CLAUSES

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence.
A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The meeting
The problem that / which We have a friend
The girl who /that
playsthe pian o .
won the competition was happy .
The movie
The people helped me were very nice .
¿ was interesting . ¿ we talked about was urgent . ¿ was shown¿ us was intriguing. ¿
The professor course I ' mtaking is excellent . There was atime dinosaurs dominated the Earth .
The man whose brand−new car was stolen called the police . Early spring is the period when many people get sick .
The girl , parents are both teachers , wonthe competition . 1945is the year World War II ended .
The hotel we stayed was situated∈a picturesque region .
The house where they lived was built ∈the19 th century . my house . ¿
The park ¿
Benjamin Franklin, a famous American statesman, was a man of wide interests.
,¿ , some …¿ the first , the second , … , half , a third , … ¿ thetop ,thethebest , thebiggest ,…
surface , thebottom ,the sides ,…
¿

of whom
Elizabeth I, the queen of England, reigned in a period of peace and prosperity. of which …,
Saturn, the 6th planet from the Sun, is surrounded by a system of icy rings.
Saint-Petersburg, Russia’s 2nd largest city, has magnificent architecture.
whether they have any questions .
what they werequarreling about . know
know ' if she is good ∈mathematics .
where h e' ≪spend the holidays . do n t know
do n ' t know who whether ∨not they will provide any help.
I wonder
¿. ¿ I wonder whether he came on time∨not .
when thetrain arrives . ca n ' t answer
NOUN CLAUSES

… if she has succeeded∨not .

whose flash drive that is . … whether they were sea r ching for you .
know
n ' t know
I dowonder
think …
economics isa difficult subject .

that
what
am sure they will be late .
where
I understand ¿ pass this test .
whom ¿ do .
know he has n' t done any exercises . ¿ go .
when
did n ' t know ¿ ¿ ask for help ¿ ¿ choose .¿ ¿ solvethis problem .¿ ¿ ¿ believe him o r not .¿
whose
follow .
which ¿ submit this paper .
¿
how
whether

COMMON VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY THAT-CLAUSES

o
agree that discover that figure out that hope that notice that prove that regret that suppose that
assume that doubt that find out that imagine that observe that read that remember that suspect that
believe that dream that forget that indicate that predict that realize that reveal that teach that
conclude that fear that guess that know that presume that recall that say that think that
decide that feel that hear that learn that pretend that recognize that show that
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IMPORTANCE It is
vital
crucial that I/you/he...
do this assignement as soon as possible .
be informed about everything .
vital, crucial, critical, imperative, essential, important, essencial not drink any alcohol before driving .
necessary, urgent, …
advise follow theinstructions given∈the book .
I counsel that you/he... be examined by a doctor .

ADVICE, SUGGESTION recommend not postpone the task until tomorrow .

advise, propose, recommend, suggest, counsel, urge, … suggest

I recommend that DJ ohn
avid should study this topic .
do these exercises .

DEMAND, ORDER demand

I request
insist
that you/he... leave my house
¿
at once . enter immediately . ¿ not do anything without my permission . ¿

ask, demand, request, insist, order, command, …

Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said.
If the reporting verb is in a past form, the verbs in the noun clause are also in a past form.
REPORTED SPEECH

“I usually study hard.”
“I am studying now.”
“I have studied.”
“I have been studying.”
“I will study.”
He said, “I am going to study.”
“I studied.”
“I had studied.”
“I can study very hard.”
“I may study.”
“I must study.”
“I have to study.”
studied hard. She ordered, “Clean your room.”
was studying then. She ordered to clean my room.
He told me, “Do your tasks.”
had studied. He told me to do my tasks.
had been studying. He asked, “Do you have any
would study. He asked if I had any problems.
problems?”
He said that he was going to study. She asked, “Are you listening?” She asked whether I were listening.
had studied.
had studied.
could study…. NO CHANGE:
might study. He said, “I should
¿
¿ might ¿study.” He said that he should
¿
¿ might ¿study.”
had to study. He said, “The world is round.” He said that the world is round.
had to study.

TIME CAUSE AND EFFECT CONTRAST CONDITION

ADVERB CLAUSES

after even though

by the time if
before although
once unless (= if not)
when though
as/so long as because only if
while
as
every tine now that DIRECT CONTRAST whether or not
the first time since even if
as soon as
the last time while in case
since
the next time whereas in the event that
until