Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 63
9. Why are the symbols U, KE, and PE used to denote the
energy change during a process, but the work and heat transfer
for the process represented, respectively, simply as W and Q?
10. If the change in energy of a closed system is known for a
process between two end states, can you determine if the energy
change was due to work, to heat transfer, or to some combina-
tion of work and heat transfer?
11. Referring to Fig. 2.8, can you tell which process, A or B, has
the greater heat transfer?
Problems: Developing Engineering Skills
Applying Energy Concepts from Mechanics
2.1 An automobile has a mass of 1200 kg. What is its kinetic
energy, in kJ, relative to the road when traveling at a velocity
of 50 km/h? If the vehicle accelerates to 100 km/h, what is the
change in kinetic energy, in kJ?
2.2 An object whose mass is 400 kg is located at an elevation
of 25 m above the surface of the earth. For g  9.78 m/s2, de-
termine the gravitational potential energy of the object, in kJ,
relative to the surface of the earth.
2.3 An object of mass 1000 kg, initially having a velocity of
100 m /s, decelerates to a final velocity of 20 m/s. What is the
change in kinetic energy of the object, in kJ?
2.4 An airplane whose mass is 5000 kg is flying with a veloc-
ity of 150 m/s at an altitude of 10,000 m, both measured rel-
ative to the surface of the earth. The acceleration of gravity
can be taken as constant at g  9.78 m/s2.
(a) Calculate the kinetic and potential energies of the airplane,
both in kJ.
(b) If the kinetic energy increased by 10,000 kJ with no change
in elevation, what would be the final velocity, in m/s?
2.5 An object whose mass is 0.5 kg has a velocity of 30 m/s.
Determine
(a) the final velocity, in m/s, if the kinetic energy of the ob-
ject decreases by 130 J.
(b) the change in elevation, in ft, associated with a 130 J
change in potential energy. Let g  9.81 m/s2.
2.6 An object whose mass is 2 kg is accelerated from a veloc-
ity of 200 m/s to a final velocity of 500 m/s by the action of
a resultant force. Determine the work done by the resultant
force, in kJ, if there are no other interactions between the ob-
ject and its surroundings.
2.7 A disk-shaped flywheel, of uniform density
, outer ra-
dius R, and thickness w, rotates with an angular velocity ,
in rad/s.
(a) Show that the moment of inertia, I  vol rr2 dV, can be
expressed as I 

wR 42 and the kinetic energy can be length of time, in s, the force is applied and the amount of
expressed as KE  I 22.
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12. What form does the energy balance take for an isolated sys-
tem? Interpret the expression you obtain.
13. How would you define an appropriate efficiency for the gear-
box of Example 2.4?
14. Two power cycles each receive the same energy input Qin
and discharge energy Qout to the same lake. If the cycles have
different thermal efficiencies, which discharges the greater
amount Qout? Does this have any implications for the environ-
ment?
(b) For a steel flywheel rotating at 3000 RPM, determine the
kinetic energy, in N # m, and the mass, in kg, if R  0.38 m
and w  0.025 m.
(c) Determine the radius, in m, and the mass, in kg, of an alu-
minum flywheel having the same width, angular velocity,
and kinetic energy as in part (b).
2.8 Two objects having different masses fall freely under the
influence of gravity from rest and the same initial elevation.
Ignoring the effect of air resistance, show that the magnitudes
of the velocities of the objects are equal at the moment just
before they strike the earth.
2.9 An object whose mass is 25 kg is projected upward from
the surface of the earth with an initial velocity of 60 m/s. The
only force acting on the object is the force of gravity. Plot the
velocity of the object versus elevation. Determine the eleva-
tion of the object, in ft, when its velocity reaches zero. The ac-
celeration of gravity is g  9.8 m/s2.
2.10 A block of mass 10 kg moves along a surface inclined
30 relative to the horizontal. The center of gravity of the
block is elevated by 3.0 m and the kinetic energy of the block
decreases by 50 J. The block is acted upon by a constant
force R parallel to the incline and by the force of gravity.
Assume frictionless surfaces and let g  9.81 m/s2. Deter-
mine the magnitude and direction of the constant force R,
in N.
2.11 Beginning from rest, an object of mass 200 kg slides
down a 10-m-long ramp. The ramp is inclined at an angle of
40 from the horizontal. If air resistance and friction between
the object and the ramp are negligible, determine the veloc-
ity of the object, in m/s, at the bottom of the ramp. Let g 
9.81 m /s2.
Evaluating Work
2.12 A system with a mass of 5 kg, initially moving horizon-
tally with a velocity of 40 m/s, experiences a constant hori-
zontal deceleration of 2 m /s2 due to the action of a resultant
force. As a result, the system comes to rest. Determine the
energy transfer by work, in kJ.
64 Chapter 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
2.13 The drag force, Fd, imposed by the surrounding air on a
vehicle moving with velocity V is given by
Fd  CdA12rV2
where Cd is a constant called the drag coefficient, A is the pro-
jected frontal area of the vehicle, and
is the air density. De-
termine the power, in kW, required to overcome aerodynamic
drag for a truck moving at 110 km/h, if Cd  0.65, A  10 m2,
and
 1.1 kg/m3.
2.14 A major force opposing the motion of a vehicle is the
rolling resistance of the tires, Fr, given by
Fr  f w
where f is a constant called the rolling resistance coefficient
and w is the vehicle weight. Determine the power, in kW,
required to overcome rolling resistance for a truck weighing
322.5 kN that is moving at 110 km /h. Let f  0.0069.
2.15 Measured data for pressure versus volume during the ex-
pansion of gases within the cylinder of an internal combustion
engine are given in the table below. Using data from the table,
complete the following:
(a) Determine a value of n such that the data are fit by an
equation of the form, pV n  constant.
(b) Evaluate analytically the work done by the gases, in kJ,
using Eq. 2.17 along with the result of part (a).
(c) Using graphical or numerical integration of the data, eval-
uate the work done by the gases, in kJ.
(d) Compare the different methods for estimating the work
used in parts (b) and (c). Why are they estimates?
Data Point p (bar) V (cm3)
1 15 300
2 12 361
3 9 459
4 6 644
5 4 903
6 2 1608
2.16 One-fourth kg of a gas contained within a piston–cylinder
assembly undergoes a constant-pressure process at 5 bar be-
ginning at v1  0.20 m3/kg. For the gas as the system, the work
is 15 kJ. Determine the final volume of the gas, in m3.
2.17 A gas is compressed from V1  0.3 m3, p1  1 bar to
V2  0.1 m3, p2  3 bar. Pressure and volume are related lin-
early during the process. For the gas, find the work, in kJ.
2.18 A gas expands from an initial state where p1  500 kPa
and V1  0.1 m3 to a final state where p2  100 kPa. The
relationship between pressure and volume during the process
is pV  constant. Sketch the process on a p–V diagram and
determine the work, in kJ.
2.19 Warm air is contained in a piston–cylinder assembly ori-
ented horizontally as shown in Fig. P2.19. The air cools
slowly from an initial volume of 0.003 m3 to a final volume
of 0.002 m3. During the process, the spring exerts a force that
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varies linearly from an initial value of 900 N to a final value
of zero. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, and the area
of the piston face is 0.018 m2. Friction between the piston
and the cylinder wall can be neglected. For the air, determine
the initial and final pressures, in kPa, and the work, in kJ.
A = 0.018 m2
patm = 100 kPa
Air
Spring force varies linearly from 900 N when
V1 = 0.003 m3 to zero when V2 = 0.002 m3
 Figure P2.19
2.20 Air undergoes two processes in series:
Process 1–2: polytropic compression, with n  1.3, from p1 
100 kPa, v1  0.04 m3/kg to v2  0.02 m3/kg
Process 2–3: constant-pressure process to v3  v1
Sketch the processes on a pv diagram and determine the work
per unit mass of air, in kJ/kg.
2.21 For the cycle of Problem 1.25, determine the work for each
process and the net work for the cycle, each in kJ.
2.22 The driveshaft of a building’s air-handling fan is turned at
300 RPM by a belt running on a 0.3-m-diameter pulley. The
net force applied by the belt on the pulley is 2000 N. Deter-
mine the torque applied by the belt on the pulley, in N # m, and
the power transmitted, in kW.
2.23 An electric motor draws a current of 10 amp with a voltage
of 110 V. The output shaft develops a torque of 10.2 N # m and
a rotational speed of 1000 RPM. For operation at steady state,
determine
(a) the electric power required by the motor and the power de-
veloped by the output shaft, each in kW.
(b) the net power input to the motor, in kW.
(c) the amount of energy transferred to the motor by electri-
cal work and the amount of energy transferred out of the
motor by the shaft, in kW # h during 2 h of operation.
2.24 A 12-V automotive storage battery is charged with a con-
stant current of 2 amp for 24 h. If electricity costs $0.08 per
kW # h, determine the cost of recharging the battery.
2.25 For your lifestyle, estimate the monthly cost of operating
the following household items: microwave oven, refrigerator,
electric space heater, personal computer, hand-held hair drier,
a 100-W light bulb. Assume the cost of electricity is $0.08 per
kW # h.
2.26 A solid cylindrical bar (see Fig. 2.9) of diameter 5 mm is
slowly stretched from an initial length of 10 cm to a final length
of 10.1 cm. The normal stress in the bar varies according to
  C(x  x0)x0, where x is the length of the bar, x0 is the
initial length, and C is a material constant (Young’s modulus).
 Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 65

For C  2  107 kPa, determine the work done on the bar, in 2.35 A closed system of mass 5 kg undergoes a process in which
J, assuming the diameter remains constant. there is work of magnitude 9 kJ to the system from the sur-
roundings. The elevation of the system increases by 700 m
2.27 A wire of cross-sectional area A and initial length x0 is
during the process. The specific internal energy of the system
stretched. The normal stress  acting in the wire varies linearly
decreases by 6 kJ/kg and there is no change in kinetic energy
with strain, , where
of the system. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g  9.6
e  1x  x0 2 x0 m/s2. Determine the heat transfer, in kJ.
and x is the length of the wire. Assuming the cross-sectional 2.36 A closed system of mass 20 kg undergoes a process in
area remains constant, derive an expression for the work done which there is a heat transfer of 1000 kJ from the system to
on the wire as a function of strain. the surroundings. The work done on the system is 200 kJ. If
the initial specific internal energy of the system is 300 kJ/kg,
2.28 A soap film is suspended on a 5 cm  5 cm wire frame,
what is the final specific internal energy, in kJ/kg? Neglect
as shown in Fig. 2.10. The movable wire is displaced 1 cm by
changes in kinetic and potential energy.
an applied force, while the surface tension of the soap film
remains constant at 25  105 N/cm. Determine the work done 2.37 As shown in Fig. P2.37, 5 kg of steam contained within
in stretching the film, in J. a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion from state
1, where the specific internal energy is u1  2709.9 kJ/kg,
2.29 Derive an expression to estimate the work required to
to state 2, where u2  2659.6 kJ/kg. During the process, there
inflate a common balloon. List all simplifying assumptions.
is heat transfer to the steam with a magnitude of 80 kJ. Also,
a paddle wheel transfers energy to the steam by work in the
Evaluating Heat Transfer
amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant change in the
2.30 A 0.2-m-thick plane wall is constructed of concrete. At kinetic or potential energy of the steam. Determine the en-
steady state, the energy transfer rate by conduction through a ergy transfer by work from the steam to the piston during
1-m2 area of the wall is 0.15 kW. If the temperature distribu- the process, in kJ.
tion is linear through the wall, what is the temperature differ-
ence across the wall, in K?
2.31 A 2-cm-diameter surface at 1000 K emits thermal radia-
tion at a rate of 15 W. What is the emissivity of the surface?
Assuming constant emissivity, plot the rate of radiant emis- 5 kg of
sion, in W, for surface temperatures ranging from 0 to 2000 K. steam
The Stefan–Boltzmann constant, , is 5.67  108 W/m2 # K4.
Wpiston = ?
2.32 A flat surface having an area of 2 m2 and a temperature Wpw = –18.5 kJ
of 350 K is cooled convectively by a gas at 300 K. Using data
from Table 2.1, determine the largest and smallest heat trans-
fer rates, in kW, that might be encountered for (a) free con-
Q = +80 kJ u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg
vection, (b) forced convection. u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg
2.33 A flat surface is covered with insulation with a thermal
conductivity of 0.08 W/m # K. The temperature at the interface
between the surface and the insulation is 300C. The outside
of the insulation is exposed to air at 30C, and the heat trans-  Figure P2.37
fer coefficient for convection between the insulation and the
air is 10 W/m2 # K. Ignoring radiation, determine the minimum
thickness of insulation, in m, such that the outside of the in- 2.38 An electric generator coupled to a windmill produces an
sulation is no hotter than 60C at steady state. average electric power output of 15 kW. The power is used to
charge a storage battery. Heat transfer from the battery to the
Using the Energy Balance surroundings occurs at a constant rate of 1.8 kW. Determine,
2.34 Each line in the following table gives information about a for 8 h of operation
process of a closed system. Every entry has the same energy (a) the total amount of energy stored in the battery, in kJ.
units. Fill in the blank spaces in the table. (b) the value of the stored energy, in $, if electricity is valued
at $0.08 per kW # h.
Process Q W E1 E2 E 2.39 A closed system undergoes a process during which there
is energy transfer from the system by heat at a constant rate of
a
50 20
50
10 kW, and the power varies with time according to
b
50
20
20
40
60
20
W e
c # 8t 0 6 t1h
d 90
50 0 8 t 7 1h
e
50
20 100 #
where t is time, in h, and W is in kW.
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66 Chapter 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics

(a) What is the time rate of change of system energy at t  2.46 A gas contained within a piston–cylinder assembly is
0.6 h, in kW? shown in Fig. P2.46. Initially, the piston face is at x  0, and
(b) Determine the change in system energy after 2 h, in kJ. the spring exerts no force on the piston. As a result of heat
2.40 A storage battery develops a power output of transfer, the gas expands, raising the piston until it hits the
# stops. At this point the piston face is located at x 
W  1.2 exp1t602 0.06 m, and the heat transfer ceases. The force exerted by the
# spring on the piston as the gas expands varies linearly with
where W is power, in kW, and t is time, in s. Ignoring heat
x according to
transfer
(a) plot the power output, in kW, and the change in energy of Fspring  kx
the battery, in kJ, each as a function of time. where k  9,000 N/m. Friction between the piston and the
(b) What are the limiting values for the power output and the cylinder wall can be neglected. The acceleration of gravity
change in energy of the battery as t S ? Discuss. is g  9.81 m/s2. Additional information is given on
2.41 A gas expands in a piston–cylinder assembly from p1  8 Fig. P2.70.
bar, V1  0.02 m3 to p2  2 bar in a process during which the
relation between pressure and volume is pV1.2  constant. The patm = 1 bar
mass of the gas is 0.25 kg. If the specific internal energy of Apist = 0.0078 m2
the gas decreases by 55 kJ/kg during the process, determine m pist = 10 kg
the heat transfer, in kJ. Kinetic and potential energy effects are
negligible.
2.42 Two kilograms of air is contained in a rigid well-insulated
tank with a volume of 0.6 m3. The tank is fitted with a paddle
wheel that transfers energy to the air at a constant rate of 10 W
for 1 h. If no changes in kinetic or potential energy occur, x=0
Gas
determine
m gas = 0.5 g
(a) the specific volume at the final state, in m3/kg.
(b) the energy transfer by work, in kJ.
(c) the change in specific internal energy of the air, in kJ/kg.
2.43 A gas is contained in a closed rigid tank. An electric
resistor in the tank transfers energy to the gas at a constant rate
of 1000 W. Heat transfer# between the gas #and the surround-
ings occurs at a rate of Q  50t, where Q is in watts, and t
is time, in min.  Figure P2.46
(a) Plot the time rate of change of energy of the gas for
0  t  20 min, in watts. (a) What is the initial pressure of the gas, in kPa?
(b) Determine the net change in energy of the gas after 20 (b) Determine the work done by the gas on the piston, in J.
min, in kJ. (c) If the specific internal energies of the gas at the initial and
(c) If electricity is valued at $0.08 per kW # h, what is the cost final states are 210 and 335 kJ/kg, respectively, calculate
of the electrical input to the resistor for 20 min of operation? the heat transfer, in J.
2.44 Steam in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes a poly-
tropic process, with n  2, from an initial state where p1  3.45 Analyzing Thermodynamic Cycles
MPa, v1  .106 m3/kg, u1  3171 kJ/kg to a final state where 2.47 The following table gives data, in kJ, for a system under-
u2  2304 kJ/kg. During the process, there is a heat transfer going a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes in
from the steam of magnitude 361.8. The mass of steam is .544 kg. series. For the cycle, kinetic and potential energy effects can
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, determine the be neglected. Determine
work, in kJ. (a) the missing table entries, each in kJ.
2.45 Air is contained in a vertical piston–cylinder assembly (b) whether the cycle is a power cycle or a refrigeration
by a piston of mass 50 kg and having a face area of 0.01 m2. cycle.
The mass of the air is 5 g, and initially the air occupies a
volume of 5 liters. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 100 Process U Q W
kPa on the top of the piston. The volume of the air slowly
1–2 600 600
decreases to 0.002 m3 as the specific internal energy of the
2–3 1300
air decreases by 260 kJ/kg. Neglecting friction between the
3–4 700 0
piston and the cylinder wall, determine the heat transfer to
4–1 500 700
the air, in kJ.

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