
tg φ = = (31.64)
VR IR
rac gvaZlevs:
XL – XC
tg φ = (fazuri mudmiva) (31.65)
R
Cveni miznis meore naxevarsac mivaRwieT, vinaidan sinusoidalurad marTul mimdevrobiT RLC
wredSi φ fazuri mudmiva miviReT. es formula XL-is da XC-s sxvadasxva TanafardobebisTvis
gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs:
XL > XC : wredi ufro induqciuria, vidre tevadobiTi. 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad, amgvari
wredisTvis φ dadebiTia da I veqtori Em veqtoris ukan brunavs (sur. 31.12a). E-s da i-s droze
damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12b suraTis msgavsia (31.11g da d suraTebSi davuSviT, rom
XL>XC).
XC > XL : amgvari wredi ufro tevadobiTia, vidre induqciuri. 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad, amgvari
wredisTvis φ uaryofiTia da I veqtori E veqtoris win brunavs (sur. 31.12g). E-s da i-s droze
damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12d suraTs waagavs.
XC = XL: amgvar wreds rezonansuli ewodeba da am mdgomareobas SedgomSi ganvixilavT. 31.65
formulis Tanaxmad, aseTi wredisTvis φ = 0 da I veqtori da Em veqtori erTad brunavs (sur.
31.12e). E-s da i-s droze damokidebulebis funqciebi 31.12v suraTs waagavs.
31.10a suraTze gamosaxul wminda induqciur wredSi, sadac XL nulis toli ar aris da XC = R = 0,
31.65 formulis Tanaxmad φ = +90° (udidesi SesaZlo mniSvneloba). es mdgomareoba 31.10g suraTis
Sesabamisia. 31.9a suraTze gamosaxul wminda tevadobiT wredSi, sadac XC nulis toli ar aris da
XL=R=0, 31.65 formulis Tanaxmad φ = –90° (umciresi SesaZlo mniSvneloba). es mdgomareoba 31.9g
suraTis Sesabamisia.
rezonansi
31.63 formulaSi, RLC wredSi gamavali denis I amplituda gare cvladi emZ-s ωd agznebis kuTxuri
sixSiris funqciis saxiT aris mocemuli. R winaRobis pirobebSi amplituda maqsimaluria,
rodesac wiladis mniSvnelSi ωdL — 1/ωdC sidide nulis tolia anu:
1
ωdL =
ωdC
1
an ωd = (maqsimaluri I). (31.66)
31.13 suraTze gamosaxulia mimdevrobiT RLC wredSi sinusoidaluri marTuli rxevebis sami
rezonansis grafiki. gansxvaveba mxolod R-Sia. TiToeulis grafiki piks maqsimalur I amplitudaze
aRwevs da am dros ωd /ω = 1. R-is gazrdasTan erTad I-s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba mcirdeba (I
yovelTvis Em/R Sefardebis tolia. amis gasagebad 31.61 da 31.62 formulebi gaaerTianeT). garda
amisa, R-is zrdasTan erTad grafikebi siganeSi izrdeba.
31.13 suraTis gaazrebisTvis ganvixiloT rogor icvleba XL da XC reaqtiuli winaRobebi ωd
1080 Tavi 31 difraqcia
amgznebi kuTxuri sixSiris zrdasTan erTad. daviwyoT ω bunebriv kuTxur sixSireze bevrad
naklebi mniSvnelobiT. mcire ωd-s SemTxvevaSi XL(=ωdL) mcirea, xolo XC(=1/ωdC) didia. aqedan
gamomdinare, wredi ZiriTadad tevadobiTia da srul winaRobaSi XC dominirebs, romelic dens
amcirebs.
ωd-s zrdasTan erTad XC reaqtiuli winaRoba dominanturi rCeba, magram XL reaqtiuli winaRoba
izrdeba. XC-s Semcirebis Sedegad sruli winaRoba mcirdeba da deni izrdeba, rac 31.13
suraTze gamosaxuli grafikebis marcxena mxareebze Cans. rodesac XL-is da XC-s mniSvnelobebi
gaTanabrdeba, deni udidesia da wredi rezonansulia (ωd = ω).
ωd-s kidev ufro zrdasTan erTad XL reaqtiuli winaRoba izrdeba da XC-s Semcirebis paralelurad
dominanturi xdeba. sruli winaRoba izrdeba da deni mcirdeba da es yvelaferi 31.13 suraTis
rezonansis grafikebis marjvena mxareebze kargad Cans. maSasadame, rezonansis grafikis dabali
kuTxuri sixSiris mxareze kondensatoris reaqtiuli winaRoba dominirebs, xolo maRali
kuTxuri sixSiris mxareze - induqtoris reaqtiuli winaRoba. rezonansi SuaSi xdeba.
( )
erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi saSualo
I 2R I 2
PsaS = = R. (31.69) mniSvneloba 1 -ia.
2
2 2
1082 Tavi 31 difraqcia
31.71 formula 26.27 formulas (P=i2R) waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saSualo kvadratul
denze gadaverTvebiT, cvladi denis wredebSi energiis xarjvis saSualo temps mudmivi denis
wredebis msgavsad gamovTvliT.
cvladi denis wredebSi emZ-ebis da Zabvebis saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobebia:
V Em
VsaS. kv. = da EsaS. kv. = 2 (saSualo kvadratuli Zabva, saSualo kvadratuli emZ) (31.72)
2
cvladi denis xelsawyoebi, rogoricaa ampermetri da voltmetri, IsaS. kv. , VsaS. kv. da EsaS. kv.
mniSvnelobebs aCvenebs. maSasadame Tu cvladi denis voltmetrs Tqveni binis eleqtroqselSi
CarTavT da 120v aCvenebs, es mniSvneloba saSualo kvadratuli Zabvaa. Stefselze potencialTa
sxvaobis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 2 × (120 v) anu 170v-ia.
31.70 da 31.72 formulebSi 1/ 2 proporciulobis koeficienti samive cvladisTvis erTi da
igivea, amitom 31.62 da 31.60 formulebi ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
EsaS. kv. EsaS. kv.
IsaS. kv. = = ,
Z
(31.73)
cos φ wevrs simZlavris koeficienti ewodeba. vinaidan cos φ = cos(–φ), 31.76 formula φ fazuri
mudmivis niSanze damokidebuli ar aris.
RLC wredSi rezistuli datvirTvisTvis miwodebuli energiis tempis maqsimizaciisTvis cos φ
simZlavris koeficienti 1-Tan rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos. es igivea, rom 31.29 formulaSi
φ fazuri mudmiva nulTan rac SeiZleba axlos iyos. rodesac wredi Zalian induqciuria, maSin
fazuri mudmiva kidev ufro naklebi SeiZleba iyos, Tu wredSi tevadobebs mimdevrobiT CavrTavT
(gaixseneT, rom damatebiTi tevadobis mimdevrobiT CarTva ekvivalentur Cekv tevadobas
amcirebs). Cekv-s Semcireba fazuri mudmivis Semcirebas da 31.76 formuliT mocemuli simZlavris
koeficientis gazrdas iwvevs. energetikuli kompaniebi mimdevrobiT CarTul kondensatorebs
gadamcem sistemebSi iyeneben, raTa amgvari Sedegi miiRon.
ia. swori niSnis gasarkvevad unda gavigoT amoxsna: energiis miwodebis da xarjvis PsaS
deni emZ-s win uswrebs Tu CamorCeba. vinaidan tempi maqsimaluria, Tu emZ-s saSualebiT
XC>XL, wredi ZiriTadad tevadobiTia da deni wredi rezonansuli xdeba anu XC=XL. Cvens
emZ-s win uswrebs. maSasadame φ uaryofiTia: SemTxvevaSi XC>XL, amitom XC unda SevamciroT.
cos φ amocanis a) nawilidan viciT. saSualo Tu miyvebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom amgvari Cax-s
31.11. transformatorebi
energiis gadacemis aucilebeli pirobebi
rodesac cvladi denis wredSi mxolod rezistuli datvirTvaa, 31.76 formulaSi simZlavris
koeficientia cos 0° = 1 da emZ-s EsaS. kv. saSualo kvadratuli mniSvneloba datvirTvis Zabvis VsaS. kv.
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, saS.kv datvirTvaSi denis I saS.kv
saSualo kvadratuli mniSvnelobis gavlisas energiis miwodebis da xarjvis saSualo tempia:
PsaS = EI = IV . (31.77)
PsaS = EI = (7,35×105 v)(500 a) = 360 mvt
gadamcemi xazis winaRoba daaxloebiT 0,22 omi/km-ia. maSasadame, 1000km sigrZeze daaxloebiT 200
omi winaRoba gvaqvs. winaRobis Sedegad energia Semdegi saSualo tempiT ixarjeba:
PsaS = I 2 R = (500 a)2(220 Ω) = 55 mvt
PsaS = I2R = (1000 a)2(220Ω) = 220 mvt
es Sedegi ki miwodebuli tempis TiTqmis 60%-ia. aqedan gamomdinare, energiis gadacemis wesia,
rom gadacema rac SeiZleba did Zabvaze da rac SeiZleba mcire denze moxdes.
idealuri transformatori
gadacemis wesi srul winaaRmdegobaSi modis energiis usafrTxo warmoqmnisa da miRebis
moTxovnasTan. maSasadame gvWirdeba mowyobiloba, romelic cvladi denis wredSi Zabvas
gazrdis (gadacemisTvis) da Seamcirebs (moxmarebisTvis), xolo denis da Zabvis namravli ar
Seicvleba. amgvari mowyobiloba transformatoria. transformators moZravi nawilebi ar
gaaCnia, faradeis induqciurobis kanonis Tanaxmad moqmedebs da mudmivi denisTvis gankuTvnili
analogia ar aqvs.
31.15 suraTze gamosaxuli idealuri transformatori sxvadasxva raodenobis xviebis mqone ori
31.11. transformatorebi 1085
koWasgan Sedgeba, romlebic rkinis gularzea damagrebuli
(koWebi gularisagan izolirebulia). Np xviis mqone pirveladi
gragnili cvladi denis generatorTan aris mierTebuli,
romlis E emZ nebismier t droSi aris:
E = Em sin ωt . (31.78)
sur. 31.15. idealuri transfor Ns xviis mqone meoradi gragnili R rezistul datvirTvasTan
matori (rkinis gularze Semoxveuli aris mierTebuli, rodesac S amomrTveli Riaa. maSasadame,
ori koWa) gardaqmnis wredSi.
meore koWaSi deni ar gadis. idealuri transformatoris
cvladi denis generatori marcxena
(pirvelad) koWaSi dens warmoqmnis. SemTxvevaSi vuSvebT, rom pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis
marjvena (meoradi) koWa R rezistul winaRobebi umniSvneloa. kargad daproeqtebuli, maRali
datvirTvasTan aris mierTebuli, tevadobis mqone transformatorebSi mxolod 1% energia
rodesac S amomrTveli daketilia.
ikargeba, amitom amgvari daSveba dasabuTebulia.
aseT pirobebSi pirveladi gragnili (pirveladi) sruli induqciurobaa, xolo pirveladi
wredi 31.10a suraTze gamosaxul wreds waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian mcire pirveladi
deni, romelsac damagnitebis deni Imag ewodeba, Vp pirvelad Zabvas 90°-iT CamorCeba. pirveladi
gragnilis simZlavris koeficienti nulis tolia da generatoridan transformatorze
simZlavre ar gadaicema.
sinusoidalurad cvladi Imag pirveladi deni rkinis gularSi sinusoidalurad cvlad φ Bm
B
agnitur
nakads warmoqmnis. gulari nakads aZlierebs da is meorad gragnilSi (meoradSi) gadis. φB icvleba
da meoradi gragnilis TiToeul xviaSi xviis emZ Exv (= dφB/dt) warmoqmnis. xviis Exv emZ pirvelad da
meorad gragnilSi Tanabaria. pirveladi gragnilis Vp Zabva Exv emZ-s da Np xveulebis namravlis
tolia anu Vp=Exv Np. aseve meoradi gragnilis Zabvaa Vs=ExvNs. maSasadame SegviZlia davweroT:
Vp V
Exv = = s ,
Np Ns
Ns
anu Vs = Vp , (Zabvis gardaqmna) (31.79)
Np
Tu Ns>Np, transformators amamaRlebeli ewodeba, vinaidan is Vp Zabvas Vs-mde zrdis. Tu Ns<Np,
maSin transformatori damadablebelia.
rodesac S amomrTveli Riaa, generatoridan wredis danarCen nawils energia ar miewodeba.
modiT, S davketoT da meoradi gragnili R rezistul datvirTvasTan davakavSiroT. amjerad
generatoridan energia gadaicema.
S amomrTvelis daketvisas ramdenime movlena xdeba:
1. meoradi gragnilis wredSi Is cvladi deni Cndeba da rezistul datvirTvaSi energia
Is2 R = (Vs2 /R) tempiT ixarjeba.
2. es deni rkinis gularSi gamaval cvlad magnitur nakads warmoqmnis da nakadi pirvelad
gragnilSi sawinaaRmdego emZ-s aCens (faradeis da lencis kanonebidan gamomdinare).
3. pirveladi gragnilis Vp Zabva ar icvleba, vinaidan is yovelTvis generatoris E emZ-s toli
unda iyos. S amomrTvelis daketva arafers ar cvlis.
4. Vp Zabvis SenarCunebisTvis generatori pirveladi gragnilis wredSi damatebiT Ip cvlad dens
aCens. Ip-s sidide da fazuri mudmiva am denis mier pirveladi gragnilis wredSi warmoqmnili
emZ-sTvis saWiro mniSvnelobebisaa, raTa pirveladi gragnilis wredSi Is-is mier warmoqmnili
emZ gabaTildes. Ip-s fazuri mudmiva Imag-is msgavsad 90° ar aris da Ip-s pirvelad gragnilSi
energia gadaaqvs.
Cven gvsurs Is-sa da Ip-s Soris kavSiris dadgena. rTuli procesis dawvrilebiT ganxilvis nacvlad
modiT energiis Senaxvis principi gamoviyenoT. generatoridan pirvelad gragnilze gadacemuli
1086 Tavi 31 difraqcia
energiis tempi IpVp-s tolia. pirveladi gragnilidan meorad gragnilSi energiis gadacemis tempi
IsVs-ia. vinaidan davuSviT, rom gzad energia ar ikargeba, energiis Senaxvis principis Tanaxmad:
IpVp = IsVs
31.79 formulidan Vs-is Casma gvaZlevs:
Np
Is = Ip (denis gardaqmna) (31.80)
Ns
am formulis Tanaxmad meorad gragnilSi gamavali Is deni pirvelad gragnilSi gamavali Ip denisgan
SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes da gansxvaveba Np /Ns xviebis ricxvis Sefardebazea damokidebuli.
pirveladi gragnilis wredSi Ip deni meoradi gragnilis wredSi R rezistuli datvirTvis gamo
gadis. Ip-s gamoTvlisTvis 31.80 formulaSi Is=Vs/R CavsvaT da Semdeg Vs-is nacvlad 31.79 formula
gamoviyenoT:
Ip =
1
R ( ) Ns
Np
2
Vp . (31.81)
Rekv = ( )
NP
Ns
2
R. (31.82)
pirveladi gragnilis wredisTvis miviRebT: Tu Rekv-is nacvlad Rp-s CavsvamT, xolo R-is
( )
Rp = = = 926 Ω ≈ 930 Ω. (pasuxi) NP
Ip 9,176 a 2
Rp = Rs = (70,83)2(0,1846 Ω)
Rp-s gamoTvlisTvis agreTve SegviZlia Ns
= 926 Ω ≈ 930 Ω. (pasuxi)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
mimdevrobisa, amgvari wredi 31.24b suraTze sixSiriT irxeva. meore mimdevrobiTi wredi
•28. 1,5 mkf tevadobis kondensatori E = 30 v torTanaa mierTebuli. a) risi tolia denis
emZ-s mqone cvladi denis generatorTan maqsimaluri mniSvneloba? b) rodesac deni
31.9a suraTis msgavsad aris mierTebuli. maqsimaluria, risi tolia generatoris emZ?
risi tolia Sedegad miRebuli cvladi denis g) rodesac generatoris emZ -12,5 v-ia da
amplituda, Tu emZ-s sixSirea a) 1khc da b) izrdeba, risi tolia deni?
•39. 31.7 suraTze R = 200 omi, C = 70 mkf, amomrTveli Riaa, emZ dens 15°-iT uswrebs.
L = 230 mh, fd = 60 hc da Em = 36 v. risi tolia rodesac orive amomrTveli Riaa, denis
Em = 10 v, R = 10 omi, L = 1 h da C = 1 mkf. ••48. cvladi fd sixSiris cvladi emZ-s wyaro
gamoTvaleT induqtoris Zabvis amplituda 80 omi winaRobis rezistorTan da 40 mh in
rezonasis dros. duqtorTan mimdevrobiT aris mierTebuli.
••44. 31.29 suraTze naCvenebia RLC wredi, emZ-s amplitudaa 6 v. a) aageT veqtoruli
romelic or identur kondensators da or diagrama VR veqtorisTvis (rezistoris po
amomrTvels Seicavs. emZ-s amplitudaa 12v, tenciali) da VL veqtorisTvis (induqtoris
xolo sixSirea 60 hc. orive amomrTvelis potenciali). b) ra amgzneb fd sixSireze iqneba
gaRebis dros, deni emZ-s 30,9°-iT uswrebs. orive veqtoris sigrZe Tanabari? am dros
rodesac S1 amomrTveli daketilia da S2 risi tolia g) fazuri kuTxe gradusebSi,
d) veqtorebis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare da
e) denis amplituda?
••49. 31.30 suraTze gamosaxulia rxevis
regulirebadi sixSiris mqone generatori,
romelic R = 100Ω winaRobasTan, L1 = 1,7 mh
da L2 = 2,3 mh induqciurobebTan, C1 = 4 mkf,
sur. 31.29. amocana 44.
1095
C2 = 2,5 mkf da Tebuli cvladi denis generatori. yuTi
C3 = 3,5 mkf te RLC wreds Seicavs, romlis elementebi
vadobebTan da kavSirebi ar viciT. yuTis gare nawilSi
aris mierTe gakeTebuli gazomvebis Sedegad dadginda:
buli. a) risi E(t) = (75 v) sin ωd t
sur. 31.30. amocana 49.
tolia wredis
da i(t) = (1,2 a) sin(ωd t + 42°)
rezonansuli sixSire? (miniSneba: ix. 30-e Tavis
45-e amocana). ra mosdis rezonansul sixSires a) risi tolia simZlavris koeficienti?
b) R-is gazrdisas, g) L1-is gazrdisas da b) deni emZ-s win uswrebs Tu CamorCeba? g) yuTSi
moTavsebuli wredi ZiriTadad induqciuria
d) C3-is wredidan amoRebisas?
Tu ZiriTadad tevadobiTia? d) aris Tu ara
paragrafi 31.10. simZlavre cvladi denis
wredi rezonansul mdgomareobaSi? e) unda iyos
wredebSi
Tu ara yuTSi kondensatori? v) induqtori?
•50. maRali sruli winaRobis mqone cvladi
z) rezistori? T) ra tempiT miewodeba energia
denis voltmetrs wredSi TanmimdevrobiT
yuTs generatoridan? i) ratom ar aris saWiro
aerTeben induqtorTan, kondensatorTan
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisTvis ωd-s codna?
da rezistorTan. cvladi emZ 100 v-s tolia
SSM WWW
(saSualo kvadratuli sidide). samive
SemTxvevaSi voltmetris Cveneba erTi da ••56. Teatris sce
igivea. risi tolia es Cveneba? naze ganaTebis ti
puri gamomrTveli
•51. ra mudmivi deni warmoqmnis rezistorSi
B naTurasTan
siTburi energiis igive raodenobas, rasac
mimdevrobiT Car
2,6 a maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis cvladi deni? sur. 31.33. amocana 56.
Tuli cvla
•52. risi tolia cvladi Zabvis maqsimaluri di L induqtorisgan Sedgeba (sur. 31.33).
mniSvneloba, romlis saSualo kvadratuli
eleqtrodeni 120 v-ia da 60 hc sixSirisaa.
mniSvneloba 100 v-ia?
naTura 120 v-iani da 1000 vt-iania. a) ra Lmax
•53. sahaero kondicioneri 120v saSualo mniSvnelobaa saWiro, raTa naTuraSi energiis
kvadratuli mniSvnelobis cvlad xazTan aris xarjvis tempi 1000 vt zeda zRvridan 5-is
mierTebuli. es ganlageba 12Ω winaRobis da koeficientiT icvlebodes? davuSvaT naTuris
1,3Ω induqciuri winaRobis mimdevrobiT winaRoba temperaturaze damokidebuli ar
SeerTebis ekvivalenturia. gamoTvaleT a) aris. b) SesaZlebelia Tu ara induqtoris
sahaero kondicioneris sruli winaRoba da nacvlad cvladi rezistoris gamoyeneba?
b) mowyobilobisTvis energiis miwodebis g) Tu SesaZlebelia, risi tolia saWiro
saSualo tempi. SSM Rmax? d) ratom ar aris suraTze rezistori
••54. 31.31 suraTze gamoyenebuli?
daamtkiceT, rom ••57. 31.7 suraTze gamosaxulis msgavs RLC
R winaRobaSi ener wredSi R=5Ω, L=60 mh, fd=60 hc da Em=30v.
giis xarjvis sa tevadobis ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iqneba
Sualo tempi maqsi winaRobaSi energiis xarjvis saSualo tempi
maluria, rodesac a) maqsimaluri da b) minimaluri? risi tolia
sur. 31.31. amocanebi 54
R winaRoba cvladi g) xarjvis maqsimaluri tempi da Sesabamisi d)
da 64.
denis generatoris fazuri kuTxe da e) simZlavris koeficienti?
r Sida winaRobis tolia. risi tolia v) xarjvis minimaluri tempi da
••55. 31.32 suraT Sesabamisi z) fazuri kuTxe da T) simZlavris
ze naCvenebia mom koeficienti? SSM
Werebis wyvilis
••58. merxev mimdevrobiT wredSi R = 16 omi,
saSualebiT `Sav
C = 31,2 mkf, L = 9,2 mh da E = Em sin ωd t, sadac
yuTTan~ mier sur. 31.32. amocana 55
1096 Tavi 31 difraqcia
Tanabari? am dros risi tolia g) fazuri kuTxe 78. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredis rezonansuli
gradusebSi, d) veqtorebis brunvis kuTxuri sixSirea 6 khc. 8 khc-ze muSaobis dros wredis
siCqare da e) denis amplituda? sruli winaRobaa 1 komi da fazuri mudmivaa
sadac Em = 30 v da ωd = 350 radiani/wm. gene 84. RLC wreds 80v amplitudis emZ-s da 1,25
ratorTan mierTebul wredSi gamavali denia amplitudis denis generatori marTavs. deni
i(t) =Isin(ωd t + π/4), sadac I = 620 ma. a) ra drois emZ-s 0,65 radianiT uswrebs win. risi tolia
Semdeg gaxdeba generatoris emZ pirvelad wredis a) sruli winaRoba da b) winaRoba?
maqsimaluri? b) ra drois Semdeg gaxdeba deni g) wredi induqciuria, tevadobiTia Tu
pirvelad maqsimaluri? g) generatoris garda rezonansuli?
wredi kidev erT elements Seicavs. es elementi 85. 45 mh induqtoris sruli reaqtiuli
kondensatoria, induqtoria Tu rezistori?
winaRobaa 1,3 komi. a) risi tolia misi sixSire?
pasuxi daasabuTeT. d) risi tolia tevadoba,
b) risi tolia igive reaqtiuli winaRobis mqone
induqciuroba an winaRoba?
kondensatoris tevadoba igive sixSireze?
80. R1, L1, C1 kombinaciis mimdevrobiTi wredis sixSiris gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi risi
rezonansuli sixSire R2, L2, C2 gansxvavebuli tolia g) induqtoris da d) kondensatoris
kombinaciis wredis rezonansuli sixSiris reaqtiuli winaRoba?
tolia. Semdeg orive kombinacia mimdevrobiT
86. 3000 hc sixSiris generatori 120 v
SeaerTes. daamtkiceT, rom axali wredis
amplitudis emZ-iT mimdevrobiT RLC wreds
rezonansuli sixSire ar Seicvleba.
marTavs. winaRobaa 40 omi, tevadobaa 1,6 mkf da
81. 158mkf tevadobis kondensatori da induqciurobaa 850mkh. risi tolia a) fazuri
induqtori 8,15khc sixSiriT merxev LC wreds
mudmiva radianebSi da b) denis amplituda?
qmnis, sadac denis amplitudaa 4,21ma. risi
g) wredi tevadobiTia, induqciuria Tu
tolia a) induqciuroba, b) wredis sruli rezonansuli?
energia da g) kondensatoris maqsimaluri
87. 31.37 suraTze
muxti?
gamosaxuli
82. mimdevrobiTi RLC wredis induqtoris cvladi denis
maqsimaluri Zabva kondensatoris maqsimalur generatori 120 v
Zabvaze 1,5-jer metia da rezistoris Zabvas 60 hc six
maqsimalur Zabvaze 2-jer metia. a) risi tolia Sireze awvdis.
wredis φ? b) wredi induqciuria, tevadobiTia rodesac amom sur. 31.37. amocana 87.
τC. rodesac S2 amomrTveli daketilia da 88. merxevi LC wredis 1,5 mh induqtori 10 mkj
danarCeni ori amomrTveli Riaa, wredis maqsimalur energias inaxavs. risi tolia
drois mudmivaa τL. rodesac S3 amomrTveli maqsimaluri deni?
daketilia da danarCeni ori amomrTveli Riaa, 89. a) merxev LC wredSi risi tolia
wredi T periodiT irxeva. daamtkiceT, rom T = kondensatoris muxti, rodesac eleqtrul
2π/ τ C τ L . velSi Senaxuli energia magnitur velSi
Senaxuli energiis 50%-ia? b) kondensatoris
srulad damuxtvis Semdeg ra periodi unda
gavides amgvari kondiciis misaRwevad?
90. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds cvladi denis
wyaro 400 hc sixSiriT da 90 v amplitudis
emZ-iT marTavs. winaRobaa 20 omi, tevadoba
sur. 31.36. amocana 83. 12,1 mkf da induqciurobaa 24,2 mh. risi
1099
tolia a) rezistorSi, b) kondensatorze da g)
induqtorze potencialTa sxvaobis saSualo
kvadratuli mniSvneloba? d) risi tolia
energiis xarjvis saSualo tempi?
91. merxev LC wredSi L = 8 mh da C = 1,4 mkf.
rodesac t = 0, deni maqsimaluria da 12 a-
ia. a) risi tolia rxevis ganmavlobaSi
kondensatoris maqsimaluri muxti? b) ra t>0
umcires droSi iqneba kondensatorSi energiis
cvlilebis tempi maqsimaluri? g) risi tolia sur. 31.38. amocana 97.
cvlilebis maqsimaluri tempi?
Robis rezistorisgan, L induqciurobis
92. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds generatori
induqtorisgan da C tevadobis kondensa
1050 hc sixSiriT marTavs. induqciurobaa
torisgan Sedgeba. amgznebi sixSire bunebriv
90mh, tevadoba 0,5mkf da fazuri mudmiva 60°
sixSires Seesabameba. Semdeg S1, S2, S3 da S4
(kuTxis swori niSani Tqven unda SearCioT).
amomrTvelebi igive mimdevrobiT daiketa.
a) risi tolia winaRoba? wredSi gamavali
daketvis Semdeg kondensatorebi pirveli
denis amplitudis gazrdisTvis b) amgznebi
kondensatoris identuri da rezistorebi
sixSire, g) induqciuroba da d) tevadoba unda pirveli rezistoris identuri xdeba.
gaizardos Tu Semcirdes?
davuSvaT Em=12v, C=2mkf, L=2mh da R=12Ω.
93. mimdevrobiT RLC wreds generatori
a) qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis pirveli
2000 hc sixSiriT da 170 v amplitudis emZ-
sveti wredis Cekv ekvivalenturi tevadobis
iT marTavs. induqciurobaa 60 mh, tevadobaa
mniSvnelobebiT SeavseT, rodesac amomrTveli
0,4 mkf da winaRobaa 200 omi. a) risi tolia
rig-rigobiT iketeba. aseve SeavseT b) f re
fazuri mudmiva radianebSi? b) risi tolia
zonansuli sixSiris, g) Rekv ekvivalenturi
denis amplituda?
winaRobis, d) Z sruli winaRobis da
94. datvirTvis qveS myofi da 220 v saSualo e) denis I amplitudis svetebi (gamoTvlebis
kvadratuli mniSvnelobis Zabvaze momuSave dasrulebamde ricxvebis damrgvaleba sasur
eleqtroZrava 3 a saSualo kvadratul dens veli ar aris).
aCens. Zravis winaRobaa 24 omi da tevadobiTi
winaRoba ar gaaCnia. risi tolia Zravis daketva Cekv f Rekv Z I
induqciuri winaRoba? S1
95. 7 mkf tevadobis kondensatoris sawyisi S2
potencialia 12 v, rodesac kondensatori S3
induqtorTan aris mierTebuli. Semdeg S4
kombinacia 715 hc sixSiriT irxeva. risi tolia
98. rodesac 31.7 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSSi
induqtoris induqciuroba?
generatoris emZ maqsimaluria, risi tolia
96. LC oscilatori 2 nf tevadobis a) generatoris, b) winaRobis, g) tevadobis
kondensatorisgan da 2 mh induqtorisgan da d) induqciurobis Zabva? e) miRebuli
Sedgeba. maqsimaluri Zabvaa 4 v. risi tolia mniSvnelobebi SekribeT da SeamowmeT, srul
a) rxevis sixSire, b) maqsimaluri deni, deba Tu ara konturis wesi.
g) induqtorSi Senaxuli maqsimaluri energia 99. ganvixiloT milevadi LC wredi. a) daam
da d) denis cvlilebis maqsimaluri di/dt tkiceT, rom milevis wevri e–Rt/2L (romelic
tempi? L-s Seicavs da ara C-s) ufro simetriulad,
97. 31.38 suraTze naCvenebia fiqsirebuli e–πR( C / L )t/T saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros, sadac T aris
Em amplitudis emZ-s wyaroTi marTuli rxevis periodi (winaRoba ugulebelyofilia).
RLC wredi. Tavdapirvelad wredi R wina b) a)-s gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom
1100 Tavi 31 difraqcia
1101
1102 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
sur. 32.2 Rerovani magniti magnituri dipolia. rkinis sur. 32.3. Tu magnits gatexT, TiToeuli naWeri
naqlibi magnituri velis Zalwirebze miuTiTebs magniti gaxdeba da sakuTari CrdiloeT da samxreT
(suraTis fonze Seferadebuli sinaTlea). polusebi eqneba
32.2. gausis kanoni magnituri velebisaTvis 1103
orive kanonSi integrali aRebulia gausis Caketili
zedapiridan. gausis kanoni eleqtruli velebisaTvis
amtkicebs, rom es integrali (zedapiris gamWoli sufTa
eleqtruli nakadi) proporciulia zedapiris mier moculi
qmoc sufTa eleqtruli muxtisa. gausis kanoni magnituri
velebisaTvis ambobs, rom zedapiri ar SeiZleba ganWolos
sufTa magniturma nakadma, radgan es zedapiri ar SeiZleba
moicavdes sufTa “magnitur muxts” (calkeul magnitur
polusebs). umartivesi magnituri struqtura, romelic
SeiZleba arsebobdes da, maSasadame, mocul iqnas gausis
zedapiris mier, aris dipoli, romelic Sedgeba rogorc
ZalwirTa saTavis, aseve maTi Semkrebi niJarisagan. ase, rom
zedapiris SigniTac imdenive magnituri nakadi unda iyos,
ramdenic mis gareT da sufTa magnituri nakadi yovelTvis
nulis toli unda iyos.
gausis kanoni magnituri velisaTvis samarTliania
magnitur dipolze ufro rTuli struqturebisTvisac nax. 32.4. magnitis mokle Reros
magnituri velis Zalwirebi. wiTeli
maSinac ki, roca gausis zedapiri mTel struqturas ar
mrude xazebi aRniSnaven Caketili,
moicavs. 32-4 naxazze naCvenebi magnituri Reros siaxloves samganzomilebiani gausis zedapiris
arsebuli gausis zedapiri II ar moicavs polusebs da ganivkveTs.
SegviZlia iolad davaskvnaT, rom misi gamWoli sufTa
magnituri nakadi nulis tolia. gausuri zedapiri I ki ufro rTulia. SeiZleba mogveCvenos,
rom igi mxolod magnitis CrdiloeT poluss moicavs, radgan igi moicavs aRniSvna N-s da ara
S-s. magram, samxreTi polusi zedapiris qvemo sazRvars unda davukavSiroiT, radgan magnituri
Zalwirebi zedapirSi iqidan Sedian. (zedapiris mier moculi nawilebi erTi mTlianiviT aris,
rogorc es gatexili magnitis Reros SemTxvevaSi gvqonda nax. 32-3-ze). ase, rom gausis zedapiri I
moicavs magnitur dipols da zedapiris gamWoli sufTa nakadi nulis tolia.
dФВ
·d = (faradeis induqciis kanoni), (32.2)
dt
sadac EE aris Caketili xviiT garSemortymuli ФВ cvalebadi magnituri nakadis mier am xviis
gaswvriv aRZruli eleqtruli veli. vinaidan simetria fizikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba, SeiZleba
gagviCndes kiTxva: amgvari aRZvra uku mimarTulebiTac xom ar xdeba? anu, cvalebad eleqtrul
nakadsac xom ar SeuZlia magnituri velis aRZvra?
diax, SeuZlia! metic, magnituri velis aRZvris aRmweri
gantoleba TiTqmis simetriulia 32-2 gantolebisa. mas xSirad
maqsvelis induqciis kanons uwodeben (jeims klerk maqsvelis
pativsacemad) da Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
dФE
· d = μ0ε0 (maqsvelis induqciis kanoni), (32.3)
dt
sadac aris Caketili xviiT garSemortymul areSi ФE
cvalebadi eleqtruli nakadis mier am xviis gaswvriv aRZruli
magnituri veli.
amgvari aRZvris magaliTia wriulfirfitebiani brtyeli
kondensatoris damuxtva (nax. 32.5a) (Cven mxolod am
mowyobilobas ganvixilavT, Tumca cvalebadi eleqtruli
(a)
nakadi yovelTvis aRZravs magnitur vels). davuSvaT, rom
kondensatorze moqmedi muxti mudmivi siCqariT izrdeba
SeerTebul sadenebSi gamavali i mudmivi deniT. maSin
firfitebs Soris eleqtruli velis sididec mudmivi siCqariT
unda gaizardos.
32.5b-ze naCvenebia 32.5a-ze gamosaxuli marjvena firfitis
xedi firfitebs Soris sivrcidan. eleqtruli veli mimarTulia
furclis SigniT (indeqsi X). warmovidginoT wertilSi (1)
gamavali wriuli xvia (nax. 32.5a da b), romelic kondensatoris
firfitebis koncentrulia da radiusi firfitisaze
mcire aqvs. vinaidan xviaSi eleqtruli veli icvleba, e.i
(b) xviaSi gamavali eleqtruli nakadic unda Seicvalos. 32.3
gantolebis Tanaxmad, es cvalebadi eleqtruli nakadi xviis
sur. 32.5. a) wriuli, paralelur garSemo aRZravs magnitur vels.
firfitebiani kondensatoris
gverdxedi. kondensatori mudmivi eqsperimentiT mtkicdeba, rom magnituri veli
i deniT aris damuxtuli; b) marTlac aRZrulia aseTi xviis garSemo, zemoT moyvanili
kondensatori Signidan,
marjvena mimarTulebiT. is magnituri veli xviis garSemo nebismier
firfitis xedi. E eleqtruli veli
erTgvarovania da wignis gverdisken
wertilSi erTidaigive sididisaa da amgvarad kondensatoris
(firfitisken) aris mimarTuli. misi firfitebis centraluri RerZis (RerZi erTi firfitis
sidide kondensatoris muxtTan centridan meoremde) garSemo wriuli simetria gaaCnia.
erTad izrdeba. B magnituri
veli cvalebadi eleqtruli velis
gamoisobiT Cndeba da r radiusis
mqone wris oTx wertilzea
naCvenebia. am wris radiusi firfitis
R radiusze naklebia
32.3. aRZruli magnituri velebi 1105
sur. 32.6. erTgvarovania B magnituri veli
wriul regionSi. veli wignis
gverdisken aris mimarTuli da izrdeba. E eleqtruli veli cvalebadi
magnituri velis gamoisobiT aris Seqmnili da wriuli regionisadmi
koncentruli wris oTx wertilzea naCvenebi. aRwerili mdgomareoba 32.5b
suraTs SeadareT.
amper-maqsvelis kanoni
gavixsenoT, rom 32.3 gantolebis marcxena mxare · d -is integrali Caketili xviis garSemo,
Cndeba sxva gantolebaSi – konkretulad, amperis kanonSi:
sadac Ienc aris deni, romelic garSemortymulia Caketili xviiT. amrigad, es ori gantoleba,
romelic gansazRvravs magnituri masalis gareSe warmoqmnil magnitur vels (anu, deniTa da
cvalebadi eleqtruli veliT) vels zustad erTsadaimave formas aniWebs. Cven SegviZlia es ori
gantoleba erTSi gavaerTianoT
dФE
· d = μ0ε0 + μ0ienc (amper-maqsvelis kanoni). (32.5)
dt
rodesac arsebobs deni, magram eleqtruli veli ar icvleba (mag. mudmivi denis gamtar sadenebSi),
marjvena mxaris pirveli wevri nulis tolia da gantoleba 32-5 daiyvaneba gantoleba 32-4-mde.
rodesac eleqtruli veli icvleba, magram ar arsebobs deni (rogoricaa mag. kondensatoris
“RriWos” SigniT Tu gareT), maSin gantolebis marjvena mxaris meore wevri udris nuls, amrigad
gantoleba 32-5 daiyvaneba maqsvelis induqciis kanonamde (gantoleba 32.3).
gantolebis marcxena mxare toli iqneba mxareebis gamoTvliT isev gantoleba 32.7-
(B)(2πr). s miviRebT. amosaxsnelad erTi gasaRebis
gantoleba 32-6-is marjvena mxare: vuSvebT, rom mignebaa saWiro: eleqturuli veli arsebobs
eleqtruli veli kondensatoris firfitebs mxolod firfitebs Soris da ara maT gareT.
Soris erTgvarovania da firfitebis mimarT amrigad, eleqtrul velSi amperuli xviiT
perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli. maSin, SemosazRvruli farTobi A aris ara xviis
eleqtruli nakadi ФE amperis xviis gaswvriv mTliani πr 2 farTobi. aramed mxolod
EA-s toli iqneba, sadac A aris eleqtrul firfitis πR 2 farTobia.
velSi xviis mier SemosazRvruli farTobi. gantoleba 32-7-Si A-s πR2-iT SecvliT
amdenad, 32-6 gantolebis marjvena mxare miviRebT B-s mniSvnelobas, rodesac r ≥ R
iqneba μ0ε0d(EA)/dt. μ ε R2 dE
B = 0 0 . (pasuxi) (32-9)
Tu miRebul Sedegebs 32-6 gantolebis marjvena 2r dt
da marcxena mxareebSi CavsvamT, miviRebT: es gantoleba gveubneba, rom kondensatoris
d(EA) gareT, B Tavisi udidesi mniSvnelobidan
(B)(2�r) = μ0ε0 .
dt firfitis kideze (sadac r = R), radialuri
vinaidan A mudmivi sididea, d(EA)-s nacvlad manZilis gazrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. ganto
vwerT A dE; anu, miviRebT: leba 32.8-sa da 32.9-Si r = R-is SecvliT, Cven
dE vaCvenebT, rom es gantolebebi mudmivia,
(B)(2�r) = μ0 ε0 A . (32-7)
dt anu isini gvaZleven B-s ucvlel maqsimalur
Semdeg, gamoviyenebT im garemoebas, rom amperis mniSvnelobas firfitis gasazRvrul radi
xviis mier eleqtrul velSi SemosazRvruli usze.
farTobi A warmoadgens xviis srul farTobs (b)-Si gamoTvlili aRZruli magnituri
πr2, radgan xviis r radiusi firfitis R velis sidide imdenad mcirea, rom is martivi
radiusze naklebia (an misi tolia). Tu 32-7 xelsawyoTi Znelad Tu gaizomeba. es mkveTrad
gantolebaSi A-s πr2-iT SevcvliT, miviRebT kontrastirebs aRZruli eleqtruli velis
(roca r ≤ R): sidideebTan (faradeis kanoni), romelTa
μ ε r dE
B = 0 0 . (pasuxi) (32.8) gazomvac advilad SeiZleba. es eqsperimentuli
2 dt
gansxvaveba arsebobs nawilobriv imitom,
am gantolebidan Cans, rom kondensatoris
rom aRZruli eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalebi
SigniT, radialuri r manZilis gazrdiT B
SeiZleba advilad gamravldes mravalxviiani
wrfivad izrdeba, 0-dan (centralur Rer
gragnilis saSualebiT. magnituri velebis
ZTan) maqsimalur sididemde (firfitis R
gamravlebisaTvis aseTi martivi meTodi
radiusze).
ar arsebobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am nimuSiT
b) gamoTvaleT velis sidide B, roca r = R/5 = nakarnaxevi eqxperimenti Catarebula da
11 mm da dE/dt = 1,5 × 1012 v/m ·wm. aRZruli magnituri velebis arseboba
amoxsna: (a)-s pasuxidan Cven gvaqvs: raodenobrivad Semowmda.
dE
B = 1 μ0ε0 r sakontrolo wertili 2. am naxazze
2 dt
1 moyvanilia eleqtruli velis E sididis
= (4�×10–7 t·m/a)(8,85×10–12 k2/n·m2)
2 t droze damokidebulebis grafiki. oTxi
× (11×10–3 m)(1,5×1012 v/m·wm) erTgvarovani, identur wriul ubanSi
= 9,18×10–8 t (pasuxi) warmoqmnili (rogorc nax. 32-5-ze) eleq
truli velisaTvis. daaxarisxeT velebi
g) gamoiyvaneT gantoleba aRZruli magnituri maT mier ubnis ki
velisaTvis, rodesac r ≥ R. deze gamowveuli
amoxsna: amoxsnis xerxi iseTivea, rogoric (a)- magnituri velebis
Si, im gansxvavebiT, rom aq, firfitebis gareT sididis mixedviT,
B-s gamosaTvlelad, amperis xvias viyenebT, udidesidan umcire
romlis r radiusi firfitis R radiusze sisaken.
metia. gantoleba 32-6-is marcxena da marjvena
32.4. wanacvlebis deni 1107
q = ε0 AE , (32-12)
B= ( μ0 id
2�R2 ) r (wriuli kondensatoris SigniT). (32.16)
( SemosazRvruli
wanacvlebis deni id,enc ) SemosazRvruli farTobi πr2
gantoleba 32-16-idan velis maqsimaluri
sidide Bmax kondensatoris SigniT miiReba
=
( mTliani
wanacvlebis deni id ) mTliani farTobi πR2
rodesac r = R esaa:
32.5. maqsvelis gantolebebi 1109
B= ( )
μ0id
2�R2
μi
R= 0d
2�R
(32-21) sakontrolo wertili 3. naxazze gamo
saxulia parlelurfirfitebiani konden
gantoleba 32-20-s 32-21-ze gayofiT da Sedegis satoris erT-erTi firfitis xedi
gadanacvlebiT vpoulobT pasuxs. kondensatoris Signidan. wyvetili xazebi
Bmax aCvenebs integrebis (wirebs) (wiri b
B= . (pasuxi) firfitis kides miyveba). daaxarisxeT es
5
kargi iqneba, Tu SevZlebT am Sedegis miRebas gzebi udidesidan
saxeli gantoleba
32.6. magnitebi
pirveli cnobili magnitebi magnituri rkinaqvebi (qvebi, romelebic bunebrivadaa damagnitebuli)
iyo. rodesac Zvelma berZnebma da Cinelebma es iSviaTi qvebi aRmoaCines, maT ukvirdaT qvis
“jadosnuri” unari miezida liToni axlo manZilidan. maT mxolod didi xnis Semdeg iswavles am
qvebis (da xelovnurad damagnitebuli rkinis) gamoyeneba kompasebSi gzis gasagnebad.
dRes magnitebi da magnituri masalebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli. maTi magnituri maxasiaTeblebi
ukavSirdeba maT atomebs da eleqtronebs. marTlac, iafi magniti, romelic Tqven SeiZleba
macivarze qaRaldis dasakaveblad gamoiyenoT, pirdapiri Sedegia kvanturi fizikisa, romelsac
magnitis atomur da subatomur masalaSi aqvs adgili. sanam am fizikas gamovikvlevdeT, modiT,
mokled ganvixiloT udidesi magniti, romelsac Cveulebriv viyenebT: dedamiwa.
dedamiwis magnetizmi
dedamiwa uzarmazari magnitia; mis zedapirTan axlo
mdebare wertilebisaTvis misi magnituri veli SeiZleba
gamoisaxos rogorc uzarmazari Rerovani magnitis –
magnituri dipolis – veli, romelic kveTs dedamiwis
centrs. nax. 32-8 aris dipolis velis idealurad simet
riuli aRwera mzidan momavali damuxtuli nawilakebiT
gamowveuli damaxinjebis gareSe.
vinaidan dedamiwis magnituri veli dipolis magnituri
velia, magnituri dipolis momenti dakavSirebulia am
velTan. idealizebuli velisaTvis (nax. 32-8) -s sidide nax. 32.8. dedamiwis magnituri veli
tolia 8,0×1022 j/t da mimarTuleba dedamiwis brunvis warmodgenilia rogorc dipolis veli.
dipolis RerZi MM dedamiwis brunviT
RR RerZTan 11,5°-ian kuTxes qmnis. dipolis RerZi (MM
RR RerZTan 11,5˚-ian kuTxes warmoqmnis.
nax. 32-8-Si) -s gaswvriv mdebareobs da dedamiwis dipolis samxreTi polusi dedamiwis
zedapirs CrdiloeTis (CrdilodasavleTi grenlandia) CrdiloeTi naxavarsferoa.
da samxreTis (antarqtida) geomagnitur polusebSi kveTs.
magnituri velis Zalwirebi ZiriTadad samxreT naxevarsferoSi warmoiqmneba da CrdiloeT
naxevarsferoSi isev dedamiwaSi Cadis. amgvarad, dedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebare
magnituri polusi, romelsac “CrdiloeTis magnitur poluss” uwodeben, sinamdvileSi dedamiwis
magnituri dipolis samxreT polusia.
magnituri velis mimarTuleba dedamiwis zedapiris nebismier wertilSi Cveulebriv ori kuTxiT
gamoisaxeba. velis daxriloba aris kuTxe (marjvena an marcxena) geografiul CrdiloeTsa
(romelic 90° ganedze mdebareobs) da velis horizontalur komponents Soris. velis gadaxra
ewodeba kuTxes (zemoT an qvemoT) horizontalur sibrtyesa da velis mimarTulebas Soris.
magnetometrebi didi sizustiT zomaven am kuTxeebs da adgenen vels, Tumca am saqmes kompasi da
daxrilobis gamzomic kargad arTmeves Tavs. kompasi ubralo, nemsis formis magnitia, romelic
isea damagrebuli, rom mas Tavisi vertikaluri RerZis garSemo Tavisuflad moZraoba SeuZlia.
rodesac is horizontalur sibrtyeSia, kompasis isris CrdiloeT polusis bolo Cveulebriv
CrdiloeT geomagnituri polusisakenaa Sebrunebuli (gaxsovdeT, es sinamdvileSi samxreTi
magnituri polusia!). kuTxe nemssa da geografiul CrdiloeTs Soris velis daxrilobaa.
daxrilobis gamzomi xelsawyo kompasis msgavsi magnitia, romelsac Tavisi horizontaluri
RerZis garSemo SeuZlia Tavisuflad brunva. rodesac misi brunvis vertikaluri sibrtye
32.7. magnetizmi da eleqtronebi 1111
sadac e aris elementuri muxti (1,60 × 10–19 k), m ki eleqtronis masa (9,11 × 10–31 kg). minus niSani
niSnavs, rom da sapirispirodaa mimarTuli.
spini 11-e TavSi ganxiluli kuTxuri momentebisagan ori ramiT gansxvavdeba:
1. TviTon spinis gazomva SeuZlebelia, magram nebismieri RerZis mimarT misi komponentisa
– SesaZlebeli.
2. -is gazomili komponenti dakvantulia, rac Cveulebriv niSnavs, rom is SezRudulia
ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. -is gamoTvlil komponents mxolod ori mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes, romlebic mxolod erTmaneTisagan mxolod niSniT gasxvavdeba.
davuSvaT, rom -is komponenti gazomilia koordinatTa sistemis z RerZis gaswvriv. maSin Sz
gazomil komponents eqneba ori mniSvneloba, romlebic mocemulia Semdegi gantolebiT
h
Sz = ms 2� , ms = ± 12 , (32.23)
U = – · g
= –μs,z · Bg , (32.27)
sadac z RerZi aRebulia g-is mimarTulebiT.
Tu warmovidgenT, rom eleqtroni mikroskopuli sferoa (rac araa marTali), Cven SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT spini, spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti da masTan dakavSirebuli magnituri
veli ise, rogorc nax. 32.10-Si. Tumca Cven aq sityva “spins” viyenebT, eleqtroni bzrialasaviT
ar brunavs. maSin, rogor SeiZleba raimes, brunvis gareSe, kuTxuri momenti hqondes? pasuxis
misaRebad, kidev erTxel gvWirdeba kvanturi fizika.
protonebs da neitronebs aseve gaaCniaT brunvis kuTxuri momenti (spini) da Sinagani
spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti. protonisaTvis am veqtorebs erTi mimarTuleba aqvT,
neitronebisaTvis ki – sapirispiro. Cven ar ganvixilavT am dipolis momentebis gavlenas atomis
magnitur velze, vinaidan is eleqtronisaze 1000-jer naklebia.
g
– ori nawilakis spinebis orientacia. a) romeli spinis orientacias
gaaCnia naklebi potenciuri energia, Tu es nawilakebi eleqtronebia?
(b) romeli spinis orientacias gaaCnia naklebi potenciuri energia,
Tu nawilakebi protonebia?
sadac mℓ-s ewodeba orbitaluri magnituri kvanturi ricxvi, xolo “zRvari” aRniSnavs mℓ-is
garkveul udides dasaSveb mTel mniSvnelobas. + Tu – niSani 32.29 gantolebaSi miuTiTebs Lorb,z
-is mimarTulebs z RerZis gaswvriv.
eleqtronis orbituli magnituri momenti orb
aseve ver gaizomeba; SesaZlebelia mxolod
romelime RerZze misi mdgenelis gazomva da es mdgeneli dakvantulia. Tu, zemoT moyvanilis
analogiurad, igive z RerZis gaswvrivi mdgenelisaTvis davwerT 32-28 gantolebas da masSi 32-29
gantolebidan SevitanT Lorb, z-is mniSvnelobas, maSin orbitaluri magnituri dipolis momentis z
komponenti μorb, z ase Caiwereba:
eh
orb
= – mℓ 4πm (32.30)
orb
= – mℓ μB (32.31)
U=– orb
· g = –μorb,z Bg , (32.32)
sadac A aris xviiT SemosazRvruli farTobi. marjvena xelis wesis Tanaxmad (nax 29.22) magnituri
dipoluri momenti mimarTulia qvemoT (nax. 32.11).
32-33 gantolebis Sesafaseblad gvWirdeba i deni. zogadad, deni aris ama Tu im wertilSi muxtis
moZraobis siCqare. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, e sididis muxts, wrewiris nebismieri wertilis gavlisas
isev am wertilSi dasabruneblad sWirdeba T = 2πr/v dro. amitom,
muxti e
i= = 2πr/v . (32.34)
dro
Tu am gamosaxulebas da xviis farTobis sidides A = πr2 SevitanT 32.33 gantolebaSi, miviRebT
e evr
μorb = 2πr/v πr2 = 2 . (32.35)
d = i d × g (32.37)
1116 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
nax. 32.12g-s marcxena mxares, gantoleba 32.37 gviCvenebs, rom d Zala mimarTulia zemoT da
marjvniv. nax. 32.12g-s marjvena mxares, d Zala imave sididisaa da mimarTulia zemoT da marcxniv.
vinaidan maTi kuTxeebi tolia, am ori Zalis horizontaluri komponentebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs,
vertikaluri ki ikribeba. es WeSmaritia xviis nebismieri ori simetriuli wertilisaTvis.
amrigad, 32.12-ze gamosaxuli xviis jamuri Zala zemoT unda iyos mimarTuli. aseTive msjelobiT,
nax. 32.12d-ze gamosaxuli xviis jamuri Zala qvemoTaa mimarTuli. Cven male gamoviyenebT am or
Sedegs, rodesac ganvixilavT magnituri masalebis qcevas araerTgvarovan magnitur velebSi.
32.9. diamagnetizmi
Cven jer ar SegviZlia diamagnetizmis kvanturi fizikiT axsnis ganxilva, magram SegviZlia
moviyvanoT klasikuri axsna nax.32.11-sa da 32.12-Si naCvenebi xviis modeliT. dasawyisisTvis
davuSvaT, rom diamagnituri masalis yovel atomis eleqtrons orbitaze moZraoba SeuZlia an
mxolod saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT (rogorc nax. 32.12d-Si), an sawinaaRmdegod (nax.
32.9. diamagnetizmi 1117
moqmedebiT atoms mieniWa jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti, romelic qvemoTaa mimarTuli.
igive moxdeboda, magnituri veli erTgvarovani rom yofiliyo.
atomze moqmedebs g velis araeTgvarovnebac. vinaidan i deni (nax. 32.12b) izrdeba,
zemoTmimarTuli dF magnituri Zalebi (nax. 32-12g) aseve izrdeba, iseve rogorc zemoTmimarTuli
jamuri Zala denis xviaze. amgvarad, g araerTgvarovani velis amoqmedebiT atomze vimoqmedeT
jamuri ZaliT; amasTan, es Zala ufro didi magnituri velis aridan gareTaa mimarTuli.
Cveni msjeloba eleqtronis warmosaxviT orbitas Seexeboda (denis xvia), magram igi davamTavreT
swored imiT, rac diamagnitur masalas emarTeba: magnituri velis Seqmnisas (nax. 32.12), amgvari
masala warmoqmnis qvemoTmimarTul magnitur dipolur moments da ganicdis zemoTmimarTuli
Zalis zemoqmedebas. veli mocilebisas, qreba dipoluri momentic da Zalac. aucilebeli araa, rom
gareSe veli moTavsebuli iyos iseve, rogorc nax. 32.12-zea; analogiuri msjeloba samarTliania
g-s sxva orientaciebisTvisac.
nax. 32.13-Si aRbeWdili bayayi, rogorc yvela cxoveli, diamagnetikia. rodesac bayayi Caayenes
1118 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
ganSlad magnitur velSi, vertikaluri denis gamtari solenoidis zeda bolosTan axlos, bayayis
yvela atomi solenoidis zemoT, ufro didi magnituri velidan ufro mcirisaken, ganizida. bayayi
moZraobda ufro da ufro susti magnituri velisaken manam, sanam zemoT mimarTulma magniturma
Zalam ar gaawonaswora masze moqmedi gravitaciuli Zala, da Semdeg bayayi haerSi Camoekida.
sakmarisad didi solenoidi rom agvego, aseve SevZlebdiT adamianis haerSi levitaciasac
adamianis diamagnetizmis gamo.
32.10. paramagnetizmi
paramagnitur masalebSi yovel atomSi eleqtronebis spini da orbitalur magnituri dipoluri
momentebi erTmaneTs ki ar abaTilebs, aramed veqtorulad ikribeba da atoms jamur (da mudmiv)
magnitur dipolur moments sZens. gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis dros, es atomuri
dipoluri momentebi SemTxveviTaa orientirebuli da masalis jamuri magnituri dipoluri
momenti nulis tolia. rodesac masala Tavsdeba gare magnitur B velSi, magnituri dipoluri
momentebi velTan `mwyobrSi~ dgeba (iRebs velis mimarTulebis), rac masalas jamur magnitur
dipolur moments sZens. gareSe velTan aseTi Sewyoba sapirispiroa imisa, rac diamagnitebTan
vnaxeT.
ufro mcire magnituri velis mqone aredan ufro didi magnituri velis mqone arisaken.
amgvarad, atomebs Soris Sejaxebebis dros energiis gadacemas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad moSalos
atomuri dipoluri momentebis mwyobri, rac masalis magnitur dipolur moments Nμ-ze
gacilebiT naklebs gaxdis.
Cven SegviZlia gamovsaxoT mocemuli masalis damagnitebis sidide masalis magnitur dipolur
momentsa da mis V moculobas Soris Sefardebis monaxviT. es veqtoruli sidide _ magnituri
dipoluri momenti moculobis erTeulze aris masalis magnetizacia ( damagnitebis
veqtori) da misi sididea
gazomili magnituri momenti
M= (32.38)
V
-is erTeulia amperi·m2/m3 anu a/m. atomuri dipoluri momentebis sruli Sewyoba, romelsac
masalis gajereba ewodeba, Seesabameba maqsimalur mniSvnelobas Mmax = Nμ / V.
1895 wels, pier kiurim cdebis saSualebiT aRmoaCina, rom paramagnituri masalis damagnitebis
veqtoris sidide pirdapirproporciulia gare magnituri velis g sididisa da uku
proporciulia T temperaturisa kelvinebSi:
g
M = C (32.39)
T
gantoleba 32-39 cnobilia, rogorc kiuris kanoni da C-s kiuris mudmiva ewodeba. kiuris kanoni
marTldeba imiT, rom mzardi g veli masalaSi atomebis magnitur dipolur momentebs gare
velis mimarTulebiT alagebs da amrigad zrdis M-s, xolo T-s zrda Slis am mwyobrs siTburi
moZraobisas energiis danakargis gamo da M-s amcirebs. sinamdvileSi ki es kanoni mxolod
miaxloebiTia, romelic moqmedebs maSin, rodesac Bg/T Sefardeba ar aris Zalian didi.
nax.32-14-ze naCvenebia M/Mmax-is fardoba, rogorc Bg/T-s funqcia kaliumis qromosulfatis
marilis nimuSisaTvis, sadac qromis ionebi paramagnituri nivTierebebia. am grafiks
magnetizaciis mrudi ewodeba. kiuris kanonis swori xazi Seesabameba marcxniv mocemul
eqsperimentul monacemebs, rodesac Bg /T naklebia 0,5 T/K-ze. mrudi, romelic monacemTa
yvela wertils esadageba, kvantur fizikas efuZneba. marjvena mxares mocemuli monacemebi,
najerobasTan axlos myofi, Zneli misaRebia, vinaidan Zalian dabal temperaturebzec ki Zalian
Zlieri magnituri velebia saWiro (dedamiwis velze daaxloebiT 100 000-jer meti).
32.11. feromagnetizmi
rodesac Cven, yoveldRiur saubarSi, magnetizmze vlaparakobT, Tvalwin, TiTqmis yovelTvis,
Rerovani an mrgvali magnitis (romelic, albaT, macivris korpuszea mimagrebuli) suraTi
warmogvidgeba, anu Cven warmovidgenT feromagnitur
masalas, romelsac Zlieri da mudmivi magnetizmi aqvs
da ara diamagnitur an paramagnitur masalas, romelsac
susti da droebiTi magnetizmi gaaCnia.
rkina, kobalti, nikeli, gadoliniumi, disproziumi
da am elementebis Semcveli Senadnobebi amJRavneben
feromagnitizms kvanturi fizikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTi efeqtis gamo, romelsac gacvlis dawyvileba ewodeba
da romlis drosac erTi atomis eleqtronis spinebi
mezobeli atomebis eleqtronis spinebis paralelurad
aris mimarTuli. Sedegad xdeba atomebis magnituri
dipoluri momentebis gamwkriveba, miuxedavad atomebis
siTburi SereviT gamowveuli Sejaxebebis Sedegad nax. 32.15. roulandis wiri. pirvelad
warmoqmnili alalbeduri tendenciisa. swored es myari P koWas Sesaswavli feromagnituri
masalisagan (aq: rkinisagan) Semdgari
gamwkriveba aniWebs feromagnitur masalebs mudmiv gulari aqvs. gulari damagnitebulia
magnetizms. P koWaSi gamavali ip deniT. (koWas xviebi
Tu feromagnituri masalebis temperatura garkveul wertilebiTaa warmodgenili) gularis
magnetizaciis done gansazRvravs P
kritikul sidideze (romelsac kiuris temperatura koWaSi arsebul mTlian magnitur
ewodeba) maRla avida, maSin gacvlis dawyvileba efeqturi vels. velis gazomva SesaZlebelia
aRaraa. aseTi masalebis umravlesoba Semdeg, ubralod, meoradi S koWas saSualebiT.
32.11. feromagnetizmi 1121
paramagnitad gadaiqceva anu, dipolebs jer kidev aqvT
gare velis mimarTulebiT gamwkrivebis midrekileba,
magram bevrad susti da siTbur moZraobas ufro
advilad SeuZlia am mwyobris daSla. rkinisaTvis, kiuris
temperatura 1043 K-s (= 770° C) udris.
feromagnituri masalis (mag. rkinis) magnetizaciis
Seswavla SeiZleba mowyobilobiT, romelsac roulandis
wiri ewodeba (nax. 32-15). masala gularis saxiT
ganlagebulia wriuli kveTis SuagulSi. pirveladi
koWa P, romelsac sigrZis erT erTeulze n xvia gaaCnia, nax. 32.16. nax. 32.15-Si, roulandis
Semoxveulia gularis garSemo da ip dens atarebs. (koWa wirSi moTavsebuli feromagnituri
sinamdvileSi grZeli solenoidia, romelic toroidis gularis magnetizaciis mrudi. verti
kalur RerZze, 1,0 Seesabameba masalaSi
msgavsad wriuladaa moxrili.) rkinis gulari rom ara, atomuri dipoluri momentebis maqsi
koWis SigniT magnituri velis sidide 29-23 gantolebidan malur mowesrigebas.
gamomdinare, iqneboda:
B0 = μ0 ip n (32.40)
B = B0 + BM , (32.41)
sadac BM aris rkinis gularis damagnitebiT aRZruli magnituri veli. es veli gamowveulia
gacvlis dawyvilebis gamo gare magnituri velis mimarTulebiT atomuri dipoluri momentebis
ganlagebiT, emateba modebul magnitur 0
vels da rkinis M magnetizaciis proporciulia.
anu, BM-is sidide rkinis moculobis erTeulSi magnituri dipoluri momentis sididis pro
porciulia. BM-is dasadgenad jer viyenebT meorad koWas (S) B-s gasazomad, Semdeg gantoleba
32.40-iT gamovTvliT B0-s da 32.41 gantolebidan gamovTvliT BM-s.
nax. 32.16-ze naCvenebia roulandis wirSi moTavsebuli feromagnituri masalis magnetizaciis
mrudi: es aris BM / BM,max Sefardebis damokidebulebis mrudi, sadac BM,max BM-is udidesi SesaZlo
mniSvnelobaa, romelic najerobas Seesabameba. es mrudi nax. 32.14-Si mocemul, paramagnituri
nivTierebis magnetizaciis mruds hgavs: orive mrudi aCvenebs Tu ra donemde SeuZlia modebul
magnitur vels masalis dipoluri momentebis erTi mimarTulebiT Semobruneba.
feromagnituri gularisTvis, rogorc es nax. 32.16-ze Cans, dipoluri momentebis erTi mimar
TulebiT ganlageba maqsimaluris, daaxloebiT, 70%-ia, vinaidan B0 ≈ 1×10–3 T. B0 rom 1 T-mde
gagvezarda, ganlageba TiTqmis sruli iqneboda (magram B0 = 1 t anu TiTqmis sruli gajerebis
miReba Zalian Znelia).
magnituri domenebi
feromagnitur masalebSi, kiuris temperaturis qvemoT, mezobeli atomebis spinebisaTvis
energetikulad xelsayrelia erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad ganlageba. maSin ratom araa
masala bunebrivad gajerebuli modebul gare velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi? sxvanairad, ratom
araa rkinis yvela nagleji, rogoricaa mag. rkinis lursmani, bunebrivad Zlieri magniti?
amis gasagebad, warmovidginoT rkinisnairi masalis nimuSi, romelsac calkeuli kristalis
forma aqvs; anu, mis Semadgenel atomTa ganlageba – kristaluri meseri, ucvleli siTanabriTaa
gadaWimuli nimuSis mTel moculobaze. aseTi kristali, normalur mdgomareobaSi, Semdgari
iqneba ramdenime magnituri domenisagan. es kristalis is ubnebia, sadac atomuri dipolebis wyoba
1122 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
histerezisi
gareSe B0 magnituri velis gazrdisa da Semdeg Semcirebisas, feromagnituri masalebis
magnetizaciis mrudebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. nax. 32-19-ze naCvenebia BM-is B0-ze
damokidebulebis grafiki roulandis wirze Semdegi operaciebis Catarebisas: (1) viwyebT
daumagnitebeli rkiniT (a wertili), vzrdiT dens toroidSi, sanam B0 (= μ0in) ar miaRwevs b
wertilis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas; (2) toroidis gragnilSi dens (da amdenad B0-s) isev vamcirebT
nulamde (c wertili); (3) SevabrunebT toroidis dens da vzrdiT dens, sanam B0-is sidide d
wertilis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas ar miaRwevs; (4) dens isev nulamde vamcirebT (e wertili); (5)
isev SevabrunebT dens, sanam kvlav ar mivaRwevT b wertils.
mrudebis ardamTxvevis movlenas (nax. 32-19) histerezisi
ewodeba, bcdeb mruds ki – histerezisis maryuJi. rogorc
xedavT, c da e wertilebSi rkinis gulari damagnitebulia
miuxedavad imisa, rom toroidis gragnilebSi deni ar aris;
es permanentuli magnetizmis Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
histerezisis movlenis axsnaSi magnituri domenebis cneba
dagvexmareba. cxadia, domenis sazRvrebis moZraobebi da
domenis mimarTulebis reorientacia ar aris Seqcevadi.
roca magnituri veli B0-jer gaizrdeba, Semdeg ki
pirvandel sididemde Semcirdeba, domenebi srulad ki
nax. 32.19. feromagnituri nimuSis
ubrundebian TavianT sawyis konfiguracias, aramed TiTqos magnetizaciis mrude (ab) da Sesabamisi
“imaxsovreben” im orientacias, romelic velis gazrdis histerezisis maryuJi (bcdeb).
1124 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
Sedegad miiRes. magnituri masalebis mexsierebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis magnituri
SenaxvisaTvis, magaliTad, magnitur lentebze an diskebze.
domenebis mimarTulebis damaxsovreba SeiZleba bunebrivi movlenebis Sedegadac moxdes.
magaliTad, elvis mier dedamiwis kldovan bilikebze aRZruli denebi warmoqmnin intensiur
magnitur velebs, romlebmac SeiZleba uecrad daamagniton axlomaxlo mdebare kldeebis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli feromagnituri masalebi. histerezisis Sedegad, amgvari kldovani
masala elvis Semdegac (anu denebis gaqrobis Semdegac) inarCunebs damagnitebis garkveul dones,
misi Camotexvisa Tu bunebrivad CamoSlis Sedegad miRebuli nawilebi ki magnitebs warmoadgens.
meore mTavari mosazreba ki isaa, rom isris amoxsna: aq erTi mTavari mosazreba gaxlavT
atomTa sruli raodenoba N SeiZleba vipovoT is, rom kompasis isari warmoadgens magnits
isris masidan: magnituri dipoluri momentiT , romelic
isris masa isris gaswvriv, misi samxreTi polusidan
N= rkinis atomuri masa
. (32.43)
CrdiloeT polusiskenaa mimarTuli.
F danarTSi mocemuli araa rkinis atomuri meore mTavari mosazreba ki isaa, rom roca
masa, magram miTiTebulia moluri masa. amitom, horizontalur mdgomareobaSi myofi
vwerT: isari wonasworobis mdgomareobidan
rkinis moluri masa
rkinis atomuri masa = (32.44) gamodis, dedamiwis magnituri veli
avogadros ricxvi NA
isarze mabrunebeli momentiT zemoqmedebs
maSin, gantoleba 32.43 iRebs saxes:
mNA isris brunvis RerZis garSemo. vinaidan
N= (32.45)
M isars mxolod horizontalurad moZraoba
isris masa tolia misi simkvrivisa da mocu SeuZlia, amitom mxolod dedamiwis velis
lobis namravlisa. moculoba tolia 1,5×10 m –8 3; horizontaluri mdgeneli Bh iwvevs mbrunav
ase, rom efeqts, romelic isars ukan, wonosworobis
isris masa m = (isris simkvrive)(isris moculoba) mdebareobaSi abrunebs. 28-36 gantolebidan
= (7900kg/m )(1,5×10 m ) =
3 –8 3 (τ = μB sin θ), es mabrunebeli momenti SeiZleba
= 1,185×10–4 kg. Semdegnairad CavweroT:
32.11. feromagnetizmi 1125
τ = – μBh sin θ,
sadac “minus” niSani migvaniSnebs, rom τ ewinaaR
(32.46)
1
Bh = μ ( )2� 2
T
, (32.48)
mdegeba θ kuTxur gadaadgilebas. radganac sadac I isris brunviTi inerciaa. Tu isars
Semobrunebis kuTxe mcirea, SegviZlia CavTva erTgvarovan wvril Rerod CavTvliT, 10–2e
loT, rom sin θ = θ. amitom, N cxrilis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:
mimoxilva da Sejameba
zedapirze mocemulia velis daxrilobiTa sadac mℓ=0, ±1, ±2, . . ., ±(zRvari), (32.29)
(kuTxe geografiuli CrdiloeTidan marcxniv
amrigad, orbitaluri kuTxuri momentis si
an marjvniv) da velis gadaxriT (kuTxe
dide udris:
horizontalidan zemoT an qvemoT). h
orb,z
= – mℓ 4πm = – mℓ μB (32.30, 32.31)
spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti.
eleqtrons gaaCnia Sinagani kuTxuri momenti, gare magnitur g velSi orbitalur magni
romelsac brunvis kuTxuri momenti (an spini) tur dipolur momentTan dakavSirebuli
ewodeba da romelTanac dakavSirebulia potenciuri energia U udris:
Sinagani spinis magnituri dipoluri momenti U=– orb
· g = –μorb,z Bg , (32.32)
:
diamagnetizmi. diamagnituri masalebi ar
e
= – m . (32.22) gamoxataven magnetizms, sanam ar moTavsdebian
TviTon spinis gazomva SeuZlebelia, magram gare magnitur g velSi. Semdeg isini iZenen
SesaZlebelia misi nebismieri komponentis -is
g sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul magnitur
gazomva. Tu davuSvebT, rom vzomavT koor dipolur moments. Tu veli araerTgvarovania,
dinatTa sistemis z RerZis gaswvriv, maSin diamagnituri masala ganizideba ufro didi
komponent Sz-s mxolod gantoleba 32-23-iT magnituri velis mqone ubnebidan. am Tvisebas
mocemuli mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba hqondes. diamagnetizmi ewodeba.
h paramagnetizmi. paramagnitur masalaSi
Sz = ms 2� , ms = ± 12 , (32.23)
yvela atoms gaaCnia mudmivi magnituri
sadac h (=6,63×10–34) j·wm plankis mudmivaa. dipoluri momenti , magram dipoluri
amis msgavsad, TviTon eleqtronis spinis momentebis orientacia SemTxveviTia da
magnituri dipoluri momentis gamoTvla masalas, mTlianobaSi, magnituri veli ar
SeuZlebelia, magram misi komponentis gamo aqvs, xolo gareSe magnitur vels SeuZlia
g
Tvla – SesaZlebeli. z RerZis gaswvriv, kompo nawilobriv daamwkrivos atomuri dipoluri
nenti udris: momentebi da masalas Bg-saken mimarTuli
eh
μs,z = ± 4�m = ± μB , (32.24, 32.26) jamuri magnituri dipoluri momenti misces.
sadac μB boris magnetonia: Tu g-i araerTgvarovania, masala ufro didi
magnituri velis mqone ubnebisaken miizideba.
eh
μB = ± 4�m = 9,27×10–24 j/t , (32.25) am Tvisebas paramagnetizmi ewodebaT.
gare velSi spinis magnituri dipoluri atomuri dipoluri momentebis wyoba
g
SekiTxvebi
gaxda), man unda miiRos Tu dakargos energia? 9. SevcvaloT kiTxva 7-Si da nax. 32.25-Si
6. nax. 32-24a-ze naCvenebia urTierT mocemuli deniani konturebi paramagnituri
luri energiis grafikis, rogorc g sididis 10. nax. 32.26-ze warmodgenilia sami sworkuTxa
funqciis sami varianti. b) da g) variantebi feromagnituri masalis nimuSi, sadac
urTierTgadamkveT wrfeebs warmoadgens, domenebis magnituri dipolebi furclis
a) varianti paralelur wrfeebs. romeli gareT mimarTul Zalian Zlier B0-velSia
(simbolo ) TiToeul nimuSSi, kunZulovan
domens furclis SigniT mimarTuli magni
turi veli gaaCnia (simbolo ). nimuSi 1
wminda kristalia. danarCeni nimuSebi Seicavs
usufTaobas xazebis garSemo; domenebi
advilad ver vrceldeba aseT xazebze.
(a) (b) modebuli veli Semobrundeba da misi sidide
mokrZalebulia. es cvlileba kunZulovani
variantia swori? domenis gazrdas iwvevs. a) daaxarisxeT es
sur. 32.24. SekiTxva 6. samive nimuSi am zrdaSi warmatebis mixedviT,
7. nax.32.25-ze naCvenebia magnitur vel udidesidan umciresisaken. feromagnitur
Si, orbitaze saaTis isris moZraobis sawi masalebs, romelSic magnituri dipolebi
naaRmdegod moZravi eleqtronis sami modeli. advilad icvleba, magniturad rbili ewodeba:
model 1-sa da 2-Si velebi araerTgvarovania, rodesac cvlilebis gamowveva Znelia da
3-Si – erTgvarovani. TiToeul modelSi, aris amisaTvis Zlieri magnituri velis modebaa
Tu ara a) konturis magnituri dipoluri saWiro, aseT masalebs magniturad mtkice
momenti da b) konturze moqmedi magnituri ewodeba. b) am sami nimuSidan romelia
Zala mimarTuli zemoT, qvemoT an nulis magniturad yvelaze mtkice?
8. SevcvaloT kiTxva 7-Si da nax. 32.25-Si 11. Semcirdeba, gaizrdeba Tu darCeba igive
mocemuli deniani konturebi diamagnituri nax.32.12 a-sa da b-ze gamosaxuli denian
sferoebiT. TiToeul velSi aris Tu ara konturze moqmedi jamuri Zalis sidide,
a) sferos magnituri dipoluri momenti da Tu gavzrdiT a) g-s sidides da b) g-is
amocanebi
radiusiani da L sigrZis wriuli cilindris
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions
Manual-Si.
RerZi z RerZze, or sadens Sua, Tanabar
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze manZilze mdebareobs. gamoiyeneT gausis
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday gantoleba magnetizmisTvis x RerZis zemoT
ILW Interactive LearningWare amoxsnebi moce-
mdebare cilindruli zedapiris naxevris
mulia veb-gverdze http://www.wiley.
com/college/halliday. gamWoli jamuri, gareT mimarTuli magnituri
• – ••• wertilebis raodenoba gviCvenebs nakadis gamosaxulebis misaRebad. (miniSneba:
amocanis sirTules
ipoveT cilindris SigniT mdebare xz sibrtyis
nawilis gamWoli nakadi)
paragrafi 32-2. gausis kanoni magnituri
velebisaTvis
•1. nax.32-27-ze gamosa
xulia Caketili zeda
piri. zemo brtyeli
zedapiris gaswvriv, ro
mlis radiusi 2 sm-ia,
sur. 32.28. amocana 4.
0,3 t sididis marTo
buli magnituri veli sur. 32.27. amocana 1.
paragrafi 32-3 aRZruli magnituri
mimarTulia gareT. velebi
brtyeli qveda zedapiris gaswvriv, 0,70 mvb •5. wriuli, paralelurfirfitebiani konden
sididis magnituri nakadi mimarTulia gareT. satoris centraluri RerZidan 6 mm radialur
ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa magnituri manZilze daSorebuli aRZruli magnituri
nakadi zedapiris mrud nawilSi? veli 2,0×10–7t sididisaa. firfitebis radiusi
•2. kamaTlis xuTi waxnagis gamWoli magnituri 3 mm-ia. ra d /dt siCqariT icvleba eleqtruli
nakadi mocemulia ΦB = ±N vb gantolebiT, sadac veli firfitebs Soris? SSM
N (=1-dan 5-mde) aris waxnagze wertilebis ••6. paralelurfirfitebiani kondensatori
raodenoba. nakadi dadebiTia (gareT mimar wriuli 40mm radiusiani firfitebiT ganimux
Tuli) N-is luwi mniSvnelobisaTvis da uar teba 6 A sididis deniT. kondensatoris fir
yofiTia (SigniT mimarTuli) N-is kenti mniS fitaTSorisi sivrcis a) SigniT da b) gareT,
vnelobisaTvis. rogoria kamaTlis meeqvse wax ra radiusze aRwevs aRZruli magnituri velis
nagis gamWoli nakadi? sidide Tavisi maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis 75%-
••3. sarqvelebiani marjvena wriuli cilin s? g) ras udris maqsimaluri mniSvneloba?
dris formis gausis zedapiris radiusi 12 sm ••7. davuSvaT, rom paralelurfirfitebian
da sigrZe 80 sm-ia. erT boloSi gadis 25 mkvb kondensators aqvs wriuli firfitebi R = 30mm
sididis SigniT mimarTuli magnituri nakadi. radiusiT da 5mm daSorebiT. aseve davuSvaT,
meore bolosTan arsebobs 1.60 mt zedapiris rom firfitebze modebulia sinusoiduri
mimarT normaluri, gareT mimarTuli, potencialTa sxvaoba 150 v maqsimaluri mniS
erTgvarovani magnituri veli. ra a) sididis da vnelobiT da 60 hc sixSiriT. anu:
b) mimarTulebisaa (SigniT an gareT mimarTuli) V = (150 v) sin{2π(60 hc)t}.
jamuri magnituri nakadi zedapiris mrud (a) ipoveT Bmax(R), maqsimaluri mniSvneloba
nawilSi? aRZruli magnituri velisa, romelic r = R
•••4. z RerZis paraleluri da erTmaneTisagan SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. (b) SeadgineT Bmax (r)-is
4r-Ti daSorebuli ori sadenSi urTierT grafiki 0 < r < 10 sm-saTvis.
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadis Tanabari ••8. erTgvarovani eleqtruli nakadi. nax. 32-
i deni, rogorc nax.32.28-Sia gamosaxuli. r 29-ze naCvenebia R = 3 sm-iani wriuli ubani,
1130 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
rom eleqtronis orbituli moZraobis mier nikelis calkeuli atomis magnituri dipo
gamowveuli magnituri dipoluri momentis luri momenti. (nikelis simkvrive 8,9 g/sm3,
••46. 6 sm sigrZis, 3 mm radiusisa da (erT miwis magnetizmis wyaro, gamoiricxa ramde
gvarovani) 2,70×103 a/m magnetizaciis nime mizezis gamo. magaliTad, iq temperatura
mqone magnitur Reros SeuZlia Tavisi kiuris temperaturas aSkarad aRemateba.)
centris garSemo kompasis isariviT mo
damatebiTi amocanebi
Zraoba. igi moTavsebulia 35 mt sididis
50. L gverdis sigrZis
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ise, rom
mqone kvadratulfir
misi dipolis mimarTuleba magnituri velis
fitebiani kondensato
mimarTulebasTan 68°-ian kuTxes qmnis. (a) ras
ri ganimuxteba0,75 a
udris -s gamo warmoqmnili, Reroze moqmedi
sididis deniT. nax. 32-
Zalis momenti? risi toli iqneba Reros
38-ze naCvenebia erT-
magnituri potenciuri energiis cvlileba, sur. 32.38. amocana 50.
erT firfitis xedi
Tu kuTxe 34°-ad Seicvleba?
kondensatoris Signidan. naCvenebia wyvetili
••47. roulandis wiri warmoqmnilia fero
marTkuTxa wiri. Tu L = 12 sm-s, W = 4 sm-s, da
magnituri masaliT. ganivkveTSi igi wriulia,
H = 2 sm-s, ras udris ·d wyvetili wiris
misi Sida radiusi 5 sm-s, xolo gareTa radiusi
garSemo?
6 sm-s udris da Semoxveulia sadenze 400
xviiT. (a) ra sididis denma unda gaiaros am
51. ori firfita (iseve, rogorc nax.32.7-
Si) ganimuxteba mudmivi deniT. TiToeuli
xviebSi, rom miviRoT B0 = 0,20 mt toroiduli
firfitis radiusi 4 sm-ia. ganmuxtvis dros,
veli? (toroidis garSemo Semoxveul meorad
koWas aqvs 50 xvia da 8 omi winaRoba. Tuki B0- firfitebs Soris wertilSi, centraluri
sididis muxti gadis meorad koWaSi, rodesac veli 12,5 nt sididisaa. a) ras udris magnituri
dadebiTi mimarTulebisaa. ras udris μorb,z-is cvlileba. a) ras udris wredSi i denis
rodesac misi sidide 100 a-ia, is 2000 a/wm B sididis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.
siCqariT icvleba. (a) ras udris sadenis 62. wriuli firfitebis mqone paralelur
SigniT (erTgvarovani) magnituri velis firfitebiani kondensatori imuxteba. war
sidide, rodesac sadenSi gamavali deni 100 a- moidgineT xvia, romelic firfitebs Sorisaa
s tolia? (b) ras udris am dros wanacvlebis moTavsebuli da misi centri centralur
deni sadenSi? (g) ras udris Sefardeba RerZzea moTavsebuli. Tu xviis 3 sm radiusi
wanacvlebis denis gamo warmoqmnil magnitur aRemateba firfitis radiuss, risi tolia
firfitebSi gamavali wanacvlebis deni,
velsa da sadenidan r manZilze gamavali denis
rodesac xviis gaswvriv arsebuli magnituri
gamo warmoqmnil vels Soris?
veli 2 mkt sididisaa?
1136 Tavi 32 maqsvelis gantolebebi; materiis magnetizmi
mentis μs,z komponenti 1,4×10–26 j/t-ia. b) ga xolo fraqcia, romlis dipoluri momenti
1138
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela 1139
maqsvelis epoqaSi (XIX saukune) eleqtromagnituri talRebidan mxolod sinaTlis xiluli,
infrawiTeli da ultraiisferi saxeobebi iyo cnobili. maqsvelis naSromebiT STagonebulma
hainrix hercma radiotalRebi aRmoaCina da daamtkica, rom radiotalRa xiluli sinaTlis
siCqariT moZraobs.
rogorc 33.1 suraTze Cans, dRes CvenTvis cnobilia eleqtromagnituri talRebis anu maqsvelis
cisartyelis farTo speqtri. adamiani mudmivad garSemortymulia am speqtrSi Semavali
sxvadasxva eleqtromagnituri talRebiT. mze, romlis gamosxiveba adamianis evoluciisa
da ganviTarebisTvis saWiro garemos qmnis, talRebis yvelaze Zlieri wyaroa. Cvenze aseve
moqmedebs radio da satelevizio signalebi, radaruli sistemebidan da telefonis sareleo
sistemebidan momavali mikrotalRebi. eleqtromagnituri talRebi naTuridan, avtomobilis
gaxurebuli Zravidan, rentgenis aparatidan, fotoaparatis elva-naTebidan da damarxuli
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidanac modis. garda amisa, Cvenamde aRwevs Cveni Tu sxva galaqtikebis
varskvlavebidan da sxva ciuri sxeulebidan wamosuli gamosxivebac. eleqtromagnituri
talRebi sapirispiro mimarTulebebiTac moZraobs. 1950 wlidan moyolebuli, dedamiwidan
gadacemuli satelevizio signalebiT Cvens Sesaxeb informacia uaxloesi 400-mde varskvlavis
dasaxlebuli planetebis macxovreblebamde aRwevs, Tu, ra Tqma unda, aseTi planetebi arsebobs
da teqnikuradac sakmarisadaa ganviTarebuli.
33.1 suraTze naCveneb talRis sigrZeebis (da sixSireebis) skalaze TiToeuli danayofi talRis
sigrZisa da sixSiris cvlilebas asaxavs. skala usazRvroa. eleqtromagnituri talRebis sigrZes
zeda an qveda zRvari ara aqvs.
33.1 suraTze eleqtromagnituri speqtris garkveul monakveTebs saxelebi aqvs miniWebuli,
magaliTad, rentgenis sxivebi an radiotalRebi. es saxelebi eleqtromagnituri talRebis
sxvadasxva saxis wyaroebsa da mimRebebSi gamoyenebuli talRebis sigrZeebis diapazonebs
asaxavs. 33.1 suraTis sxva monakveTebi, magaliTad, satelevizio arxebi da AM radio, garkveuli
komerciuli an sxva miznebisTvis kanoniT gamoyofili talRis sigrZeebs Seesabameba.
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi carieli intervalebi ar arsebobs. yvela eleqtromagnituri talRa,
speqtris romel nawilsac ar unda ekuTvnodes, Ria sivrceSi (vakuumSi) erTnairi c siCqariT
moZraobs.
xiluli speqtri
sixSire (hc)
FM radio satelevizio
arxebi sazRvao, saaviacio,
sazRvao da saaviacio sayofacxovrebo
sazRvao da saaviacio AM aparatura da aparatura da
aparatura radio radiomimRebebi radiomimRebebi
sixSire (hc)
mgrZnobeloba
asaxavs. xiluli monakveTis centri daaxloebiT 555 nm-ia
da yviTel-mwvane ferebs Seesabameba.
xiluli speqtris sazRvrebi kargad ar aris gansazRvruli,
vinaidan Tvalis mgrZnobelobis grafiki nulovani
mgrZnobelobis xazs mcire da didi sigrZis talRebis
SemTxvevaSi asimptoturad uaxlovdeba. Tu am sazRvrebad talRis sigrZe (nm)
iseTi sigrZis talRebs miviCnevT, rodesac Tvalis
sur. 33.2. adamianis Tvalis mgrZno
mgrZnobeloba maqsimaluridan 1%-iT mcirdeba, maSin es beloba sxvadasxva sigrZis eleqtro
sazRvrebi iqneba 430 da 690 nm. miuxedavad amisa, Tvals magnituri talRebisadmi. eleqtro
magnituri speqtris nawils, romelzec
am sazRvrebs miRma myofi eleqtromagnituri talRebis
Tvali reagirebs, xiluli sinaTle
aRmoCenac SeuZlia, Tu isini sakmarisad intensiuria. ewodeba.
moZravi talRa
transformatori
energiis
wyaro Soreuli
gadamcemi wertili
xazi
LC eleqtruli
oscilatori vibratoruli
antena
vnaxavT agreTve imasac, rom c talRis siCqare da eleqtruli da magnituri velebis amplitudebi
erTmaneTs Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdebia:
Em
=c (amplitudebis Sefardeba) (33.4)
Bm
Tu 33.1 formulas 33.2 formulaze gavyofT da Semdeg 33.4 formulas CavsvamT, miviRebT,
rom velebis mniSvnelobebi nebismier momentSi da nebismier wertilSi Semdegi formuliT
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs:
E
= c (sidideebis Sefardeba) (33.5)
B
rogorc 33.5a suraTzea naCvenebi, eleqtromagnituri talRis gamoxatva SegviZlia isriT
(talRis moZraobis mimarTulebis amsaxveli xazi), talRis frontiT (warmosaxviTi zedapirebi,
romlebzec talRis eleqtruli velis sidideebi erTnairia) an oriveTi erTad. 33.5a suraTze
naCvenebi ori talRuri fronti erTi talRis sigrZiTaa λ(=2π/k) gancalkevebuli (daaxloebiT
erTi mimarTulebiT moZravi talRebi qmnian sxivs, magaliTad lazerul sxivs).
talRis warmodgena 33.5b suraTis mixedviTac SeiZleba, romelzec naCvenebia talRis eleqtruli
da magnituri velis veqtorebi garkveul momentSi. veqtorebis boloebze gamavali grafikebi 33.1
da 33.2 formulebiT warmodgenil sinusoidur rxevebs asaxavs. E da B talRis komponentebi
erT fazaSia da, amasTan, talRis moZraobis mimarTulebisa da erTimeoris perpendikularulia.
33.5b suraTis interpretacia garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs. mocemul momentSi eleqtrul
da magnitur velebs x RerZis gaswvriv TiToeul wertilSi garkveuli sidide da mimarTuleba
(yovelTvis x RerZis perpendikularuli) aqvs. am veqtoruli sidideebis warmosadgenad
TiToeuli wertilisTvis isarTa wyvils virCevT da amitom sxvadasxva wertilebisTvis x
RerZidan moSorebiT mimarTuli sxvadasxva sigrZis isrebi ise unda davxazoT, rogorc eklebi
vardis Reroze. es isrebi asaxavs velebis mniSvnelobebs mxolod x RerZis garkveul wertilze.
talRis
fronti sxivi
a)
b)
eleqtruli magnituri
komponenti komponenti
sur. 33.5 a) ori talRuri frontiT da isriT warmodgenili eleqtromagnituri talRa. talRuri frontebi λ
talRis sigrZiTaa gancalkevebuli. b) x RerZis gaswvriv c siCqariT moZravi igive talRa x RerZis wertilebze
E eleqtruli veliT da B magnituri veliTaa warmodgenili. rogorc 33.4 suraTzea naCvenebi, P wertilis
gavliT moZraobisas velebi icvleba. talRis eleqtruli komponenti mxolod eleqtruli velebisgan Sedgeba,
xolo magnituri komponenti – mxolod magnituri velebisgan. 33.6 suraTze P wertilis garSemo daStrixuli
marTkuTxedia naCvenebi.
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa. raodenobrivi aRwera 1143
arc isrebi da arc sinusoiduri grafikebi ar asaxavs raime moZraobas, iseve, rogorc x RerZze
mdebare wertilebis sxva wertilebTan damakavSirebeli isrebi.
33.5 suraTi metad CaxlarTuli situaciis danaxvaSi gvexmareba. Tavdapirvelad magnituri
veli ganvixiloT. vinaidan magnituri veli sinusoidurad icvleba, is (faradeis induqciis
kanonis Tanaxmad) aseve sinusoidurad cvlad perpendikularul eleqtrul vels warmoqmnis.
garda amisa, vinaidan eleqtruli veli sinusoidurad cvladia, isic (maqsvelis induqciis
kanonis Tanaxmad) sinusoidurad cvlad perpendikularul magnitur vels warmoqmnis da a.S.
ori veli induqciis Sedegad mudmivad erTmaneTs warmoqmnis da miRebuli velis sinusoiduri
cvalebadoba eleqtromagnituri talRebis moZraobas iwvevs. am gansacvifrebeli movlenis
gareSe adamiani verafers dainaxavda. ufro metic, vinaidan mzidan momavali eleqtromagnituri
talRebi dedamiwis temperaturis SesanarCuneblad gvWirdeba, amitom am movlenis gareSe verc
ki viarsebebdiT.
c = 299792458 m/wm,
rac standartad SeiZleba miviCnioT. roca sinaTlis impulsis erTi wertilidan meoremde
gadaadgilebis dros vzomavT, amiT sinaTlis siCqares ki ara, am or wertils Soris manZils
vzomavT.
kEm cos(kx – ωt) = ωBmcos(kx – ωt) (33.12)
ω/k ganayofi moZravi talRis siCqarea, romelsac c-s vuwodebT. 33.12 formula gardaiqmneba
Semdegnairad:
Em
= c (amplitudebis ganayofi) (33.12)
Bm
rac igivea, rac 33.4 formula.
ФE = (E)(h dx), (33.16)
sadac E aris marTkuTxedSi E -s saSualo sidide. 33.16 formulis t-Ti diferencireba mogvcems:
dФE dE
= h dx .
dt dt
1146 Tavi 33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
–kBm cos(kx – ωt) = –µ0ε0ωEm cos(kx – ωt),
S= (
energia/dro
farTobi ) mocemul momentSi
= ( simZlavre
farTobi ) mocemul momentSi
(33.20)
vinaidan eleqtromagnitur talRaSi E da B urTierTperpendikularulia, amitom E × B
veqtoruli namravlis sidide EB-s tolia. maSin -is mniSvneloba iqnebaL
1
S= EB, (33.21)
µ0
sadac S, E da B myisi mniSvnelobebia. E-s da B-s mniSvnelobebi imdenad axlosaa erTmaneTTan,
rom CvenTvis mxolod erT-erTi maTganis mniSvnelobac sakmarisia. Cven virCevT E-s, raki
eleqtromagnituri talRebis aRmomCeni mowyobilobebis umetesoba talRis eleqtrul da ara
magnitur komponents zomavs. 33.5 formulidan B=E/c-s gamoyenebiT 33.21 formula Semdegi saxiT
Caiwereba
1 2
S= E, (energiis dinebis myisi tempi) (33.22)
cµ0
33.22 formulaSi E = Em sin(kx – ωt)-s CasmiT energiis gadacemis tempi drois funqciis saxiT
SegveZlo migveRo, Tumca garkveul droSi gadacemuli saSualo energia praqtikaSi ufro
gamosadegia. amisTvis droSi gasaSualoebuli S-is mniSvneloba (SsaS) gvWirdeba, romelsac
talRis intensivoba (I) ewodeba. maSasadame, 33.20 formulidan I intensivoba iqneba:
I = SsaS = ( energia/dro
farTobi ) (
saS
=
simZlavre
farTobi )
saS
(33.23)
2IA
F= (sruli arekvla) (33.33)
c
Tu gamosxiveba nawilobriv airekleba da nawilobriv STainTqmeba, maSin A farTobis zedapirze
moqmedi Zalis mniSvneloba IA/c-sa da 2IA/c-s Sorisaa.
gamosxivebis Sedegad sxeulis farTobis erTeulze moqmedi Zala pr gamosxivebis wnevaa. misi
gamoTvla 33.32 da 33.33 formulebis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli formulis orive mxris A-ze gayofiT
SeiZleba. miviRebT:
I
pr = (sruli STanTqma) (33.34)
c
2I
da pr = c (sruli arekvla) (33.35)
33.7 polarizacia
inglisSi Zalian maRali sixSiris (VHF) satelevizio
antenebi vertikalurad aris orientirebuli, xolo
CrdiloeT amerikaSi _ horizontalurad. amis mizezi
satelevizio signalebis matarebeli eleqtromagnituri
talRebis rxevis mimarTulebebs Soris gansxvavebaa.
(a)
inglisSi gadamcemi saSualebebi vertikalurad
polarizebul talRebs qmnian, anu eleqtruli veli
vertikalurad irxeva. maSasadame, dacemuli satelevizio
talRebis eleqtrulma velma antenaSi rom deni gaataros
(da televizors signali miawodos), antena vertikaluri
unda iyos. CrdiloeT amerikaSi talRebi horizontalurad
polarizebulia.
33.10a suraTze naCvenebia eleqtromagnituri talRa,
romlis eleqtruli veli vertikaluri y RerZis (b)
paralelurad irxeva. E veqtorebis Semcvel sibrtyes sur. 33.10. a) polarizebuli eleqtro
talRis rxevis sibrtye ewodeba (aqedan gamomdinare, magnituri talRis rxevis sibrtye.
talRas y mimarTulebiT brtylad polarizebuli ewodeba). b) polarizaciis asaxvisTvis rxe
vis sibrtyes pirdapiri xediT warmo
talRis polarizaciis (polarizebuli mdgomareobis)
vadgenT da eleqtruli velis rxevis
asaxva rxevis sibrtyeSi eleqtruli velis rxevebis mimarTulebebs ormagi isriT vaCvenebT.
mimarTulebebis pirdapiri xedis CvenebiT SegviZlia,
rogorc es 33.10b suraTzea. aq gamosaxuli vertikaluri ormagi isari aCvenebs, rom talRa
saxelmZRvanelos gverdis perpendikularulad Cvensken aris mimarTuli da misi eleqtruli veli
vertikalurad irxeva – mudmivad icvlis orientacias y RerZis zeda da qveda mimarTulebebs
Soris.
polarizebuli sinaTle
satelevizio sadguris mier gamosxivebul eleqtromagnitur talRebs erTi da igive mimarTuleba
aqvT, magram sinaTlis zogadi wyaros (magaliTad, mzis) mier gamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri
talRebi SemTxveviT polarizebuli anu arapolarizebulia (am or termins erTi da igive
mniSvneloba aqvs). es niSnavs, rom nebismier mocemul wertilSi eleqtruli veli talRebis
moZraobis mimarTulebis perpendikularulia, magram mimarTulebas alalbedze icvlis.
maSasadame, Tu raime drois SualedSi rxevebis warmodgenas pirdapiri xediT SevecdebiT, 33.10b
suraTis erTi ormagi isris nacvlad 33.11a suraTis msgavsi areuloba gveqneba.
vertikalurad polarizebuli
– z RerZis paralelurad. amis Semdeg arapolarizebuli
furceli sinaTlis warmodgena ormagi isrebis wyvilebiTaa
sur. 33.12. arapolarizebuli sinaTle
SesaZlebeli, rogorc es 33.11b suraTzea. y RerZis
mapolarizebeli furclis gavlis dros
polarizdeba. sinaTlis polarizaciis gaswvriv ormagi isari eleqtruli velis saerTo y
mimarTuleba, romelic furclis komponentis rxevas warmoadgens, xolo z RerZis gaswvriv
polarizaciis mimarTulebis para
ormagi isari _ eleqtruli velis saerTo z komponentis
leluria, furcelSi gamavali verti
kaluri xaziTaa warmodgenili. rxevas. am yvelafris Sedegad, arapolarizebuli sinaTle
ori polarizebuli talRis jamiT SevcvaleT, romelTa
rxevis sibrtyeebi erTmaneTis perpendikularulia – erTi sibrtye y RerZs Seicavs, xolo meore
sibrtye _ z RerZs. am cvlilebis Sedegi is aris, rom 33.11b naxazi 33.11a naxazze bevrad martivia.
msgavsi naxazebis ageba SeiZleba nawilobriv polarizebuli sinaTlisTvisac (velis rxevebis
mimarTuleba ar aris srulad SemTxveviTi, rogorc 33.11a suraTze, da arc erTi RerZis
paraleluria, rogorc 33.10b suraTze). am SemTxvevaSi, erT ormag isars sxvaze ufro grZeli
ormagi isrebis perpendikularul wyvilSi vxazavT.
arapolarizebuli xiluli sinaTlis polarizebul sinaTled gardaqmna mapolarizebeli
furclis gavliT SeiZleba, rogorc es 33.12 suraTzea naCvenebi. aseTi furclebi, romelTa ko-
merciuli saxelebia polaroidi an polaroidis filtrebi, 1932 wels jer kidev studentma edvin
lendma gamoigona. mapolarizebeli furceli plastmasaSi moTavsebuli mogrZo molekulebis
gan Sedgeba. furclis damzadebis dros molekulebi moxnuli velis msgavs paralelur rigebad
ganlagdeba. rodesac sinaTle furclis gavliT moZraobs, erTi mimarTulebis eleqtruli ve-
lis komponentebi furcels gaivlian, xolo am mimarTulebis perpendikularul komponentebs
molekulebi STanTqaven.
molekulebze didxans ar SevCerdebiT da furcelSi eleqtruli velis komponentebis gavlis
mimarTulebas mapolarizebel mimarTulebas vuwodebT:
I= 12 I0 . (33.40)
I = I0 cos2 θ (33.42)
modiT, am formulas kosinus _ kvadratis kanoni vuwodoT. misi gamoyeneba mxolod maSin
SeiZleba, rodesac mapolarizebel furcelze dacemuli sinaTle ukve polarizebulia.
am SemTxvevaSi miRebuli I intensivoba maqsimaluria da, rodesac sawyisi talRa furclis
polarizebis mimarTulebis paralelurad polarizdeba (33.42 formulaSi θ aris 0° an 180°),
I0 sawyisi intensivobis tolia. miRebuli intensivoba
nulia, rodesac sawyisi talRa furclis polarizaciis
mimarTulebis perpendikularulad polarizdeba (θ = 90°).
33.14 suraTze naCvenebia ganlageba, sadac Tavdapirvelad
arapolarizebuli sinaTle or P1 da P2 mapolarizirebel
furcelze igzavneba (xSirad pirvel furcels
polarizators, xolo meore furcels analizators
uwodeben). vinaidan P1-is polarizaciis mimarTuleba
vertikaluria, amitom P1-dan P2-Si gadacemuli sinaTle
vertikalurad polarizdeba. Tu P2-is polarizaciis sur. 33.14. P1 mapolarizebel furcelSi
mimarTulebac vertikaluria, maSin P1-dan gamosuli gavlili sinaTle vertikalurad pola
mTeli sinaTle P2-s gadaecema. Tu P2-is polarizaciis rizdeba, rac vertikaluri ormagi
isriTaa naCvenebi. amis Semdeg P2 mapo
mimarTuleba horizontaluria, P1-dan gadacemuli
larizebel furcelSi gavlili sinaT
sinaTle P2-s ar gaivlis. imave daskvnebamde mivalT, lis raodenoba P2-is polarizaciis
rodesac ori furclis mxolod fardobiT mimarTulebebs mimarTulebasa da sinaTles Soris
kuTxezea damokidebuli (am kuTxes
ganvixilavT: Tu maTi polarizaciis mimarTulebebi
furcelSi gavlebuli xazi da wyvetili
paraleluria, maSin pirvel furcelSi gatarebuli xazi asaxavs).
33.7 polarizacia 1155
sinaTle meore furcelSic gaivlis. Tu es mimarTulebebi perpendikularulia (furclebi
gadajvaredinebulia), maSin meore furcelSi sinaTle ar gaivlis. es ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego
SemTxveva 33.15 suraTze polarizebuli mzis saTvalis magaliTzea naCvenebi.
sabolood, Tu 33.14 suraTis polarizaciis or mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe 0°-dan 90°-mdea, P1-Si
gavlili sinaTlis nawili P2-Si gaivlis. am sinaTlis intensivoba 33.42 formuliT gamoiTvleba.
mapolarizebeli furclebis garda, sinaTlis polarizeba arekvlis (romelic 33.10 TavSi
ganixileba) da atomebidan an molekulebidan gabnevis saSualebiTacaa SesaZlebeli. gabnevis
SemTxvevaSi sxeulze, magaliTad, molekulaze dacemuli sinaTle sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT
ganibneva. amis magaliTia atmosferos molekulebidan mzis sinaTlis gabneva, ris gamoc Cveni ca
ganaTebulia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mzis sinaTle ar aris polarizebuli, gabnevis Sedegad misi nawilobrivi
polarizeba mainc xdeba. futkrebi mzis sinaTlis polarizacias skebidan da skebisken frenis
gzamkvlevad iyeneben. vikingebi polarizaciis movlenas CrdiloeTis zRvaSi orientaciisTvis
iyenebdnen, rodesac mze horizonts qvemoT iyo (CrdiloeTis zRvis didi siganis gamo). am Zvelma
mezRvaurebma aRmoaCines garkveuli saxis kristali (amJamad kordieritad wodebuli), romelic
polarizebul sinaTleSi brunvisas fers icvlis. aseTi kristaliT caSi yurebisa da Tvalis win
brunvis saSualebiT vikingebi damaluli mzis mdebareobas adgendnen da samxreTis mimarTulebas
gansazRvravdnen.
sinaTlis talRa 33.11b suraTze naCvenebi 33.16e). mis intensivobas zemoT mocemul
ormagi isriTaa warmodgenili. vinaidan formulaSi jer I2-is da Semdeg I1-is mniSvne
amitom pirvel furcelSi gasuli sinaTlis I1 I3= I2 cos2 30° = (I1 cos2 60°) cos2 30°
intensivoba naxevrobis wesiT (33.40 formula) = (12I0) cos2 60° cos2 30° = 0,094I0.
gamoiTvleba: maSasadame:
I3
I1 = 12 I0 = 0,094 (pasuxi)
I0
vinaidan pirveli furclis polarizaciis es niSnavs, rom sami furclis sistemidan
mimarTuleba y RerZis paraleluria, amitom sawyisi intensivobis 9,4% gamodis. Tu meore
masSi gasuli sinaTlis polarizacia, rogorc furcels amoviRebT, sawyisi intensivobis ra
es 33.16g suraTzea naCvenebi, aseve y RerZis nawili gamova sistemidan?
paraleluria.
sakontrolo wertili 4. suraTze na
meore furceli: vinaidan meore furcelSi Cvenebia mapolarizebeli furclebis
gamavali sinaTle polarizebulia, I2 inten oTxi wyvili. TiToeuli wyvili sawyisad
sivoba kosinus _ kvadratis (33.42 formula) arapolarizebuli sinaTlis traeqto
wesiT gamoiTvleba. am wesSi mocemuli θ kuTxe riazea ganlagebuli (rogorc 33.16a
Semavali sinaTlis (y RerZis paraleluri) suraTis sami furceli). TiToeuli
furclis polarizaciis mimarTuleba
polarizaciis mimarTulebasa da meore
(wyvetili xazi) horizontalur x RerZs
furclis polarizaciis mimarTulebas (y
an vertikalur y RerZs exeba. daalage
RerZis mimarT 60°, saaTis isris moZraobis wyvilebi maTgan gamomavali sinaTlis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT) Soris kuTxea intensivobis zrdadobis mixedviT.
da udris θ = 60°. Semdeg gveqneba:
I2 = I1 cos2 60°.
gasuli sinaTlis polarizacia furclis
polarizaciis mimarTulebis, anu y RerZis
mimarT saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT 60° kuTxis paraleluria,
rogorc es 33.16d suraTzea naCvenebi.
(a) (b) (g) (d)
mesame furceli: vinaidan mesame furcelSi
(a)
sinaTlis darCenili nawili minis zedapirSi gaivlis
da marjvena mxares qveviT daxril sxivs warmoqmnis.
minas, romelSic sinaTles gavla SeuZlia, gamWvirvales
uwodeben. es niSnavs, rom minis miRma danaxva SegviZlia (am
TavSi mxolod gamWvirvale masalebs ganvixilavT).
ori garemos gamyofi zedapiris gavliT sinaTlis
moZraobas refraqcia anu gardatexa ewodeba, xolo
sinaTles _ gardatexili. Tu sinaTlis dacemuli
sxivi zedapiris perpendikularuli ar aris, gardatexa
sinaTles mimarTulebas ucvlis. amis gamo sxivs
gardatexis Sedegad `daxrils~ uwodeben. daakvirdi, rom
33.17a suraTze gadaxra mxolod zedapirze xdeba, TviTon
(b)
minaSi ki sinaTle wrfivi traeqtoriiT moZraobs.
sur. 33.17. a) Sav-TeTri fotosuraTi
sinaTlis sxivebi, romlebsac am fotosuraTze vxedavT,
minis horizontalur, brtyel zed
pirze dacemuli sinaTlis sxivis are 33.17b suraTze dacemuli sxiviT, areklili sxiviT da
kvlas da gardatexas aCvenebs (minaSi gardatexili sxiviTaa warmodgenili. TiToeuli sxivi
gardatexili sxivis nawili kargad ar
orientirebulia wrfis mimarT, romelsac normali
Cans). qveda, mrude zedapirze sxivi
zedapiris perpendikularulia da ewodeba. normali gardatexisa da arekvlis wertilebSi
amitom gardatexa ar xdeba. b) a)-s sxi zedapiris perpendikularulia. 33.17b suraTze dacemis
vur formaSi warmodgena. dacemis
kuTxea θ1, arekvlis kuTxea θ1´, xolo gardatexis kuTxea
(θ1), gardatexis (θ´1 ) da arekvlis (θ2)
kuTxeebi moniSnulia. θ2. TiToeuli kuTxe normalis mimarT izomeba. dacemuli
sxivis Semcveli sibrtye da normali dacemis sibrtyes
qmnian, romelic 33.17b suraTis SemTxvevaSi am wignis gverdis sibrtyea.
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom arekvla da gardatexa or kanons emorCileba:
arekvlis kanoni: areklili sxivi dacemis sibrtyeSi Zevs, xolo arekvlis kuTxe dacemis kuTxis
tolia. 33.17b suraTis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom:
gardatexis kanoni: gardatexili sxivi dacemis sibrtyeSi Zevs, xolo gardatexis θ2 kuTxe
dacemis θ1 kuTxes Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
vakuumisTvis n zustad erTis tolia. haerisTvis n erTs uaxlovdeba (gamoTvlebSi mas erTis
tolad miviCnevT). 1-ze naklebi gardatexis koeficienti ar arsebobs.
SegviZlia 33.44 formula Semdegnairad gardavqmnaT:
n
sin θ2 = n1 sin θ1 (33.45)
2
haeri n1
mina n2
mina n1 gardatexili
lurji
haeri n2 sinaTle
wiTeli
gardatexili lurji gardatexili
sur. 33.19. gamdnari kvarcis sinaTle wiTeli
sinaTle
gardatexis koeficientis talRis (a) (b)
sigrZeze damokidebulebis funqcia.
grafiki mcire sigrZis talRis sur. 33.20. TeTris sinaTlis qromatuli dispersia. wiTeli
sinaTlis sxivs asaxavs, romlisTvisac komponenti lurj komponentze metad gadaixreba. a) haeridan minaSi
gardatexis koeficienti metia da gadasvlisas lurji komponentis gardatexis kuTxe ufro mcirea. b)
kvarcSi Sesvlisas an kvarcidan minidan haerSi gadasvlisas lurji komponentis gardatexis kuTxe
gamosvlisas amgvari sinaTlis sxivi ufro metia. wyvetili xazebi gviCvenebs mimarTulebas, romliTac
ufro gadaixreba, vidre didi sigrZis sinaTle imoZravebda gardatexis gareSe.
talRis SemTxvevaSi.
TeTri
sinaTle
wiTel komponentze metad ixreba, amitom lurji komponentis θ2b gardatexis kuTxe wiTeli
kuTxis θ2r gardatexis kuTxeze naklebia (gaixsene, rom kuTxeebi izomeba normalis mimarT). 33.20b
suraTze TeTri sinaTlis sxivi minidan haeri-minis gamyof zedapirze ecema. lurji komponenti
amjeradac wiTelze metad gadaixreba, magram axla θ2b metia θ2r-ze.
ferTa gancalkevebis gasazrdelad SegviZlia samkuTxa ganivkveTis mqone myari minis prizma
gamoviyenoT, rogorc es 33.21a suraTzea naCveebi. pirvel zedapirze miRebuli dispersia (33.21a
da b suraTebis marcxniv) meore zedapirze kidev ufro izrdeba.
cisartyelebi
qromatuli dispersiis yvelaze lamazi magaliTia cisartyela. rodesac mzis sinaTle (yvela
xiluli ferisgan Semdgari) wvimis wveTs gadakveTs, sinaTlis nawili wveTSi gardatydeba, nawili
wveTis Sida zedapiridan airekleba da nawili wveTidan wylis
gamosvlisas gardatydeba. 33.22a suraTze naCvenebia wveTi
mzis sxivi
mdgomareoba, rodesac mze horizontis marcxena nawilSia,
anu mzis sxivebi horizontaluria. Tu bevri wvimis wveTia
ganaTebuli, maT mier warmoqmnili gancalkevebeli ferebis
danaxva SeiZleba, rodesac wveTebi A mzis sawinaaRmdego
wertilidan 42° kuTxiT arian ganlagebuli.
wveTebis mdebareobis dasadgenad mzes zurgi Seaqcie
da orive xeli mzis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, Seni
Crdilisken gaSale. Semdeg marjvena xeli maRla da
marjvniv awie, sanam xelebs Soris kuTxe 42° ar gaxdeba. Tu
ganaTebuli wveTebi Seni marjvena xelis mimarTulebiTaa, cisartyela
maSin ferebs am mimarTulebiT xedav.
vinaidan A-dan 42° kuTxiT daSorebuli nebismieri wveTi
cisartyelas SeiZleba Seesabamebodes, amitom cisartyela
yovelTvis A-s garSemo 42°-iani wriuli TaRia (sur. 33.22b),
xolo misi wveri arasdros ar aris horizontidan 42°-ze
maRla. rodesac mze horizonts zeviTaa, A-s mimarTuleba cisartyela
horizonts qvemoTaa da SesaZlebelia mxolod mokle da
dabali cisartyelas TaRis arseboba (sur. 33.22g).
vinaidan aseTi gziT Seqmnili cisartyela TiToeuli wveTis
SigniT sinaTlis erT arekvlas gulisxmobs, maT xSirad
pirvelad cisartyelebs uwodeben. meorad cisartyelaSi,
rogoric 33.22d suraTzea naCvenebi, wveTis SigniT ori
wylis
arekvla monawileobs. meorad cisartyelaSi ferebi A-s wveTi
mimarTulebidan 52° kuTxiT Cndeba. meoradi cisartyela
pirvelad cisartyelaze farTo da fermkrTalia, amitom mzis sxivi
sur. 33.22. a) ferebad daSla, roca mzis sxivi irekleba wvimis wveTis
Sida zedapiridan, iwvevs pirvelad cisartyelas. mzis sawinaaRmdego
A wertili horizontis marjvena nawilSia. cisartyelis fere
bis danaxva SesaZlebelia mzis sawinaaRmdego A wertilis mimar
Tulebidan 42° kuTxis daSorebiT; b) A wertilidan nebismieri
mimarTulebiT 42° ganlagebuli wveTebi qmnian cisartyelas;
g) cisartyela, roca mze maRlaa (anu A dablaa); d) ferebad daSla
iwvevs meorad cisartyelas.
33.8 arekvla da gardatexa 1161
misi danaxva sakmaod Znelia. garda amisa, meorad cisartyelaSi ferTa ganlageba pirveladi
cisartyelas ferTa ganlagebis sapirispiroa, rogorc 33.22 suraTis a da d nawilebSi Cans.
sami an oTxi arekvlis Semcveli cisartyelebi mzis mimarTulebiT Cndeba da cis am nawilSi maTi
danaxva mzis naTebis gamo SeuZlebelia. cis sxva nawilebSi kidev ufro meti arekvlis Semcveli
cisartyelebis gamoCena SeiZleba, magram isini metismetad fermkrTalia da maTi danaxva Zalian
Znelia.
am Tavis dasawyisSi naCvenebi fotosuraTi Seicavs miniSnebas, rom cisartyelebis amgvari
ganmarteba sakmaod arasrulia (xvdebi miniSnebas?). cisartyelebs ufro dawvrilebiT 35-e TavSi
ganvixilavT.
es Sedegi niSnavs, rom sxivi normalisken iyos. am SemTxvevaSi arekvlis kanons viyenebT
gadaixreba (normalis mimarT kuTxe 40°-is da B wertilSi arekvlis kuTxe iqneba:
nacvlad 29° gaxda). amis mizezi is aris, rom
θ2´ = θ2 = 28,88° ≈ 29° (pasuxi)
rodesac sinaTle zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobs,
is ufro didi gardatexis koeficientis mqone amis Semdeg sinaTle meore materiidan
materiaSi gadadis. haerSi gadadis da B wertilSi θ3 kuTxiT
gardatydeba. maSasadame, gardatexisTvis
b) rogorc 33.23b suraTze vxedavT, meore
kvlav snelis kanons viyenebT, magram amjerad
nivTier garemoSi sinaTle A wertilidan Sedis
33.46 formulas Semdegi saxiT vwerT:
da Semdeg meore da mesame nivTieri garemos
(haeris) gamyofi zedapiris B wertils aRwevs. n3 sin θ3 = n2 sin θ2
zedapirebi erTmaneTis paraleluria. B θ3-sTvis amoxsna mogvcems:
( ) ( )
wertilze sinaTlis nawili airekleba, xolo n 1,77
meore nawili haerSi gadadis. risi tolia θ3 = sin–1 n2 sin θ2 = sin–1 sin 28,88°
3 1,00
arekvlis kuTxe? risi tolia gardatexis
= 58,75° ≈ 59° (pasuxi)
kuTxe haerSi?
es imas niSnavs, rom sxivi normalis sapi
amoxsna: Tavdapirvelad saWiroa B wertilSi
rispirod gadaixreba (normalisadmi kuTxe
cnobili erT-erTi kuTxe A wertilSi cnobil
iyo 29° da gaxda 59°). amis mizezi is aris, rom
kuTxes davukavSiroT. vinaidan zedapirebi
rodesac sinaTle zedapiris gaswvriv moZraobs,
erTmaneTis paraleluria, amitom B wertilSi
is ufro dabali gardatexis koeficientis
dacemis kuTxe, rogorc 33.23b suraTzea
mqone materiaSi (haerSi) gadadis.
naCvenebi, gardatexis θ2 kuTxis toli unda
kritikuli SemTxveva
haeri
mina
sur. 33.25. muclis SigTavsis bio vinaidan kuTxis sinusi ar SeiZleba erTs aWarbebdes, am
fsiisTvis gankuTvnili endoskopi. formulaSi n2 ar SeiZleba n1-ze meti iyos. es SezRudva
gvauwyebs, rom sruli Siga arekvla ar xdeba, rodesac
dacemuli sinaTle ufro dabali gardatexis koeficientis mqone garemoSia. 33.24 suraTze
S wyaro haerSi rom yofiliyo, haeri-minis zedapirze dacemuli yvela sxivi (maT Soris f da g)
zedapirze airekleboda da gardatydeboda.
srul Siga arekvlas samedicino teqnologiaSi mravalnairad iyeneben. magaliTad, eqims pacientis
muclis arabunebrivi zrdis gamokvleva pacientis yelSi optikuri boWkoebis ori Txeli kvanZis
CaSvebiT SeuZlia (sur. 33.25). erTi kvanZis boloze dacemuli sinaTle boWkoebSi srul Siga
arekvlas ganicdis da, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvanZis traeqtoria mrudia, sinaTlis umetesoba
erTimeores aqrobs da muclis SigTavss anaTebs. SigTavsidan areklili sinaTlis nawili meore
kvanZs ubrundeba da eqimis dasanaxad monitoris ekranze gadadis.
dacemuli
arapolarizebuli areklili
sxivi sxivi
haeri
mina
sur. 33.27. arapolarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi haeridan minis
zedapirze θB brusteris kuTxiT ecema. am sxivis gaswvriv
eleqtruli velebi wignis gverdis (dacemis, arekvlis da gardatexis
sibrtye) perpendikularul da paralelur komponentebad
gardatexili
iSleba. areklili sinaTle mxolod gverdis perpendikularuli sxivi
komponentebisgan Sedgeba da, maSasadame, am mimarTulebiT
polarizebulia. gardatexili sinaTle gverdis paraleluri
sawyisi komponentebisa da gverdis perpendikularuli ufro susti gverdis perpendikularuli komponenti
komponentebisgan Sedgeba. sinaTle nawilobriv polarizebulia. gverdis paraleluri komponenti
brusteris kanoni
θB brusteris kuTxiT dacemuli sinaTlisTvis eqsperimentulad dgindeba, rom areklili da
gardatexili sxivebi erTmaneTis perpendikularulia. vinaidan areklili sxivi 33.27 suraTze θB
kuTxiT airekleba, xolo gardatexili sxivi – θr kuTxiT, amitom gveqneba:
θB + θr = 90° (33.48)
33.10 polarizacia arekvliT 1165
es ori kuTxe 33.44 formulis saSualebiTac SeiZleba davakavSiroT. 33.44 formulaSi 1 indeqss
im nivTier garemos vaniWebT, romelSic dacemuli da areklili sxivebi moZraobs, da viRebT:
n1 sin θB = n2 sin θr .
(gaiTvaliswine, rom 33.49 formulaSi indeqsebi ar aris SemTxveviTi, vinaidan maT mniSvnelobebs
Cven vaniWebT). Tu dacemuli da areklili sxivebi haerSi moZraobs, SegviZlia n1-is mniSvneloba
erTs mivuaxlovoT, xolo 33.49 formulis Semdegi formiT Casawerad n2 iyos n:
33.49 formulis am gamartivebul versias brusteris kanoni ewodeba. θB kuTxis msgavsad, misi
saxeli ser devid brusteris saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelmac 1812 wels orive formula
eqsperimentalurad daamtkica.
mimoxilva da Sejameba
SekiTxvebi
amocanebi
romelsac sinaTle erT weliwadSi gadis. •• 16. izotropuli wertilovani wyaro, romlis
• 11. risi tolia brtyeli, moZravi simZlavrea 200 vt, 500 nm talRis sigrZis
eleqtromagnituri talRis intensivoba, Tu sinaTles asxivebs. sinaTlis deteqtori
Bm=1×10–4 T? wyarodan 400 m manZilze mdebareobs. risi
tolia deteqtoris mdebareobis adgilze
• 12. brtyeli radiotalRis eleqtruli velis
sinaTlis magnituri komponentis droSi
komponentis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa 5 v/m.
cvlilebis maqsimaluri ∂B/∂t tempi?
gamoTvale a) magnituri velis komponentis
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba da b) talRis •• 17. radiogadamcemidan 10 km manZilze
intensivoba. daSorebuli TviTmfrinavi 10 mkvt/m2 inten
sivobis signals iRebs. risi tolia TviT
•• 13. dedamiwis atmosferos gareT mzis
mfrinavSi signalis a) eleqtruli da b) ma
sinaTlis intensivobaa 1,40 kvt/m2. gamoTvale
gnituri komponentis amplituda? g) Tu
mzis sinaTlis a) Em da b) Bm, Tu davuSvebT, rom
gadamcemi yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabrad
talRa brtyelia.
asxivebs, risi tolia gadamcemis simZlavre?
•• 14. SETI-s (aramiwieri civilizaciebis
•• 18. 4×1014 hc sixSiris eleqtromagnituri
talRa x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
vakuumSi vrceldeba. talRis Em amplitudis
eleqtruli veli y RerZis paraleluria.
rodesac t = 0, eleqtruli veli x RerZis
P wertilze imyofeba, aqvs +Em/4-is toli
mniSvneloba da droSi mcirdeba. risi tolia
x RerZis gaswvriv P wertilidan pirvel
wertilamde (sadac E = 0) manZili a) x RerZis
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT da b) x RerZis
sur. 33.38. amocana 14. radioteleskopi areCiboSi dadebiTi mimarTulebiT?
1170 Tavi 33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
•• 37. polarizebuli sinaTlis sxivi θ1=0° da θ3=90°. risi tolia meore furclis
ori mapolarizirebeli furclis siste polarizaciis mimarTulebis θ2 kuTxis (θ2<90°)
fiqsirebulia, xolo θ2 icvleba. 33.45 suraTze gareSe qviSaze wveba. Tavdapirveli sinaTlis
grafiki (intensivobis RerZis skala naCvenebi •• 42. 33.44 suraTze arapolarizebuli sinaTle
ar aris). sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra sami mapolarizirebeli furclis sistemaSi
procenti gaivlis sami furclis sistemaSi, igzavneba. polarizaciis mimarTulebis
rodesac θ2 = 30°? θ1, θ2 da θ3 kuTxeebi y RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebisadmi, saaTis isris moZraobis
sawinaaRmdegod izomeba (kuTxeebi gamosaxuli
ar aris). θ1 da θ3 kuTxeebi fiqsirebulia,
xolo θ2 icvleba. 33.46 suraTze mocemulia
mesame furclidan gamomavali sinaTlis
intensivobis θ2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki
(intensivobis RerZis skala naCvenebi ar aris).
sur. 33.44. amocanebi sur. 33.45. amocana 38.
sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis ra nawili
38, 40 da 42.
gaivlis sistemaSi, rodesac θ2 = 90°?
•• 39. nawilobriv polarizebuli sinaTlis
sxivi polarizebuli da arapolarizebuli
sinaTleebis narevia. davuSvaT, aseTi sxivi
mapolarizebel filtrSi igzavneba da
Semdeg filtri 360° kuTxiT brundeba sxivis sur. 33.46. amocana 42.
perpendikularulad. Tu brunvis dros
••43. Cven gvinda polarizebuli sxivis
gadacemuli intensivoba 5-jer izrdeba an
polarizaciis mimarTuleba 90°-iT Sevcva
mcirdeba, sawyisi sxivis intensivobis ra
loT, risTvisac sxivs erTi an meti mapo
nawilia polarizebuli sinaTlis sxivSi?
larizirebeli furclis sistemaSi vgzavniT.
•• 40. 33.44 suraTze arapolarizebuli a) furclebis ra minimaluri raodenobaa
sinaTle sami mapolarizirebeli furclis saWiro? b) furclebis ra minimaluri rao
1173
denobaa saWiro, Tu gasuli intensivoba rezervuaris zedapiris donezea, mxolod
sawyisi intensivobis 60%-ze meti unda iyos? E kuTxes xedavs. suraTze naCvenebia siTxis
SSM WWW zedapirze O-s mimarTulebiT gardatexili
qveTavi 33.8. arekvla da gardatexa sxivi. Tu D = 85 sm da L = 1,1 m, risi tolia
siTxis gardatexis koeficienti? SSM
• 44. 33.47 suraTze
naCvenebia or A da B • 48. 33.50a suraTze sinaTlis sxivi qvemoT
perpendikularul mdebare garemodan wylis zedapirs θ1 kuTxiT
amreklav zeda ecema da misi erTi nawili wyalSi gardatydeba.
pirebze areklili qvemoT mdebare garemos saxeobis ori arCevani
sinaTle. gamo sur. 33.47. amocana 44. arsebobs. TiToeulisTvis gardatexis θ2
Tvale i Semomaval kuTxis damokidebuleba dacemis θ1 kuTxeze
da r´. gamaval sxivebs Soris kuTxe. 33.50b suraTzea mocemuli. gamoTvlis gareSe
gansazRvre, wylis gardatexis koeficientze
• 45. sinaTle vakuumSi minis zedapirs ecema.
(n = 1,33) metia Tu naklebia a) pirveli
vakuumSi sxivi zedapiris normalisadmi 32°
garemos gardatexis koeficienti da b) meore
kuTxes qmnis, xolo minaSi normalisadmi
garemos gardatexis koeficienti? ras udris
kuTxe 21°-ia. risi tolia minis gardatexis
g) pirveli garemos da d) meore garemos
koeficienti?
gardatexis koeficienti?
• 46. 33.48a suraTze sinaTle wylisa da sxva
masalis gamyof zedapirze θ1 kuTxiT ecema da
nawilobriv gardatydeba. arsebobs am masalis
wyali
ori arCevani. TiToeulisTvis θ2 gardatexis
kuTxis θ1 dacemis kuTxeze damokidebuleba
33.48 b suraTzea naCvenebi. gamoTvlebis gareSe
gansazRvre: a) pirveli garemos da b) meore
garemos gardatexis koeficientebi wylis (a) (b)
auzis wylidan
50 sm simaRleze
amodis. mzis
Suqi θ = 55° sur. 33.51. amocana 49.
(a) (b)
kuTxiT ecema.
risi tolia boZidan auzis fskerze dacemuli
sur. 33.48. amocana 46.
Crdilis sigrZe? SSM
• 47. rodesac 33.49 siTxis zedapiris
normali •• 50. 33.52a suraTze sinaTlis sxivi gamyof
suraTze gamosa
zedapirze 30° kuTxiT ecema. meore garemoSi
xuli marTkuTxe
sinaTlis gardatexa nawilobriv meore garemos
dis formis rezer
(2) gardatexis koeficientzea damokidebuli.
vuari ucnobi
33.52b suraTze mocemulia gardatexis θ2
siTxiT gaivseba,
kuTxis n2-ze damokidebulebis grafiki n2-is
O damkvirvebeli,
SesaZlo mniSvnelobebisTvis. a) risi tolia
romlis Tvalebi sur. 33.49. amocana 47.
1174 Tavi 33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
ze sxivi marTkuTxa
samkuTxedis for
mis prizmis P wer
tilSi θ dacemis sur. 33.62. amocana 63.
kuTxiT Sedis da
misi garkveuli nawili Q wertilSi 90°-iT
gardatydeba. a) risi tolia gamosaxuli pri
zmis gardatexis koeficienti θ-ebSi? b) ra
maqsimaluri gardatexis koeficienti SeiZleba
hqondes prizmas? gamova Tu ara sinaTle Q
wertilidan, Tu am wertilze dacemis kuTxe
g) odnav gaizarda da d) odnav Semcirda?
Tavi 33.10. polarizacia arekvliT.
sur. 33.64. amocana 67.
• 64. a) dacemis ra kuTxisas iqneba wylidan
areklili sinaTle srulad polarizebuli? 68. 33.65 suraTze sinaTlis ori sxivi haeridan
b) damokidebulia Tu ara es kuTxe sinaTlis xuTi gamWvirvale plastmasis fenis gavliT
mesame furclebis
polarizaciis
sur. 33.73. amocana 81. sur. 33.75. amocana 83.
mimarTulebebia:
θ1=30° (saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaR 84. Cv.w. daaxloebiT 150 wels klavdius
ptolemeusma haeridan wyalSi gardamavali
mdegod) da θ3=30° (saaTis isris moZraobis
sinaTlis sxivis θ1 dacemis kuTxis da θ2
mimarTulebiT). sinaTlis sawyisi intensivobis
gardatexis kuTxis Semdegi mniSvnelobebi
ra nawili gamova sistemidan?
mogvca:
82. 33.74 suraTze
ori perpendikula θ1 θ2 θ1 θ2
ruli sarke wyliT 10° 8° 50° 35°
avsebuli WurWlis 20° 15°30’ 60° 40°30’
gverdebs qmnis. 30° 22°30’ 70° 45°30’
sur. 33.74. amocana 82.
a) sinaTlis sxivi 40° 29° 80° 50°
wylis zedapiris normalis mimarTulebiT monacemebi gardatexis kanonTan Sesaba
zevidan ecema. daamtkice, rom gasuli sxivi misobaSia. gamoiyene isini, raTa wylis
dacemuli sxivis paraleluria. davuSvaT, gardatexis koeficienti gamoTvalo. mona
sarkis zedapirebze ori arekvla xdeba. cemebi sainteresoa, vinaidan fizikuri gamo
b) gaimeore analizi daxrili dacemis Sem Tvlebis uZvelesi Canaweria.
TxvevaSi, rodesac dacemuli sxivi suraTis 85. a) daamtkice, rom t sisqis minis zedapirze
sibrtyeSia. dacemuli sinaTlis sxivi minis meore
83. rodesac atmosfero civia, tenianobas zedapiridan sawyisi mimarTulebis para
sxvadasxva formis yinulis kristalebis Seqmna lelurad, magram gverdze gadaadgilebuli ga
1180 Tavi 33 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
xolo talRis sigrZea 250 nm. a) dawere talRis erTi mesamedi unda iyos?
moqmedebas ganicdis. dauSvi, rom wertili 110. 10 mm sigrZis gverdis kubis formis da 1,5
1×10 kg/m simkvrivis sferoa da dacemuli
3 3
gardatexis koeficientis mqone myari minis
sinaTle srulad STainTqmeba. a) daamtkice, centrSi patara wveTia. a) kubis TiToeuli
rom Tu sferos radiusi raime R kritikul gverdis ra nawili unda daifaros, raTa
radiusze naklebia, wertili mzis sistemidan xedvis arc erTi mimarTulebidan wveTi ar
gaqreba. b) gamoTvale kritikuli radiusi. gamoCndes? (kubSi areklili da Semdeg haerSi
107. polarizebuli sinaTlis talRis mag gardatexili sinaTle ugulebelyavi). b) kubis
nituri komponentia: zedapiris ra nawili unda daifaros?
1183
1184 Tavi 34 gamosaxulebebi
Cveulebrivi miraJi
warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis gavrcelebuli magaliTia mziT ganaTebul gzaze, garkveuli
manZiliT daSorebuli wylis gubis gamoCena, romelsac verasdros miaRwev. gube miraJia (iluziis
tipi), romelsac Sens win mdebare cis qveda nawilidan momavali sinaTlis sxivebi qmnis (sur.
34.1a). gzasTan miaxloebisas sxivebi sul ufro Tbil haerSi moZraoben. haeris temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad haeris simkvrive da, maSasadame, haeris gardatexis koeficienti, odnav
mcirdeba. maSasadame, qvemoT Camosvlisas sxivebi sul ufro mcire gardatexis koeficientis
mqone garemoSi xvdeba da TandaTanobiT horizontalur formas iRebs (sur. 34.1b).
mas Semdeg rac gzis zedapiridan odnav daSorebiT sxivi horizontalur formas miiRebs, is kvlav
ganagrZobs daxras, vinaidan sxivis talRuri frontis qveda nawili odnav ufro Tbil haerSi
imyofeba da odnav ufro swrafad moZraobs, vidre talRuri frontis zeda nawili (sur. 34.1g).
talRuri frontebis araTanabari moZraoba sxivs zeda mimarTulebiT gadaxris, xolo maRla
asvlisas sxivi kvlav ganagrZobs gadaxras gardatexis ufro did koeficientebian garemoSi
moxvedris gamo (sur. 34.1d).
Ib = Ob, (34.1)
1186 Tavi 34 gamosaxulebebi
sur. 34.4. O-dan momavali sxivebis sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg mxolod sakmarisad axlos
`fanqari~, sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg ganlagebul sxivebs SeuZliaT TvalSi moxvedra. 34.4
TvalSi xvdeba. arekvlaSi a wertilTan
suraTze mocemuli Tvalis ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi,
ganlagebuli sarkis mxolod mcire
nawili monawileobs. sinaTle STabeWdi gamosaxulebis warmoqmnisTvis a wertilTan axlo mdebare
lebas tovebs, rom is sarkis ukan I sarkis mxolod mcire nawilia (Tvalis gugaze ufro mcire)
wertilSi iRebs saTaves.
gamosadegi. am nawilis mosaZebnad erTi Tvali daxuWe da
sarkeSi rame mcire sagnis, magaliTad fanqris wveris gamosaxulebas Sexede. Semdeg TiTi sarkis
zedapirze amoZrave, vidre gamosaxuleba ar daifareba. mxolod TiTis qveS moxvedrilma sarkis
mcire nawilma warmoqmna gamosaxuleba.
wagrZelebuli sagnebi
34.5 suraTze, zemoT mimarTuli isriT warmodgenili
O wagrZelebuli sagani sarkis win aris ganlagebuli da
misgan p manZiliTaa daSorebuli. sagnis TiToeuli patara
nawili, romelic sarkiskenaa mitrialebuli, 34.2 da 34.3
suraTebis O wertilovani wyaros msgavsad moqmedebs. Tu
sarkidan areklil sinaTles miiReb, aRiqvam I warmosaxviT
gamosaxulebas, romelic sagnis yvela am patara nawilis
warmosaxviTi wertilovani gamosaxulebebisgan Sedgeba. sur. 34.5. O wagrZelebuli sagani
da misi I warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba
warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba TiTqos sarkis ukanaa brtyel sarkeSi.
ganlagebuli da sarkidan i uaryofiTi manZiliTaa
daSorebuli, sadac i da p erTmaneTs 34.2 formulis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba.
wagrZelebuli sagnis gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgena iseve SeiZleba, rogorc 34.2
suraTze wertilovani sagnis SemTxvevaSi: jer sagnis wverodan sarkemde miRweul sxivebs
gavavlebT, Semdeg gavavlebT Sesabamis areklil sxivebs da Semdeg areklil sxivebs sarkis
ukana mimarTulebiT gavagrZelebT, vidre isini erTmaneTs ar gadakveTen da sagnis wveros
gamosaxulebas warmoqmnian. amis Semdeg igives vimeorebT sagnis bolodan gamomavali sxivebis
SemTxvevaSi. rogorc 34.5 suraTze Cans, I warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas O sagnis mimarTuleba da
simaRle (sarkis paralelurad gazomili) aqvs.
sarkeebiani labirinTi
34.6a suraTze naCvenebia martivi sarkeebiani labirinTis zedxedi, romelSic sxvadasxvaferad
SeRebili iatakis nawilebi tolgverda samkuTxedebs qmnian, xolo kedlebi vertikaluri
sarkeebiT aris dafaruli. Sen labirinTs Sesasvlelis centrSi ganlagebuli O wertilidan
34.4. sferuli sarkeebi 1187
akvirdebi. umetesi mimarTulebebiT gamosaxulebaTa
damabneveli simravlea, Tumca, 34.6a suraTze naCvenebi
sxivis mimarTulebiT raRac saintereso moCans. sxivi
gamodis B sarkis Suagulidan da Sensken airekleba A
sarkis Suagulze (arekvla Sesabamis kanons emorCileba
da dacemis da arekvlis kuTxeebi 300-ia).
Senamde moRweuli sxivis saTavis aRsaqmelad, tvini
sxivs avtomaturad ukan abrunebs. iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom sxivi saTaves A sarkis ukan ganlagebul
wertilSi iRebs. es niSnavs, rom B-s warmosaxviTi
gamosaxuleba A-s ukan, A-sa da B-s Soris namdvili
dacilebis tol manZilze aRiqmeba (sur. 34.6b).
maSasadame, rodesac labirinTis am mimarTulebiT
gaixedav, oTxi samkuTxedis formis iatakis nawilisgan
Semdgari swori koridoris gaswvriv B-s dainaxav.
yvelaferi amiT ar sruldeba, vinaidan Senamde
moRweuli sxivi B sarkeze ki ar iRebs saTaves, aramed
mxolod airekleba. saTavis mosaZebnad, arekvlis
kanonis gamoyenebas ganvagrZobT da TanTadanobiT ukan
vbrundebiT. 34.6g suraTze naCveneb oTx arekvlaze sur. 34.6. a) sarkeebiani labirinTis zed
xedi. B sarkidan momavali sxivi A sarkeze
muSaobisas, sxivis saTaves sabolood mivaRwevT –
arekvlis Semdeg O wertilSi Senamde moaR
aris! xilul koridorSi gaxedvisas sakuTari Tavis wevs. b) iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom B sarke
warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas xedav, romelic Sengan A-s ukanaa. g) Senamde moRweuli sxivi Sen
gan modis. d) xiluli koridoris bolos sa
9 samkuTxedis formis iatakis nawilis manZiliTaa
kuTari Tavis warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas
daSorebuli (34.6d) (O wertilidan moSorebiT meore xedav.
xiluli koridoria. rogor unda gaixedo masSi?)
(a) (b)
sur. 34.8. a) Cazneqil sarkeSi, dacemuli paraleluri sinaTlis sxivebi F realur fokusSi moxvdeba,
romelic dacemuli sinaTlis sxivebis mxaresaa ganlagebuli. b) amozneqil sarkeSi, dacemuli paraleluri
sinaTlis sxivebi TiTqos gamodian F warmosaxviTi fokusidan, romelic sarkidan sinaTlis sxivebis
mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego mxaresaa ganlagebuli.
naCvenebia areklili sxivebidan ori. F wertilze rom patara karti dagvedo, usasrulod
daSorebuli O sagnis wertilovani gamosaxuleba kartze gamoCndeboda (es moxdeboda usasrulod
daSorebuli sagnis SemTxvevaSi). F wertils sarkis fokusuri wertili (anu fokusi), xolo
sarkis centridan mis c daSorebas sarkis f fokusuri manZili ewodeba.
Tu Cazneqil sarkes amozneqiliT SevcvliT, aRmoCndeba, rom paraleluri sxivebi saerTo
wertilis gavliT aRar airekleba. amis nacvlad, isini gamodian 34.8b suraTze naCvenebis msgavsad.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu Seni Tvali areklili sinaTlis nawils miiRebs, aRqma iseTi iqneba, TiTqos
sinaTle sarkis ukana wertilovani wyarodan iRebs saTaves. warmosaxviTi wyaro ganlagebulia iq,
sadac areklili sxivebis gagrZelebebi saerTo wertils gaivlian (F 34.8b suraTze). es wertili
amozneqili sarkis F fokusuri wertilia da sarkis zedapiridan misi daSoreba sarkis f fokusuri
manZilia. fokusur wertilze kartis ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi, O sagnis gamosaxuleba kartze ar
gamoCndeba. maSasadame, Cazneqili da amozneqili sarkeebis fokusuri wertilebi erTmaneTs ar
gavs.
Cazneqili sarkis namdvili fokusuri wertilis amozneqili sarkis aRqmuli fokusuri
wertilisgan gasarCevad, pirvel maTgans realur fokusur wertils uwodeben, xolo meores
warmosaxviT fokusur wertils. ufro metic, amozneqili sarkis f fokusur manZils dadebiT
sidided miiCneven, xolo Cazneqilis sarkis fokusur manZils uaryofiT sidided. orive tipis
sarkeebisTvis, f fokusuri manZilis sarkis r simrudis radiuss Semdegi formuliT ukavSirdeba:
1
f = 2 r (sferuli sarke) (34.3)
sadac fokusuri manZilis niSnis Sesabamisad, Cazneqilis sarkisTvis r dadebiTi sididea, xolo
amozneqili sarkisTvis - uaryofiTi sidide.
sur. 34.9. O sagani Cazneqili sarkis fokusuri wertilis SigniTaa ganlagebuli da misi warmosaxviTi
gamosaxulebaa I. b) sagani F fokusur wertilzea ganlagebuli. g) sagani fokusur wertils gareTaa ganlagebuli
da misi realuri gamosaxulebaa I.
34.9 paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom rodesac sagnidan momavali sinaTlis sxivebi sferuli sarkis
centralur RerZTan mxolod mcire kuTxeebs adgenen, p sagnis daSorebas, i gamosaxulebis
daSorebasa da f fokusur manZils Semdegi martivi formula akavSirebs:
1 1 1
+ = (sferuli sarke) (34.4)
p i f
magaliTad, 34.9 suraTis SemTxvevaSi aseTi mcire kuTxeebis arseboba davuSviT, magram
sicxadisTvis sxivebi gavlebuli iyo gazrdili kuTxeebiT. amgvari daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, 34.4
formula nebismier Cazneqil, amozneqil an brtyel sarkes miesadageba. amozneqili da brtyeli
sarkisTvis mxolod warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas, miuxedavad centralur
RerZze sagnis mdebareobisa. rogorc 34.7g suraTze, amozneqili sarkis magaliTzea naCvenebi,
gamosaxuleba yovelTvis sarkisadmi sagnis mdebareobis sawinaaRmdego mxarezea da igive
mimarTuleba aqvs, rac sagans.
sagnis an gamosaxulebis zomas, romelic sarkis centraluri RerZisadmi perpendikularulad
izomeba, sagnis an gamosaxulebis simaRle ewodeba. modiT h iyos sagnis simaRle, xolo h´ –
gamosaxulebis simaRle. am SemTxvevaSi h´/h Sefardebas sarkis m wrfivi gamadidebloba ewodeba.
wrfiv gamadideblobas plius niSani eniWeba, rodesac gamosaxulebis da sagnis mimarTulebebi
34.5. gamosaxuleba sferul sarkeSi 1191
erTmaneTs emTxveva, xolo rodesac mimarTulebebi sawinaaRmdegoa, wrfivi gamadidebloba
uaryofiTia. amis gamo, m-is formula Semdegi saxisaa:
h´
|m| = (wrfivi gamadidebloba). (34.5)
h
SemdgomSi davamtkicebT, rom wrfivi gamadidebloba asec SeiZleba Caiweros:
i
m = – (wrfivi gamadidebloba) (34.6)
p
brtyeli sarkisTvis, romlisTvisac i = –p, gvaqvs m = +1. gamadidebloba 1 niSnavs, rom
gamosaxulebis da sagnis zomebi erTmaneTis tolia. plius niSani niSnavs, rom gamosaxulebasa da
sagans erTi da igive mimarTuleba aqvT. 34.9g suraTze naCvenebi Cazneqili sarkisTvis m ≈ –1,5.
formulebi, 34.3-dan 34.6-is CaTvliT, nebismieri brtyeli sarkisTvis, Cazneqili sferuli
sarkisTvis da amozneqili sferuli sarkisTvis gamosadegia. garda am formulebis gaazrebisa,
Sen unda migeRo informacia sarkeebis tipebis Sesaxeb da am informaciis organizeba 34.1
cxrilis SevsebiT unda moxdes. gamosaxulebis mdebareobis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine
sarkis romel mxaresaa gamosaxuleba – sagnis mdebareobis mxares Tu piriqiT. gamosaxulebis
tipis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine realuria Tu warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba. gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis grafis Sevsebisas gaiTvaliswine gamosaxulebis mimarTuleba sagnisas emTxveva
Tu sawinaaRmdegoa. niSnis grafis Sevsebisas mniSvnelobis niSani an bundovanebis SemTxvevaSi ±
niSani Cawere.
F-is SigniT
Cazneqili
F-is gareT
amozneqili nebismieri
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 34.10 a, b) Cazneqili sarkis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis sapovnelad gavlebulia oTxi sxivi. sagnis
mocemuli mdebareobis SemTxvevaSi gamosaxuleba realuria, Sebrunebulia da saganze mcirea. g, d) msgavsi
oTxi sxivi amozneqili sarkis SemTxvevaSi. amozneqili sarkisTvis gamosaxuleba yovelTvis warmosaxviTia,
mimarTuleba emTxveva sagnisas da saganze ufro mcirea. [g) suraTze meore sxivi Tavdapirvelad F fokusuri
wertiliskenaa mimarTulia. d) suraTze mesame sxivi Tavdapirvelad C simrudis centriskenaa mimarTuli].
wertilis gamosaxuleba Sens mier arCeuli ori specialuri sxivis gadakveTis wertilze
formirdeba. sagnis gamosaxulebis mdebareobis dadgena ori an meti RerZgareTa wertilis
gamosaxulebebis ganlagebiTaa SesaZlebelia. amozneqili sarkis SemTxvevaSi, sxivebis aRweris
mcireoden Secvla iqneba saWiro, rogorc es aris 34.10g da 34.10d suraTebze.
(g) (d)
34.9 paragrafSi gamoCndeba (centralur RerZTan mxolod mcire kuTxis mqone sinaTlis
sxivebisTvis), rom
n1 n2 n2 – n1
p + i = r . (34.8)
1
f
= (n – 1)( )
1 1
–
r1 r2
(Txeli linza haerSi) (34.10)
(a) (b)
(g) (d)
sur. 34.13. a) Semkrebi linzis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sxivebi, linzis saSualebiT F2 realur
fokusur wertilSi ikribeba. linza naCvenebze ufro Txelia. Cven centralur xazze sxivebis gadaxras
ganvixilavT. b) a)-Si naCvenebi linzis wveros gadidebuli versia. zedapiris normalebi daStrixuli xazebiTaa
naCvenebi. gaiTvaliswine, rom orive gardatexa sxivs qvemoT, centraluri RerZis mimarTulebiT gadaxris.
g) Tavdapirvelad paraleluri sxivebi gambnevi linzis saSualebiT ganibneva. gabneuli sxivebis gagrZelebebi F2
warmosaxviT fokusur wertils gaivlian. d) g)-Si mocemuli linzis wveros gadidebuli versia. gaiTvaliswine,
rom orive gardatexa sxivs maRla, centraluri RerZidan moSorebiT gadaxris.
34.7. Txeli linzebi 1197
am formulas xSirad linzis ZiriTad formulas
uwodeben. aq r1 saganTan axlos mdebare linzis
zedapiris simrudis radiusia, xolo r2 meore
zedapiris simrudis radiusi. radiusebis niSnebi
34.6 paragrafSi mocemuli sferuli gardamtexi
zedapirebis kanonebis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba.
Tu linza raime sxva garemoTia garSemortymuli
(magaliTad zeTiT), romlis gardatexis koe
ficientia ngaremo, 34.10 formulaSi n-s n/ngaremo Cae
nacvleba. gaxsovdes 34.9 da 34.10 formulebis
safuZveli:
34.13a suraTze naCvenebi amozneqili gardamtexi zedapirebis, anu amozneqili mxareebis mqone
Txeli linza. rodesac linzis centraluri RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzaSi igzavneba, isini
orjer gardatydeba, rogorc es 34.13b suraTzea naCvenebi. ormagi gardatexa sxivebis SeerTebas
da linzis centridan f manZilze daSorebul F2 saerTo wertilSi gavlas iwvevs. maSasadame, es
linza Semkrebia. garda amisa, F2 wertilSi realuri fokusuri wertili (fokusi) arsebobs
(vinaidan sxivebi marTlac gaivlis masSi) da Sesabamisi fokusuri manZilia f. rodesac centraluri
RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzis gavliT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT igzavneba, linzis
meore mxares kidev erT realur fokusur wertils, F1-s vpoulobT. Txeli linzis SemTxvevaSi, es
ori fokusuri wertili linzidan Tanabar manZilzea daSorebuli.
vinaidan Semkrebi linzis fokusuri wertilebi realuria, Sesabamisi f fokusuri manZilebi
dadebiTia, iseve rogorc Cazneqili sarkis realuri fokusis SemTxvevaSi. asea Tu ise, optikaSi
niSnebi sakmaod damabnevelia. modiT, 34.10 formula SevamowmoT. am formulis marcxena mxare
dadebiTia, Tu f dadebiTia, magram marjvena mxare? saWiroa formulis TiToeuli wevris cal-
calke gamokvleva. vinaidan minis an nebismieri sxva garemos n gardatexis koeficienti 1-ze metia,
(n – 1) dadebiTi unda iyos. vinaidan sinaTlis wyaro (sagani) amozneqili linzis marcxnivaa, am
mxris r1 simrudis radiusi gardamtexi zedapirebis niSnis kanonis Tanaxmad dadebiTi unda iyos.
garda amisa, vinaidan sagani linzis marjvena zedapiris Cazneqil mxaresaa, am kanonis Tanaxmad r2
simrudis radiusi uaryofiTi unda iyos. maSasadame, (1/r1 – 1/r2) wevri da 34.10 formulis mTeli
marjvena mxare dadebiTia da yvela niSani Sesabamisia.
34.13g suraTze naCvenebia Cazneqili gverdebis mqone Txeli linza. rodesac linzis centraluri
RerZis paraleluri sxivebi linzaSi igzavneba, isini orjer gardatydeba, rogorc es 34.13d
suraTzea naCvenebi. sxivebi ganibneva, gabneuli sxivebi ki ar gadaikveTeba da, maSasadame, linza
gambnevia. miuxedavad amisa, sxivebis gagrZelebebi linzis centridan f manZilze daSorebul F2
saerTo wertilSi gaivlian. maSasadame, linzis warmosaxviTi fokusuri wertilia F2 (Tu gabneuli
sxivebis nawili TvalSi moxvdeba, F2 wertilSi naTeli laqa aRiqmeba, TiTqos iq sinaTlis
wyaro iyos). linzis mopirdapire mxares, simetriulad ganlagebul F1 wertilSi kidev erTi
warmosaxviTi fokusi arsebobs, Tu linza Txelia. vinaidan gambnevi linzis fokusuri wertilebi
warmosaxviTia, f fokusur manZils uaryofiT sidided miviCnevT.
1198 Tavi 34 gamosaxulebebi
gambnevi da Semkrebi linzebis m wrfivi gamadidebloba, iseve rogorc sarkeebisTvis, 34.5 da 34.6
formulebiT moicema.
am paragrafSi Sen unda migeRo uamravi informacia da misi organizeba Txeli simetriuli
linzebisTvis (orive mxare amozneqilia an Cazneqilia) gankuTvnili 34.2 cxrilis SevsebiT
unda SeZlo. gamosaxulebis mdebareobis grafis Sevsebisas aRniSne, gamosaxuleba linzis igive
mxaresaa, sadac sagani, Tu sawinaaRmdego mxares. gamosaxulebis tipis grafis Sevsebisas aRniSne,
gamosaxuleba realuria Tu warmosaxviTi. gamosaxulebis mimarTulebis grafis Sevsebisas
aRniSne, gamosaxulebas igive mimarTuleba aqvs rac sagans, Tu Sebrunebuli.
(a)
(b) (g)
34.7. Txeli linzebi 1199
(a) (b)
pirveli linza saganTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, xolo meore linza - sagnidan moSorebiT.
nabiji 1. davuSvaT, rom p1 pirveli linzidan O sagnamde manZilia. Semdeg pirveli linzis mier
warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis i1 daSoreba 34.9 formulis an sxivebis gavlebis saSualebiT
vipovoT.
nabiji 2. amjerad, ugulebelvyoT pirveli linzis arseboba da pirvel nabijSi napovni
gamosaxuleba meore linzis sagnad ganvixiloT. Tu es axali sagani meore linzis miRmaa
ganlagebuli, linzidan p2 daSoreba uaryofiTia (gaiTvaliswine, rom es SemTxveva sagnis
daSorebis dadebiTobis Sesaxeb kanonidan gamonaklisia. amis mizezi is aris, rom sagani
sinaTlis wyaros sawinaaRmdego mxares mdebareobs). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, p2, rogorc
yovelTvis, dadebiTia. Semdeg meore linzis mier warmoqmnili saboloo gamosaxulebis i2
daSorebas 34.9 formulis an sxivebis gavlebis saSualebiT gamovTvliT.
aseTive safexureobrivi principi, nebismieri raodenobis linzebisTvis da meore linzis sarkiT
Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.
ori linzisgan Semdgari sistemis mier warmoqmnili saerTo anu jamuri M wrfivi gamadidebloba
ori linzis mier warmoqmnili m1 da m2 wrfivi gamadideblobebis namravlis tolia:
M = m1m2 (34.11)
mθ = θ´/θ.
θ ≈ h/25 sm da θ´ ≈ h/f.
Semdeg gamovTvliT:
25 sm
mθ = (martivi gamadidebeli) (34.12)
f
rTuli mikroskopi
34.18 suraTze naCvenebia rTuli mikroskopis Txeli linzuri versia. xelsawyo fob fokusuri
manZilis mqone obieqtivisgan (wina linza) da fok fokusuri manZilis mqone okularisgan (TvalTan
axlos mdebare linza) Sedgeba. is gankuTvnilia obieqtivTan Zalian axlos ganlagebul patara
sagnebze dasakvirveblad.
dakvirvebisTvis gankuTvnili O sagani, obieqtivis F1 pirveli fokusuri wertilis gareT, Tumca
masTan axlos aris ganlagebuli, raTa linzidan p daSoreba da fob mniSvnelobebi gaigivdes. linzebs
Soris dacileba isea gaTvlili, rom obieqtivis mier warmoqmnili gadidebuli da Sebrunebuli
I realuri gamosaxuleba, okularis F´1 pirveli fokusuri wertilis SigniT ganlagdes. 34.18
suraTze naCvenebi s milis sigrZe fob-Tan SedarebiT didia, amitom obieqtivsa da I gamosaxulebas
Soris manZilad s sigrZe SegviZlia miviCnioT.
34.6 formuliT da p da i-s mniSvnelobebis damrgvalebiT, obieqtivis wrfivi gamadidebloba
Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros:
i s
m = – = – . (34.13)
p fob
vinaidan I gamosaxuleba okularis F´1 fokusuri wertilis SigniT aris ganlagebuli, okulari
martivi gamadidebeli linzis msgavsad moqmedebs da damkvirvebeli I´ saboloo gamosaxulebas
(warmosaxviTs da Sebrunebuls) misi gavliT xedavs. xelsawyos jamuri gamadidebloba 34.13
okulari
obieqtivi
paraleluri
sxivebi paraleluri
I´ gamosaxulebisken
Soreuli sxivebi
sagnidan
(a) (b)
sur. 34.19. a) gardamtexi teleskopis Txeli linzuri versia. daaxloebiT paraleluri sxivebis obieqtivTan
miaxloebisas, obieqtivi Soreuli sinaTlis wyaros (sagnis) I realur gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis (daSvebulia,
rom sagnis erTi mxare centralur RerZze mdebareobs). F2 da F´1 saerTo fokusur wertilebze warmoqmnili I
gamosaxuleba okularisTvis saganiviT moqmedebs da okulari damkvirveblisgan moSorebiT warmosaxviT
saboloo I´ gamosaxulebas warmoqmnis. obieqtivis fokusuri manZilia fob. okularis fokusuri manZilia fok.
b) h´ simaRlis I gamosaxuleba obieqtivisadmi θob kuTxes, xolo okularisadmi θok kuTxes adgens.
34.8. optikuri xelsawyoebi 1205
formuliT mocemuli obieqtivis m wrfivi gamadideblobis da 34.12 formuliT mocemuli
okularis mθ kuTxuri gamadideblobis namravlia:
s 25 sm
M = mmθ = – (mikroskopi) (34.14)
fob f
gardamtexi teleskopi
teleskopi sxvadasxva saxisaa. Cven aRvwerT martiv gardamtex teleskops, romelic obieqtivisa da
okularisgan Sedgeba. 34.19 suraTze orive komponenti martivi linzebis saxiTaa warmodgenili,
Tumca praqtikaSi TiToeuli linza Sedgenili sistemaa. asevea mikroskopis SemTxvevaSic.
teleskopebsa da mikroskopebSi linzaTa ganlageba msgavsia. Tumca teleskopi did sagnebze,
magaliTad galaqtikebze, varskvlavebsa da planetebze did manZilze dakvirvebisTvis aris
gankuTvnili, xolo mikroskopi sawinaaRmdego daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
34.19 suraTze naCveneb teleskopSi, obieqtivis meore F2 fokusuri wertili, okularis pirvel
F´1 fokusur wertils emTxveva, xolo 34.18 suraTze naCveneb mikroskopSi, es wertilebi s milis
sigrZiT aris daSorebuli.
34.19a suraTze Soreuli sagnidan momavali paraleluri sxivebi obieqtivs ejaxeba, teleskopis
RerZTan θob kuTxes adgens da saerTo F2,F´1 fokusur wertilSi realur da Sebrunebul I
gamosaxulebas qmnis. es I gamosaxuleba okularisTvis sagnis saxiT moqmedebs da damkvirvebeli
okularis gavliT Soreul (Sebrunebul) I´ warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas xedavs. sxivebi, romlebic
gamosaxulebas qmnis, teleskopis RerZTan θok kuTxes adgens.
teleskopis mθ kuTxuri gamadideblobaa θok/θob. 34.19b suraTidan, centralur RerZTan axlos
mdebare sxivebisTvis SeiZleba daiweros θob = h´/fob da θok = h´/fok , rac mogvcemsL
f
mθ = – fob (teleskopi) (34.15)
ok
minus niSani asaxavs, rom I´ Sebrunebulia. sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, teleskopis kuTxuri
gamadidebloba teleskopis mier warmoqmnili gamosaxulebis mier Sedgenili kuTxis Sefardebaa
teleskopis gareSe danaxuli Soreuli sagnis mier Sedgenil kuTxesTan.
gamadidebloba astronomiuli teleskopis erTaderTi konstruqciuli parametria da is sakmaod
advilad miiRweva. karg teleskops SuqZala sWirdeba, romelic gamosaxulebis simkveTres
gansazRvravs. SuqZala mniSvnelovania bundovani sagnebis, magaliTad, Soreuli galaqtikebis
dasanaxad da is obieqtivis maqsimalurad didi diametris saSualebiT miiRweva. teleskops
agreTve sWirdeba garCevunarianoba, rac mcire kuTxuri daSorebis mqone ori Soreuli sagnis
(magaliTad varskvlavebis) erTmaneTisgan garCevis saSualebas iZleva. mxedvelobis areali kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani teqnikuri parametria. galaqtikebze (romlebic mxedvelobis mcire areals
ikaveben) dakvirvebisTvis Seqmnili teleskopi, meteorebze (romlebic mxedvelobis farTo
arealSi moZraoben) dakvirvebisTvis Seqmnili teleskopisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
teleskopis damproeqtebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos agreTve gansxvaveba Cvens mier ganxilul
idealur Txel linzebsa da realur linzebs Soris. sferuli zedapirebis mqone realuri
linzebi ar qmnian mkveTr gamosaxulebas da am nakls sferuli aberacia ewodeba. garda amisa,
vinaidan realuri linzis or zedapirze gardatexa talRis sigrZezea damokidebuli, aseTi
linza gansxvavebuli talRis sigrZis mqone sinaTles erT wertilSi ar afokusirebs. am nakls
qromatuli aberacia ewodeba.
mokle ganxilva astronomiuli teleskopebis teqnikur parametrebs ver amowuravs, vinaidan
arsebobs sxva mravali parametri. Cven SegveZlo msgavsi parametrebis sia sxva nebismieri
optikuri xelsawyosTvis gagvekeTebina.
1206 Tavi 34 gamosaxulebebi
α + γ = 2β (34.16)
α ≈ = , β = = ,
cO p cC r
da γ ≈ = . (34.17)
cI i
sadac ` ~ simbolo `rkals~ niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod β-s formulaa zusti, vinaidan
ac-s simrudis radiusi C wertilSia. α-sa da γ-s formulebi daaxloebiT sworia, Tu es kuTxeebi
sakmarisad mcirea (anu sxivebi centralur RerZTan axlosaa). 34.17 formulis 34.16 formulaSi
Casmas, 34.3 formulis gamoyenebas r-is 2f-iT Sesacvlelad da ac-s gamoricxvas 34.4 formulamde
davyavarT, ris damtkicebasac vcdilobdiT.
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2.
n1θ1 ≈ n2θ2. (34.18)
am SemTxvevaSic viyenebT im faqts, rom samkuTxedis gare sur. 34.21. O wertilovani sagnis rea
luri I wertilovani gamosaxuleba ori
kuTxe ori mopirdapire Sida kuTxis jamis tolia. COa da
garemos gamyof sferul amozneqil
ICa samkuTxedebisTvis gveqneba: zedapirze gardatexis Sedegad war