Technological University of the Philippines

Manila
College of Industrial Technology
Bachelor of Engineering Technology
major in Construction Engineering Technology (BET-CT)

TITLE
(RESEARCH NO. __)

IN

SUBJECT:
SUBJECT CODE:

SUBMITTED BY:
Altar, Charles Ysrael T.
COURSE & SECTION:
Bachelor of Engineering Technology Major in
Construction Engineering Technology

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SUBMITTED TO:
Prof. Janilyn Siy
DATE SUBMITTED:
ACCORDING TO BRITANNICA , FOUNDATION IS A PART OF A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM THAT SUPPORTS
AND ANCHORS THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF A BUILDING AND TRANSMITS ITS LOADS DIRECTLY TO THE
EARTH . THE CHOICE OF SUITABLE TYPE OF FOOTING DEPENDS ON THE DEPTH AT WHICH THE
BEARING STRATA LIES , THE SOIL CONDITION AND THE TYPE OF SUPERSTRUCTURE .

ISOLATED FOOTINGS (ALSO KNOWN AS PAD OR SPREAD FOOTINGS ) ARE COMMONLY USED FOR
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IN ORDER TO CARRY AND SPREAD CONCENTRATED LOADS , CAUSED FOR
EXAMPLE BY COLUMNS OR PILLARS . ISOLATED FOOTINGS CAN CONSIST EITHER OF REINFORCED OR
NON-REINFORCED MATERIAL . FOR THE NON -REINFORCED FOOTING HOWEVER , THE HEIGHT OF THE
FOOTING HAS TO BE BIGGER IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE NECESSARY SPREADING OF LOAD .

EVERY BUILDING HAS A FOUNDATION BE IT SHALLOW OR DEEP. AN ISOLATED FOOTING IS A TYPE

OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION . OTHER TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE SPREAD FOOTING, STRAP
FOOTING, ETC.

IT IS A COLUMN WITH A WIDER CROSS SECTION AT THE BASE. THE BASE CAN BE PLAIN, STEPPED
OR SLOPED .

IN THE IMAGE, AS YOU CAN SEE, THE FIRST ONE HAS A PLAIN SLAB WHICH IS CALLED SINGLE
FOOTING .

THE SECOND ONE IS CALLED A STEPPED FOOTING BECAUSE THREE CONCRETE CROSS SECTIONS
ARE STACKED UPON EACH OTHER . THIS TYPE OF FOOTING IS USED GENERALLY IN RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS . INSTEAD OF COLUMN FOOTINGS , STEPPED WALL FOOTINGS ARE MORE COMMON IN
INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS .

THE THIRD ONE IS SLOPED FOOTING GENERALLY USED WHEN MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS ARE CONSTRUCTED .

THE SELECTION OF THESE FOUNDATIONS IS DONE ON THE BASIS OF SOIL TYPE, LOAD
DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING.

ISOLATED FOOTING

THE ISOLATED FOOTING IS USED TO SUPPORT INDIVIDUAL COLUMNS . THEY CAN BE EITHER OF
STEEPED TYPE OR HAVE PROJECTIONS IN THE CONCRETE -BASE . IN THE CASE OF HEAVILY LOADED
COLUMNS , STEEL REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN BOTH THE DIRECTIONS IN A CONCRETE BED.

GENERALLY, A 15 CM OFFSET IS PROVIDED ON ALL SIDED OF THE CONCRETE BED . IN THE CASE OF
BRICK MASONRY COLUMNS , AN OFFSET OF 5 CM IS PROVIDED ALSO ON ALL THE FOUR SIDES IN
REGULAR LAYERS . W HEN THE FOOTING OF CONCRETE COLUMNS MAYBE A SLAB, STEEPED OR SLOPE
TYPE.

WHEN THE ISOLATED FOOTING MAKES THEY HAVE SOME REASONS TO MAKE I T:-

 THIS IS ECONOMICAL.
 WHEN THE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY IS HIGH.
 WHEN THE LOADS ON FOOTING ARE LESS .
 IF THE COLUMNS OF A BUILDING ARE NOT CLOSE SPACE .
TYPES OF ISOLATED FOOTING (MAINLY THREE ARE TYPES)

 PAD FOOTING OR SIMPLE SPREAD FOOTING

 STEPPED SPREAD FOOTING
 SLOPED SPREAD FOOTING

PAD FOOTING

PAD FOUNDATION REFERS TO THE FOUNDATION WHICH IS INTENDED FOR SUSTAINING

CONCENTRATED LOADS FORM A SINGLE POINT LOAD SUCH AS A STRUCTURAL COLUMN . THIS IS
ALSO CALLED A SIMPLE SPREAD FOOTING .

ADVANTAGES

 ISOLATED FOOTINGS ARE ECONOMICAL.

 THE ISOLATED FOOTINGS ARE EASY TO CONSTRUCT.
 EVEN IT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED, UNSKILLED WORKERS .
 IT REQUIRES LESS EARTH EXCAVATION .

DISADVANTAGES

 THE SOIL NEEDS STABLE ALL AROUND THE BASE OF THE STRUCTURE .
 TO COPE WITH THE HIGH LOAD, IT CAN BE VERY LARGE IN SIZE.
 SEPARATE FOUNDATIONS MAKE THIS  DESIGN WEAK AGAINST THE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
THAT MAY AFFECT THE BUILDING.

COMBINED FOOTING

IS BASICALLY A COMBINATION OF VARIOUS FOOTINGS , WHICH UTILIZES THE PROPERTIES OF

DIFFERENT FOOTING IN A SINGLE FOOTING BASED ON THE REQUIREMENT OF THE STRUCTURE . IT
CARRIES TWO OR MORE COLUMNS ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE.

THE REASONS FOR PROVIDING COMBINED FOOTINGS ARE AS BELOW .

 IT IS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE THE COMBINED FOOTING IN CASE OF OVERLAPPING , WHEN

TWO COLUMNS ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO EACH OTHER .
 THEY ARE PROVIDED WHERE THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL IS LOW , AND IT WILL
GO BELOW THE OPTIMUM LIMIT.
  IT IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE COMBINED FOOTING IN THE STRUCTURE , WHEN THE RESULTANT
LOADING IS CLOSE ENOUGH TO THE COLUMN OF THE BUILDING.

DEPENDING ON THE SHAPE OF THE COMBINED FOOTING , THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF
COMBINED FOOTING, NAMELY , RECTANGULAR , TRAPEZOIDAL AND T-SHAPED COMBINED
FOOTING.

WHENEVER TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IN A STRAIGHT LINE ARE CARRIED ON A SINGLE SPREAD
FOOTING, IT IS CALLED A COMBINED FOOTING . ISOLATED FOOTINGS FOR EACH COLUMN ARE
GENERALLY THE ECONOMICAL . COMBINED FOOTINGS ARE PROVIDED ONLY WHEN IT IS ABSOLUTELY
NECESSARY , AS

1. WHEN TWO COLUMNS ARE CLOSE TOGETHER , CAUSING OVERLAP OF ADJACENT

ISOLATED FOOTINGS

2. WHERE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY IS LOW, CAUSING OVERLAP OF ADJACENT ISOLATED

FOOTINGS

3. PROXIMITY OF BUILDING LINE OR EXISTING BUILDING OR SEWER , ADJACENT TO A

BUILDING COLUMN .

TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTING

1.) SLAB TYPE

2.) SLAB AND BEAM TYPE
3.) STRAP TYPE

• THE COMBINED FOOTING MAY BE RECTANGULAR , TRAPEZOIDAL OR TEE-SHAPED IN PLAN . THE

GEOMETRIC PROPORTIONS AND SHAPE ARE SO FIXED THAT THE CENTEROID OF THE FOOTING AREA
COINCIDES WITH THE RESULTANT OF THE COLUMN LOADS . THIS RESULTS IN UNIFORM PRESSURE
BELOW THE ENTIRE AREA OF FOOTING .

• TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN ONE COLUMN LOAD IS MUCH MORE THAN THE OTHER .
AS A RESULT, THE BOTH PROJECTIONS OF FOOTING BEYOND THE FACES OF THE COLUMNS WILL BE
RESTRICTED .

• RECTANGULAR FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN ONE OF THE PROJECTIONS OF THE FOOTING IS

RESTRICTED OR THE WIDTH OF THE FOOTING IS RESTRICTED .

SPREAD FOUNDATION

IS A TYPE OF A SHALLOW FOUNDATION . IT IS DEFINED AS THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS USED TO

SUPPORT THE COLUMN AND WALLS AS WELL AS TRANSMIT AND DISTRIBUTE THE LOAD COMING ON
THE STRUCTURE TO THE SOIL BENEATH IT .
RAFT FOUNDATION , ALSO CALLED A MAT FOUNDATION , IS ESSENTIALLY A CONTINUOUS SLAB
RESTING ON THE SOIL THAT EXTENDS OVER THE ENTIRE FOOTPRINT OF THE BUILDING, THEREBY
SUPPORTING THE BUILDING AND TRANSFERRING ITS WEIGHT TO THE GROUND. 

A RAFT FOUNDATION IS OFTEN USED WHEN THE SOIL IS WEAK , AS IT DISTRIBUTES THE WEIGHT OF
THE BUILDING OVER THE ENTIRE AREA OF THE BUILDING , AND NOT OVER SMALLER ZONES (LIKE
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS ) OR AT INDIVIDUAL POINTS (LIKE  PILE FOUNDATIONS ). THIS REDUCES
THE  STRESS  ON THE SOIL .

A RAFT FOUNDATION IS ALSO VERY GOOD FOR BASEMENTS . FOUNDATIONS ARE CREATED BY
EXCAVATING SOIL IN ORDER TO FIND STRONG , COMPACT , UNDISTURBED NATURAL SOIL THAT IS AT
LEAST A FEW FEET BELOW GROUND LEVEL . THIS SOIL IS MUCH STRONGER THAN THE LOOSE SOIL AT
THE SURFACE . IF WE CONSTRUCT A RAFT FOUNDATION AT SAY 10 FEET BELOW GROUND , AND
BUILD CONCRETE WALLS AROUND THE PERIPHERY, THIS MAKES AN EXCELLENT BASEMENT.
THEREFORE, AN ENGINEER DESIGNING A BUILDING WITH A BASEMENT WILL TEND TO CHOOSE A
RAFT FOUNDATION OVER OTHER TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS .