JANNATI AULAH

2020422002

1. Forest fire occurs in Southeast Asia, USA and Australia

We know forest fire has a big impact, occurs smoke haze pollution and carbon
emissions, forest degradation and deforestation, losses for job seekers or usually harvest
forest products. This is a big loss, because it causes the loss of biological natural resources,
damage to the soil, increased temperatures, and lack of oxygen, and there will be lost or
changed ecosystems.

From a conservation management perspective, forest vegetation regularly recycles

water vapor back into the atmosphere. However, this can be disrupted due to forest fires,
thus disrupting climate stability. Likewise, the natural balance of the forest environment will
be disturbed, because the habitat of the animals is lost and all animals will run to residential
areas to look for food. The disruption of foreign exchange, and loss of forest functions as a
control for floods, erosion, and biological balance.

In Indonesia the main legal instrument in the field of forest fires is the forest law
(Law No. 41/1999, as amended by Law No. 19 of 2004), which sets out the guiding principles
for forest management. It declares that all forests are under the state's control for the
people's welfare, thus empowering the government to regulate and organize all aspects
related to forests, forest areas and forest products. The Forest Law remains somewhat
general and vague with regard to forest fires, comperising only few provisions on the matter
and leaving most details about implementation to regulations, decrees and other measures
at the central and regional level.

The occurrence of forest fires can result in cross-border air pollution (disturbing
neighboring countries). For example, forest fires in Indonesia (2014-2015) have resulted in
air pollution in several countries, particularly Malaysia and Singapore. The problem of forest
fire smog in Riau has become an international problem because this case causes
transboundary pollution in neighboring countries so that Malaysia and Singapore have filed
a protest against Indonesia for this problem. Based on the International Environment
Conference which contains state responsibility, it is contained in Article 21 of the Stockholm
Declaration 1972. A principle of state responsibility in international law basically contains
the state's obligation which has an impact on other countries to make reparations to the
country that has been injured and to restore the condition of the country that has been
affected. concerned as before.

(Syndey), The forest fires that occurred in Australia caused the destruction of the
habitat of native Australian wild animals such as kangaroos, koalas, birds, reptiles, and
others. It is estimated that the number of animals that became victims reached 480 million,
including 8,000 koalas. The devastating fires of late 2019 to hit Australia were
unprecedented. The cause is known for a number of reasons, from indiscriminately thrown
cigarettes to lightning strikes that cause burning. and supported by several other factors,
such as lack of rain and low soil moisture. This condition allows a small fire to grow quickly.
Coupled with the high temperatures and strong winds that Australia has experienced in
recent months, these little fires can get big. As a developed country, Australia is familiar
with forest fire management. Not much different from Australia, the Amazon (USA)
experienced severe forest fires in mid-2020, this was due to illegal burning of forests (for
agricultural, livestock, and mining activities), which apparently expanded to burn up to 70%
of the Amazon region.

Forest fires in developed countries are considered a big problem because many
aspects are disturbed, economy, ecology, air pollution (increase in air emissions). Developed
countries are more focused on how to recover after forest fires by rebuilding forest
conditions and seriously examining cases of forest fires. Countries in Southeast Asia are
mostly developing countries and Indonesia, as a developing country, certainly has the same
case. As an Indonesian citizen, I know how to handle forest fires in Indonesia. The existence
of laws and who is the party responsible for forest fires is the focus of the law in Indonesia,
not the way of dealing with it or studying it. So often the burned land is neglected and not
renewed until the forest itself regenerates itself.

In my opinion, the system in Indonesia as a developing country must be changed,

focusing on the perpetrators of forest fires as well as prevention and recovery. Because if
this is not done then Indonesia will lose many sources of oxygen, and it will take a long time
to repair it. In the long term there will be many negative impacts from forest burning
activities.

2. Implementation of Rules and National Regulations for Biological Resource

Regulations concerning preserving living natural resources in Indonesia are
regulated in law number Law NO. 5, LN 1990 / NO. 49. This Law regulates: Protection of Life
Support Systems; Preservation of Plant and Animal Diversity and Their Ecosystems; Nature
Reserve Area; Preservation of Plant and Animal Species; Sustainable Use of Living Natural
Resources and their Ecosystems; Nature conservation area; Utilization of Wild Plants and
Animal Species; People's Participation; Submission of Co-administered Affairs and Tasks;
Investigation; and Criminal Provisions.
To maintain that the utilization of living natural resources can take place in the best
possible way, conservation steps are needed so that the living natural resources and their
ecosystems are always maintained and able to achieve balance and are attached to the
development itself. In Indonesia, the implementation of the existing regulations in the
constitution has not been fully implemented, many political interests are above everything.
For example, the government wants to move the capital city to Kalimantan Island, which we
know together with the Kalimantan forest is one of the largest forests in the world. This
development will definitely eliminate some of the biological natural resources in
Kalimantan.
And how about National Regulation for Biological Resource? After ratifying the
Nagoya Protocol, Indonesia as one of the participating countries in the Convention on
Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol, the Indonesian government has the obligation
to implement these two instruments in national law, and to revise Law No.5 of 1990
concerning the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and their Ecosystems. very
strategic as part of the implementation of these obligations. One of the international
obligations for the existence of conservation areas is guaranteed in Law No. 5 of 1990
Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems. The existence of a
conservation area is legally valid and strong. Conservation area management should or
should not be separated from the rules and / or agreements contained in conventions that
have been ratified, such as CITES and CBD. This is because the two conventions are legally
binding on Indonesia.
The policy of protecting biodiversity (conservation of biological diversity) is one of
the main principles of sustainable and environmentally sound development implemented by
Indonesia. This principle is in line with the 5 (five) main principles of sustainable and
environmentally sound development from the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED), which consists of:
1. Intergenerational equity
2. Justice in one generation (intragenerational equity)
3. The precautionary principle
4. Protection of biodiversity (conservation of biological diversity)
5.Internalization of environmental costs and incentive mechanisms.

however, if the regulations are not implemented properly there will be an imbalance
in the conservation of living natural resources. So that in order for future generations to
enjoy and see all the biodiversity in Indonesia, the Constitution Regulation No.5 which is the
basis for the conservation of living natural resources must be adjusted to the latest
developments in the policy of protecting the world's biological resources, carried out based
on the results of synchronization and harmonization with laws -related laws, so that the
resulting legislation is expected not to overlap with other regulations, but complement each
other in providing maximum protection for the use of sustainable living resources.

3. Migratory bird across geographical contents

Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along
a flyaway , between breeding and wintering grounds. Various types of waterbirds will
migrate to avoid wintering in their breeding sites in the northern hemisphere and Alaska
(Siberia) to foraging locations in East Asia, Australia, islands in the Western Pacific and
Southeast Asia, including Indonesia and one of them is the East Coast region of North
Sumatra. These birds take advantage of Indonesia's wetlands, one of which is the coast of
Deli Serdang as a temporary stopover location (transit) for resting, foraging for food and
gathering energy as preparation for continuing the journey. We can usually see these
"migrant" birds from afar on the East Coast of North Sumatra around November to March
each year, where their native regions experience winter.
In carrying out their migration, these birds have a geographical route that is always
traversed every year during the migration season known as the "flyway". There are 8 flight
routes known throughout the world, namely Pacific Americas, Mississippi Americas, Atlantic
Americas, East Atlantic, Black sea / Mediterranean, West Asian-African, Central Asian and
East Asian-Australasian. Indonesia's territory itself is included in the East Asian-Australasian
(East Asia-Australasia) flight route which stretches from Far East Russia and Alaska to the
south through East Asia and Southeast Asia to Australia and New Zealand, passing through
22 countries, including Indonesia.
Indonesia, as a country that has the longest coastline, which is about 81,000 km, is
an area with great potential as a habitat for various types of waterbirds, where most of its
wetlands are always visited by thousands of migratory waterbirds every year.
Departing from this, the Indonesian government has joined the East Asian-
Australasian Flyway Site Network, where this partnership was first launched in November
2006. This partnership consists of elements from government, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). ) and intergovernmental organizations that recognize the content of
the text and support the goals and actions of partnerships. Its membership continues to be
open, including for the international business sector.
The ultimate goal of this partnership is that migratory waterbirds and their habitats
in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway are recognized and conserved for the benefit of
society and biodiversity. While the objectives of this partnership are:
 Develop a Flyway Network of locations of international importance for the
conservation of migratory waterbirds, built on the achievements of the APMWCS
(Asia Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy) network.
 Strengthen communication, education and public awareness of the various values of
migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
 Strengthen flyway research and monitoring activities, build knowledge and promote
information exchange about waterbirds and their habitats.
 Build the capacity of natural resource managers, decision makers and local
stakeholders regarding the management of waterbirds and their habitats.
 Develop, in particular for priority species and habitats, various flyway scope
approaches to strengthen the conservation status of migratory waterbirds.

And how about regulation between countries? of course there are policies that
regulate the migration of birds from one country to another. All play an important role
starting from the community, regional government, NGOs, ministers and the central
government.
From the journal I read that, currently, with its enormous potential and importance
for migratory birds, this eastern coastal area (Kabupaten Deli Serdang) is inseparable from
threats and damage. Almost all coastal areas in the district have destructive activities,
especially in mangrove forest areas. The biggest activity that seriously threatens the
preservation of mangrove forests is the change in the function of mangrove forests into oil
palm plantations and aquaculture, as well as other threats such as coastal reclamation and
pollution. All of these activities accelerate the destruction of the habitats of coastal flora
and fauna, especially waterbirds and migratory birds.
Therefore, an active role of all parties is needed to jointly protect and save this
coastal area, especially from local governments as stakeholders and policy makers. With this
authority, it is hoped that local governments can pay more attention to efforts to save and
preserve mangrove and coastal forests which are implemented in the form of regional
regulations.
4. Indegenous people living in Conservation Area
If we discuss indigenous peoples around conservation areas, then we are talking
about very important things. Because indigenous peoples are those who are directly dealing
with the conservation area. For the first time customary communities were granted the
right to officially manage their forests, and their ecosystems were separated from state
forests through a 2012 Constitutional Court decision. This is certainly a progression that the
problem of coordination at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry is relatively resolved in
the context of making the community the main actors in conservation areas.
We know that there are many differences of opinion between indigenous peoples
around the conservation area and the government. However, by making indigenous peoples
as part of important stakeholders, it can be a way out that we are together in caring for the
conservation of living natural resources.
Many disputes occur directly in conservation areas where indigenous people protect
their nature but long-term exploitation has pushed companies to enter there and now
become parties who have interests in a forest area.
What about the rules? Indonesia already has regulations on the prohibition of
exploitation, development or activities in conservation areas. However, in Indonesia after
the ratification of the Job Creation Bill that will obviously destroy our nature. In line with
that, a policy emerged that Komodo Island would be made into international-based tourism
and would be built like a jurrasic park. The people living around the Komodo Island were
expelled because they considered the Komodo Island to be government-owned land.
If this is not prevented, the indigenous peoples will lose their rights and be replaced
by luxurious buildings and massive exploitation. Komodo dragons will experience a high
mortality rate due to the stress of living in an environment that has been disturbed.
As we all know, indigenous peoples usually reject modernization. Because for them it
can destroy their customs and nature. They live side by side with nature and can earn a
living from conservation forest products (in the buffer forest section) with predetermined
and agreed rules, namely without destroying nature itself.

5. Benefit sharing on Genetic Resource

Sharing of genetic resources occurs in plants. With the aim of even distribution of
plant resources. Plant genetic resources (SDG) are unique. Its existence in nature is very
dependent on human intervention. Farmers for centuries have cultivated wild plants for
agricultural crops. The distribution of these plants is not evenly distributed throughout the
world, so it is necessary to exchange genetic resources. The interdependence between
countries and between regions has long been recognized by the scientific community. An in-
depth analysis of the dependence between countries on plant genetic resources shows that
national food supplies and food production systems are highly dependent on the world's
dependence on genetic resources. Almost all countries rely heavily on genetic resources
that do not come from their territory. The global average, the level of dependence of a
country on non-territory origin crops is 68.7% for all food supply variables and 69.3% for all
production variables. Interdependence between countries on these plant genetic resources
encourages the making of international agreements, regulates access to genetic resources
and shares the benefits of their use. The purpose of writing this review paper is to provide
information on the installation of an SDG access system between countries and
arrangements for sharing the benefits of using it.
Especially for plant genetic resources. The World Food Organization (FAO) initiated
the creation of the International Covenant on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
Since sharing this gene resource concerns conservation and sustainable use issues, it
involves all countries with agreed regulations.
Protection of living natural resources is not only in the scope of species or
communities but also genes. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1973 which has been ratified by Indonesia; genetic resource
problems related to the existence of "biopiracy", where there is exploitation of genetic
resources from Indonesia that is not carried out through a legal licensing mechanism and
profit sharing from its utilization; the issue of commercialization of biodiversity that needs
to be regulated because it has high economic value that must be enjoyed by the Indonesian
people and the institutional issues that must be specifically defined to address the use of
genetic resources.