REBELLION / REVOLT PERIOD (1572-1872) • Location: Provinces in the Philippines

• CAUSES / REASONS • Means: Armed Struggle

1. TO REGAIN THE LOST FREEDOM • Objective: Independence / Freedom
2. DUE TO AGRARIAN UPRISING / • Represent: Province / Region
ANCESTRAL LAND WERE CONFISCATED
REFORM MOVEMENT
3. RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION /
DISCRIMINATION & FORCED • Participants: Mestizos / Insulares
CONVERTION TO CHRISTIANITY /
VANISHED OLD BELIEFS • Status: Middle / Upper Class / Educated

4. ABUSES OF SPANISH GOVERNMENT • Location: Abroad (Madrid)

OFFICIALS.
• Means: Propaganda (Speech / Writings)
• RESULT : FAILURE
• Objective: Social Reform
1. LACK OF FIRE ARMS
• Represent: National
2. LACK OF UNITY
• OBJECTIVES (National Cause / Concern)
3. LACK OF MILITARY BACKGROUND /
TACTICS 1. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
4. TRAITOR province of Spain.

5. TURNING POINT FOR NATIONALISM 2. Restoration of the Filipino Representative in the

Spanish Cortes
6. MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA
3. Filipinization of Parishes and Expulsion of Friars
7. SUSPECT: MASTERMIND OF CAVITE
MUTINY 4. Equality of Spanish and Filipino before the law
8. STAR WITNESS: FRANCISCO ZALDUA
5. Human Rights for Filipinos
9. GUILTY: DEATH PENALTY THRU
GARROTE • Influence: Students in the Universidad Central de
Madrid.
10. OBJECTIVE: GOMBURZA – CAMPAIGN
FOR • Exposure: Age of Enlightenment
SECULARIZATION & USE THE CHURCH a. Liberal Philosophy like Democracy
TO
b. Science over Faith/Religion
EDUCATE THE PEOPLE
• Start of Student Activism = Ilustrado
REFORM MOVEMENT 1872-96
REBELLION PERIOD • Motto: The Pen is mightier than Sword.

• Participants: Indios / Infieles • TRIUMVIRATE

• Status: Lower Class / Uneducated A. JOSE RIZAL – GREAT WRITER & THINKER
 B. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – GREAT
ORATOR & EDITOR (Jaro, Iloilo) wrote /
published comic book: Fray Botod (Fat Friars)
A. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – GREAT
POLITICAL ANALYST (Bulacan, Bulacan)
published: Diariong Tagalog. Article: Dasalan at
Tuksuhan.
LA SOLIDARIDAD (THE SOLIDARITY)
• Official newspaper of the propaganda movement
• Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
• Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon Laan; Dimas-alang)
• Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulo, Tigbalang)
• Antonio Luna (Taga Ilog)
• Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa)
• Juan Luna (Diego Laura)
LA LIGA FILIPINA
• In 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines
and founded the establishment of a civic
organization called “La Liga Filipina” in
Tondo, Manila in the house of Teodoro
Ojungco. He used the name/alias Dimasalang.
On July 3, 1892, the following were elected as
its officers: Ambrosio Salvador, president:
Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo,
treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, secretary.
Rizal functioned as its adviser.
• New Recruits = Andres Bonifacio
Apolinario Mabini
• But, La Liga lasted for 3 days because Rizal
was arrested and deported to Dapitan
La Liga Filipina aimed to
▪ Unite the whole country
▪ Protect and assist all members
▪ Fight violence and injustice
▪ Support education
▪ Study and implement reforms
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT / KATIPUNAN
• On July 7, 1892, upon learning that Dr. Jose P.
Rizal was to be deported and that his works
were to be banned in the country, a secret
council was convened in No. 72 Azcarraga
Street. In attendance were Andres Bonifacio,
Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro
Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Jose Dizon, and a few
others, all members of La Liga Filipina, a
progressive organization founded by Rizal. The
men assembled came to the agreement that a
revolutionary secret society must be founded,
and thus the Kataastaasang Kagalang-Kagalang
na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan was
born.
KATIPUNAN
• ANDRES BONIFACIO FOUND NO
REASON TO CONTINUE THE REFORM
MOVEMENT AS THE SPANISH
REMAINED DEAF TO THE CLAMOR OF
THE FILIPINOS, AND SEES THAT
REVOLUTION AS THE LAST ANSWER /
RESORT.
• ANDRES BONIFACIO IDOLIZED JOSE
RIZAL, AND USED RIZAL WITHOUT HIS
CONSENT.
A. RIZAL AS THE HIGHEST PASSWORD
B. RIZAL AS THE HONORARY
PRESIDENT
C. RIZAL’S PORTRAIT IN THE MEETING
PLACE / HEAD QUARTERS.
RIZAL’S RETRACTION CONTROVERSY
and
• Retraction - the action of drawing something
back or back in / a withdrawal of a statement,
accusation, or undertaking.
• Did Jose Rizal return to the Catholic Faith
before he was executed and asked for
forgiveness for his actions (novels, La
Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina, Masonry)?
• TRUTH or MYTH?
• “NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY”
• FACT: RIZAL WAS EXECOMMUNICATED
BY CHURCH
FIRST VERSION: RIZAL RETRACTED – 4
VERSIONS
• Four Versions of the alleged retraction had
surfaced.
1. First Text was published in La Voz Española
and Diario Manila December, 30, 1896.
2. Second Text was published in magazine La
Juventud in Barcelona on February 14, 1897.
3. Third Text was published in El Imparcial the
day after the execution
4. Fourth Text was discovered in the
Archdiocesan archives in May 18, 1935
discovered by Fr. Manuel Garcia.
WITNESSES
1. Fr. Balaguer – he personally saw Rizal made a
retraction letter, made a personal confession to
him and prayed the Rosary. He was inside the
Fort Santiago on December 29 and 30, 1896, and
published his diary on August 8, 1917 detailing
the accounts of Rizal’s Retraction.
2. Fr. Visa made a notary public on 22 nd of May,
1916, that Rizal wrote and signed in his own
handwriting in my presence the document of
retraction.
3. Capt. Rafael Dominquez’ testimony consists of
notes of the events of the last moments of Rizal.
4. 4. Fr. Pio Pi SJ (Superior of the Jesuit) –stated
that Fr. Balaguer handed over to him the
retraction document and brought the document to
the Archibishop.
5. 5. Fr. Silvino Lopez Tunon (Vicar General of the
Achdiocese of Manila). – he learned from one of
the Jesuit Fathers that Rizal had asked and
received the sacrament of Penance and
communion, and contracted canonical marriage
with Josephine Bracken.
6. 6. Fr. Bernardino Nozaleda (Archbishop of
Manila) – He placed the retraction into the hands
of Tomas Gonzales Fejioo who was at that time,
the secretary of the Archbishop, who deposited it
in the archives of the Archdiocese.
7. 7. Gaspar Catano (Fiscal of the Real Audencia) –
after the execution, he read the retraction and
held it in his hand that Rizal was declaring
himself a Catholic and asked the forgiveness
from the Church and denounces being a mason.
8. 8. Fr. Rossel SJ – visited Jose Rizal in Fort
Santiago and saw the retraction letter in Ateneo
9. 9. Luis Taviel de Andrade (defense lawyer of
Rizal) – he was present in Fort Santiago and
heard a Mass. He saw Rizal kissed the statue of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
10. 10. Tomas Feijoo (Secretary of Archbishop
Nozaleda) – he kept the retraction document.
* All witnesses made a sworn notary public on their
testimony between 1916-17.
VERSION 2: RIZAL DID NOT RETRACT
1. BARON FERNANDEZ (I Witness) – He found
34 documents including handwritten letters,
telegrams and military documents including a
thick sheaf of Rizal’s defense (Adiciores a mi
defensa), he had written himself days before he
 was murdered at Bagumbayan. Fernandez said: I
have documents stating that before he faced
death. Rizal told his sister Narcisa to look inside
his shoes because he had left a letter there. Letter
could be a denial of his retraction Rizal knew the
Friars were misleading the Filipinos.
2. MANOLING MORATO (EXPOSE) – that the
friars forged the retraction letter and published in
the CLERICO-FASCIST newspaper at that time.
Morato confirmed Rizal never retracted,
although that FAKE retraction was published by
the friars then. Both Morato and Fernandez have
documents to prove that when Rizal wanted to
marry Josephine Bracken in Dapitan, the
Archbishop of Cebu wanted him to retract, but
he did not give in to their request.
3. Mr. Palma – offered different theories that Rizal
never retracted.
a. The document of retraction was kept secret,
nobody saw the original, only copies in the
newspaper.
b. When the family of Rizal asked for a copy of the
retraction letter, the petition was denied.
c. Rizal’s burial was kept secret
d. No Masses were said for his soul or funeral held
by / for Catholics.
e. He was not buried in a Catholic cementery
f. The entry in the book of burials of the
internment of Rizal’s body is not made on the
page with those buried on December 30, 1896.
The Answer: Rizal did not write a retraction letter but
he died a Catholic.
3. He uttered the word Consumatum Est (Thy will
be done) when he was shot.
4. He kissed the Crucifix before he was executed.
• There is no proof the Jose Rizal and Josephine
Bracken were married, if they, where was their
marriage certificate?
Rizal did not write any RETRACTION LETTER.
• If Rizal retracted, he would not have been
executed. But he was executed. Therefore, Rizal
did not retract. He would have been an example
for the cause of the friars. He would have been
given a decent Christian burial, not buried like a
dead dog outside the Paco Cementery.
Why the Spanish priests forged the document?
• In 1916-17, the Philippines was already under
the American colonization.
• Rizal was already declared as the National Hero
by the Americans.
• The Church wanted to protect its influence,
power and popularity.
• Issue: Rizal vs. Church.
• Birth of new religions in the Philippines.
a. Christian Protestantism brought by the
Americans.
b. Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia
Independiente Filipinas) – founded by Bishop
Gregorio Aglipay – Aglipayan Church
c. Iglesia ni Cristo founded by Felix Manalo

PROOF:

1. He received the sacrament of Penance and

Communion.

2. He held the rosary when he was executed.