Tori Daniel

Name: _______________________________

Notes - DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis

I. The Genetic Material

● Geneti
- heredity
Genetics is the branch of biology that studies __________________, traits
the passing of ________________ (characteristics) from
parents to offspring.
- DNA
This passing of traits involves the 2 nucleic acids, __________________ RNA
& __________________.

● Nucleic Acid Structure

- Nucleotides
__________________ are the building blocks of DNA & RNA
- sugar
Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon __________________, a
phosphate
__________________group, base
and a nitrogen-containing ____________

● DNA Structure
- deoxyribose
The sugar found in DNA is called __________________.
- double helix
The __________________-__________________shape of DNA is often
ladder
compared to a twisted __________________.
- nucleotides
The ladder is made of 2 very long chains of __________________.
- rails
The __________________ of the ladder are represented by the alternating
deoxyribose
__________________ phosphate
and __________________.
- bases
The pairs of __________________ (cytosine–guanine or thymine–
steps
adenine) form the __________________or rungs.

● Base Pairing
- bases
The ________________ in a nucleic acid always pair up in the
same
_________________ way.
- This is called Chargaff’s rule.
Adenine
- __________________ always pairs with
Thymine
__________________.
Guanine
- __________________ always pairs with
Cytosine
__________________.
hydrogen
- The 2 sides of the ladder are held together by ___________________ bonds
_______________.

● The DNA language

triplet
- DNA carries information in a _____________ code.
- Each sequence of 3 nucleotides codes for a certain
amino
_______________ acids
___________or for the beginning or
end of a sequence.
unique
- The genetic code is __________________ for each
organism.

● Chromosome Structure
- DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes, which coil to form
chromatin __________________.
__________________ fibers
- chromosomes that are visible during cell
The chromatin fibers supercoil to form __________________
division.

II. Replication of DNA

● Overview
- replication
DNA has the unique ability to make an exact copy of itself in a process called __________________.

● Semiconservative Replication
- templates
Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as __________________, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of
parental
__________________ new
DNA and one strand of __________________ DNA.

● STEP 1: Unwinding
- helicase
DNA __________________, unwinds
an enzyme, breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the base pairs together. It __________________
unzips
and __________________ the double helix, allowing new nucleotides to bind to the 2 single strands by base pairing.
- RNA ______________adds
As the double helix is unwound & unzipped, _______ primase a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer
(starter), on each DNA strand.
Name: _______________________________
● STEP 2: Base Pairing
- DNA __________________
______ polymerase nucleotides
then adds complementary __________________ to the chain. This continues until the entire
molecule has been replicated.
- leading
One strand is called the __________________ continuously
strand & is built __________________.
- lagging
The other strand is called the __________________ fragments
strand & is built discontinuously in small __________________ (Okazaki
fragments).

● STEP 3: Joining
- DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides.
- DNA ligase links the two sections.
- original
Each new strand is half __________________ new
DNA & half __________________ DNA.

● Conclusion
- There are now 2 copies of
the genetic information that will be
cells
passed on to new ______________
through mitosis or to the next
generation through
__________________
meiosis.

● Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic DNA

- Eukaryotic DNA…
nucleus
o is found in the __________________, chromosomes
coiled into __________________.
multiple
o unwinds in __________________ areas as DNA is replicated.
- Prokaryotic DNA…
free
o is attached to the plasma membrane or is __________________-floating.
circular
o is __________________ & only opens at one origin of replication.
DNA
o __________________ is also found in chloroplasts & mitochondria

III. DNA, RNA, & Protein

● Central Dogma:
- DNA
__________________ to RNA…RNA to
Protein
__________________

● RNA
- ribose
Contains the sugar __________________and the
uracil
base __________________
- single
Usually is __________________ stranded

● RNA vs. DNA

- RNA
Ribose
o Sugar: __________________
Adenine
o Bases: __________________ &
Uracil
__________________
Single
o Strands: __________________
- DNA
Deoxyribose
o Sugar: __________________
Adenine
o Bases: __________________ Thymine
& __________________
o Strands: __________________

STOP HERE
● Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- complementary to one strand of DNA
Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed __________________

● Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

- Associates with proteins to form ribosomes cytoplasm
__________________ in the __________________
Name: _______________________________
● Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- amino acids
Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport __________________to ribosomes
the __________________

● Transcription
- DNA code is transferred to _________
Through transcription, the ________ nucleus
mRNA in the __________________.
- DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and _______ polymerase
RNA __________________ binds to a specific section where an mRNA will be
synthesized.

● The Code
- Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was
three
a__________________-base code.
- The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a
codon
__________________.

● Translation
- tRNA
In translation, _______________ molecules act as the interpreters of
codon
the mRNA __________________ sequence.
- At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding
anticodon
sequence called the __________________.
- complementary to a codon on the mRNA.
Each anticodon is __________________

● Mutations
- There are two types of mutations:
Gene
1. ____________ Mutation
_____________________- A chemical change that
occurs in the DNA of a cell; may alter the sequence of the
nucleotides within a part of the DNA molecule.
o This alternation changes the information on the DNA
chain and results in differences in the proteins being
produced.
2. __________________ Mutation
Chromosomal __________________- changes occur in
the structure of chromosomes (whole chromosome or part), during
cell division.
o When homologous chromosomes pair up, linked genes
on the chromosomes may break apart. The genes may
join another chromosome, or they may be lost.

● Biotechnology
- What is biotechnology? Well, if you've ever taken the antibiotic penicillin or eaten bread made with yeast, you've experienced
it firsthand!
- Biotechnology is the use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product
__________________
or process.
- Many forms of modern biotechnology rely on DNA technology.
- DNA _________________________is
_________ technology the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA.
- DNA _____________________,
Common forms of DNA technology include _________ sequencing Polymerase
__________________
chain
__________________ reaction
__________________, DNA __________________,
_________ cloning and gel electrophoresis.
- Biotechnology inventions can raise new practical concerns and ethical questions that must be addressed with informed input
from all of society.
Name: _______________________________

Vocabulary
nucleotide
1. ________________________ – the building blocks of DNA & RNA; consist of a five-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

RNA
2. ________________________ – ribonucleic acid; a polymeric molecule essential in various biological
roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

mRNA
3. ________________________ – messenger RNA; long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed
complementary to one strand of DNA

rRNA
4. ________________________ – ribosomal RNA; associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the
cytoplasm

tRNA
5. ________________________ – transfer RNA; Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport
amino acids to the ribosome

DNA polymerase
6. ________________________– enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules

DNA hellcase
7. ________________________- pries apart the two strands in a DNA double helix, powered by ATP.

transcription
8. ________________________ - the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA
is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

protein synthesis
9. ________________________ – process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins

codon
10. ________________________ - a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a
specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

anticodon
11. ________________________ - A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to a
corresponding codon in messenger RNA and designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
biotechnology
12. ________________________ - the use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other
biological system, to make a product or process.